{"id":3953,"date":"2021-01-16T09:48:48","date_gmt":"2021-01-16T09:48:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=3953"},"modified":"2021-06-29T08:18:38","modified_gmt":"2021-06-29T08:18:38","slug":"volume-v-issue-i","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-v-issue-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume V Issue I"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3953\" class=\"elementor elementor-3953 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a1909 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a1909\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a1c44\" data-id=\"d2a1c44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a1e09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a1e09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Vietnamese Education Reform in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries \u2013 Some Lessons Learned (From Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc Practice)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Assoc. Prof. Dr, Pham Ngoc Tram &amp; MSc. Ngo Minh Sang- January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 01-05<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a20f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a20f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a2327\" data-id=\"d2a2327\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a24c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2a24c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Although it only existed for a short time (from March to November 1907), Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc has left a valuable legacy of the spirit and content of educational reform. Through educational renovation activities of Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc, the article analyzes valuable historical experiences in educational reform such as: improving people&#8217;s knowledge; overcoming conservative and backward obstacles; implement universal education; innovating educational thinking and methods in Vietnam in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The lessons learned from Dong Kinh&#8217;s educational innovation have longstanding historical value for the reform of education in Vietnam in the current period.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-05\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Assoc. Prof. Dr, Pham Ngoc Tram<\/strong><\/span>\r\nThu Dau Mot University (TDMU), Binh Duong, Vietnam\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>MSc. Ngo Minh Sang<\/strong><\/span>\r\nThu Dau Mot University (TDMU), Binh Duong, Vietnam\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Cao Thi Hao. (2008). The role of Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc and Duy Tan Confician scholar in the literary field (early twentieth century). Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No. 7, 2008.\r\n[2]. Chung Thi Van Anh. (2018). The educational ideology of the Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc movement and its significance for the educational innovation cause in Vietnam today. Ba Ria &#8211; Vung Tau University. Retrieved from https:\/\/bvu.edu.vn\/web\/gtsd\/-\/tu-tuong-giao-duc-cua-phong-trao-ong-kinh-nghia-thuc-va-y-nghia-cua-no-oi-voi-su-nghiep-oi-moi-giao-duc-o-viet-nam-hien-n-1, dated October 1st , 2020\r\n[3]. Chuong Thau. (2007). From Khanh Ung Nghia Thuc of Japan to Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc in Vietnam. Journal of Historical Studies, No. 2, 2007, pp.7-14.\r\n[4]. Dao Thu Van. (2014). Awareness of Japanese education of Vietnamese intellectuals in the early twentieth century and the imprint of Khanh Ung Nghia Thuc model (Keio Gijuku) in the Nghia Thuc movement in Vietnam. Danang Socio-Economic Development Journal, No. 59\/2014, p.54-60.\r\n[5]. Dinh Xuan Lam. (2005). Overview of Vietnamese history. Education Publishing House, Hanoi.\r\n[6]. Le Thi Lan. (2008). About the values in reform thought of Nguyen Truong To. Journal of Philosophy, No. 12 (211), 2008.\r\n[7]. Nguyen Giang. (2018). People who helped the national language &#8216;make its way in life&#8217;. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/vietnamese\/culture-social-45249539, October 1st.\r\n[8]. Nguyen Hai Hoanh. (2017). Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc: The first educational revolution in Vietnam. International research. Retrieved from http:\/\/nghiencuuquocte.org\/2017\/07\/24\/dong-kinh-nghia-thuc-cach-mang-giao-duc\/, October 1st , 2020.\r\n[9]. Nguyen Hien Le. (2000). Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc. Culture and Information Publishing House, Hanoi.\r\n[10]. Nguyen Van Khanh. (2017). Phan Chau Trinh in the history of the Vietnamese people. Journal of Historical Research, No. 9, 2017, pp. 11-21.\r\n[11]. Phan Ngoc Lien. (2006). Education and examination in Vietnam. Hanoi Pedagogical University Publishing House.\r\n[12]. Tran Viet Ngac. (2020). Think more about Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc. Song Huong Magazine. http:\/\/tapchisonghuong.com.vn\/hue\/p0\/c107\/n25751\/Nghi-them-ve-Dong-Kinh-Nghia-Thuc.html\r\n[13]. Truong Ba Can. (1988). Nguyen Truong To \u2013 Con nguoi va di thao. Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House\r\n[14]. Vo Van Dung. (2015). The ideological reform of education in the Dong Kinh Nghia thuc movement and its value. Ho Chi Minh City University of Pedagogy\u2019s Journal of Science, No. 4 (69), 2015, pp.110-119.\r\n[15]. Vu Van Sach, Vu Thi Minh Huong, Philippe Papin. (1997). Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc poetry. Culture Publishing House, Hanoi.\r\n[16]. Vuong Tam. (2012). Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc and educational reform thought. Petro Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/petrotimes.vn\/dong-kinh-nghia-thuc-va-tu-tuong-cai-cach-giao-duc-63109.html, October 1, 2020\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Assoc. Prof. Dr, Pham Ngoc Tram &amp; MSc. Ngo Minh Sang &#8220;Vietnamese Education Reform in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries \u2013 Some Lessons Learned (From Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc Practice)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume 5 issue 1, pp.01-05 January 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/01-05.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/01-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/vietnamese-education-reform-in-the-late-nineteenth-and-early-twentieth-centuries-some-lessons-learned-from-dong-kinh-nghia-thuc-practice\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Vietnamese Education Reform in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries \u2013 Some Lessons Learned (From Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc Practice)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a33b7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2a33b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3490 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a3490\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3627\" data-id=\"d2a3627\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a3753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a37f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a37f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a395a\" data-id=\"d2a395a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3a6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a3a6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3b12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a3b12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3c56\" data-id=\"d2a3c56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3d65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a3d65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3e00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a3e00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a3f4b\" data-id=\"d2a3f4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4052 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a4052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a40f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a40f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4233\" data-id=\"d2a4233\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a433c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a433c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a43d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a43d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4521\" data-id=\"d2a4521\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4622 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a4622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a46c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a46c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4803\" data-id=\"d2a4803\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a4914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a49af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a49af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4b1a\" data-id=\"d2a4b1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4c23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a4c23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Van Hiele Learning Model Assisted By Manipulative Media in Circle Materials to Improve the Learning Outcomes of Violent Students Inpres Palupi Elementary School<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Prasetyowati, Pathuddin, Sutji Rochaminah, Rahmat Hidayatullah- January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 06-14<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4cc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a4cc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4e38\" data-id=\"d2a4e38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a4f66 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2a4f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to obtain a description of student learning outcomes through the Van Hiele learning application model assisted by manipulative media on the circle material of Grade VI students of SD Inpres Palupi. This type of research is classroom action research which refers to the PTK model developed by Arikunto.S which consists of four components in each cycle, namely (1) planning, (2) implementing the action, (3) observation and (4) reflection. The research subjects were grade VI students of SD Inpres Palupi Palu, totaling 26 students consisting of 12 male students and 14 female students. Data collected in this study through observation sheets, interviews, field notes, and student learning outcomes data. In the final test cycle I, there were 12 students who have completed and 14 students did not complete so that the percentage of classical completeness of students in the first cycle I is 46.15% . Whereas in cycle II there were 22 students complete and 4 students not completing so that the percentage of classical completeness of students in cycle II was 84.62%. The results showed that the activities of teachers and student activities in learning have increased and indicators of success in the action have been achieved. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the application of the Van Hiele learning model assisted by manipulative media can improve learning outcomes of Grade VI students at SD Inpres Palupi on circle material through the following phases: 1) information phase, 2) direct orientation phase, 3) explanation phase , 4) orientation-free phase and 5) integration phase<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 06-14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5101<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prasetyowati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMathematics Education Masters Program &#8211; Tadulako University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pathuddin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMathematics Education Masters Program &#8211; Tadulako University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sutji Rochaminah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMathematics Education Masters Program &#8211; Tadulako University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rahmat Hidayatullah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMathematics Education Masters Program &#8211; Tadulako University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdullah, A., Surif, J., Ibrahim, NH, &amp; Zakaria, E. (2015). Enhancing students&#8217; geometrical thinking levels through Van Hiele&#8217;s phase-based Geometer&#8217;s Sketchpad-aided learning. IEEE 7th International Conference On Engineering Education (ICEED), 105\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/: 10.1109 \/ ICEED.2015.7451502\r\n[2] Abdussakir, A. (2012). Learning Geometry According to Van Hiele&#8217;s Theory. Madrasah, 2 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18860\/jt.v2i1.1832.\r\n[3] Amrullah, AL (2014). Application of the Realistic Mathematics Education Approach to Improve Student Learning Outcomes on Question Questions About Assemblies in Class VII MTs Negeri Palu Barat. Tadulako Mathematics Education Electronic Journal. [On line]. Vol. 2, No. 1. Pages: 4-8. Available: http:\/\/jurnal.untad.ac.id\/jurnal\/index.php\/ JEPMT \/ Article \/ download \/ 3226\/2281\r\n[4] Arikunto, S., Suhardjono, &amp; Supardi. (2017). Classroom Action Research (Revised Edition; Suryani, Ed.). Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara.\r\n[5] Ministry of Education and Culture. (2016). Copy of Appendix to Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture Number 21 of 2016 of 2016 Concerning Content Standards for Primary and Secondary Education. 1\u2013234.\r\n[6] Ministry of National Education. (2006). Education unit level curriculum (KTSP) 2006 for mathematics subjects. Ministry of Education.\r\n[7] Hudoyo, Herman (1990) Mathematics Teaching and Learning Strategies. Malang: IKIP Malang.\r\n[8] Husnul, K. (2013). Improve geometry learning outcomes with van hiele theory. Strengthening the Role of Mathematics and Better Mathematics Education, (November), 978\u2013979.\r\n[9] Isjoni. (2010). Cooperative Learning Effectiveness of Group Learning. Pekanbaru: Alfabeta.\r\n[10] Junedi. (2017). Application of Van Hiele&#8217;s Learning Theory to Geometry Materials in Class Viii. Journal of Mathematics Education and Science), ISSN (1), 2528\u20134363.\r\n[11] Maghrib. (2018). Application of Van Hiele Learning Theory to Quadrilateral Material to Increase Activities and Learning Achievement of Class VII Junior High School Students Paradigm change, namely from conventional learning to students and can provide good competency provisions for mom studies. Journal of Mathematics Education Thought and Research, 1 (2), 68\u201379.\r\n[12] Miles, MB, &amp; Huberman, AM (1992). Qualitative Data Analysis (Matter I). Jakarta: University of Indonesia Publishers (UI-Press).\r\n[13] Mukhlesi, E. (2011). Utilization of Manipulative Objects to Improve Understanding of Geometry Concepts and Observation Ability of Class V Elementary School Students. (1), 63\u201375.\r\n[14] Muzdalivah, Tandiayuk, MB, &amp; Anggraini. (2016). Application of the Van Hiele Learning Model for Surfaces and Volume of Cubes and Blocks in Class VIII of SMP Negeri 18 Palu. Journal of Mathematics Education, 5 (3), 231\u2013243.\r\n[15] Sanjaya, Vienna. (2009). Planning and Design of Learning Systems. Jakarta: Golden.\r\n[16] Sutrisno. (2012). Learning Effectiveness with Guided Discovery Methods on Students&#8217; Understanding of Mathematical Concepts. Journal of Mathematics Education [Online]. Vol. 1 (4), 16 pages.\r\n[17] Turella, R., &amp; Dyiah, LA (2016). Assessment of Learning Process and Outcomes in Primary Schools. Jakarta: Directorate General of Teachers and Education, Ministry of Education and Culture.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prasetyowati, Pathuddin, Sutji Rochaminah, Rahmat Hidayatullah, &#8220;Implementation of Van Hiele Learning Model Assisted By Manipulative Media in Circle Materials to Improve the Learning Outcomes of Violent Students Inpres Palupi Elementary School&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume 5 issue 1, pp.06-14 January 2021 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5101<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/06-14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-van-hiele-learning-model-assisted-by-manipulative-media-in-circle-materials-to-improve-the-learning-outcomes-of-violent-students-inpres-palupi-elementary-school\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implementation of Van Hiele Learning Model Assisted By Manipulative Media in Circle Materials to Improve the Learning Outcomes of Violent Students Inpres Palupi Elementary School<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a5d58 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2a5d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a5e38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a5e38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a5fb6\" data-id=\"d2a5fb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a60ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a60ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a6199 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a6199\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a62f2\" data-id=\"d2a62f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a6423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a6423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a64c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a64c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a6684\" data-id=\"d2a6684\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a67b4 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a6ab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a6ab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a6b4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a6b4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a6ca5\" data-id=\"d2a6ca5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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data-id=\"d2a7293\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a739b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a739b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a7437 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a7437\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a759f\" data-id=\"d2a759f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a76b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a76b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tribalization of politics in authoritarian regimes: Analysis of the link between political tribalism and right-wing authoritarianism in Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Gustave Adolphe MESSANGA &amp; Sonia NPIANE NGONGUEU &#8211; January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 15-24<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a775d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a775d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a78fc\" data-id=\"d2a78fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a7a4d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2a7a4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study analyzes the Relationship between political tribalism and right-Wing authoritarianism in Cameroon. It assumes That there is a positive and significant link between those two constructs. 191 Beti students, including 111 women and 80 men attending the universities of Dschang and Yaounde 1 were selected as participants. Their average age is 26.96 years. The choice made on Beti tribe is linked to the fact that literature reveals that political tribalism is mostly observed among dominant ethnic groups (Lonsdale, 2011). Data collection was done using a political tribalism\u2019s scale constructed for the purposes of the study and Dunwoody and Funke\u2019s (2016) right-wing authoritarianism scale, revised and adapted to cameroonian context by Npiane Ngongueu (2018). Analyzes provide empirical support for the hypothesis of the study (r = .15, p &lt;.05). Thus, this study contributes to the advancement of theoretical knowledge about authoritarian personality. In agreement with literature, it can be said that authoritarianism makes it possible to understand psychological basis of many sociopolitical and intergroup behaviors, such as tribalism (Shaffer &amp; Duckitt, 2013).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 15-24\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5102<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gustave Adolphe MESSANGA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy-Psychology-Sociology, University of Dschang, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sonia NPIANE NGONGUEU<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy-Psychology-Sociology, University of Dschang, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abega, S. 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Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 3, 248-279.\r\n[65] Stellmacher, J. &amp; Petzel, T. (2005). Authoritarianism as a group phenomenon. Political\r\nPsychology, 26, 2, 245-274.\r\n[66] Stone, W. F., Lederer, G., &amp; Christie, R. (1993). Strength and weakness. The authoritarian personality today. Springer.\r\n[67] Turner, J. C., Brown, R. J., &amp; Tajfel, H. (1979). Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favouritism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9(2), 187-2014.\r\n[68] Van de Walle, N. (2003). Presidentialism and clientelism in Africa&#8217;s emerging party systems. Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(2), 297-321.\r\n[69] Van Hiel, A. &amp; Mervielde, I. (2002). Explaining conservative beliefs and political preference : a comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 965-976.\r\n[70] Van Hiel, A. &amp; Mervielde, I. (2005). Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation : Relationships with various forms of racism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(11), 2323-2344.\r\n[71] Whitley, B. E. (1999). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 126-134.\r\n[72] Wilder, D. A. (1978). Reduction of Intergroup Discrimination Through Individuation of the Out-Group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1361-1374.\r\n[73] Wintrobe, R. (1998). The political economy of dictatorship. Cambridge University Press.\r\n[74] Zognong, D. (2002). La question Bamil\u00e9k\u00e9 pendant l\u2019ouverture d\u00e9mocratique au Cameroun : Retour d\u2019un d\u00e9bat occult\u00e9. Disponible \u00e0 www.unesco.org\/most\/dpzognong.htm\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gustave Adolphe MESSANGA &amp; Sonia NPIANE NGONGUEU, &#8220;Tribalization of politics in authoritarian regimes: Analysis of the link between political tribalism and right-wing authoritarianism in Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume 5 issue 1, pp. 15-24 January 2021 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5102<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/tribalization-of-politics-in-authoritarian-regimes-analysis-of-the-link-between-political-tribalism-and-right-wing-authoritarianism-in-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Tribalization of politics in authoritarian regimes: Analysis of the link between political tribalism and right-wing authoritarianism in Cameroon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a88ac 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a8ffa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a8ffa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a914e\" data-id=\"d2a914e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a9251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a92f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a92f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9440\" data-id=\"d2a9440\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a954a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a954a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a95e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a95e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a972e\" data-id=\"d2a972e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a9832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a98d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a98d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9a48\" data-id=\"d2a9a48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9b6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2a9b6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Book Review on \u2018The Village in the Jungle\u2019 By Leonard Woolf<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abeyweera, G.H., Tennakoon, TMPSI, Rubavathanan, M- January 2021 Page No.: 25-26<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9c12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a9c12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9d7f\" data-id=\"d2a9d7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9ebe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2a9ebe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<\/p>\r\nThe novel written by Leonard Woolf which was published in 1913 is basically about novelist\u2019s experience about Colonial Sri Lanka written in the intuitive point of view. Thus, it portrays a vivid picture of the lives of a deprived and pitiable family lived in the small village called Baddegama which in terms of literally \u2018the village in the jungle.\r\nThe events that take place in the novel provide a set of mixed feelings of terrifying, depressing and interesting. The description given to the jungle is quite awe inspiring and fearsome. According to the novel, \u201cAll jungles are evil, but no jungle is more evil than that which lay about the village of Beddegama\u201d.Baddegama is a rudimentary, primitive settlement in the deep south of then Ceylon now Sri Lanka with just ten families. These families which are poverty-ridden are very much closer to the animals in the jungle. There are civilized culturally influenced values instead people are caught in a muddled traditional beliefs, superstitions and stoicism. The spirit of the jungle is in this village and the people who live in the thicket. The jungle with its hints of evil develops the background of the novel. With this setting, novel begins its exposition by introducing the protagonist or the principle character together by introducing several incidents with other characters which is the development of the novel.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 25-26\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Abeyweera, G.H.<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English Language Teaching, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Tennakoon, TMPSI <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English Language Teaching, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Rubavathanan, M <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English Language Teaching, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Wilson, Peter (2008). Leonard Woolf: still not out of the jungle? The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 97 (394).pp. 147-160.\r\n[2] De Silva, Prabhath, (2016). Leonard Woolf as a Judge in Ceylon: A British Civil Servant as a Judge in the Hambantota District of Colonial Sri Lanka(1908-1911), Neptune Publications(Pvt) Ltd, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka (2nd edition-2016)ISBN 978-955-0028-69-6\r\n[3] Jude, S. Reese (1996). Recasting Social Values in the Work of Virginia Woolf, Associated University Presses, 25, Sicilian Avenue, London, WC1A 2QH, England\r\n[4] Welty, E. , McHaney, P.A.(1994). A Writer\u2019s Eye: Collected book reviews: Mississippi University Press\r\n[5] Abbott, A.R. (2015). How to Write a Simple Book Review: It\u2019s easier than you think! : Createspace Independent Publishing\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abeyweera, G.H., Tennakoon, TMPSI, Rubavathanan, M&#8221;Book Review on \u2018The Village in the Jungle\u2019 By Leonard Woolf&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.25-26 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/25-26.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/25-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/book-review-on-the-village-in-the-jungle-by-leonard-woolf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Book Review on \u2018The Village in the Jungle\u2019 By Leonard Woolf<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2aadd9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2aadd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2aaedf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2aaedf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab071\" data-id=\"d2ab071\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab193 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ab193\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab253 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ab253\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"d2ab573\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab6df\" data-id=\"d2ab6df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab7f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ab7f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ab896 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ab896\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2aba00\" data-id=\"d2aba00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2abb19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2abb19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2abbb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2abbb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2abd06\" data-id=\"d2abd06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2abe2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2abe2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2abed0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2abed0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac03a\" data-id=\"d2ac03a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ac14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessing predictors that influence working mothers\u2019 perception of child care service quality: A SERVQUAL Analysis <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mary Asheri Mashoke,  Dalphina Libent-Mabagala, Fauzia Mohamed January 2021 Page No.: 27-37<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac1fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ac1fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac371\" data-id=\"d2ac371\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ac4af elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2ac4af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This study examines working mothers\u2019 perceptions towards service quality on childcare centres in Dar es Salaam. The study applied five dimensions in SERVQUAL as indicators that influence working mothers\u2019 perceptions. The study used service quality SERVQUAL collected data from 411 working mothers with children aged 2-5 years using structured questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using PLS-SEM. Findings revealed a significant and positive relationship between service quality dimensions and childcare service quality. It was also shown that tangibility, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, and reliability directly influence service quality, even when the effects of all constructs are considered simultaneously. The study recommends child care centres to conduct service quality surveys among its care givers and parents and consider their opinions in order to identify areas for service quality improvements. Besides, Ministry of Community Development, Gender, and Children need to harmonize childcare services standard guidelines to incorporate working mother\u2019s views since they are directly setting instructive objectives.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 27-37\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Asheri Mashoke <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant lecturer- National Institute of Transport\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dalphina Libent-Mabagal<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer- Open University of Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Fauzia Mohamed<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer- Open University of TanzaniaUniversity, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ang, L and Tabu, M. (2018). Conceptualizing Home \u2013Based Child Care; A study of Home -Based settings and Practices in Japan and England. IJEC (2018) 50:143-158.\r\n[2] Bassok, D., Markowitz. A., Player, D and Zagardo, M., (2018). Are Parents\u2019 Ratings and Satisfaction With Preschools Related to Program Features? AERA Open Vol. 4(1) 1-17.\r\n[3] Becker. J., Klein. K., and Wetzels (2012). Hierarchal Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for using Reflective \u2013Formative Type Models .Long Range Planning 45(4), 359-394.\r\n[4] Bernard, R., (2013) Social Research Methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. (Eds,)Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[5] Boller, K., Tarrant, K., and Schaack, D., (2014). 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Problems and Challenges faced by Urban Working women in India (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis) National Institute of Technology, Rourkela.\r\n[25] Malik,S (2011) Customer Satisfaction,Perceived Service Quality and Mediating Role of Perceived Value.International Journal of Marketing Studies ,4(1) 68-76.\r\n[26] Mghase, N, and William, F (2016) Practice and Challenges in provision of Pre-primary Education in Monduli .An International Multidisciplinary Journal, 10(1) 40.\r\n[27] Mligo, I (2018) Enhancing Young Children\u2019s Access to Early Childhood Education and care in Tanzania.http;\/\/dx.dol.org\/10.5772\/interchopen.71265.\r\n[28] model of consumer evaluations and theoretical bases of expectations. Advances in Services Marketing and Management, 5, 1-44.\r\n[29] Molel, L (2010). The Influence of Childcare Giving Institutions on Development of Children Under Eight Years. (Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis). University Of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.\r\n[30] Mossi, P., Ingusci. E., Tont, M., and Salvatore, S., (2019) QUASUS: A Tool for measuring then Parents\u2019 School Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology 10(13)1-12.\r\n[31] Mutarubukwa, P and Mazana, M (2017) Challenges facing women teachers amongst local and central Government Authorities in Tanzania. Business Education on Journal Vol. 1 (111), 1 \u2013 11.\r\n[32] Nabiha, G.H, Hayati K.S, and Hejar A.R (2015) A Protocol on Factors Influencing Safety Practices For injury Prevention Amongst Children In Day \u2013Care Centres In Selangor and Putrajaya. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 1 (2), 101-113.\r\n[33] Omar, A, Nazri. M, Abu, N and Omar, Z (2009) Parents\u2019 Perceived Service Quality, Satisfaction and Trust of a Childcare Centre: Implication on Loyalty. International Review of Business Research Papers 5 (5), 299 \u2013 314.\r\n[34] Ongo ,O.M (2018) Examining Perceptions of Service Quality of Student Services and Satisfaction Among International Students at Universities in Indiana and Michigan.( Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation).Andrews University, USA.\r\n[35] Plumer-Wilson, P., (2020) Characteristics of Teacher Language Exchange with pre-school. (Unpublished doctoral thesis) Walden University, Minnesota, USA.\r\n[36] Parasuraman, A., Z and Berry, L. L (1985). A Conceptual Model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of marketing, 49(4) 41-50.\r\n[37] Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V., and Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing. 64(1):12-40\r\n[38] Parasuraman, P. A., Zeithaml, V. A., and Berry, L. L. (1994). Alternative Scales for Measuring Service Quality: A Comparative Assessment Based on Psychometric and Diagnostic Criteria. Journal of Retailing. 70(3), 201-230.\r\n[39] Radjabovna S., (2019). Analysis of Parents\u2019 Satisfaction with pre-school education in Uzbekistan. International Journal of Scientific Engineering 10(9)829-840.\r\n[40] Rahman, M., Abdullah, M., and Rahman, A (2011) Measuring service quality using SERVQUAL model: A study on PCBs (private commercial banks) in Bangladesh .Business Management Dynamics 1(11)1-11.\r\n[41] Riel, J., Henseler.,Ikemey.,and Sasovova (2017). Estimating hierarchical constructs using partial least factors. Industrial management date system. 117(3),459-477 htts:\/\/doing.org\/10.1108\/IMDS-07-2016-0286\r\n[42] Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Mitchell, R., and P. Gudergan, S. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2(3)1-27.\r\n[43] Sammon, E., Jones, N and Marshall, E., (2016) \u201cWomen\u2019s Work: Children and The Global Child Care Crisis. Overseas Development Institute, 203 Blackfriars Road, London.\r\n[44] Simiyu, M.,(2013) The effect of child day care facilities on the performance of working mothers in the baking industry in Nairobi, Kenya,(Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis).Kenyatta University ,Kenya.\r\n[45] Slot,P., Blesses, D., Justice,L ,Brown,J and Hojen,A (2018) Structural and Process quality of Danish Preschools: Direct and indirect Associations with children\u2019s Growth in Language and Preliteracy Skills .Early Education and Development 29(4)581-602\r\n[46] Suppramaniam, S., Kularajasingam, J., and Sharmin, N., (2019) Factors Influencing Parents Decision in Selecting Private Schools in Chittagong City, Bangladesh. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering. 7(55) 318-330.\r\n[47] Tan G, Ooi KB., Hew,TS., and Lin,B (2014) \u201cPredicting the Behavioural Intention Use Mobile Learning :A hybrid Sm-Neural network approach\u201d\r\n[48] Tout, K., Epstein, D., Soli, M., and Lowe, C., (2015). A Blue Print for Early Care and Education Quality Improvement Initiatives; Columbia University: Trends Child\r\n[49] Untaru. E., Pricope, G., and Ispas, A., (2017). Assessment of the impact of educational services quality on consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Economic Sciences 10 (59), 86-106.\r\n[50] Zeithml,V.A., Bitner,M. and Gremler.D (2018) Service Marketing ,Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm .New York.:The McGraw \u2013Hill education.\r\n[51] Zeithml.(2017). Service Markerting :Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm (Sixth edition).Chennai,India:McGraw Hill Education.\r\n[52] Zeithml,V.A., Bitner,M. and Gremler.D (2006) Service Marketing ,Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm (4th edition) .New York.:The McGraw \u2013Hill education\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mary Asheri Mashoke,  Dalphina Libent-Mabagala, Fauzia Mohamed, &#8220;Assessing predictors that influence working mothers\u2019 perception of child care service quality: A SERVQUAL Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.27-37 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/27-37.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/27-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ada78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ada78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2adbc3\" data-id=\"d2adbc3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2adcc9 elementor-widget 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ae2a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ae2a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ae34a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ae34a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ae492\" data-id=\"d2ae492\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ae5b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ae5b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ae64d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ae64d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ae7af\" data-id=\"d2ae7af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2af527 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2af527\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Child care service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Dar es Salaam Tanzania<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mary Asheri Mashoke,  Dalphina Libent-Mabagala, Fauzia Mohamed- January 2021 Page No.: 38-49<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2af5e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2af5e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2af778\" data-id=\"d2af778\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2af8bb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2af8bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Service quality and satisfaction are essential areas that organizations need to consider for their effectiveness and growth. Satisfied customers form the foundation of a successful business as customer satisfaction leads to repeated purchase and brand loyalty. The study used service quality SERVQUAL collected data from 411 working mothers using structured questionnaires data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. It was revealed that service quality both influence customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, even when the effects of all constructs are considered simultaneously. The study recommends that, child care centres endeavor to improve all aspects of service quality as elaborated in SERVQUAL model to attain working mother loyalty on child care centres. Moreover, Ministry of Community Development, Gender, and Children in Tanzania need to review and amend policies, laws, and regulations on childcare services to incorporate working mothers view of child care services, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty as per finding of the study<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 38-49\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Asheri Mashoke <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant lecturer- National Institute of Transport\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dalphina Libent-Mabagala<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer- Open University of Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Fauzia Mohamed<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer- Open University of TanzaniaUniversity, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Amaeche,J and Awara,N (2014). 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Economic Sciences 10 (59), 86-106.\r\n[53] Valdez,L.,Guzman,G and Perez-de-Lema,D (2019) ict AND km,Drivers of Innovation and Profitability in SMEs.https:\/\/.researchgate.net\/publication\/322932098.\r\n[54] Wong, K.K.(2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using smart PLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1-32. Doi.10.1108\/EBR-10-2013-0128\r\n[55] Yildiz, M.S, and Duyan, M (2018) The Relationship among service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty: An empirical investigation of sports and physical activity sector.Pamukkale Journal of Sports Sciences 10 (1)17-30.\r\n[56] Zeithml,V.A., Bitner,M. and Gremler.D (2018) Service Marketing ,Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm .New York.:The McGraw \u2013Hill education.\r\n[57] Zeithml.(2017). Service Markerting :Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm (Sixth edition).Chennai,India:McGraw Hill Education.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mary Asheri Mashoke, Dalphina Libent-Mabagala, Fauzia Mohamed,&#8221;Child care service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Dar es Salaam Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.38-49 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/38-49.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/38-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/child-care-service-quality-customer-satisfaction-and-customer-loyalty-in-dar-es-salaam-tanzania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Child care service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Dar es Salaam Tanzania<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b073e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2b073e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b0838 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b0838\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b09b6\" data-id=\"d2b09b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b0add elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b0add\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b0b81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b0b81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b0ce3\" data-id=\"d2b0ce3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b0dee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b0dee\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b10e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b117b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b117b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b12cf\" data-id=\"d2b12cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b13dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b13dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1477 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b1477\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b15c5\" data-id=\"d2b15c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1704 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b1704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b17ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b17ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1926\" data-id=\"d2b1926\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b1a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1ae0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b1ae0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1c4c\" data-id=\"d2b1c4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1d5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b1d5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Entrepreneuership Centres on Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Skills <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Uche Enweani(CLN)- January 2021 Page No.: 50-57<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1e04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b1e04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1f9f\" data-id=\"d2b1f9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b20ef elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2b20ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The research was conducted to analyze the impact of entrepreneurship centers in Nigeria on the development of entrepreneurial skills. Among other items, the study found that entrepreneurship centers have a moderate impact on the development of creative skills, marketing skills and business management abilities. It was concluded on the basis of the results that entrepreneurship centres play an important role in students&#8217; development of entrepreneurial skills. Therefore, it was suggested, inter alia, that higher institutions provide training to facilitators and equip business directorates with up-to-date equipment and facilities for the purpose of enhancing student training. From time to time, there is also a need to invite experienced entrepreneurs to engage with students in practical ways and best practices to develop, maintain, and sustain business projects. This will go a long way in developing the passion for entrepreneurship after graduation among students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 50-57\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uche Enweani(CLN)\r\n<\/strong><\/span>Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Akanni, L. F. (2014). Entrepreneurship and its challenges in Nigeria&#8217;s turbulent environment.Journal of Business Education, 2(1),47-55.\r\n[2] Akarahu, C. &amp; Baba, E. I. (2011). Entrepreneurial competencies required by office education graduates for self-sustainability in colleges of education in South East, Nigeria. Nigerian Vocational Association Journal, 16(1), 22-30.\r\n[3] Amadi, B. O. (2012). Perceptions of capacity building among youths involved in vocational skills development. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 3 (6), 214-222.\r\n[4] Audu, R. (2013). Acquisition of Employability Skills in Technical and Vocational Education. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.7(6). 9-14. Retrieved on 23rd July 2018 from http:\/\/ajbasweb.com\/old\/ajbas\/2013\/April\/9-18.pdf\r\n[5] Awodun, M. (2013). Entrepreneurship for senior secondary: Not just schooling but learning. KWASU Entrepreneurship Series. The Centre for Entrepreneurship, Kwara State University, Malete.\r\n[6] Ayodele, J. B. (2012).Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria: Introduction to Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria.Ado-Ekiti: UNAD Press.\r\n[7] Baba, G. K. (2013). The challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria and way forward. Journal of Business and Organizational Development, 5(1), 54-64.\r\n[8] Bala-Subrahmanya, M. H. (2006).Technological innovations in Indian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector: Does firm size matter? International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 3(5), 499-517.\r\n[9] Berges, J. F. (1993). Gender and Entrepreneurship: An Ethnographic Approach. Google Books Results.https:\/\/book.google.com.ng\/books\r\n[10] Bannock, J. (2008). A critical examination of the EO-performance relationship.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour &amp; Research, 16(4), 309-328.\r\n[11] Binuomote, C. &amp; Okoli, E. (2015). 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Entrepreneurship education: A panacea for unemployment, poverty reduction, and national insecurity in developing and underdeveloped countries. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(3), Retrieved from http:\/\/www.aijcrnet.com\/journals\/Vol_4_No_3_March_2014\/14.pdf\r\n[19] Emmanuel, E. A., Dazala, I. U. &amp; Daniel, J. D. (2016).Entrepreneurship education and attitude of undergraduate students to self-employment in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.Journal of Education and Practice, 3(8), 95-99.\r\n[20] Evans, R. (2011). An investigation of the entrepreneurial orientation, context, and entrepreneurial performance of inner-city Johannesburg street traders.Southern African Business Review, 15(1), 28-48.\r\n[21] Ezeani, N. S. (2008). Fundamentals of Accounting. Enugu: Ifevic Publishers Ltd.\r\n[22] Ezeani, N. S., Ifeonyemalu, O. &amp; Ezemoyih, C. M. (2012). Entrepreneurial skills required by business-related graduates for the successful operation of a business enterprise in the Enugu commercial centre and environs. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(10), 6-27.\r\n[23] Ezenwanne, D. N. (2008). The adequacy of JSS home economics curriculum for entrepreneur Skills. Journal of Vocational and Teaching Education, 5(1), 129-137.\r\n[24] Farese, L. S., Kimbrell, G. &amp; Woloszyk, C. A. (2010). Essential Marketing. New York: Mcgraw Hill.\r\n[25] Fasehun, O. O. (2013). Technical manpower and entrepreneurship in a developing economy.Technology Education Journal, 9(1), 34-39.\r\n[26] Federal Republic of Nigeria (2009). National Policy on Education. Abuja: NERDC press\r\n[27] Federal Republic of Nigeria (2013). National Policy on Education (6th Edition) NERDC Lagos\r\n[28] Fiet, J. O. (2009). Systematic Search for Entrepreneurial Discoveries. West Port CT: Quorum Books\r\n[29] Godwin, A. (2013). 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New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Co.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Uche Enweani(CLN) &#8220;Influence of Entrepreneuership Centres on Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Skills &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.50-57 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/50-57.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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data-id=\"d2b36c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3816\" data-id=\"d2b3816\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b3920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b39bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b39bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3b1e\" data-id=\"d2b3b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b3c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3cc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b3cc5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3e0c\" data-id=\"d2b3e0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3f14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b3f14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b3fb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b3fb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b4114\" data-id=\"d2b4114\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b421e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b421e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Human Capital and Economic performance in Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Faizah Adhama Mukhtar, Kabiru Sufi Sa\u2019id and Hadiza Nasir Iro- January 2021 Page No.: 68-72<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b42c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b42c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b442e\" data-id=\"d2b442e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b455e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2b455e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The study analyses the influence of human capital progress on economic performance in Nigeria using Endogenous Growth model and ARDL approach from 1981 to 2019. Data was obtained from central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and world development indicator. Long run estimate illustrates that capital expenditure on education accelerates economic progress, recurrent expenditure on education does not explain economic growth and population shrinks economic performance. Short run result also shows that capital expenditure on education is positive and significant in determining economic growth. On the contrary, recurrent expenditure on education do not impact significantly on economic growth. Therefore, based on the findings, the study recommends that in order to boost human capital and attain sustainable economic progress, budget allocation on capital expenditure on education should be increased and policy makers should design policies that will curb population growth such as limiting the number of child birth per couple and provision of free family planning tools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-72\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Faizah Adhama Mukhtar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal University Dutse, Jigawa State,\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kabiru Sufi Sa\u2019id <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKano State College of Education and Preliminary studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Hadiza Nasir Iro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKano State College of Education and Preliminary studies\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ali, S. Chaudhry, I. S., Farooq, F., 2012. Human Capital Formation and Economic Growth in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 32(1):229-240.\r\n[2] Awad, A., Halid, N., 2013. The Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth: The Case of Selected Arab Countries. International Journal of West Asian Studies, 5(2):79-96.\r\n[3] Awe, A.A., Ajayi, S.O., 2010. The Nexus between Human Capital and Economic Growth in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1):1-7.\r\n[4] Ay\u015fen, A. A., Hakan, A., 2014. Human Capital and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis with Health and Education for MENA Region. Advances in Management &amp; Applied Economics, 4(4):59-71.\r\n[5] Babatunde, M. A., Adefabi, R A., 2005. Long Run Relationship between Education and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Evidence from the Johansen\u2019s Cointegration Approach. Regional Conference on Education in West Africa.\r\n[6] Breitung, J., &amp; Pesaran, M. H., 2008. Unit roots and cointegration in panels. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.\r\n[7] CBN, 2008. Statistical bulletin. 50 years special anniversary edition central bank of Nigeria 2008 pg 166.\r\n[8] CBN, 2010. Annual report. 2010,31st December, 2010 Pp 200-236.\r\n[9] CBN, 2016. Statistical bulletin.\r\n[10] Ejiogu, U., Okezie, A. I., Chinedu, N., 2013. Causal Relationship between Nigeria Government Budget Allocation to the Education Sector and Economic Growth. Discourse Journal of Educational Research August, 1(8):54-64.\r\n[11] Harris, N., and Boopen, S., 2013. Does human capital contribute to economic growth in Mauritius? International Human Resource Development (HRD) Conference, Mauritius 2013: Excellence in HRD for Sustainable Growth ISSN-1694-2140.\r\n[12] Idrees, A. S. and Siddiqi, M. W., 2013. Does Public Education Expenditure Cause Economic Growth? Comparison of Developed and Developing Countries. Se Pak J Commer Soc Sci Pakistan. Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences.\r\n[13] Jaiyeoba, S. V., 2015. Human Capital Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria. African Research Review,An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 9(1):30-46.\r\n[14] Javid, M., Abbas, A., Fatimah, A. and Zafar, S., 2013. Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Public Expenditure Approach. World Applied Sciences Journal, 24 (3):408-413.\r\n[15] Jhingan M.L., 1997. The Economics of Development and Planning Virand Publications (P) LTD.\r\n[16] Johnson, A.O., 2011. Human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(9):29-38.\r\n[17] Kanayo, O., 2013. The Impact of Human Capital Formation on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Kamla-Raj. J Economics, 4(2):121-132.\r\n[18] Maitra, B. and Mukhopadhyay C.K., 2012. Public spending on the education and health care in some selected Countries in Asia and the Pacific. Asia-Pacific Development Journal Vol. 19, No. 2.\r\n[19] Mallick, L. and Dash, D.P., 2015. Does Expenditure on Education Affect Economic Growth in India? Evidence from Cointegration. Theoretical and Applied Economics 4(605):63-74.\r\n[20] Mercan, M., 2013. The Relationship between Education Expenditure and Economic Growth in Turkey: Bounds Testing Approach. European Academic Research, Vol. I, Issue 6\/ September 2013.\r\n[21] Michael, O., 2012. Adequacy of Budgetary Allocation to Educational Institutions in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Business and Economic Review Vol. 3, Number 1.\r\n[22] Naftaly, M., Aquilars, K., Symon, K., Lawrence, K. and James, B., 2014. Effect of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in East Africa: Panel Data Analysis. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary Impact Factor, Volume 2, Issue 4, May 2014.\r\n[23] Obi, Z. C. and Obi, C. O., 2014. Impact of government expenditure on education: The Nigerian experience. International Journal of Business and Finance Management Research, 2:42-48.\r\n[24] Ohwofasa, B. O., Obeh, H. O. and Atumah, M., 2012 .Impact of Government Expenditure in Education on Economic Growth in Nigeria, 1986-2011: A Parsimonious Error Correction Model. African Journal of Scientific Research Vol.10, No.1.\r\n[25] Oluwaseyi, A. A., 2012. Human Capital Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Long-Run Path. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 9(4), 10\u201322.\r\n[26] Omojimite, Ben U., 2010. Education and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Granger Causality Analysis. African Research Review, An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 4 (3a) July, 2010.\r\n[27] Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., &amp; Smith, R. J., 2001. Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289\u2013326.\r\n[28] Samimi, A.J., Madadi, M. and Heydarizadeh, N., 2012. An Estimation of Human Capital Share in Economic Growth of Iran Using Growth Accounting Approach., Middle-East. Journal of Scientific Research, 11(1):90-93.\r\n[29] Sbaouelgi, J., 2016. Higher Education and Economic Growth Nexus. International Journal of Applied Research 2016; 2(1): 709-715.\r\n[30] Shobande, O. A., Odeleye, O. A. and Olunkwa, N. C., 2014. Human Capital Investment and Economic Development: The Nigerian Experience. World Journal of Social Science, 1(2): 2329-9347.\r\n[31] Statisense, 2015. An empirical analysis of the 2014 Education Budget. Education, Business Jan 12, 2014.\r\n[32] Taiwo, O., Oluwatobi, S. O., &amp; Olurinola, I. O. (2016). Human Capital Development in Sub-Saharan Africa\u202f: The Role of ICT. Journal of Economics Studies and Research, 2(1), 11\u201321.\r\n[33] Uche, E., Ihugba, A. and Chinedu, N., 2013. Causal Relationship between Nigeria Government Budget Allocation to the Education Sector and Economic Growt.h Discourse Journal of Educational Research August, 1(8):54-64.\r\n[34] United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 1990. Handbook of Manpower Planning in Africa. Addis Ababa. UNECA.\r\n[35] World Development Indicators (WDI), 2017.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Faizah Adhama Mukhtar, Kabiru Sufi Sa\u2019id and Hadiza Nasir Iro, &#8220;Human Capital and Economic performance in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.68-72 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/68-72.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/68-72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/human-capital-and-economic-performance-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Human Capital and Economic performance in Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b5352 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2b5352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b543d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b543d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b55d5\" data-id=\"d2b55d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b570e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b570e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b57b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b57b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b5909\" data-id=\"d2b5909\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b5a5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b5a5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b5b1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b5b1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b5cb9\" data-id=\"d2b5cb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b5de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b5de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Succession Planning and Success in Family-owned Business Enterprise; A Case Study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>C. H. Wijayasinghe &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 73-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b5e93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b5e93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b600c\" data-id=\"d2b600c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b6137 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2b6137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The authorized and published papers revealed that the persistence of family businesses is controversial in the future. There is empirical evidence to prove the fact that only 30% of family businesses span to the second generation and that only about 10% to 15% survive by the third generation. The major reason for this failure is improper succession planning. The objective of this case story is to identify whether the existing succession process is durable enough to safe guard the future of the well-known Sri Lankan family-owned business called Harischandra Mills PLC. The Company has a long history of over seventy-three years along with a household brand name with quality assurance. While this case focuses on the generational differences and the leadership transformation pattern between the founder and the successors of Harischandra Mills PLC, it also offers some important guidance for the micro and macro perspectives in entrepreneurship. The leadership transformation gaps of Harischandra Mills PLC were explored by the researcher along with safety measures to ensure long-term success, as well as for a smoother transition of the leadership. The success of a family firm depends on its ability to maintain the stability of the business. Hence, it can be said that an effective succession strategy is vital for Harischandra Mills Ltd. to attain a higher level of business performance and to maintain long-term sustainability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 73-81\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 January 2020<\/p>\r\nThe Nexus between Project Monitoring and Evaluation and Quality of Residential Buildings in Nairobi County, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>C. H. Wijayasinghe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentral Environmental Authority\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Amit, R., Mac Crimmon, K. R., Zietsma, C., &amp; Oesch, J. M. (2001). Does money matter? Wealth attainment as the motive for initiating growth-oriented technology ventures. Journal of business venturing, 16(2), 119-143.\r\n[2] Beckhard, R., &amp; Dyer Jr, W. G. (1983). SMR forum: Managing change in the family firm-Issues and strategies. Sloan Management Review (pre-1986), 24(3), 59.\r\n[3] Bickerdyke, I., Lattimore R. and Madge, A. 2000, Business Failure and Change: AnAustralian Perspective, Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper, AusInfo,Canberra. 50-57.\r\n[4] Handler, W. C. (1994). Succession in family business: A review of the research. Family business review, 7(2), 133-157. doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1994.00133.x\r\n[5] Handler, W. C., &amp; Kram, K. E. (1988). Succession in family firms: The problem of resistance. Family business review, 1(4), 361-381.\r\n[6] Lankester, A., 2012. Self-perceived roles in life and achieving sustainability on family farms in North-eastern Australia. Aust. Geogr. 43 (3), 233 -251.\r\n[7] Little, A.D. (2006). The Innovation Highground \u2013 Winning tomorrow\u2019s Customers Using Sustainability Driven Innovation. Strategic Direction, 22, 35-37.\r\n[8] Schot, J., &amp; Geels, F. W. (2008). Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda, and policy. Technology analysis &amp; strategic management, 20(5), 537-554. doi: 10.1080\/09537320802292651\r\n[9] Schumpeter, J. A., (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\r\n[10] Suess-Reyes, J., &amp; Fuetsch, E. (2016). The future of family farming: A literature review on innovative, sustainable and succession-oriented strategies. Journal of rural studies, 47, 117-140. doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2016.07.008\r\n[11] Taneja, S., Pryor, M. G., &amp; Hayek, M. (2016). Leaping innovation barriers to small business longevity. Journal of Business Strategy, 37(3), 44-51. doi.org\/10.1108\/JBS-12-2014-0145\r\n[12] Witt, U. (2002). How evolutionary is Schumpeter&#8217;s theory of economic development? Industry and innovation, 9(1-2), 7-22. doi.org\/10.1108\/EJTD-09-2013-0094\r\n\r\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\r\n[1] Astrachan, J. H., &amp; Allen, I. E. (2003). MassMutual\/Raymond Institute American Family Business Survey.\r\n[2] Harischandra Mills PLC \u2013 Financial status; Official web site Thomson Reuters, (2017, June 20), Retrieved from www.ft.com\r\n[3] Harischandra Mills PLC; Official web site, (2017, June 15), Retrieved from http:\/\/www.harischandramills.com\/\r\n[4] Harischandra Mills PLC; Official web site of the Sunday Times of &#8211; January 01, 2012, (2017, June 15), Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sundaytimes.lk\/120101\/BusinessTimes\/bt20.html\r\n[5] Hewitt, M. L., van Rensburg, L. J., &amp; Ukpere, W. I. (2012). A measuring instrument to predict family succession commitment to family business. African Journal of Business Management, 6(49), 11865.\r\n[6] McClelland, D, C. (1961). The achieving society, New York: Van Nostrand\r\n[7] Piyasena, K. H., (2005). Sasiribara Ruhunupura \u2013 Harischandra Charithaya, Dhanma Printers 7 Publications, Kalutara, Sri Lanka.\r\n[8] Plans and diagrams prepared for Harischandra Mills PLC; Official web site of the Survey Department of Sri Lanka, (2017, June 23), Retrieved from http:\/\/www.survey.gov.lk\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">C. H. Wijayasinghe, &#8220;Succession Planning and Success in Family-owned Business Enterprise; A Case Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.73-81 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5103<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/73-81.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/succession-planning-and-success-in-family-owned-business-enterprise-a-case-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Succession Planning and Success in Family-owned Business Enterprise; A Case Study<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b6f2b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2b6f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b78d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b7974 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b7974\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b7abf\" data-id=\"d2b7abf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b7bda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b7bda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b7c77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b7c77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b7dce\" data-id=\"d2b7dce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b7ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b7ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b7f78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b7f78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b80c0\" data-id=\"d2b80c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b81d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b81d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b826b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b826b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b83da\" data-id=\"d2b83da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b84f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b84f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Possible Contribution of the African Continental Free Trade Area to the Economy of Eritrea <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ataklti Tsige Kidane- January 2021 Page No.: 82-89<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b8590 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b8590\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b8706\" data-id=\"d2b8706\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b8836 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2b8836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Regional integration has a considerable contribution to achieving sustainable economic and social development through effective implementation of intergovernmental treaties and market-led strategies. These ambitions have been in the mind of every African since African countries got their independence. To reach these African dreams, African countries began with the establishment of African Economic communities (Abuja Treaty). Later the continent-wide free trade area that is AfCFTA came up with the objectives of creating a single continental free market for goods and services, free movement of factors of production, and paving the ground for accelerating the creation of a continental customs union. Eritrea is the only country left behind from this continental free trade treaty. Most of Eritrea&#8217;s policies are heavily influenced by the government&#8217;s ideology, which values self-reliance, that produced an inward-looking economy. However, these policies have contributed to Eritrea&#8217;s weak economy and financial woes, reduces extreme poverty, and promotes national unity; it much limits civil liberties, international engagements, and economic growth prospects; therefore, it needs much reform. The study used one of the various study plans, which is mixed-methods &#8211; qualitative driven- of exploratory research. The results revealed that the AfCFTA has significant expected benefits for the Eritrea economy. These benefits are not only restricted to the economy only; it goes to social, cultural, and diplomatic relations. The findings also discovered that the government has a limitation on reforming investment, trade, and financial policies. Therefore, the study recommends that Eritrea&#8217;s government to amend and implement the suspended policy in accordance with AfCFTA and should sign the treaty.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-89\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ataklti Tsige Kidane<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPan African University of Governance, Humanities, and Social Science (PAUGHSS)University of Yaound\u00e9 II, Soa, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Afewerki, P. O. (2012). General internal and external affairs. (L. medias, Interviewer)\r\n[2] African Union. (2020). LIst of Countries which have signed, Ratified to the agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: African Union.\r\n[3] AfroChampions. (2020). An assessment of African governments commitment and readiness for AfCFTA start trading in light of covid-19. Research and Advisory firm Konfidants.\r\n[4] Akeyewale, R. (2018). Who are winners and losers in Africa Continental Free Trade Area. World Economic Forum.\r\n[5] Caprile, A. (2008). The Ethiopian Eritrean conflict. Brusseles: European parliament.\r\n[6] Cofelice, A. (2018). African Continental free Trade Area-Opportunities &amp; challenges. The federalist Debate, 32-35.\r\n[7] Eritrean Investment Center. (2003). The Investment policy &amp; opportunities of the state of Eritrea. Asmara: The State Of Eritrea.\r\n[8] Gresh, E. (2017). International Roadways Focus of Infrastructure in Eritrea. Borgen Magazine.\r\n[9] Habtesilassie, B. (2009). THe African Dilemma on the HOA.\r\n[10] hailemariam, S. (2001). Corporate Value creation, governance and privatization. University of Gronigen.\r\n[11] Karingi and Mevel. (2012). Deepening Regional Integration In Africa ; Computable general equilibrium assessment of the establishment of a continental free trade area followed by a continental customs union. African economic conference,. Kigali, Rwanda.\r\n[12] M.El-Agraa, &amp; Ali. (1999). Regional Integration; Experience, theory and Measurement. London: Macmillan press Ltd.\r\n[13] Matambalya, F. A. (1995). The impact of regionalism schemes on the export and economic performace of developing countries. Brandes and Apsel.\r\n[14] Miller, T., B.Kim, A., &amp; M.Roler, J. (2019). Index of Economic Freedom. The hearitage foundation.\r\n[15] Ministry of Finance- Department of Custom Eritrea. (2018). Annual report. Asmara: Ministry of Finance-Eritrea.\r\n[16] Ministry of Information- Eritrea. (2018, September 18). Ministry of Information Eritrea. Retrieved from Shabait: https:\/\/shabait.com\/2018\/09\/18\/agreement-on-peace-friendship-and-comprehensive-cooperation-between-the-federal-democratic-republic-of-ethiopia-and-the-state-of-eritrea\/\r\n[17] Monitoring group on somalia and Eritrea. (2018). UN security council committeee puruant to resolutions 751 Nov. 09\/2018. UN.\r\n[18] Security council report. (2012). Report of the secretary general on Eritrea. New york: UN security council.\r\n[19] T.Ayuk, &amp; T.Kabore. (2012). Wealth through Integration- Regional Integration and Poverty -reducation Strategies In west Africa. Ottawa,ON,Canada K1G3H9: International Deveopment Research Center.\r\n[20] The government of the state of Eritrea. (November 1994). Macro-Policy of Eritrea. Asmara: The Government Of Eritrea.\r\n[21] UNDP Eritrea. (2019). Analysis of the potential contributions of colluli potash projects to sustainable developement goals in Eritrea. Asmara: UNDP Eritrea.\r\n[22] UNECA; AfDB. (2017). Assessing Regional Integration in Africa. Addis Ababa,Ethiopia: Economic Cpmmission for Africa.\r\n[23] World Bank. (2018). world bank. Retrieved from world bank\/eritrea: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/eritrea\/overview\r\n[24] Xinhuanews. (2019, September 16). Xinhuanews. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2019-09\/16\/c_138395994.htm\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ataklti Tsige Kidane, &#8220;The Possible Contribution of the African Continental Free Trade Area to the Economy of Eritrea &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.82-89 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/82-89.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/82-89.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-possible-contribution-of-the-african-continental-free-trade-area-to-the-economy-of-eritrea\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Possible Contribution of the African Continental Free Trade Area to the Economy of Eritrea <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b9651 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2b9651\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b973d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b973d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b98ca\" data-id=\"d2b98ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b99f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b99f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b9ad9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b9ad9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2b9d71\" data-id=\"d2b9d71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b9ee0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2b9ee0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2b9fd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2b9fd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba1b6\" data-id=\"d2ba1b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ba301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba3b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ba3b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba54a\" data-id=\"d2ba54a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ba670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba723 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ba723\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba88b\" data-id=\"d2ba88b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba99e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ba99e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2baa43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2baa43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2baba1\" data-id=\"d2baba1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2baccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2baccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bad72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bad72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2baef5\" data-id=\"d2baef5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb01c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bb01c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u201c<i>Once mad is always mad<\/i>\u201d: Mental Health Service Users\u2019 Experience in the Nigeria Labour Market<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Felicia O., Owadara -January 2021 Page No.: 90-97<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb0bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bb0bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb247\" data-id=\"d2bb247\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bb3a0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2bb3a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: The dearth of literature on the labour market experience of Mental Health Service Users in Nigeria signifies the dire need to explore service users&#8217; perspectives on issues of employment.\r\nObjective: This study explores the Mental Health Service User&#8217;s experience on access to the Nigeria labour market.\r\nMethod: The study adopts an interpretive phenomenological analysis and conducts an unstructured interview method to investigate participants&#8217; experiences and the sense they make out of their daily struggles in seeking employment. Data were thematically coded and supported by participant&#8217;s narratives.\r\nResults: The findings generated two main themes with six additional subthemes: (1) The hindrance to the MHSU&#8217;s economic participation is linked to hostility and discrimination, and institutional factors (the lack of credible response in policy and practice). Also, (2). close networks remain significant for the group&#8217;s economic and social adjustment, but it is often not available for all in the labour market.\r\nConclusion: The paper increases our understanding of informal networks&#8217; crucial role when navigating the labour market and shows that it may have severe implications in how policy functions. A more comprehensive study is needed to examine the nature of the informal support system that facilitates access to some and ostracizes others&#8217; needs. Consideration should be given to the policy environment, the role and efficacy of the non-governmental agencies, and the family networks system to understand hindrances to the engagement of MHSU.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 90-97\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5104<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Felicia O., Owadara<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Social Work, Fort Garry, University of Manitoba 66 Vice Chancellor Road, R3T 2N2. Winnipeg, Manitoba\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adebowale TO, Onofa LU, Sowunmi O, Majekodunmi OE, Latona OO, &amp; Akinhanmi AO. (2014). Outcomes of care among patients admitted to the rehabilitation unit of a specialist Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Nigeria. Global Journal of Medical Research: A Neurology and Nervous Sys, 14(3),1-8. http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/\r\n[2] American Psychiatric Association (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-5.\r\n[3] Australia Network on Disability (2019). 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Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria to mental illness in Nigeria. A British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 436- 441.\r\n[13] Huggett C. Birtel DM, Awenat YF, Fleming P, Wilkes S, Williams S, &amp; Haddock G. (2018). A qualitative study: Experiences of stigma by people with mental health problems. Psych, and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 91, 380\u2013397. DOI:10.1111\/papt.1216\r\n[14] Hutchinson J, Gilbert D, Papworth R, &amp; Boardman J. (2018). Implementing supported employment. Lessons from the Making IPS Work Project. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(7), 1545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15071545\r\n[15] Human Right Watcher. World Report (2014). Nigeria. Retrieved 28\/02\/2020. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2014\/country-chapters\/nigeria\r\n[16] Ifijeh M. (2015, February 19). Nigeria: 21 Million Nigerians have psychiatric disorder. Nigeria, All Africa: This Day. Retrieved 1\/05\/ 2017. http:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201502191101.html\r\n[17] ILO Modelled Estimates. World employment and social Outlook &#8211; Trends 2020, International Labour Law, ILO.\r\n[18] Kane JC, Elafros MA, Murray SM, Mitchell EMH. Augustunavicius J., Causvic S, &amp; Baral SD. (2019). A scoping review of health-related stigma outcomes for high-burden diseases in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Med 17, 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1250-8\r\n[19] Marwaha, S., &amp; Johnson, S. (2005). Views and experiences of employment among people with psychosis: A qualitative descriptive study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51(4), 302-314.\r\n[20] Marwaha S, Johnson S, Bebington P, Stafford M, Angermeyer MC, Brugha T, Azorin JM, Kilian R, Hansen K, &amp; Toumi, M. (2009). Predictors of employment status change over 2 years in people with schizophrenia living in Europe. Epidemiology Psychiatric Social Science, 18(4), 344 -351 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1121189X00000324\r\n[21] Magliano L, Read J, Oliverio, SN, D\u2019Ambrosio A, Campitiello F, Zaccaro AM, Guizzaro, L, &amp; Patalano M. (2014).Social dangerousness and incurability in schizophrenia. Results of an educational intervention for medical and psychology students. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 219 (9), 457-463\r\n[22] Marotoa M, &amp; Pettinicchio D. (2014). Disability, structural inequality, and work: The influence of occupational segregation on earnings for people with different disabilities. Research in Social Stratification and Mobilities, 28, 76-92. DOI 10.1007\/s10926-013-9426-0\r\n[23] Morris BD, Holly L, Brian P, &amp; Jason JK. (2018). Comparison of focused cognitive training and portable \u201cbrain-games\u201d on functional outcomes for vocational rehabilitation participants. Scientific Reports, 1(8), 1779- 1788. doi.10.1038\/s41598-018-20094-w\r\n[24] Mosanya TJ, Adelufosi AO, Adebowale OT, Ogunwale A. &amp; Adebayo OK. (2013). Self-stigma, quality of life and schizophrenia: an outpatient clinic survey in Nigeria, Int J. of Social Psych, 60(4), 377-386 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020764013491738\r\n[25] National Bureau of Statistics (2019). Unemployment 2019-Q1. NBS Bulletin. Retrieved 14\/09\/2019,https:\/\/www.nbs.gov.sc\/downloads\/social\/unemploymentstatistics\/2019\r\n[26] O\u2019day, B., Kleinman, R., Fischer, B., Morris, E., &amp; Blyler, C. (2017). Preventing unemployment and disability benefit receipt among people with mental illness: Evidence review and policy significance. Psychiatric Rehab. J, 40(2), 123\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/prj0000253\r\n[27] Ode, P. (2017). Voices from the field: Mental health and primary care in Benue State, Nigeria. Mental Health Innovators: The Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse: World Health Organisation, Geneva.\r\n[28] Ogunlesi AO. (2008). Aro Village. Bulletin of the Neuropsychiatric hospital Aro, Abeokuta, Bulletin, 4 (1), 14-17.\r\n[29] Otuturu GG. (2014). Labour law review NJLIR Vol. 8 N0. 4, 2014: Trade unions amendment Act (2005) and the right to strike, an international perspective. Department of Legal Studies, Bayelsa State College of Arts and Science, Elebele, Yenagoa, Nigeria and Principal Partner, Crown Chambers, Yenagoa.\r\n[30] Owadara FO. (2015). Perception of young adult with first episode of schizophrenia on access to employment in Aro Neuropsychiatric Hospital Abeokuta Ogun State. A Master Thesis Submitted to Department of Social Work and Social Policy, University of York, United Kingdom.\r\n[31] Piwuna CG. (2010). Mental health and employment. Nigerian J. of Med. 19(1), 1-8.\r\n[32] Poremski D, Distasio J, Hwang S, &amp; Latimer E. (2015). Employment and income of people who experience mental illness and homelessness in a large Canadian sample. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(9), 379\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674371506000902\r\n[33] Smith JK, Flowers P, &amp; Larkins M. (2009). Interpretive phenomenological analysis(2nd, ed.). London: Sage.\r\n[34] Southern, A. (2010). Career interrupted? Psychiatric illness and women\u2019s career development in Aotearoa\/New Zealand. A Doctoral Thesis Submitted to the Department of Health Sciences. University of Canterbury.\r\n[35] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948. Retrieved 30\/03\/20. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/universal-declaration-human-rights\/\r\n[36] The National Labour Act, L1. Law of the Federation of Nigeria 2004 (Labour Act). Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity.\r\n[37] The National Employees Compensation Act 2010. FRN\r\n[38] The National Employment Scheme, 2017. FRN.\r\n[39] Trade Act T14, 2004 as amended by Trade Union (Amendment) Act 2005. Federal Ministry of Trade and Commerce.\r\n[40] The National Health Insurance Scheme, Act N42, LFN 2004. Federal Ministry of Health\r\n[41] The Federal Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. FRN\r\n[42] The National Mental Health Policy 2013. Federal Ministry of Health.\r\n[43] The Federal Ministry of Justice, Abuja. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. Retrieved 28\/02\/2020. https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/44e344fa4.pdf\r\n[44] Thokagevistk K, Millier A, Lenert L, Sadikhov S, Moreno S, &amp; Toumi M. (2016). Validation of disease states in schizophrenia: comparison of cluster analysis between US and European populations. J. Market access &amp; Health P, 4, 10.3402\/jmahp.v4.30725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/jmahp.v4.30725\r\n[45] US. Department of Labour (2018). Persons with a disability: Labour force characteristics. Bureau of Labour Statistics, BLS.\r\n[46] Waghorn G, &amp; Lloyd C. (2005). The employment of people with mental illness. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(2),1-10. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5172\/jamh.4.2.129\r\n[47] World Bank (2014). Growth ,inequality, and social welfare: Cross-Country evidence, DC, World Bank Press.\r\n[48] Yamatani H, Teixeira S, &amp; McDonough K. (2015). Employing people with disabilities: a preliminary assessment of a start-up initiative, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 25:8, 830-842, DOI: 10.1080\/10911359.2015.1028261\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Felicia O., Owadara, &#8220;\u201c<i>Once mad is always mad<\/i>\u201d: Mental Health Service Users\u2019 Experience in the Nigeria Labour Market&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.90-97 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5104<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/90-97.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/once-mad-is-always-mad-mental-health-service-users-experience-in-the-nigeria-labour-market\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u201c<i>Once mad is always mad<\/i>\u201d: Mental Health Service Users\u2019 Experience in the Nigeria Labour Market<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc271 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2bc271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc363 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bc363\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc4e0\" data-id=\"d2bc4e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bc606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc6ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bc6ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc800\" data-id=\"d2bc800\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc906 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bc906\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc9aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bc9aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bcaf5\" data-id=\"d2bcaf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bcc02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bcc02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bcca0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bcca0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bcde4\" data-id=\"d2bcde4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bceef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bceef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bcfa8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bcfa8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd0f2\" data-id=\"d2bd0f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd1fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bd1fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd293 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bd293\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd3f6\" data-id=\"d2bd3f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd4fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bd4fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Attitude of Students towards Elective Subject in M.A (Education)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Basanti Mahanta, Dr.Bijan Sarkar &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 98-102<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd59c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bd59c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd6fb\" data-id=\"d2bd6fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bd81b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2bd81b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Researchers have decided to find out the students\u2019 preference towards the selection of their Elective subject in M.A. in Education. This study is done by using descriptive survey method and researchers have analysed data in qualitative approach. 140 samples have taken from two Universities (University of Kalyani &amp; West Bengal State University) of Education department. One questionnaire is framed by the researchers, which consists of 18 questions as the representative of eighteen reasons of subject preference. After data analysis, Researchers found that the majority of student prefers Educational Technology as their Elective subject.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 98-102\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Basanti Mahanta<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Department of Education, University of Kalyani\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr.Bijan Sarkar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kalyani\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ademyemi, M.B. (2017). Factors influencing the choice of geography As an optional subject: A case of secondary any in Bostana. Journal of social science. Vol. 20(2). Pp-(101-104.)\r\n[2] Eva, K. &amp; Vendula, K. (n.d). The factors influencing college students, choice of elective subjects. Journal of competitiveness. Retrieve from http:\/www.cjournal.cz journal. Pp-264.\r\n[3] Hedges, M.R.; Pacheco, G. (n.d). What determines students\u2019 choice of elective module?\u2019 Brish tall. University of elective module.\r\n[4] Huruma, M. (2015). Factor influencing the choice of Science subject in Secondary school in Tanzania: The case of Kibaha District. Retrieve by www.repository.out.ac.tz date 29\/0\/2018.\r\n[5] Ndalichako. J.L. &amp;Komba, A.A. (2014). Students\u2019 subject choice in secondary schools in Tanzania: A Matter of students\u2019 ability and interest or forced circumstances\u2019. Open Journal of Social Sciences. Vol.2. Pp- 49-56. Retrieve by http:\/\/www.scirp.org date-29\/01\/2018.\r\n[6] Samara, F.(2015). Factors Influencing Students\u2019 Choice of Elective Science Courses: A case study from the American University of Shaarjah. Open Journal of Social Sciences. Scientific Research Publishing. Vol.3. Pp- 93-99. Retrieve from http:\/\/www.scirpi.org\/Journal\/jss date 29\/01\/2018.\r\n[7] Tolegenava, A. (2017). Factors influencing grade 11 students\u2019 decision to study world history as a subject at specialized school of Astana. Nazarbayev university.\r\n[8] Quan, H.E; Tian W.U.&amp; Pian , Y. (2013). Empirical research on the influencial factors of students; preference on college elective day on the paindul component analysis. 2nd intenation conference\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Basanti Mahanta, Dr.Bijan Sarkar, &#8220;Attitude of Students towards Elective Subject in M.A (Education)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.98-102 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/98-102.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/98-102.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/attitude-of-students-towards-elective-subject-in-m-a-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Attitude of Students towards Elective Subject in M.A (Education)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2be607 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2be607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2be6f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2be6f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bf287\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bf3f1\" data-id=\"d2bf3f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bf51c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bf51c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bf5c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bf5c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bf751\" data-id=\"d2bf751\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bf875 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2bf875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Nuptial Customs and Royal Celebrations in Mbum Land, North West Region of Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Stanley Yengong Nforba- January 2021 Page No.: 103-108<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bf923 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2bf923\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2bfad2\" data-id=\"d2bfad2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2bfc3e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2bfc3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Majority of ethnic groups in Bamenda Grasslands like the Mbum established and sustained diplomatic relations with each other since their settlement in the region based on the canon of common ancestry. Despite this, only few fondoms still maintain this doctrine as the rate of mutual connections among them diminished drastically over the past centuries due to competition for governing space and conflicts of autonomy. This study sustains the argument that marriages and royal celebrations were factors that strengthened relations among Mbum fondoms. Oral traditions and written sources were data used in carrying out this research. This study reveals that nuptial practices and royal celebrations underwent mutations without necessarily respecting the dogma of Mbum traditions. Fons gave their daughters in marriage to their counterparts to create new\/strengthen relations among them. Women played significant role in conflict resolutions and the acquisition of farm\/settlement land for their relatives. The introduction of Christianity and huge bride wealth hindered the fulfilment of many marriage rites in Mbum land. Marriages and royal celebrations remain vital facets of coexistence and diplomatic relations among Mbum fondoms.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 103-108\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stanley Yengong Nforba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHigher Institute of Education, Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Bamenda University of Science and Technology, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adegbulu, F., (2011). Pre-Colonial West African Diplomacy: It\u2019s Nature and Impact, in The Journal of International Social Research, Volume: 4 Issue: 18, pp.170-182. Retrieved August 8, 2020 from www.sosyalarastirmalar.com\r\n[2] Chilver, E. M., and Kaberry, P. M., (1976). Traditional Bamenda: The Pre-Colonial History and Ethnography of the Bamenda Grassfields, Buea, Government Printers.\r\n[3] Ibrahim, J. N., (2011). Personal communication.\r\n[4] Jeffreys, M. D.W., (1963). The Wiya Tribe, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.\r\n[5] Mbunwe, B., (2011). Personal communication.\r\n[6] Mukeng, N., (2018). Personal communication.\r\n[7] Munshi, M., (2020). Personal communication.\r\n[8] National Archives Buea, File AC 13, Assessment Report on Nsungli Clans.\r\n[9] Ndzi, S., (2012). Personal communication.\r\n[10] Nfor, A., (2012). Personal communication.\r\n[11] Nfor, D. K., (nd.) Development in the Wimbum Customary Marriage, Bamenda, Neba Publishers.\r\n[12] Nganjo, K., (2019). Personal communication.\r\n[13] Ngenge, S.T., (2002). \u201cKinship, Royal Burial and Tombs in Wimbum Land of Cameroon\u201d Les Cachiers d\u2019Histoire et Archeologie de l\u2019Universite Omar Bongo, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, No.3, juin 2001-juin 2002.\r\n[14] Ngwayi, P., (2011). Personal communication.\r\n[15] Nkwi, P. N., (1986). Traditional Diplomacy A Study of Inter- Chiefdom Relations in the Western Grassfields North West Province of Cameroon, Publication of the Department of Sociology, University of Yaounde.\r\n[16] NKwi, P. N., (1996). \u201cTraditional Diplomacy, Trade and Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Western Grassfields,\u201d in B. Chem-Langh\u00eb\u00eb and V. G. Fanso, Nso and its Neighbours : Readings in Social History, Amherst, Massachussetts.\r\n[17] Ntalah, S., (2018). Personal communication.\r\n[18] Nye, A., (2020). Personal communication.\r\n[19] Regional Archives Bamenda. (1984). File No. NW\/Ha.1984\/1, Chieftaincy in North West Province.\r\n[20] Richard, D., (1977). An Illustrated History of Modern Europe 1789-1974, London, Longman Group Ltd.\r\n[21] Sale, A., (2012). Personal communication, 25 April 2012.\r\n[22] Yembe, T. V., (2018). Personal communication.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stanley Yengong Nforba, &#8220;Nuptial Customs and Royal Celebrations in Mbum Land, North West Region of Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.103-108 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/103-108.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/103-108.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/nuptial-customs-and-royal-celebrations-in-mbum-land-north-west-region-of-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nuptial Customs and Royal Celebrations in Mbum Land, North West Region of Cameroon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c0b56 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2c0b56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c0c47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c0c47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c0de8\" data-id=\"d2c0de8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c0f12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c0f12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c0fb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c0fb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1118\" data-id=\"d2c1118\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c123d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c123d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c12dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-element-d2c18ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c18ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1a4e\" data-id=\"d2c1a4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c1b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1bf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c1bf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1d65\" data-id=\"d2c1d65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1e6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c1e6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Meta-Analysis of Effect Size Statistic on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement in North Central Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Prof. Emaikwu, S.O (PhD), AGI, C.I (PhD), ADOGA, Ocheme Emmanuel -January 2021 Page No.: 109-114<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c1f09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c1f09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c206d\" data-id=\"d2c206d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c21a4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2c21a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence and students\u2019 academic achievement in North Central Nigeria with respect to gender, age and educational level as moderator variables, and the interaction effect size through meta-analytic procedure. Methodological triangulation research design was adopted, and the population of the study consists of all published and unpublished previous research results on the relationship study which are numerically infinite. Sample of 30 primary studies, considering one, two or all three of the moderator variables were purposively and conveniently drawn from the population, using a pro forma titled \u201ccoding sheet\u201d. Z-transformation, effect sizes and percentage were used to answer the research questions while Winer combined test statistic and two-way classification ANOVA were used to test the set hypotheses at 0.05 levels of significance. The obtained results revealed that the mean effect size statistic estimate on the relationship between emotional intelligence and students\u2019 academic achievement with respect to the moderator variables and their interaction effect were significant. It was therefore recommended that the teaching, learning and assessment of emotional intelligence skills should be introduced in schools for both gender and across all ages and academic level to equip students with this competency for a better academic performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 109-114\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Emaikwu, S.O (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and General Studies, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi-Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> AGI, C.I (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and General Studies, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi-Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> ADOGA, Ocheme Emmanuel <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and General Studies, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi-Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Amalu, M. N. (2018). Emotional Intelligence as Predictor of Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education.11(1), 63-80.\r\n[2] American Psychological Association [APA]. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC:\r\n[3] Arockia, M., &amp; Sangeetha, R. (2013). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and the Academic Performance among Final Year under Graduates. Universal Journal of Psychology 1(2), 41-50\r\n[4] Azuka, B. F. &amp; Kurumeh M. S. (2015). Effects of Emotional Intelligence Skills Acquisition on Students\u2019 Achievement in Senior Secondary School Geometry in Keffi Education\r\n[5] Zone, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning (ISSN: 2321 \u2013 2454) Volume 03 \u2013 Issue 04, August 2015.\r\n[6] Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., &amp; Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. New York, NY: Wiley.\r\n[7] Farhangi, A. &amp; Jafari, S. M. (2016). Meta-Analysis of the studies on the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic success among students in Iran. Specialty Journal of Psychology and Management www.sciarena.com 2 (2), 94-101\r\n[8] Hossein, R. (2017).The Relation between Academic Achievement and Emotional Intelligence in Iranian Students: A Meta-Analysis.\r\n[9] MacCann,C., Jiang,Y., Brown,L., Kit S. Double, K., Bucich, M &amp; Minbashian, A. (2019). Emotional Intelligence Predicts Academic Performance; A Meta-Analysis. American Psychological Association, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000219.\r\n[10] Manimozhi, G &amp; Srinivasan, P (2018) \u201cEmotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement: AMeta-Analysis.\u201d American Journal of Educational Research, 6 (7),7-25.\r\n[11] Nwadinigwe, I. P., &amp; Azuka-Obieke, U. (2012). The impact of emotional intelligence on academic achievement of senior secondary school students in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 3(4),\r\n395-401.\r\n[12] Ojeme, J. A. (2018). Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and the Gender and Age of Basic Electricity Students in Technical College in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research. 4 (1), 1-7.\r\n[13] Perera, H. N., &amp; DiGiacomo, M. (2013). The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance during the university transition: An integrative model of mediation via social support, coping, and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 83 (3), 208-220.\r\n[14] Petrides, K. V. (2011). Ability and trait emotional intelligence. In T. Chamorro-Premuzic, S. von Stumm, &amp; A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbooks of personality and individual differences. The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences Wiley-Blackwell.\r\n[15] Turner, S. F., Cardinal, L. B., &amp; Burton, R. M. (2017). Research Design for Mixed Methods: A Triangulation-based Framework and Roadmap. Organizational Research Methods, 20(2), 243\u2013267.\r\n[16] UNESCO&#8217;s Institute for Statistics (UIS, 2012). framework of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). International Bureau of Education.\r\n[17] Zahyah, H &amp; Farukh, N. (2016). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement in Emerging Adults: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 6 (6) 10 \u2013 60.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. Emaikwu, S.O (PhD), AGI, C.I (PhD), ADOGA, Ocheme Emmanuel, &#8220;Meta-Analysis of Effect Size Statistic on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement in North Central Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.109-114 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/109-114.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/109-114.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/meta-analysis-of-effect-size-statistic-on-the-relationship-between-emotional-intelligence-and-academic-achievement-in-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meta-Analysis of Effect Size Statistic on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement in North Central Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c2f7c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2c2f7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c368b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c368b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c37d4\" data-id=\"d2c37d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c38e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c38e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c3982 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c3982\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c3ac7\" data-id=\"d2c3ac7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c3bca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c3bca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c3d42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c3d42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c3ed9\" data-id=\"d2c3ed9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c3fe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c3fe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4072 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c4072\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4206\" data-id=\"d2c4206\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c4332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teacher Related Factors Influencing Integration of Information and Communication Technology in Public Secondary Schools in Narok North Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Langat Wesley Kipkorir, Anastasia Gakuru, Prof. Lewis Ngesu &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 115-119<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4403 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c4403\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c4580\" data-id=\"d2c4580\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c46ae elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2c46ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of teacher related factors on integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in public secondary schools in Narok North Sub-County. The study sought to establish how teachers\u2019 training on ICT, age, and gender influence integration of ICT in public secondary schools. The study employed Everett Rogers\u2019 diffusion of innovation theory. A descriptive survey method was utilized in this research. The target population comprised of 20 public secondary schools in Narok North Sub County. The research targeted one Sub-County Quality Assurance Officer, 20 principals and 174 teachers. Therefore, out of the 20 principals a sample equivalent to 30% or 6 principals were selected randomly. Out of a target population of 174 teachers, 52 teachers which forms 30% of the population was randomly selected. Questionnaires were administered to the teachers while interviews were conducted on the principals and the Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards officer (SCQASO). The findings established that there was a significant correlation between training and technology literacy, knowledge deepening and knowledge creation. The level of training affects ICT integration in secondary schools. Based on the study findings it can be concluded that the gender of teachers influences technology literacy but it does not influence knowledge deepening and knowledge creation among teachers in public secondary schools. The age of teachers influences ICT use which relates to technology literacy and also influence knowledge deepening and knowledge creation among teachers. The level of ICT training influences positively technology literacy, training and knowledge deepening and training and knowledge creation in ICT integration for teaching and learning. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should monitor and support teacher training programmes in integration of ICT in secondary schools in Kenya..<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 115-119\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Langat Wesley Kipkorir<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMeD-Student University of Nairobi\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Anastasia Gakuru<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer University of Nairobi\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Prof. Lewis Ngesu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer University of Nairobi\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Baskin, C., &amp; Williams, M. (2006). ICT Integration in schools; Where we now and what comes next? Australasian Journal of Education Technology, 22, 4, 455-473.\r\n[2] Bernat, E., &amp; Lloyd, R. (2007). Exploring the gender effect on EFL learners&#8217; beliefs about language learning. Australian Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 7, 79-91.\r\n[3] Chemwei B., &amp; Koech, S.J. (2014). Assessment of ICT integration into instruction in teacher education institutions in Kenya. International Journal of Advanced Research in Social Science and Humanities, 3,12, 089-094.\r\n[4] Dholakia, R., &amp; Kshetri, N. (2004). Gender and internet usage. The Encyclopedia and Living Consortium.\r\n[5] Dorothea K., &amp; Pevuda, S. (2014). Children, ICT and Development Capturing the potential meetings and challenges. London, UNICEF.\r\n[6] Ertmer, J., &amp; Ottenbreit, W. (2013). Removing obstacles to the pedagogical changes required by Jonassen\u2019s vision of authentic technology-enabled learning computers and Education.\r\n[7] GOK (2012). Sessional Paper No. 14 of 2012: Reforming Education and Training. Nairobi: Government Printer.\r\n[8] Harris, J., &amp; Hofer, M. (2011). \u2018Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) action: A descriptive study of secondary school teacher\u2019s curriculum-based technology-related instructional planning, Journal of Research and Technology and Education. P.52-58.\r\n[9] Hennessy, H., &amp;Wamakote, H. (2010). Teacher factors influencing classroom use of ICT in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Studies, 43, 189-210.\r\n[10] Jacobsen, D.M. (2004). Building different bridges two: A case study of transformative professional development for student learning with technology. Paper presented at AERA 2002.\r\n[11] Miles, S., &amp; Singal, N. (2010). The Education for All and inclusive education debate: Conflict, contradiction or opportunity? International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14(1), 1\u201315.\r\n[12] MOEST, (2013). ICT Integration: A manual for Teachers and School Administrators, Nairobi: Government Printer.\r\n[13] Ogembo, J.G., Ngugi, B.K., &amp; Pelowski, M. (2012). Computerizing primary schools in rural Kenya: Outstanding challenges and possible solutions. The Electronic journal of Information systems in Developing Countries, 52(6), 74-86.\r\n[14] Omollo, D.O., Indoshi, F.C., &amp; Ayere M.A. (2013). Attitude of teachers and students towards use of Information and Communication Technology in the implementation of Biology curriculum in selected secondary schools. Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies.\r\n[15] PeeraerJ.,&amp; Petergem P.V. (2011). ICT in teacher education in an emerging developing country. Vietnam\u2019s baseline situation at the start of the Year of ICT. Computers &amp; Education, 56(4), 974-982.\r\n[16] Ruthven, K., Howe, C., Mercer, N., Taber, K. Luthman, S., Hofmann, R. &amp; Riga, F. (2010).Effecting Principled Improvement in STEM Education. Proceedings of the 7th British Congress of Mathematics Education [BCME 7], published as Proceedings of the British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics, 30(1), 191-198.\r\n[17] UNESCO (2017). Report of the Southern Africa Regional meeting on ICTS in Education, Harare.\r\n[18] UNESCO (2011). Transforming Education: The power of ICT policies. France: UNESCO.\r\n[19] Wangari, V. (2008). Kenya schools to become e-schools. Nairobi: Elimu News, Ministry of Education\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Langat Wesley Kipkorir, Anastasia Gakuru, Prof. Lewis Ngesu, &#8220;Teacher Related Factors Influencing Integration of Information and Communication Technology in Public Secondary Schools in Narok North Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.115-119 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/115-119.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/115-119.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teacher-related-factors-influencing-integration-of-information-and-communication-technology-in-public-secondary-schools-in-narok-north-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teacher Related Factors Influencing Integration of Information and Communication Technology in Public Secondary Schools in Narok North Sub-County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c55d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2c55d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c56ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c56ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c585a\" data-id=\"d2c585a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c597a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c597a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c5a6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c5a6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c5bec\" data-id=\"d2c5bec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c5cfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c5cfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c5d9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c5d9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c5efa\" data-id=\"d2c5efa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c6015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c6015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c60b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c60b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c6202\" data-id=\"d2c6202\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c6326 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c6326\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c63d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c63d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c651e\" data-id=\"d2c651e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c662e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c662e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c66d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c66d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c6841\" data-id=\"d2c6841\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c6951 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c6951\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is archival advocacy the missing pierce in the management of records and archives in Zimbabwe? Records and Archives Professional\u2019s perceptions.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gilbert Ncube &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 120-124<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c69f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c69f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c6b72\" data-id=\"d2c6b72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c6c96 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2c6c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The public sector in Zimbabwe has experienced missing, incomplete and poorly managed records leading to government losing money, assets and equipment. Even during the pre-colonial era, in the then Southern Rhodesia, public records were inappropriately managed, and the records would accumulate to abnormal volumes in different offices (Chaterera 2016).in addition, Mnjana (1989) state that archivists only arrange and describe archives assuming users will come and access them. Fast forward to the present day, the trend continues. The Auditor General&#8217;s Reports (2015-2017) highlighted incomplete financial records, fuel records, and at times missing procurement records in public entities. Maphorisa and Jain (2013) state that archives are suffering from low uptake and utilisation by users making it difficult for Information professionals to justify their existence and receive funding. While records have been considered an organisational asset that ensures transparency and good government, these records management anomalies raise the question on what could be the reason behind this poor string of records management malpractice. This qualitative study sought opinions of Information professionals to establish whether records and archival advocacy was the missing piece of the puzzle in the management of records and archives. Convenient sampling technique was used to obtain views on archival advocacy with open ended questionnaire method used to solicit data. Data generated was analysed thematically and presented in narrative format. Findings from the study showed that due to poor records and archival advocacy initiatives the profession was negatively perceived, vacancies were occupied by unqualified staff while resources allocated were not enough. It was recommended that records and archives professionals should coordinate records and archival advocacy efforts and be active in changing the negative perceptions of resource allocators, public figure and the general public about their profession.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 120-124\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gilbert Ncube<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Chaterera F. 2016 Managing Public Records in Zimbabwe: the road to good governance, accountability, transparency and effective service delivery, Journal for South African Society of Archivists, Vol. 69\r\n[2] Cox R.J, 2009 &#8220;Unpleasant Things: Teaching Advocacy in Archival Education Programs,&#8221; InterAction&#8217;s, Vol. 5, Issue 1\r\n[3] Finch E.F 1995, Archival Advocacy: Reflections on myths and realities, Archival Issues Vol 20, No. 2\r\n[4] Gaub, S. 2011 Public Relations and marketing for Archives, Society of American Archivists and Neal Schuman, Chicago.\r\n[5] Haws B 2013 Advocating within the institution; Twenty-Five Years for The Ney York&#8217;s Philharmonic Archives\r\n[6] Kamatula G, 2011, Marketing and public programming in records and archives at the Tanzania Records and Archives Management Department, Journal of the South African Society of Archivists, Vol. 44, 2011\r\n[7] Lekaukau, TM. 1993. Catering for the user needs, with special reference to Botswana National Archives and Records Services. SA. Archives Journal 35: 24-32.\r\n[8] Matangira V 2016 Ph.D. thesis- Records and Archives Management in Postcolonial Zimbabwe&#8217;s Public Service, University of Namibia\r\n[9] Maphorisa O.M Jain, P, 2013, Marketing of Archival references at Botswana National Archives and records services, International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, Volume 1, No 3\r\n[10] Mnjama, N.M. 1989 Marketing an Archives Service. ESARBICA Journal, Vol.11, 4-7.\r\n[11] Mnjama, NM. 2009. Archival access and public programming. Proceedings to ESARBICA Conference, Windhoek, Namibia\r\n[12] Ngulube, P. 1999 The Marketing of Archival Services and Products in East and Southern Africa: Opportunities for Survival in the Next Millennium. ESARBICA Journal, Vol.18, 19-25.\r\n[13] Pierce Moses, R 2005 Glossary for Archival Terminology, International Council on Archives Society of American Archivists, &#8220;The Image of Archivists: Resource Allocators&#8217; Perceptions,&#8221; by Sidney J. Levy and Albert G. Robles, Society of American Archivists, 1984: 1-2.\r\n[14] Tania Aldred, Gordon Burr, and Eun Park, &#8220;Crossing a Librarian with a Historian: The Image of Reel Archivists,&#8221; Archivaria 66 (Fall 2008): 67.\r\n[15] Theimer K 2011. Archives 101 in a 2.0 World: The Continuing Need for Parallel Systems\u201d, Society of American Archivists, Chicago\r\n[16] Williams, C. 2006. Managing archives: foundations, Principles and practice.Oxford: Chandos Publishing.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gilbert Ncube, &#8220;Is archival advocacy the missing pierce in the management of records and archives in Zimbabwe? Records and Archives Professional\u2019s perceptions.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.120-124 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/120-124.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/120-124.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/is-archival-advocacy-the-missing-pierce-in-the-management-of-records-and-archives-in-zimbabwe-records-and-archives-professionals-perceptions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Is archival advocacy the missing pierce in the management of records and archives in Zimbabwe? Records and Archives Professional\u2019s perceptions.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c7a98 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2c7a98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c7b87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c7b87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c7d0c\" data-id=\"d2c7d0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c7e2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c7e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c7ed9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c7ed9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c802d\" data-id=\"d2c802d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c813f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c813f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c81df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c81df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8332\" data-id=\"d2c8332\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8439 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c8734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c87cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c87cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8919\" data-id=\"d2c8919\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8a1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c8a1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8abe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c8abe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8c05\" data-id=\"d2c8c05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8d7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c8d7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8e41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c8e41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c8fc5\" data-id=\"d2c8fc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c90ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2c90ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of Vocational Training Incubation Centres in Creating Sustainable Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Benny Chitsa PhD, John Mpofu PhD, Grace Moyo- January 2021 Page No.: 125-132<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2c91a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2c91a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2c9331\" data-id=\"d2c9331\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2c9483 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2c9483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This mixed methods research used a multiple-case study with multilevel concurrent mixed sampling technique guided by a theoretical framework of Hackett and Dilts\u2019s real options-driven theory of business incubation to explore the effectiveness of Vocational training incubation centers in creating sustainable SMEs in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. Open and closed-ended questionnaires plus interview were employed for generating data from 20 participants (Vocational trainers and Principals or Heads of Departments). This study revealed that Bulawayo Vocational training incubation centres facilitated incubatees\/trainees with business knowledge, skills and information services for them to start their own sustainable SMEs through the use of lectures, modules, hand-outs and inadequate practical lessons only. Results from the study also revealed that most of the Vocational training incubation centres failed to facilitate incubatees with educational centres like universities, colleges and industries as co-working spaces to create skilled and sustainable SMES. This study revealed that Vocational training incubation centres were not significantly effective in establishing sustainable SMEs due to inadequate business incubation skills and knowledge, lack of space and facilities for incubatees, poor linkages with internal and external network, lack of seed funds for incubatees and inconsistent support from stakeholders such as government, professional and skilled entrepreneurs, financial institutions and educational institutions. The study recommended that there is need for the government to link Vocational training centres with scientific institutions, international research centres, financial institutions, polytechnic colleges, universities and entrepreneur expertise to engineer the facilitation of sustainable SMEs in the country. There is need for the government to support Vocational training incubation centres\u2019 initiatives with grants, soft loans and inputs to empower the effective facilitation of creating sustainable SMEs. There is a need for local city council to provide Vocational training incubation centres with enough space or big stands for incubatees to ensure the success of incubated start-ups hence effective facilitation of sustainable SMEs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 125-132\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benny Chitsa PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology; Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> John Mpofu PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Media and Journalism, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Grace Moyo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCandidate PhD UNISA: Department of Psychology,Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1] Amoah, R., Samuel, N. B., &amp; Richardson, A. M. K. (2014). Accounting practices of SMES in Sunyani: An investigative study of record keeping for performance measurement. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences, 4(7), 21-35. http:\/\/www.indianjournals.com\r\n[2] Al-Mubaraki, H.M. (2013). The Effect of Business Incubation in Developing Countries. Euro. J. Busi. Innov. Res.1, 19&#8211;25\r\n[3] Ayatse, F.A., Kwahar, N. &amp; Iyortsuun, A.S. (2017) Business incubation process and firm performance: an empirical review. Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 7 (2), pp. 1-17. DOI:10.1186\/s40497-016-0059-6.\r\n[4] Barugahara, F., Maumbe, B and Nzaro, R (2017) Developing a Business Incubator Model for an Entrepreneurial University: The Case of Bindura University of Science Education. ACRID DOI 10.4108\/eai.20-6-2017.2270037\r\n[5] Beats, W. (2013). Complexity, Uncertainty and Societal Responsibility: The paradigm of the emergent economy. While we cannot teach entrepreneurship, we can do so many interesting things. Graduate School of Business. University of Cape Town: http:\/\/gsbblogs.uct.ac.za\/walterbaets\r\n[6] Benassi, C., Durazzi, N., Fortwengel, J. (2020): Not all firms are created equal: SMEs and vocational training in the UK, Italy, and Germany, MPIfG. Discussion Paper, No. 20\/4, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne, http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/21.11116\/0000-0006-3A9A-C\r\n[7] Bobsin, D., Petrini, M., &amp; Pozzebon, M. (2019). The value of technology affordances to improve the management of non-profit organizations. RAUSP Management Journal, 54(1), 14\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/rausp-07-2018-0045\r\n[8] Bruneel, J., Ratinho, T., Clarysse, B. &amp; Groen, A. (2012) The evolution of business incubators: comparing demand and supply of business incubator services across different incubator generations. Technovation, 32(2), pp.110121. 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Education and Training. 55 (8 \u2013 9): 868 \u2013 885.\r\n[15] Fernandez-Fernandez, M. T., Blanco Jim\u00e9nez, F. J., &amp; Cuadrado Roura, J. R. (2015). Business incubation: innovative services in an entrepreneurship ecosystem. Service Industries Journal, 35, 783\u2013800 , doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02642069.2015.1080243\r\n[16] Gukurume, S. (2018) Strengthening Small and Medium Enterprises to Address the Youth Unemployment Crisis in Zimbabwe. Article in IDS practice papers. Issue no 154.\r\n[17] Hackett, S. M., &amp; Dilts, D. M. (2004a). A real options-driven theory of business incubation. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1), 41-54.\r\n[18] Hackett, S. M., &amp; Dilts, D. M. (2004b). A systematic review of business incubation research. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1), 55-82.\r\n[19] Hackett, S. M., &amp; Dilts, D. M. (2008). Inside the black box of business incubation: Study B &#8211; scale assessment, model refinement and incubation outcomes. 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(2012) The impact of Government and other Institutions&#8217; support on the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Manufacturing Sector in Harare, Zimbabwe. Int.J.Buss.Mgt.Eco.Res., Vol 3(6),2012,655-667.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Benny Chitsa PhD, John Mpofu PhD, Grace Moyo, &#8220;Effectiveness of Vocational Training Incubation Centres in Creating Sustainable Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.125-132 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/125-132.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-vocational-training-incubation-centres-in-creating-sustainable-small-to-medium-enterprises-smes-in-bulawayo-metropolitan-province\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effectiveness of Vocational Training Incubation Centres in Creating Sustainable Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-element-d2ca7d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ca7d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca92e\" data-id=\"d2ca92e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2caa42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2caa42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2caae2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2caae2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cac2f\" data-id=\"d2cac2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cad37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cad37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cadd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cadd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2caf1a\" data-id=\"d2caf1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb028 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cb028\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb0c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cb0c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb211\" data-id=\"d2cb211\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cb319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb3b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cb3b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb513\" data-id=\"d2cb513\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cb626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Handling Children in Conflict with the Law: From the Journals of Field Instruction Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amelyn Laro, R.S.W., M.A.S.W.- January 2021 Page No.: 135-145<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb6c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cb6c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb833\" data-id=\"d2cb833\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cb959 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2cb959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This is a qualitative study which aims to know the experiences of Field Instruction students are and their interventions extended to the Children in Conflict with the Law while they were assigned as interns in San Pedro Police Station. The study utilized a well-defined content analysis procedure \u201ctext analysis\u201d which looks into the common experiences and interventions of these students in one semester of Field Instruction subject. A focus group discussion with Children in Conflict with the law was also conducted to know the \u201ctake on\u201d of the clients on the interventions extended. The study will also share the insights of the Field Instruction Students in the public in general and to the academe in particular. The result of the study showed that the common experiences of the Social Work Interns includes extensive use of their observation skills, exposure to the different behaviors of the CICL and learning how to practice social work principles like acceptance, individualization and confidentiality. Furthermore, these experiences help them develop skills in dealing with families and communities and other sectors involved with Community Based Programs for Children in Conflict with the Law.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 135-145\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amelyn Laro, R.S.W., M.A.S.W<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSocial Work Program, Holy Cross of Davao College\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1] Boithlong,Martan.d.SocialWorkInterventionRetrievedfrom https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/9182992\/Social_Work_Intervention\r\n[2] Castigon, Grace (2015) Field Instruction Manual Social Work Program, Holy Cross of Davao College\r\n[3] Wayne, Julianne ( 2010) Field Education as the Signature Pedagogy of Social Work Education, Canada, Journal of Social Work Education, Vol. 46, No. 3\r\n[4] Etemadi, Ching Li (2004) Children in Conflict with the Law in Cebu: Profile and Experience with the Juvenile Justice Process, Quezon City, Philippines\r\n[5] Fabre, Rublyn ( 2016) Intervention Programs for Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL): Gearing Towards Sustainable Development,\r\n[6] Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang (2005).Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis\r\n[7] Marying, Philipp (2000). Qualitative Content Analysis. Vol.1, No.2\r\n[8] NASW Ethical standard access @ www.socialworksearch.com\r\n[9] Rappler, n.d. On 2nd Chances: Chidren in Conflict with the Law. Retrieved on February 27, 2017 from http:\/\/www.rappler.com\/move-ph\/issues\/hunger\/78690-children-conflict-law.\r\n[10] Trevithik, Pamela (2000) Social Work Skills a practice handbook. Philadelphia Open University Press: Buckingham\r\n[11] UNICEF (2013) The Role of Social Work in Juvenile Justice. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/ceecis\/UNICEF_report_on_the_role_of_social_work_in_juvenile_justice.pdf\r\n[12] Wikipedia retrieved on January 18, 2017 from &#8211; https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intervention_(counseling)\r\n[13] Rodriguez, Fritzie (2015) On 2nd Chances: Children in Conflict with the Law from Rappler retrieved on January 12, 2017 http:\/\/www.rappler.com\/move-ph\/issues\/hunger\/78690-children-conflict-law\r\n[14] Irene, Elmer (2015) Status of Children in Conflict with the Law in Samar, Philippines: Input to Intervention. Research Gate\r\n[15] Social Workers Ethical Standards Retrieved January 17, 2017 from http:\/\/www.socialworksearch.com\/html\/nasw.shtml\r\n[16] National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Inc. Retrieved from January 20, 2017 from &#8211; https:\/\/www.ncadd.org\/family-friends\/there-is-help\/intervention-tips-and-guidelines\r\n[17] Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers Approved by the 1996 NASW Delegate Assembly and revised by the 2008 NASW Delegate Assembly\r\n[18] FIELD INSTRUCTION MANUAL Baccalaureate Social Work Program Accredited by the Council on Social Work Education Revised by Professor Bertha Saldana De Jesus, in consultation with Drs. Karen Rice and Kathleen WalshSpring 2017 Millersville University\r\n[19] Field Practice ManualSchool of Social Work 2016-2017 McMaster University\r\n[20] Templa, Mae Fe Ancheta (2011) Understanding Children in Conflict with the Law: Contradictions on Victimisation, Survivor Behavior and the Philippine Justice System. A Study of the Situation of Children in Conflict with the Law in Davao. Accessed from https:\/\/resourcecentre.savethechildren.net\/library\/understanding-children-conflict-law-contradictions-victimisation-survivor-behaviour-and\r\n[21] Field Practice Manual School of Social Work (2016-2017)\r\n[22] Field Practicum Manual, Sibberman School of Social Work (2016-2017) Accessed from HTTP:\/\/SSSW.HUNTER.CUNY.EDU\/FIELD-EDUCATION\/\r\n[23] Binghamton University \u2013 State University (2016-2017) Field Instruction Manual, New York College of Community and Public Affairs Department of Social Work\r\n[24] Felisa U. Etemadi (2004) Children in Conflict with the Law in Cebu: Profile and experience with Juvenile Justice Process Save the Children UK Quezon City, Philippines\r\n[25] Satu Elo &amp; Helvi Kynga\u00a8 s (2007) The qualitative content analysis process\r\n[26] Devi Prasad, Devi (2007) Content Analysis A method in Social Science Research 1 The Authors. Journal compilation _ 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd\r\n[27] Children Advocate (2011) study on the profile of Children in Conflict with the Law in Jamaica\r\n[28] Kirsten Anderson (2012) Analysis of the Situation of Children in Conflict with the Law in Tanzania, Coram Children\u2019s Legal Centre, UK in collaboration Kirsten Anderson Coram Children\u2019s Legal Centre, UK in collaboration with UNICEF and the National Organisation for Legal Assistance UNICEF\r\n[29] Ateneo Human Rights Center (2004) Adhikain Para sa Karapatang Pambata Research on the Situation of Children in Conflict with the Law in Selected Metro Manila Cities. Save the Children UK Quezon City, Philippines\r\n[30] Gilles, Abel Violence Against Children in Conflict with the Law. A Study on Indicators and Data Collection in Belgium, England and Wales, France and Netherlads, Defence for International.\r\n[31] Improving the Protection of Children in Conflict withthe Law in South Asia\r\n[32] A regional parliamentary guide on juvenile justice Volume 10 Number 2 October\/November 2012 JIRSEA Journal of Institutional Research South East Asia Nirwan Idrus PhDMonashIQALondon\r\n[33] The College of Brokport University State University of New York Department of Social Work Undergraduate Program Field Manual 2016 \u2013 2017\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amelyn Laro, R.S.W., M.A.S.W., &#8220;Handling Children in Conflict with the Law: From the Journals of Field Instruction Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.135-145 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/135-145.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/135-145.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/handling-children-in-conflict-with-the-law-from-the-journals-of-field-instruction-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Handling Children in Conflict with the Law: From the Journals of Field Instruction Students<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cc750 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2cc750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cc82f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cc82f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cc9a9\" data-id=\"d2cc9a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ccac1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ccac1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ccb65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ccb65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ccca9\" data-id=\"d2ccca9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ccdb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ccdb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cce52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cce52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ccfb5\" data-id=\"d2ccfb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd0c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cd0c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Language of Instruction Dilemma in Ghana: Making a Case for the Various Ghanaian Languages <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ernest Nyamekye, Daniel Baffour-Koduah &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 146-150<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd165 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cd165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd2ce\" data-id=\"d2cd2ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cd412 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2cd412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Language plays a significant role in the development of every nation. It mirrors the culture of every society and also reflects the social realities of every nation. It is not surprising, therefore, that every nation goes extra miles in an attempt to keep their languages from sinking. Every nation that gives her culture a priority would therefore put in every effort to develop their native languages. However, there appears to a higher level of reluctance concerning the efforts by concerned stakeholders to promote the indigenous languages of Ghana. This reluctance could be attributed to the prestigiousness attached to the study and use of the English language in the Ghanaian educational system. In light of this, the Ghanaian languages have been despised by many. The common rationale for this despicable attitude towards the local languages is that it has been misconstrued by many stakeholders as unfit for promoting academic excellence. In this paper, however, it is argued, based on research findings, that instruction in the various Ghanaian languages must be given the necessary consideration to accelerate the academic performance of students. To achieve this, the paper recommends that teachers must make complementary use of both English and the Ghanaian languages to facilitate learning at the Junior High Level.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 146-150\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5105<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ernest Nyamekye<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Cape Coast, Department of Arts Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Daniel Baffour-Koduah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Cape Coast, Department of Arts Education\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abreh, M. K., &amp; Wilmot, E. M. (2018). Implementing National Accelerated Language Programme (NALAP) in Northern Ghana: Lessons from the Wing Schools. African Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics and Sciences, 14, 101-114.\r\n[2]. Etsey, K. (2005). Causes of low academic performance of primary school pupils in the Shama Sub-Metro of Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan Assembly (SAEMA) in Ghana. A paper presented at the regional conference on education in West Africa, Dakar, Senegal\r\n[3]. Amua-Sekyi, E. T., &amp; Nti, S. K. (2015). Factors Affecting Students\u2019 Performance in English at Colleges of Education in Ghana. International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, 3(10), 29-44.\r\n[4]. Anani, G. E (2019a). Taking a Stance on the Language in Education Policy and Planning in Ghana: Concept Paper. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) 40-43\r\n[5]. Anani, G.E (2019b) A Review of Existing Debates That Have Persisted Over the Choice of Language as a Medium of Instruction in Ghanaian Classrooms. International Research in Education. 7(2), 38-43\r\n[6]. Andoh-Kumi, K. (2002). Language of instruction in Ghana (Theory, Research, and Practice). Legon: Language Centre, University of Ghana-Legon, IEQ-Ghana\r\n[7]. Ansah, G.N. (2014), Re-examining the fluctuations in language in-education policies in post-independence Ghana. Multiling.Ed.4, 12 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13616-014- 0012-3\r\n[8]. Ansah, M. A., &amp; Agyeman, N. A. (2015). Ghana language-in-education policy: The survival of two South Guan minority dialects. Per Linguam: a Journal of Language Learning per Linguam: Tydskrif vir Taalaanleer, 31(1), 89-104.\r\n[9]. Anyidoho, A. (2018). Shifting Sands: Language Policies in Education in Ghana and Implementation Challenges. Ghana Journal of Linguistics, 7(2), 225-243.\r\n[10]. Cummins, J. (2008). BICS and CALP: Empirical and theoretical status of the distinction. Encyclopedia of language and education, 2(2), 71-83.\r\n[11]. Etsey, K. (2005). Causes of low academic performance of primary school pupils in the Shama Sub-Metro of Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan Assembly SAEMA) in Ghana. In Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Education in West Africa.\r\n[12]. Dube, L., &amp; Ncube, B. (2013). Language policy and linguistic rights in post-colonial Zimbabwe: The case of IsiNdebele. Greener Journal of Social Sciences, 3(5), 249-255.\r\n[13]. Fafunwa, A. B. (1998). Sense and Nonsense in Nigerian Education. Nigerian National Merit Award Winner&#8217;s Lecture, Abuja, Umanity International Co. Ltd.\r\n[14]. Fredua-Kwarteng, E., &amp; Ahia, F. (2015). Learning Mathematics in English at Basic Schools in Ghana: A Benefit or Hindrance?. European Journal of Educational Research, 4(3), 124-139\r\n[15]. Kwapong, J. O. (2006). Effects of using english and local language on the study of mathematics at the lower primary in the Suhum Kraboa Coalter district of Ghana (Masters thesis, University of Cape Coast).\r\n[16]. Lupogo, I. (2014). Language of Instruction: A Challenge for Secondary Schools and Tertiary Institutions in Implementing VET in Tanzania. Journal of Educational Policy and EntreResearch, 1(3), 26-30.\r\n[17]. Opoku-Amankwa, K. (2009). English-only language-in-education policy in multilingual classrooms in Ghana. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 22(2), 121-135.\r\n[18]. Oppong-Sekyere, D., Oppong-Sekyere, F., &amp; Akpalu, M. M. (2013). Some f actors influencing the academic performance of junior high school pupils in English Language: The case of Assin North Municipality, Ghana. International Journal of English and Literature, 4(5), 226-235.\r\n[19]. Twumasi-Ankrah, O. (2015). Education experts\u2019 perceptions of the Ghanaian language policy and its implementation. Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 308. Rovaniemi: University of Lapland\r\n[20]. UNESCO (2010). Why and how Africa should invest in African languages and multilingual education. An evidence- and practice-based policy advocacy brief. Germany: UNESCO Institute of Lifelong Learning\r\n[21]. UNESCO. (2008a) First Meeting of the Working Group of IBC and First Public Hearings on Human Cloning and International Governance. Paris, France.\r\n[22]. Ngman-Wara, E. (2005). The Influence of 8ative Language on Ghanaian Junior Secondary School Students\\&#8217;Understanding of some Science Concepts. African Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics and Sciences, 3, 43-52.\r\n[23]. Wilmot, E. M. (2003, March). Stepping outside the ordinary expectations of schooling: Effect of school language on the assessment of educational achievement in Ghana. In 47th Annual Meeting of CIES March (pp. 12-16).\r\n[24]. Wilmot, K. (2015). Providing&#8217;auxiliary&#8217;academic writing support to postgraduate students: a socio-cultural approach. Journal for Language Teaching= Ijenali Yekufundzisa Lulwimi= Tydskrif vir Taalonderrig, 49(2), 129-147.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ernest Nyamekye, Daniel Baffour-Koduah, &#8220;The Language of Instruction Dilemma in Ghana: Making a Case for the Various Ghanaian Languages &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.146-150 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5105<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/146-150.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-language-of-instruction-dilemma-in-ghana-making-a-case-for-the-various-ghanaian-languages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Language of Instruction Dilemma in Ghana: Making a Case for the Various Ghanaian Languages <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce201 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2ce201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce2e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ce2e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce466\" data-id=\"d2ce466\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce584 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ce584\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce623 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ce623\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce788\" data-id=\"d2ce788\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce8b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2ce8b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Where are we now? Not where we want to be. The success and failure in the implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> K.A.A.N Thilakarathna, Maj H.S.D Mendis, Nisanka Jayarathna &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 151-157<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ce954 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ce954\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ceab1\" data-id=\"d2ceab1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cebd9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2cebd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Environmental as a concern of the mankind emerged in the 1960s after the rapid infrastructural developments that were carried out after the World War II. The immediate aftermath of the war meant that countries had to work twenty-four seven to improve their man-made physical environment that was devastated by the war. However, during this period environmental concerns were not on the agenda, and it was only after sometime that humans began to be vigilant about the destruction that they have caused to the environment through their activities which was highlighted in the writing of Rachel Carson in her book titled \u2018The Silent Spring\u2019. In looking at this issue from a Sri Lankan perspective, it too has suffered major setbacks regarding losing her environmental beauty and the lost of biodiversity which she is renowned for. This paper examines the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity which was ratified by Sri Lanka in the early 1990\u2019s and the extent to which the objectives of the convention has been achieved from a Sri Lankan perspective. This study was carried out primarily as a qualitative data, while an in-depth interview was also carried out with a high-ranking officer of the Ministry of Environment, Center for Biodiversity protection, a responsible organ for implementing the convention. The results revealed that, while laws and policies have been introduced at implementing the core elements of the convention, lack of coordination, overlapping of responsibilities, political interference and corruption has resulted in a failure of successfully implementing the convention even after nearly three decades of ratification.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 151-157\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5106\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5106<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K.A.A.N Thilakarathna<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer in Law, Institute of Human Resource Advancement, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maj H.S.D Mendis<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHead of Department, Military Law, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nisanka Jayarathna<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer in Law at the Department of Legal Studies, Open University Nawala, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">References are not available.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K.A.A.N Thilakarathna, Maj H.S.D Mendis, Nisanka Jayarathna, &#8220;Where are we now? Not where we want to be. The success and failure in the implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.151-157 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5106<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/151-157.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/where-are-we-now-not-where-we-want-to-be-the-success-and-failure-in-the-implementation-of-convention-on-biological-diversity-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Where are we now? Not where we want to be. The success and failure in the implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity in Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cf979 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2cf979\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cfa63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cfa63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cfbda\" data-id=\"d2cfbda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cfcf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cfcf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2cfd92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2cfd92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2cfee3\" data-id=\"d2cfee3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2cfffe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2cfffe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d009c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d009c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d01f3\" data-id=\"d2d01f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d02f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d02f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d03a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d03a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d054a\" data-id=\"d2d054a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d069d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d069d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d0769 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d0769\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d0b02\" data-id=\"d2d0b02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d0c74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d0c74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d0d46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d0d46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d0ef5\" data-id=\"d2d0ef5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d104d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d104d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean: Special Reference to Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> P.K.B. Isuru Premarathna, &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 158-173<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d1115 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d1115\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d12da\" data-id=\"d2d12da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d1444 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2d1444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Maritime security is an umbrella term informed by security agendas to classify issues in the maritime domain that are often related to national security. Maritime security is one of the latest Buzzwords of International Relations. Major actors have started to include maritime security in their mandate or reframed their work in such terms. Non-traditional security threats are treated as a novel trend in the concept of security. The Indian Ocean Region has emerged as the world&#8217;s major energy and trade routes. Sri Lanka&#8217;s location is also strategically very important. The Indian Ocean region faces many traditional and non-traditional safety and security challenges. Such as piracy, armed robberies at sea, terrorism, human trafficking, irregular movement of persons, drug trafficking, illicit trafficking in wildlife, trafficking of weapons, IUU fishing, climate change, etc. The main objective of this research is to identify and study the challenges of maritime security conservation in the Indian Ocean as well as in contemporary Sri Lanka. The research problem is, how are the Indian Ocean maritime security issues in the Indian Ocean as well as in contemporary Sri Lanka. The Methodology that followed for this study is qualitative in nature while using both primary and secondary data. To collect primary data, a sample of 30 people has been used in the fields of government, academic, military, and other professionals. According to the study, as a challenges pose a threat to Indian ocean security today, increasing militarisation of Indian ocean&#8217;s strategic chokepoints, vast regions of the Indian ocean remain &#8216;unpoliced&#8217;, particularly the central Indian ocean, maritime awareness (MDA) is lax, increasing naval competition between some littoral states and major maritime users and ensuring freedom of navigation along the Indian ocean&#8217;s sea lanes of communication, whist closing these lines to illegal actors. Maritime terrorism, climate change, and environmental degradation, the unregulated exploitation of marine resources, illegal trafficking (arms, drugs) also the challenges Sri Lanka is facing today. According to the research, non-traditional maritime security challenges exist mainly in the contemporary Indian Ocean region and Sri Lanka. Moreover, currently in this region in the evaluation of its impact on political, economic, military, societal, and environmental security, the most alarming impacts can be identified on political security and environmental security.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 158-173\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5106<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>P.K.B. Isuru Premarathna<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Angel, T.M (2008). Toward a maritime strategy. In P. Taylor (Eds), perspectives on maritime strategy- essays from the Americas, Rhode Island; naval war college press.\r\n[2] Alani, M (2009). Toward a comprehensive maritime security arrangement in the gulf. In E. Laipson and A. Pandya (Eds) The Indian Ocean: resource and governance challenges (PP.34-3). STIMSON.\r\n[3] Akimoto, K (2001). The current state of maritime security-structural weaknesses and threats in the sea lanes. Conference on maritime security in Southeast Asia and southwest Asia, institute for international policy studies.\r\n[4] Axelrod, R. And Hamilton, W.D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211 (4489), 1390-1396.\r\n[5] Axelrod, R (2000). On six advance in co-operation theory. Analyse and Kritik 22, 130-151.\r\n[6] Arsenault, C (2014). &#8220;Only 60 Years of Farming Left If Soil Degradation Continues&#8221;, Scientific American, Retrieved 2017-12-17.\r\n[7] BA, A. (2006). Who\u2019s socializing whom? Complex engagement in sino-Asian relations, the pacific review, 19 (2), 157-179.\r\n[8] Balachandran, S. (1995). Shorebirds of the marine national park in the Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay natural history society, 92,303-313.\r\n[9] Balaresque. J, Manzano, and fontena, H. (2008). A new U.S. Maritime strategy for the twenty-first century viewed from an institutional perspective In P. Taylor (Eds.), Perspectives on maritime strategy. Newport. RI: Naval war college press.\r\n[10] Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy (November 2017). &#8220;Beyond seablindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies&#8221;, International Affairs. 93 (6): 1293\u20131311. doi:10.1093\/ia\/iix174.\r\n[11] Bueger, Christian (March 2015). &#8220;What is maritime security?\u201d Marine Policy. 53: 159\u2013164. doi:10.1016\/j.marpol.2014.12.005.\r\n[12] Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Timothy (November 2017). &#8220;Beyond sea blindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies&#8221;, International Affairs 93 (6): 1295.\r\n[13] FCNL (2015). &#8220;Peace through Shared Security&#8221; Retrieved 2017-12-17.\r\n[14] General Sir Nicholas Houghton (2015). &#8220;Building a British military fit for future challenges rather than past conflicts&#8221;, Www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-17.\r\n[15] &#8220;ISO 28007 (2015). Guidelines for Private Maritime Security Companies (PMSC) providing privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP) on board ships (and pro formal contract)&#8221;, International Standards Organization. 2020-07-17.\r\n[16] Jump up to a b Barry Buzan, Ole Waver, and Jaap de Wilde, (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 32\r\n[17] Jump up to a b c d Gee, D (2016) &#8220;Rethinking Security: A discussion paper&#8221;(PDF). Rethinkingsecurity.org.uk. Ammerdown Group. Retrieved 2017-12-17.\r\n[18] Klein, Natalie (2011). Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea, Oxford University Press, p. 11. ISBN 9780199566532.\r\n[19] Krishnaswamy, P (2014). Northern fishers still in a quandary, No solutions in sight, Sunday Observer, 13.07.2014.\r\n[20] Lars H. Bergqvist (2014). &#8220;The ISPS-Code and Maritime Terrorism&#8221;, Centre for International Maritime Security.\r\n[21] Madanayake, S.A (2015). Illegal fishing issues as a non \u2013traditional security threat to Sri Lanka \u2013 with reference to India, Proceedings of 8th International Research Conference, Kothalawala Defence University, Sri Lanka.\r\n[22] Manoharan, N (2013). Beijing and India\u2013Sri Lanka relations, Issue #217, IPCS. Downloaded from: http:\/\/www.ipcs.org\r\n[23] Perera, Y (2018). Kachchaateevu and an Island that promises peace and reconciliation, Downloaded from: http:\/\/www.dailymirror.lk\r\n[24] Rajakaruna, L (2017). Indian Supreme court clears the catch \u2018KACT\u2019 Downloaded from http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.lk\/ta5117-in-qkacha\/\r\n[25] Rogers, P (2010). Losing control: global security in the twenty-first century (3rd Ed.) London: Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745329376. OCLC 658007519.\r\n[26] The alpawila, O.N. (2014). India\u2013Sri Lanka relations: In post-civil war in Sri Lanka, International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.2 Issue 01, pp. 9\u201314.\r\n[27] US, Department of Defence (2000). &#8220;Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance&#8221;, Archive.defense.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-17.\r\n[28] United Nations General Assembly (2010). &#8220;Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2010,&#8221; Www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-12-17.\r\n[29] United Nations. (2017). &#8220;UN Trust Fund for Human Security&#8221;. www.un.org.\r\n[30] United Nations General Assembly (2005). &#8220;Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 60\/1: World Summit Outcome&#8221; (PDF). Retrieved 2017-12-17.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">P.K.B. Isuru Premarathna, &#8220;Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean: Special Reference to Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.158-173 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5107<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/158-173.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/maritime-security-challenges-in-the-indian-ocean-special-reference-to-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean: Special Reference to Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d22d0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2d22d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d2d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d2ddf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d2ddf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d30c2\" data-id=\"d2d30c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d31fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d31fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d32b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d32b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d33fc\" data-id=\"d2d33fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d3509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d3509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d35b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d35b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d3728\" data-id=\"d2d3728\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d3838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d3838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> The Effect of Financial Literacy on Small Business Financing Decisions. A Case of Shop Owners at Chelston Big Market.<\/strong> <\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mulenga Nonde and Macmillan Handema- January 2021 Page No.: 174-183<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d38da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d38da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d3a76\" data-id=\"d2d3a76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d3bb9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2d3bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The low uptake of loans has been identified as a major constraint of MSME development and growth in Zambia. This is perturbing since small businesses are touted as critical tools for economic growth and inclusive development. This study sought to determine the effect of financial literacy on small business financing decisions using a case in point of shop owners at Chelstone big Market in Lusaka. The study specifically sought to determine how the level of financial literacy affects the uptake and use of loans in the financing of small businesses. A mixed method study was adopted for this study. Data was collected from shop owners at Chelston big market in Lusaka. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analysed using thematic and content analysis. The study established that the level financial literacy influenced the uptake and use of debt financing through improved financial skills and financial decision making of enterprise owners. This in turn also affected the level of business performance and growth. It was also established that the resentment in the use of debt financing was influenced by collateral demands, high interest rates and tenure of loan products. The study recommends that the government through the local council must facilitate for the enhancement of financial literacy through training so as to improve the quality of financial decisions and business performance. The study recommends that the council could do this by collaborating with colleges and universities to train basic concepts and principles of business financial management to business owners. Furthermore, the study recommends that financial institution and other lenders must provide full information on their loan products to the level of their clients\u2019 comprehension to minimize any information asymmetry problems that lead to the resentment of loan products. Limiting the financing of businesses to owner funds, limits the growth and success of businesses.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 174-183\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mulenga Nonde <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Business, University of Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Macmillan Handema<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Business, University of Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abubakar, H. 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B., 2010. Performance implications of financial capital availability on the financial literacy\u2013performance nexus in South Africa. Investment management and financial innovations , pp. 354-362.\r\n[36] Nkundabanyanga, S. K., Kasozi, D., Nalukenge, I. &amp; Tauringana, V., 2014. Lending terms, financial literacy and formal credit accessibility. International Journal of Social Economics, pp. 342-361.\r\n[37] NSFE, 2017. The National Strategy on Financial Education for Zambia, Lusaka: Bank of Zambia .\r\n[38] OECD, 2013. Financial literacy and Inclusion: Results of OECD\/ INFE Survey across countries and gender. OECD Center.\r\n[39] Oluoch, F. &amp; Kalui, F. M., 2019 . Financial factors determining micro-loan uptake by women enterprise groups in Nakuru East Constituency, Nakuru County. Egerton University.\r\n[40] Onwuegbuzie, A. J. &amp; Collins, K. M. T., 2007. A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281-316. , Issue 12(2), pp. 281-316. .\r\n[41] Potrich, A. C. G., Vieira, K. M. &amp; Kirch, G., 2015. Determinants of financial literacy: Analysis of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic variables. Revista Contabilidade &amp; Finan\u00e7as, pp. 362-377.\r\n[42] Rasoaisi, L. &amp; Kalebe, K. M., 2015. Determinants of Financial Literacy Among the National University of Lesotho Students. Asian Economic and Financial Review, p. 1050.\r\n[43] Rothschild, M. &amp; Stiglitz, J., 1978. Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets: An essay on the economics of imperfect information. In Uncertainty in economics. Academic Press, pp. 257-280.\r\n[44] Sayinzoga, A., Bulte, E. H. &amp; Lensink, R., 2016. Financial literacy and financial behaviour: Experimental evidence from rural Rwanda. The economic journal , Issue 126 (594),, pp. 1571-1599.\r\n[45] Thorsten , B., 2007. Financing constraints of SMEs in developing countries: Evidence, determinants and solutions. In KDI 36th Anniversary International Conference.\r\n[46] World Bank , 2017. SME fianance gap assesment of the shortfalls and opportunities in fiancing Miro, Small and Medium Enterprises emerging market, s.l.: International Finance Corporation 2017.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mulenga Nonde and Macmillan Handema, &#8220;The Effect of Financial Literacy on Small Business Financing Decisions. A Case of Shop Owners at Chelston Big Market&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.174-183 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/174-183.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/174-183.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-financial-literacy-on-small-business-financing-decisions-a-case-of-shop-owners-at-chelston-big-market\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Effect of Financial Literacy on Small Business Financing Decisions. 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d5159\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d52ae\" data-id=\"d2d52ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d53b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d53b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5458 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d5458\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d55a1\" data-id=\"d2d55a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d56a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d56a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5742 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d5742\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d588b\" data-id=\"d2d588b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d5ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5bba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d5bba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5d31\" data-id=\"d2d5d31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5e4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d5e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Early Childhood Development teachers` perceptions of assessment of learners: A case of Mutare District, Zimbabwe.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Manzunzu Nomatter, Manzunzu Gladys &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 184-191<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d5eec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d5eec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d605d\" data-id=\"d2d605d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d618d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2d618d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The study investigated the teachers\u2019 perceptions on assessing ECD learners. The main objective of the study was to establish how ECD teachers perceive assessment of learners. A qualitative approach was used. A multiple case study was adopted so as to develop information that is accurate and interpretable on assessment problems in ECD centres. Seven ECD teachers were purposively selected. Guided by the MacMillan theory, data was collected through document analysis, observation and semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed in themes that were derived from the research questions. The study depicted that teachers had negative perceptions on assessment in ECD. Teachers graduating from colleges were not fully equipped in terms of assessment. The study also revealed that teachers kept record books mostly because it was a national policy requirement without providing necessary details in the record books. Continuous staff development and appropriate deployment in classes were recommended in order to improve the teachers` perceptions on ECD assessment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 184-191\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manzunzu Nomatter<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Midlands State University, Department of Educational Foundations and Primary Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Manzunzu Gladys<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1] Berry, R. (2011). `Assessment reforms around the world`, in R. Berry &amp; B. Adamson (eds), Assessment Reforms in Education: Policy and Practice. New York: Springer.\r\n[2] Bredekamp, S. &amp; Copple, C. (2010). Developmental Appreciate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Child Birth through Age 8. Washington DC: NAEYC.\r\n[3] Bruce, T., Meggitt, G., &amp; Greiner, J. (2010). Child Care and Education. London: Hodder Education.\r\n[4] Creswell, J. W. &amp; Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th ed, Sage Publications Inc.\r\n[5] Dunphy, E. (2010). Assessing Early Learning through formative assessment: Key issues and considerations. Irish Educational Studies, 29(1), 41- 56, DOI. ^^^\r\n[6] European Commission (2011b). Assessment of Key Competencies: Policy Handbook. European Commission: Brussels.\r\n[7] European Commission (2012). Assessment of Key Competencies in Initial Education and Training: Policy Guidance, Commission Staff Working Document. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/education\/news\/rethinking\/sw371-en-pdf.\r\n[8] Fayele, A. B and Ojerinde,-Dibu, Initial (2005), Some Outstanding Issues in Assessment for Learning. Paper presented at the IAEA Conference. IIe-ife, Nigeria\r\n[9] Follari, L. M. (2017). Foundations of Best Practice in Early Childhood Education. New York: Pearson.\r\n[10] Gardner, J. &amp; Galanouli, L. (2016). `Teachers` perception of assessment`. In D. Wyse, L. Hayward and J. Pandya (eds), The SAGE, Handbook of Curriculum, Pedagody and Assessment. Pp. 710- 724, Sage: London.\r\n[11] Heritage, M. (2010). Formative Assessment: Making It Happen in the Classroom. Corwin Press: Thousand Oaks, Carlifonia.\r\n[12] Kizlick B (2009). Measurement Assessment and Evaluation in Education. http:\/\/www.adprima.com\/measurement. Htm.educationinformationfornewandfutureteachers.\r\n[13] Koh, K. H.C. &amp; Tan, P.T.Ng. (2012). `Creating thinking schools through authentic assessment: The case of Singapore`, Education Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, vol 24, No. 2, pp135- 149.\r\n[14] Kuh, G.D., Jownkowski, N and Ikenberry, S.O (2014). Knowing what Students know and can do. The current state of Learning Outcome Assessment in US Colleges and University. Urban University of Illinois.\r\n[15] Lamprianou, I. and Athanasou, J. A. (2009). A Guide to Educational Assessment. (Revised edition): Brill.\r\n[16] Leicestershire Country Council. (2010). A Philosophical Foundation\u2019s of play. A Historical Perspective. https:\/\/www.\/eics.gov.uk\/outdoor-learningpublication 2 pdf.\r\n[17] Manzunzu, N. (2020). Early Childhood Development teachers`understandings of indigenous knowledge and how they incorporate it into their pedagogical practices. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand: Johannesburg.\r\n[18] Mertler, C. A. (2003). Preservice Versus In-service Teachers` Assessment Literacy: Does Classroom Experience Make a Difference? A Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid- Western educational research Association, Columbus, OH.\r\n[19] Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture (2004). Secretary`s Circular number 14. Harare: Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture.\r\n[20] Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture (2007). Director`s Circular Number 48.\r\n[21] Harare: Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture.\r\n[22] Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture (2012). Early Childhood Development\r\n[23] Syllabus. Harare: CDU.\r\n[24] Ministry of Education (2015). Zimbabwe New Curriculum Framework 2015- 2022. Harare: CDU.\r\n[25] Minnet, P. (2010). Child Care and Development. Cambridge: John Murray.\r\n[26] Mueller, J. (2003). Authentic Assessment Toolbox. Retrieved 8 June 2009 from: http\/\/jonathan.mueller.faculty.noctr\/edu\/toolbox\/index.htm.\r\n[27] National Association for Education of Young Children (2010). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs saving children from Birth through Age 8. A position statement of NAEYC. from http:\/\/www.naeyc.org\/files.ncyc\/file\/position\/psdap.pdf. Retrieved 15\/ 06\/20.\r\n[28] Ndalichako, J.L (2004) Towards an Understanding of Assessment Practices of Primary School Teachers in Tanzania. Zimbabwe journal for education research. Vol 16 no 3 pp 168-177.\r\n[29] Nziramasanga, C.T. (1999). Report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Education and Training. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe.\r\n[30] OECD (2013). `Student assessment: putting the learner at the centre` in Synergies for Better Learning: An International Perspective on Evaluation and Assessment.\r\n[31] Ormston, R., Spencer, L., Barnard, M. &amp; Snape, D. (2014). Qualitative Research Practice. Sage Publications limited: London.\r\n[32] Statutory Instrument 106 of 2005. Harare: Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture.\r\n[33] Tosuncuoglu, I. (2018). Importance of Assessment in ELT. Journal of Education and Training Studies. Vol 6, No. 9, pp 163- 167.\r\n[34] Yambi, T. A. C., and Yambi, C. (2018). Assessment and Evaluation in Education. Researchgate.net\/publication\/342918149-Assessment and Evaluation in Education.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Manzunzu Nomatter, Manzunzu Gladys, &#8220;Early Childhood Development teachers` perceptions of assessment of learners: A case of Mutare District, Zimbabwe.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.184-191 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/184-191.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/184-191.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/early-childhood-development-teachers-perceptions-of-assessment-of-learners-a-case-of-mutare-district-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Early Childhood Development teachers` perceptions of assessment of learners: A case of Mutare District, Zimbabwe.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d7196 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2d7196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d7284 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d7284\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d7433\" data-id=\"d2d7433\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d7575 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d7575\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d7619 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d7619\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d77c1\" data-id=\"d2d77c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d78f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d78f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Creative Industry In Learning Creative Product and Entrepreneurship Lesson In Vocational High School In Surakarta<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Singgih Prastawa, Muhammad Akhyar, Gunarhadi, Suharno- January 2021 Page No.: 192-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d799d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d799d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d7b17\" data-id=\"d2d7b17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d7c75 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2d7c75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study aims to describe 1) creative industry is implemented in creative product and entrepreneurship lesson in vocational high school (VHS), and 2) the benefit of creative industry for vocational high schools\u2019 students. This research used Survey method. The population was all of students of some private vocational high schools in Surakarta in the academic year 2019\/2020, and the sample was second grade students in the private Vocational High Schools. Data collection techniques in this research used test, questioners, interviews, and document analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative. The result of the study showed that creative industry was not taught in previous teaching and learning process. Besides that, the creative industry could encourages students to be active, inovative and independent. Creative industry should be implemented in vocational high schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 192-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Singgih Prastawa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGraduate Programme of University of Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Muhammad Akhyar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGraduate Programme of University of Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gunarhadi, Suharno<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGraduate Programme of University of Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abele. Eberhard, Metternich. Joachim. Michael Tisch, Chryssolouris. George, Sihn. Wilfried ElMaraghy. Hoda, Hummel. Vera., Ranz. Fabian. (2015). Learning Factories for Research, Education, and Training. Procedia CIRP 32. 1-6.\r\n[2] Azimi, S &amp; Fazelin, P. (2013). New Trends and Approaches in Instructional Design and Technology. Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences 82. 525-528.\r\n[3] Billen, S. (2010). The Effect of Cooperative Learning on the Ability of Prospect of Music Teacher to Appy Orff-Schulwerk Activities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2. 4872-4877.\r\n[4] Byrnes, P. J. (2009). Cognitive Development and Learning: Third Edition. Boston: Pearson Education Inc.\r\n[5] Cho, Dong &#8211; Sung, Moon, Hwy Chang (2003). From Adam Smith to Michael Porter: Evolusi Teori Daya Saing. Jakarta: Salemba Empat\r\n[6] Efstratia, D. (2014). Experiential Education through Project Based Learning. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences 152. 1256-1260.\r\n[7] Girvan, C, et al. (2016). Extending Experiential Learning in Teacger Professional Development. Teaching and Teacher Education 58. 129-139.\r\n[8] Guardia, L, D, et al (2014). A Game Based Learning Model for Entrepreneurship Education. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences 141. 195-199.\r\n[9] Heinch, R. (2009). Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning: Seventh Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.\r\n[10] Henson, T, K &amp; Eller, F, B. (1999). Educational Psychology for Effective Teaching. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.\r\n[11] Hosnan, M. (2014). Pendekatan Saintifik dan Kontekstual dalam Pembelajaran Abad 21. Bogor: Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia.\r\n[12] Hutabarat, Z. (2012). The Potential Growth of Creative Industries in Province Riau. Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences 65. 839- 844.\r\n[13] Iswanto, P. (2015). The Development of the Values Education in Vocational High School in Indonesia. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research. 215; 1(1): 1-4.\r\n[14] Joyce, B, and Weil, M. (2003). Model of Teaching: Fifth Edtion. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.\r\n[15] Khuanwang, W. (2016). Development of Evaluation Standart for Professional Experiential Training of Student Teachers. Procedia\u2013Social and Behavioral Sciences 217. 878-886.\r\n[16] Khuzaemah, R. (2019). Produk Kreatif dan Kewirausahaan. Jakarta: Bumi Putera.\r\n[17] Khoirudin, M, A. (2014). Produk Kreatif dan Kewirausahaan. Surakarta: Putra Nugraha.\r\n[18] Lidyasari, T, A. (2014). Developing PGSD Students Character through Experience Learning Theory. Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences 123. 189-195.\r\n[19] Madjid, A. (2014). Implementasi Kurikulum 2013: Kajian Teorits dan Praktis. Bandung: Interes Media\r\n[20] Marin, E. (2015). Experiential Learning: Empowering Students to take Control of their Learning by Engaging them in An Interactive Course Simulation Environment. Procedia\u2013Social and Behavioral Sciences 180. 854 -859\r\n[21] Martini, L. (2012). Triple Helix Collaboration to Develop Economic Corridors as Knowledge Hub in Indonesia. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences 52 (2012) 130 \u2013 139\r\n[22] Mirzanti, I. (2015). Mapping on Entrepreneurship Policy in Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 169. 346 \u2013 353\r\n[23] Nikolaudi, T, Sofia. (2020). Positive Psychology and Creative Writing in Education. Journal of Modern Education Review. Volume 10, No. 3, pp. 174\u2013180\r\n[24] Rustiadi, S. (2015) Creating Better Education System, Building Stronger Human Capital: A Creative Industries Perspective. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences 169. 378 \u2013 386.\r\n[25] Sahin, C, M. (2009). Instructional Design Principles for 21st Centuty Learning Skill. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences 1. 1464-1468.\r\n[26] Soenaryo. (2002). Sejarah Pendidikan Teknik dan Kejuruan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Dirjen Pendidikan Kejuruan dan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Depdiknas RI.\r\n[27] Suharnan. (2011). Creativity: Theory and Development. Surabaya: Laros.\r\n[28] Surachim, A. (2016). Efektivitas Pembelajaran Pola Pendidikan Sistem Ganda. Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta.\r\n[29] Triyono, B, M. (2015). The Indicators of Instructional Design for E-Learning in Indonesian Vocational High Schools. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 204. 54-61.\r\n[30] Vong, A, S. Et al. (2017). Instructional Model Development to Enhance Critical Thinking and Critical Thinking Teaching Ability of Trainee Students at Regional Teaching Training Center in Takeo Province, Cambodia. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 38. 88e95.\r\n[31] Wiryono, K, S. (2015). Risk Mapping on Dynamics Creative Industry: Case Study at Bandung City, Indonesia. Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences169. 125-130.\r\n[32] BPS. (2019). February 2019: The Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) is 5.01 percent &#8216;. Retrieved 24September 2019, from https:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/pressrelease\/2019\/05\/06\/1564\/februari-2019&#8211;tlasi-pengunemployment-terbuka&#8211;tpt&#8211;sebesar-5-01-persen.html\r\n.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Singgih Prastawa, Muhammad Akhyar, Gunarhadi, Suharno, &#8220;Implementation of Creative Industry In Learning Creative Product and Entrepreneurship Lesson In Vocational High School In Surakarta&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.192-196 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/192-196.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/192-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-creative-industry-in-learning-creative-product-and-entrepreneurship-lesson-in-vocational-high-school-in-surakarta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Implementation of Creative Industry In Learning Creative Product and Entrepreneurship Lesson In Vocational High School In Surakarta<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d8b95 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2d8b95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d8c95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d8c95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d8e14\" data-id=\"d2d8e14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d8f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d8f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d8fe2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d8fe2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9143\" data-id=\"d2d9143\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d925b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d925b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d92fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d92fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9452\" data-id=\"d2d9452\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d955d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d955d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d95f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d95f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d974a\" data-id=\"d2d974a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d985b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d985b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d98f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d98f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9a47\" data-id=\"d2d9a47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9b4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d9b4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9be8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d9be8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9d3c\" data-id=\"d2d9d3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9e53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2d9e53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2d9f19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2d9f19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2da0a0\" data-id=\"d2da0a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2da1b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2da1b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka: A Comparative Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Prof. Thanabalasingam Krishnamohan- January 2021 Page No.: 197-203<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2da25b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2da25b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2da3f1\" data-id=\"d2da3f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2da526 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2da526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Twentieth Amendment to the constitution of Sri Lanka seeks to centralize power, tries to limit the power of the parliament and the judiciary, and control the rule of law. Particularly, this amendment has focused on the reintroduction of the Parliamentary Council (PC). The PC members are also the members of parliament and a particular political party. The aim is to advise the president regarding the apex level appointments to the judiciary and key public institutions. Therefore, the President has absorbed the power to appoint Supreme Court Judges and High Court Judges at the discretion himself by the amendment. This opens up the possibility to impose a biased verdict and thereby injures the independence and autonomy of the judiciary. Therefore, it can be said that Sri Lanka cannot expect the \u201crule of law\u201d in the near future. It has been described as incompatible with the principles of law and justice at the international level. According to the International Court of Justice and international standards norms of appointments to the Judiciary, Judges&#8217; appointments should not be vested solely with the executive power. Sri Lanka is battling with its largest COVID-19 outbreak still today. At this time, Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) government rushed through quickly to amend the constitution. Ironically, the twentieth amendment has made the constitutional governance or rule of law of the country to move far away from constitutionalism. At the same time, people must appreciate the government for making some alterations to the constitution such as amendments over presidential immunity and for increasing the period within which the president can dissolve Parliament. The amendment also entails new provisions on increasing the number of the Supreme Court judges from 11 to 17 and the High Court judges from 12 to 20.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-203\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Thanabalasingam Krishnamohan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor in Political Science. Department of Social Sciences, Eastern University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Bazezew Maru, Constitutionalism, Mizan Law Review Vol. 3 No.2, September 2009, URL Available on https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/mlr\/article\/view\/145474\r\n[2] Charindra, 20th Amendment to the Constitution: Passed with 150-plus votes in Parliament October 23, 2020, The Sunday Morning, URL Available on http:\/\/www.themorning.lk\/20th-amendment-to-the-constitution-passed-with-150-plus-votes-in-parliament\/\r\n[3] Gomez Mario, 2019, The Death Penalty in Sri Lanka: Hanging by a Thread, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Sri Lanka, URL Available on http:\/\/ices.lk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/The-Death-Penalty-in-Sri-Lanka.pdf\r\n[4] Gunasekara Skandha, From Constitutional Council to Parliamentary Council, Enforcing the 20th Amendment to the Constitution commenced, November 8, 2020, The Sunday Morning, URL Available on http:\/\/www.themorning.lk\/from-constitutional-council-to-parliamentary-council\/\r\n[5] In the Supreme Court of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, In the Matter of an Application Under and in terms of Articles 17, 35 And 126 of The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, URL Available on http:\/\/www.supremecourt.lk\/images\/documents\/sc_fr_351_2018.pdf\r\n[6] Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, Certified on 29th of January 2021, URL Available on https:\/\/www.parliament.lk\/uploads\/acts\/gbills\/english\/6176.pdf\r\n[7] Reynolds, Noel B., 1986, Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law, All Faculty Publications, Provo, Brigham Young University, URL Available on https:\/\/scholarsarchive.byu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2470&amp;context=facpub\r\n[8] SC Gives Green Light to Passage of 20A: Clauses 3, 5 &amp; 14 Can Be Passed Without Referendum but Subject to Amendment \u2013 Determination, October 10, 2020, Colombo Telegraph, URL Available on https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/sc-gives-green-light-to-passage-of-20a-clauses-3-5-14-can-be-passed-without-referendum-but-subject-to-amendment-determination\/\r\n[9] Sri Lanka&#8217;s Ex-Resident Maithripala Sirisena Appears Before Panel Probing Easter Sunday Attacks, news18. world, October 05, 2020, 23:24 IST, URL Available on https:\/\/www.news18.com\/news\/world\/sri-lankas-ex-resident-maithripala-sirisena-appears-before-panel-probing-easter-sunday-attacks-2936083.html\r\n[10] The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (As Amended Up To 03rd October 2001) Revised Edition \u2013 2008, Chapter VIIA Articles 41A to 41H inserted by the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution Sec. 2, URL Available on https:\/\/www.parliament.lk\/files\/pdf\/constitution\/constitution-upto-17th.pdf\r\n[11] The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (As Amended Up to 09th September 2010) Revised Edition \u2013 2011, Chapter VIIA, Articles 41A to 41H in Relation to Constitutional Council, Inserted By the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution is Repealed and Article 41A in Regard to the Establishment of Parliamentary Council is Inserted Respectively By the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution Sec. 4 And 5, URL Available on https:\/\/www.parliament.lk\/files\/pdf\/constitution\/constitution-upto-18th.pdf\r\n[12] The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (As amended up to 15th May 2015) Revised Edition \u2013 2015, 30 &#8211; Chapter VII A was substituted by the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution Sec. 8, URL Available on, https:\/\/www.parliament.lk\/files\/pdf\/constitution\/constitution-upto-19th.pdf\r\n[13] Vile, M.J.C,1967, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers, Oxford University Press, URL Available on http:\/\/files.libertyfund.org\/files\/677\/0024_Bk.pdf\r\n[14] 20th Amendment weakens the power of the judiciary and the legislature &#8211; Petitioners Wed, Sep 30, 2020, 11:48 pm SL Time, Colombo Page News Desk, Sri Lanka, URL Available on http:\/\/www.colombopage.com\/archive_20B\/Sep30_1601489917CH.php\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. Thanabalasingam Krishnamohan, &#8220;The Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka: A Comparative Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.197-203 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/197-203.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/197-203.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-twentieth-amendment-to-the-constitution-of-sri-lanka-a-comparative-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka: A Comparative Analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2db4f3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2db4f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbaa0\" data-id=\"d2dbaa0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbbc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dbbc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbc62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2dbc62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbdbc\" data-id=\"d2dbdbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbede elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dbede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbf8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2dbf8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc0d4\" data-id=\"d2dc0d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc1ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dc1ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc285 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2dc285\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc3e9\" data-id=\"d2dc3e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc4ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dc4ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effectiveness of Cognitive Reframing Therapy and Motivational Interviewing on the Promotion of COVID-19 Awareness and Health-Behaviours in Ibadan <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Oluwaseun Emmanuel Omopo &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 204-213<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc592 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2dc592\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc72b\" data-id=\"d2dc72b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dc85c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2dc85c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the effects of cognitive reframing therapy and motivational interviewing on the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours in Ibadan, Nigeria. Five (5) null hypotheses guided the work. Quasi-experimental design involving pre-test, post-test, control group with two experimental and one control groups was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised sixty (60) identified\/observed participants with non-adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviours: irregular disuse of face mask, lack of regular handwashing, risk behaviours\/exposure to close contacts, lack of social and physical distance. The purposive sampling procedure was used in selecting 60 samples and was grouped into treatments and control. A self-report questionnaire on COVID-19 knowledge and adherence to safety measures developed by Hanawi, Angawi, Alshareef, Ameerah et al (2020) was utilized in this study. The ANCOVA statistical tool was used to test five hypotheses raised at 0.005 alpha level of significance. The findings revealed that both cognitive reframing therapy and motivational interviewing are effective in the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours of participants. Comparing the two modalities, both were effective (p =0.821) in promoting COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours among residents of Ibadan, Nigeria. The result found no significant differential effect of cognitive reframing therapy in the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours of Ibadan residents (p = 0.379), no significant differential effect of motivational interviewing in the promotion of COVID-19 awareness and health-behaviours of Ibadan residents (p = 0.391). The researcher recommended that the government should endeavour to engage the public more extensively using a much closer medium rather than through the media. It was also recommended that urgent psychological facilities, equipped with seasoned professionals be structured in local government areas towards effective management of psychological well-being, resistant attitudes to preventive measures, and general health-behaviour advancement. The study furthered to recommend that authorities should consider providing enough palliatives to the most vulnerable population and subsidize crumbled businesses for effective recovery and adjustment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 204-213\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5108<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Oluwaseun Emmanuel Omopo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, IICSE University, Wilmington, Delaware, USA\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Al-Hanawi, MK, Angawi, K, Alshareef, N, et al Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2020; 8: 217.\r\n[2] Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., &amp; Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press\r\n[3] Burke, B., Arkowitz, H., &amp; Dunn, C. (2002). The efficacy of motivational interviewing and its adaptations: What we know so far. In W. Miller &amp; S. Rollnick (Eds.), Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed., pp. 217\u2013250). New York: Guilford Press.\r\n[4] Cowling B. J., Ng, D. M., Ip, D. K., Liao, Q., Lam, W. W. and Wu, J. T. (2010). Community psychological and behavioral responses through the first wave of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in Hong Kong. J Infect Dis. 202(6):867-76. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/655811 PMID: 20677945\r\n[5] Harland, J., White, M., Drinkwater, C., Chinn, D., Farr, L., &amp;Howel, D. (1999). The Newcastle exercise project: A randomised controlled trial of methods to promote physical activity in primary care. British Medical Journal, 319, 828\u2013832.\r\n[6] Jonsson, H., Hougaard, E., &amp;Bennedsen, B.E. (2011). Randomized comparative study of group versus individual Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. ActaPsychiatricaScandinavica, 123, 387-397.\r\n[7] Miller, W. R. and Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational Interviewing. Preparing people for change. 2nd edn. New York: The Guilford Press.\r\n[8] Olapegba, P I., Iorfa, A. K. and Kolawole, S. O. (2020). Survey data of COVID-19-related Knowledge, Risk Perceptions and Precautionary Behavior among Nigerians. Data in Brief 2020. Online first. http:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2020.105685\r\n[9] Omopo, O. E., Dada, I. T. and Adebayo-Oke, B. (2020). Socioeconomic Status, Propaganda, Health-related Factors as Predictors of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Psychological Distress of Lagos Residemts. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies. 7 (7). 192-199\r\n[10] Prochaska, J. and DiClemente, C. (1986). Towards a comprehensive model of change. In: Miller WR, Heather N, editors. Treating addictive behaviours: processes of change. New York: Pergamon.\r\n[11] Ramsay, J. R. (2010). CBT for adult ADHD: adaptations and hypothesized mechanisms of change. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy;24(9):37\u201045.\r\n[12] Smith, D., Heckemeyer, C., Kratt, P., &amp; Mason, D. (1997). Motivational interviewing to improve adherence to a behavioral weight-control program for older obese women with NIDDM. Diabetes Care, 20, 52\u201354\r\n[13] Solanto, M. V, Marks, D. J., Wasserstein, J., Mitchell, K., Abikoff, H., Alvir, J. M., et al. (2010). Efficacy of meta\u2010cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry 167(8):958\u201068\r\n[14] van der Weerd W, Timmermans D. R, Beaujean D. J, Oudhoff, J, van Steenbergen J. E. (2011). Monitoring the level of government trust, risk perception and intention of the general public to adopt protective measures during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in the Netherlands. BMC public health. ;11(1):575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-575 PMID: 32081636 PMCID: PMC3152536\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Oluwaseun Emmanuel Omopo, &#8221; The Effectiveness of Cognitive Reframing Therapy and Motivational Interviewing on the Promotion of COVID-19 Awareness and Health-Behaviours in Ibadan &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.204-213 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5108<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/204-213.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effectiveness-of-cognitive-reframing-therapy-and-motivational-interviewing-on-the-promotion-of-covid-19-awareness-and-health-behaviours-in-ibadan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Effectiveness of Cognitive Reframing Therapy and Motivational Interviewing on the Promotion of COVID-19 Awareness and Health-Behaviours in Ibadan <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dd6cb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2dd6cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2dd7b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2dd7b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2dd933\" data-id=\"d2dd933\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dda4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dda4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ddda1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ddda1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2ddf32\" data-id=\"d2ddf32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2de055 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2de055\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2de0fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2de0fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2de257\" data-id=\"d2de257\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2de364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2de364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2de402 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2de402\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2de554\" data-id=\"d2de554\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2de660 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2de660\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2de6fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2de6fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2de83b\" data-id=\"d2de83b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2de95b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2de95b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2de9fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2de9fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2deb7b\" data-id=\"d2deb7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dec8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dec8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Federal Character Principles on National Integration in the Selected Federal Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Lucky Benson, Yusuf Musa Audu- January 2021 Page No.: 214-220<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ded2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2ded2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2deecc\" data-id=\"d2deecc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2deffa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2deffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The complexity of Nigeria\u2019s multi-ethnic and multi-religious nature as well as its political history before and after independence makes it increasingly necessary for country to identify a workable formula for the peaceful coexistence of its people. Principle of federal character is aimed at ensuring fairness and equity in the distribution of public posts and socio-economic infrastructures among the various agencies of government including higher education institutions in the country. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of compliance with federal character principles as well as analyse the factors hindering strict adherence to these principles in the federal higher education institutions situated in Adamawa state. A descriptive survey design was adopted in which 123 staff of the selected institutions was used as research subjects. The collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with help of SPSS version 23. Findings of the study reveals that there is a high level of awareness of the principle of federal character among employees of federal institutions. There seems to be strong and general acceptance amongst scholars that the whole essence of the establishment of the federal character principles as a policy is to ensure equitable distribution of governmental activities and employments in the country. However, the practical implementation and interpretation of this policy is far from it main objectives. Among the factors hindering strict adherence to these principles include ethnicity, tribalism, external influence, favouritism and to a considerable extent corruption. Looking at the factors that affect the smooth implementation, enforcement and strict compliance with the federal character principles in the federal institutions, we recommend that relevant provisions of the constitution should be amended so as to make all the key policy actors to implement the federal character principles in tertiary institutions across Nigeria. Also, strict adherence to policy guideline and implementation plans as spelled out in the Act establishing the federal character principles must be clearly followed in order to end inequality and marginalisation. Finally, an enforcement unit of the federal character principles should be strengthening in order to carryout it duty of ensuring equitable distribution of employment and fairness and sanction should be carryout on those institutions that violate any part of the principles.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 214-220\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5109<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Lucky Benson<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and Administration, Faculty of Social Science, Adamawa State University Mubi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yusuf Musa Audu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRegistry Department, College for Legal Studies Yola, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adeosun, A. B. (2011). Federal Character Principle and National Integration: A Critical Appraisal. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 2(4), 1-13.\r\n[2] Adesoji, A.O and Alao, A (2009). \u201cIndigeneship and Citizenship in Nigeria; Myth and Reality\u2019, The Journal of Pan African Studies 2(9), 151-165.\r\n[3] Babbie, E. (1986). The Practice of Social Research Ibadan; Alafas Publishing Company.\r\n[4] Cole, G.D.H (1993). The Pluralist Theory of The State; London and Newyork ISBN 0-203-98600-8 master e-book ISBN\r\n[5] Ezeibe, C. C (2013). Federal Character Principle and Nationality Question in Nigeria in International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences 2 (2), 12-21 www.academicexellencesociety.comfederal_character_principle_and_nationality_quesion_in Retrieved from; _nigeria.html\r\n[6] Etekpe, A. &amp; Okolo, P. O. (2011). Politics and Democracy in Contemporary Nigeria. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 23-32. ISSN 2141-873X.\r\n[7] Center for the Promotion of International Relations, Studies and Development, Kandid Gold, Accra Ghana.www.ccsdev.org. Pp. 424 \u2013 434.\r\n[8] Heirmexxy (2011). Federal Character Policy and Technology Development in Nigeria; Problems and Prospects www.Pristinethrills.blogspot.com\/2011\/03\/federal-character-policy-and-technology\/html\r\n[9] Ibaba, S. I. &amp; Okolo, P. O. (2009). Resolving Militia conflicts in the Niger Delta: The Role and strategies of Mediation, Martins papers, Martins Institute Article 2:Retrieved from http:\/\/www.class.uidaho.edu\/martin_archives\/Martin%20Papers.html\r\n[10] Igbokwe-Ibeto, .J &amp; Aremo, M. O. (2013). \u201cFederal Character and Recruitment in the Nigerian Civil Service: Prospects and Implications\u201d, Global Journal of Applied, Management and Social Sciences,1(3), 34-45.\r\n[11] Mustapha, A (2007) \u201cInstitutionalising Ethnic Representation: How Effective is the Federal Character Commission in Nigeria? Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity. Working Paper No 43 June. Also available online at http:\/\/www crise.oxac.uk\r\n[12] Okolo, P. O. (2014). Managing Minority Problems in Nigeria: The case of the Ethnic Minorities of the Niger Delta Region.Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Vol. 5, No. 6, (2014).ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online).IISTE USA.http:\/\/www.iiste.org\/journals\/index.php\/JEDS\/article\/view\/11938 or www.iiste.org. Pp. 91 \u2013 99.\r\n[13] Onu, G. (2008). Contemporary issues in Nigerian Politics and Government and Implications for sustainable Development\u201d in Nigerian Journal of Politics and Administration Vol 2 No 1 Enugu, New Generations Ventures.\r\n[14] Olamolanye, F (1986) Reassert\\ Method and Statistics Jos: Fab Annied Ltd.\r\n[15] National Orientation Agency (2009). A survey of Nigeria Core Value, Ibadan Safa books Ltd.\r\n[16] Sanusi, L. (2012).\u201cFederal character breeds mediocrity\u201d Retrieved from; http:\/\/ihenationonlineng.net\/new\/news\/federal-character-breedsmidiocrity-says-samusi\/html.\r\n[17] Sharma, M. P, Sadana, B. L. &amp; Herpreet, L. (2011). Public Administration in theory and Practice: Allahabad India KitabMahal Printing.\r\n[18] Shivji, I. G (2009). Revisiting the Debate on National Autonomous Development\u201d. In Adejumobi, S. &amp; Olukoshi, A. The African Union and New Strategies for Development in African. Nairobi CODESRIA\r\n[19] Shilgba,L. K. (2011).\u201cTowards true Federation\u201d Parrot Newspaper, 12thOct,1960: www.nairaland.com\/674760\/towards-truefederation-middle-belt.\r\n[20] Shona, K. (2013). \u201cNational Integration: complete information on the meaning, features and promotion of national integration in India\u2019\u2019 www.preservarticles.com\/201012271786\/national-integration.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Lucky Benson, Yusuf Musa Audu, &#8221; The Impact of Federal Character Principles on National Integration in the Selected Federal Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.214-220 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5109<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/214-220.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-federal-character-principles-on-national-integration-in-the-selected-federal-tertiary-institutions-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Impact of Federal Character Principles on National Integration in the Selected Federal Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dfe9f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2dfe9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e0d1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e0d1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e0edc\" data-id=\"d2e0edc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1017 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e1017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e10c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e10c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1232\" data-id=\"d2e1232\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1348 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e1691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e173b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e173b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1895\" data-id=\"d2e1895\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e19b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e19b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1a50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e1a50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1bc0\" data-id=\"d2e1bc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1d04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e1d04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Philosophical Overview on <i>Chandogya Upanishad<\/i> in Indology<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ven. Wadigala Samitharathana- January 2021 Page No.: 221-225<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1da9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e1da9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e1f2e\" data-id=\"d2e1f2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e2080 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2e2080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">In Indology, Chandogya Upanishad seems like one of the most philosophised approaches to the Ved\u0101nta tradition. It could introduce and develop earlier Vedic concepts descriptively and analytically. In particular, the Chandogya Upanishad has precisely worked out in against to ancient Vedic foreknowledge and mystic narratives. Then it may probably be an influential resource to Post-Indian philosophical arises. Moreover, that has succinctly revealed some intended doctrines on theology upon the Brahman, Cosmology upon the universe, psychology upon the soul, eschatology upon the transmigration and emancipation as following rather theoretical figures. Consequently, above intensive identification was grossly impacted by the intellectual dialectics in the Chandogya Upanishad treatise. Overleaf, that sophisticated conversations also could be a fundamental reason to be considered as a positively evaluated philosophical branch in Indology. The critical dialogues in the treatise could recognise a few of disputable intellectual terminates like epistemology, metaphysics, transcendentalism, and phenomenology. In this manner, here, it would hope to study the Chandogaya Upanishad as briefly and descriptively.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 221-225\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 Febraury 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ven. Wadigala Samitharathana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRoyal Pa\u1e47\u1e0dit (O. S. S.), Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts University of Peradeniya, SRI LANKA\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Here in terms of Upanishad is a considerable morpheme as it has an unavoidable historical and philosophical exegesis for a long time in anthropology. It does mind to add some quotation here.\r\n[2] \u201cThough it is generally held that Upani\u1e63ads are usually attached as appendices to the \u0100ra\u1e47ykas which are again attached to the Br\u0101hma\u1e47as, yet it cannot be said that their distinction as separate treatises is always observed\u2026 The Upani\u1e63ads are also known by another name Ved\u0101nta, as they are believed to be the last portions of the Vedas (veda-anta, end); it is by this name that the philosophy of the Upani\u1e63ads, the Ved\u0101nta philosophy, is so familiar to us.\u201d\r\n[3] Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy: Volume I, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), 28-30.\r\n[4] Swami Krishnananda, The Chandogya Upanishad, (ed.) The Divine Life Society, (India: Sivananda Ashram, 1984), 6.It can also see this book on the following website.www.swami-krishnananda.org (September 26, 2020).\r\n[5] According to Swami Krishnananda, Upanishads essentially constitute Adhyatma-Vidya or knowledge of the pure self in the broader sense, since the self can envisage in the different degrees of its connotation and the many levels of expression.Ibid, 6.\r\n[6] That is also got by above. In addition to this explanation, it does add here one more exegesis from the commentary of \u015aankara.\r\n[7] The Ch\u0101ndogya-Upani\u1e63ad\u2026 directly deals with the true nature of Brahman, the Supreme-Self, without a second, and its identity with the individual self. The reason why a Upani\u1e63ad should expound is that the entire course of Action, as propounded in the Karmak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da section, when accompanied by full comprehension of the true nature of such deities as Pr\u0101\u1e47a and the rest, is conducive to the attainment of either the Religions of the Moon through the &#8216;Path of Smoke\u2019 or the Religions of Brahman (Brahmaloka) through the \u2018Path of Light\u2019.\r\n[8] The Ch\u0101dogyopanishad: A Treatise on Ved\u0101anta Philosophy translated into English with The Commentary of \u015aankara, Ganganatha Jha and Umesha Mishra, (Poona: Oriental Book Agency, 1942), viii.\r\n[9] Paul Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, (trans.) Rev. A. S. Geden, (New York: Dover Publications, 1906), 10. See the 1st and 2nd Footnotes.\r\n[10] Max Muller says in his introduction to the Upanishads (S. B. E. I. p. lxii; see also pp. lx. lxi) \u201cthat Schopenhauer should have spoken of the Upanishads as \u2018products of the highest wisdom\u2019\u2026 that he should have placed the pantheism there taught high above the pantheism of Bruno, Malebranche, Spinoza and Scotus Erigena, as brought to light again at Oxford in 1681, may perhaps secure a more considerate reception for those relics of ancient wisdom than anything that I could say in their favor.\u201d\r\n[11] Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy: Volume I, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), 40. See the 2nd Footnote.\r\n[12] The word \u201cUpanishad\u201d is derived from upa, near, ni, down, and sad, to sit. Groups of pupils near the teacher to learn from him the truth by which ignorance is destroyed. There are over 200 Upanishads, although the traditional number is 108. Of these, the principal Upanishads are ten: \u012a\u015ba, Kena, Ka\u1e6dha, Pra\u015bna, Mu\u1e47\u1e0daka, M\u1fb1\u1e47\u1e0d\u016bkya, Taittir\u012bya, Aitareya, Ch\u1fb1ndogya, and B\u1e5bhad\u1fb1ra\u1e47yaka.\u201d\r\n[13] A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, (ed.) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957), 37.\r\n[14] Here in the Commentary of \u015aankara, it has revealed some more in-depth explanation regards on this interpretation: &#8220;This Upanishad though mainly deals with the Science and Non-Duality, yet in it are described the forms of Up\u0101san\u0101 (meditation and worship) as the means of the attainment of good results: for, these bring about results which are as good as Liberation itself.\u201d\r\n[15] The Ch\u0101dogyopanishad: A Treatise on Ved\u0101anta Philosophy translated into English with The Commentary of \u015aankara, Ganganatha Jha and Umesha Mishra, (Poona: Oriental Book Agency, 1942), ix.\r\n[16] A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, (ed.) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957), 37. Ibid, 37.\r\n[17] Nevertheless, Surendranath Dasgupta (1963) says that in Upanishads having some diverse meaning and contradictory explanations also. The reason regarded conflicting ideas of the Vedas. The highest perception of ultimate truth has declared in Upanishads. Vedas have multiple approaches to traditional beliefs and sacrifices for spiritual liberation without any self-empirical perception. So for much fuller details, it can see below.\r\n[18] Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy: Volume I, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), 41.\r\n[19] Jeffery Long, Introduction to Selections from the Chandogya Upanishad included in Mysticism and the Spiritual Quest: A Cross-Cultural Anthology, (ed.) Phyllis Zagano, (USA: Paulist Press, 2013), 22. However, it can get this selected sect of this article via accessing into the following website. www.academia.edu (September 26, 2020).\r\n[20] The Ch\u0101dogyopanishad: A Treatise on Ved\u0101anta Philosophy translated into English with The Commentary of \u015aankara, Ganganatha Jha and Umesha Mishra, (Poona: Oriental Book Agency, 1942), 1.\r\n[21] It does quote some textual paragraph here: &#8220;The Upanishads subordinate Vedic ceremonialism and even caste duties to the supreme good of self-realisation. They lay great stress on the distinction between the ignorant, narrow, selfish way which leads to transitory satisfaction and the way of wisdom which leads to eternal life\u2026 The Upanishads speak to us of the way in which the individual self gets at the ultimate reality by an inward journey, an inner ascent. They give us the stages of the ascent in some detail.&#8221;\r\n[22] A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, (ed.) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957), 38.\r\n[23] \u201cOm, then, symbolises the One, first made manifest as the Triad, here represented as the Loud Chant Song. Then come to the progressive manifestations of the Triad through emanation. The text carries us at once to the outermost or lowest emanation, here called: &#8220;Elemental Earth&#8221;, to be thought of, not as brute matter, but rather as the crystallisation or consolidation of Spirit; \u2026&#8221;\r\n[24] Chandogya Upanishad: Part I, Sections 1-6, The Powers of the Logos, 26. It can access this source in the following website.www.universaltheosophy.com (September 26, 2020).\r\n[25] Jeffery Long, Introduction to Selections from the Chandogya Upanishad included in Mysticism and the Spiritual Quest: A Cross-Cultural Anthology, (ed.) Phyllis Zagano, (USA: Paulist Press, 2013), 22. Nevertheless, it can get this selected sect of this article via accessing into the following website:www.academia.edu (September 26, 2020).\r\n[26] For this identification, it referred the book A Source Book in Indian Philosophy edited by Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore in 1957. For much details it also can follow this one:\r\n[27] A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, (ed.) Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan and Charles A. Moore, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1957), 64-76.\r\n[28] This hypothesis mainly was influenced by under the theme of Philosophy of the Upanishads in the following website.\r\nwww.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in (September 26, 2020).\r\n[29] \u201cDoing one\u2019s duty, being a good person\u2026 All of this is a good thing. Such activities \u201clead one to the realm of the best.\u201d But, as we have also seen in the Katha and Mundaka Upanishads, the \u201crealm of the best\u201d, or heaven is a temporary abode. After the effects of the good actions that led one there-one\u2019s karma-have been exhausted, one dies and returns again to this world. In other words, heaven, while pleasant, is nevertheless part of the cycle of death and birth.\u201d\r\n[30] Jeffery Long, Introduction to Selections from the Chandogya Upanishad included in Mysticism and the Spiritual Quest: A Cross-Cultural Anthology, (ed.) Phyllis Zagano, (USA: Paulist Press, 2013), 22-23. However, it can get this selected sect of this article via accessing into the following website.\r\nwww.academia.edu (September 26, 2020).\r\n[31] That also influenced by the above author Prof. Jeffery Long (2013). However, it does mind to denote some extra critique in order to make in intensive analysis towards on Upanishadic philosophical context.\r\n[32] \u201cAll the thoughts of the Upanishads move around two fundamental ideas. These are (1) the Brahman, and (2) the \u0100tman. As a rule these terms are employed synonymously. Where a difference reveals itself, Brahman appears as the older and less intelligible expression, \u1fb1tman as the later and more significant; Brahman as the unknown that needs to be explain\u2026\u201d\r\n[33] Paul Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, (trans.) Rev. A. S. Geden, (New York: Dover Publications, 1906), 38.\r\n[34] \u201cThe fundamental idea which runs through the early Upani\u1e63ads is that underlying the exterior world of change there is an unchangeable reality which is identical with that which underlines the essence of man\u2026 The sages in the Upani\u1e63ads had already started with the idea that there was a supreme controller or essence presiding over man and the universe.\u201d\r\n[35] Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy: Volume I, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), 42-43.\r\n[36] In doing this philosophic recognition and categorisation, It wanted to refer the book in the following:\r\n[37] Paul Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, (trans.) Rev. A. S. Geden, (New York: Dover Publications, 1906).\r\n[38] For here also it referred above source repeatedly. Nevertheless, here it would mind mentioning another adoption on regards this material fact.\r\n[39] \u201cThe New Testament and the Upanishads, these two noblest products of the religious consciousness of mankind, are found when we sound their deeper meaning to be nowhere in irreconcilable contradiction, but in a manner the most attractive serve to elucidate and complete one another. An Example may show the value of the Upanishad teaching for the full development of our Christian consciousness.\u201dIbid, 49.\r\n[40] Jeffery Long, Introduction to Selections from the Chandogya Upanishad included in Mysticism and the Spiritual Quest: A Cross-Cultural Anthology, (ed.) Phyllis Zagano, (USA: Paulist Press, 2013), 22-23. However, it can get this selected sect of this article via accessing into the following website:\r\nwww.academia.edu (September 26, 2020).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ven. Wadigala Samitharathana, &#8220;A Philosophical Overview on <i>Chandogya Upanishad<\/i> in Indology&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.221-225 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/221-225.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/221-225.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-philosophical-overview-on-chandogya-upanishad-in-indology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Philosophical Overview on <i>Chandogya Upanishad<\/i> in Indology<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e2ed5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2e2ed5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e2fde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e2fde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e33d8\" data-id=\"d2e33d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e3524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e3524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e35ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e35ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e3757\" data-id=\"d2e3757\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e3882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e3882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of family conflicts on pupils\u2019 attitudes towards mathematics and on their interpersonal relationship in public primary schools in Bamenda II Subdivision &#8211; Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Beyoh Dieudone Nkepah, PhD, Ambei Moses Chu, PhD- January 2021 Page No.: 226-230<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e3926 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e3926\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e3a91\" data-id=\"d2e3a91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e3bbe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2e3bbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The main purpose of the study was to determine the influence of family conflicts on pupils\u2019 interpersonal relationship and their attitude towards mathematics in public primary schools in Bamenda II Subdivision. The study adopted a survey research design. A sample of 325 class 5 and 6 pupils was drawn form an accessible population of 2326 pupils using the purposive sampling technique. A questionnaire which was validated and its reliability assured using Crombach alpha, was used in collecting relevant data. Means were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that family conflicts have a significantly negative influence on the attitude of pupils towards mathematics in Bamenda II Subdivision. The findings also indicate that for pupils experiencing family conflicts in their homes, the negative influence of family conflicts on the attitudes of male pupils towards mathematics does not significantly differ from that on female pupils. Lastly, the study also showed that family conflicts have a significantly negative influence on interpersonal relationships between pupils and their peers in Bamenda II Subdivision. It was therefore recommended among other things that class teachers should always try to identify any pupils coming from homes with family conflicts. If the class teacher is unable to help such pupils, then they should be referred to the school counsellor<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 226-230\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Beyoh Dieudone Nkepah,PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nScience, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Programme &#8211; Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, The University of Bamenda (UBa), Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ambei Moses Chu,PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum and Pedagogy, Faculty of Education, The University of Bamenda (UBa). Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Bahrassa, N. F., Juan, M. J., &amp; Lee, R. M. (2009, August). Family conflict and family support on the mental health of college students. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.\r\n[2] Berk, L. E. (2013). Infants, children and adolescents (3rd ed.). New York: Ally and Bacon.\r\n[3] Brackney, B. E., &amp; Karabenick, S. A. (1995). Psychopathology and academic performance: The role of motivation and learning strategies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 456 \u2013 465.\r\n[4] Chung, R. H. (2001). Gender, ethnicity, and acculturation in intergenerational conflict of Asian American college students. Cultural Diversity &amp; Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 376 \u2013386. doi:10.1037\/1099- 9809.7.4.376\r\n[5] Golden, O. (2012). The Federal response to child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Psychological Association, 55, 1050 \u2013 1053.\r\n[6] Kiura, J. M. (2010). On life and love: Guidelines for parents and educators. Nairobi: Pauline Publication, Africa.\r\n[7] Murphy, C. M., &amp; O\u2019Farrell, T. J. (2010). Factors associated with marital aggression in male alcoholics. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 321 \u2013 335.\r\n[8] Mustonen, U., Huurre, T., Kiviruusu, O., Haukkala, A., &amp; Aro, H. (2011). Long-term impact of parental divorce on intimate relationship quality in adulthood and the mediating role of psychosocial resources. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 615-619.\r\n[9] Ogbeide, F. Odiase, I., &amp; Omofumo (2013). Influence of broken homes on secondary school students academic performance. The Psychologist, 6(4), 102-118.\r\n[10] Rasheed, J., &amp; Rasheed, M. (2011). Family therapy: Models and techniques. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.\r\n[11] Schmidtgall, K., King, A., Zarski, J., &amp; Cooper, J. (2000). The effects of parental conflict on later child development. Journal of Divorce &amp; Remarriage, 33, 149-157.\r\n[12] Steinberg, L. (2010). Beyond the classroom: Why school reform has failed and what parents need to do. New York: Simon and Schuster.\r\n[13] Walker, E. L. (2010). Psychology and domestic violence around the world. Journal of American Psychological Association, 54, 21 \u2013 28.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Beyoh Dieudone Nkepah, PhD, Ambei Moses Chu, PhD, &#8220;Influence of family conflicts on pupils\u2019 attitudes towards mathematics and on their interpersonal relationship in public primary schools in Bamenda II Subdivision &#8211; Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.226-230 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/226-230.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/226-230.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-family-conflicts-on-pupils-attitudes-towards-mathematics-and-on-their-interpersonal-relationship-in-public-primary-schools-in-bamenda-ii-subdivision-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of family conflicts on pupils\u2019 attitudes towards mathematics and on their interpersonal relationship in public primary schools in Bamenda II Subdivision &#8211; Cameroon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e4a2e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2e4a2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e4b0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e4b0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e4c8b\" data-id=\"d2e4c8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e4da8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e4da8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e4e69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e4e69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e4fd3\" data-id=\"d2e4fd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e50ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e50ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between Positive Emotion, Self-Efficacy, and Student Engagement during the Covid-19 Pandemic<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Surahman, Moh Fauzil Adhim &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 231-235<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e5188 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e5188\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e5305\" data-id=\"d2e5305\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e545d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2e545d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">During the Covid-19 pandemic, students are urged to do online learning hence their involvement in learning is decreased. Student engagement can be advanced by positive emotion through confidence towards students&#8217; abilities. This study aims to determine the effect of positive emotion on student engagement mediated by self-efficacy. This type of research is a non-experimental quantitative study with a correlational approach. The instrument utilized is Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale (DPES), Measuring School Engagement (MSE), and Academic Efficacy. The research subjects were high school students (N = 188). The results showed that self-efficacy can act as a mediator for the relationship between positive emotion and student engagement. Particular effects of positive emotion appeared as a result of student engagement and self-efficacy<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 231-235\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Surahman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Psychology, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Moh Fauzil Adhim <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Psychology, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1] Bakker, A. 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The impact of emotions and hedonic balance on teachers\u2019 self-efficacy: Testing the bouncing back effect of positive emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01670\r\n[6] Chang, D.-F., &amp; Chien, W.-C. (2015). Determining the relationship between academic self-efficacy and student engagement by meta-analysis. 142\u2013145.\r\n[7] Chu, A. (2020). Applying positive psychology to foster student engagement and classroom community amid the Covid-19 pandemic and beyond. American Psychological Association, 1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/stl0000238\r\n[8] Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., Macaskill, A., &amp; Papageorgiou, K. (2019). Future time perspective, positive emotions and student engagement: A longitudinal study. Studies in Higher Education, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03075079.2019.1616168\r\n[9] Dogan, U. (2015). Student engagement, academic self-efficacy, and academic motivation as predictors of academic performance. 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The role of self-efficacy in the relationship between the learning environment and student engagement. Educational Studies, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03055698.2019.1665986\r\n[36] Thoonen, E. E. J., Sleegers, P. J. C., Peetsma, T. T. D., &amp; Oort, F. J. (2011). Can teachers motivate students to learn? Educational Studies, 37(3), 345\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03055698.2010.507008\r\n[37] Truta, C., Parv, L., &amp; Topala, I. (2018). Academic engagement and intention to drop out: Levers for sustainability in higher education. Sustainability, 10, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10124637\r\n[38] van Rooij, E. C. M., Jansen, E. P. W. A., &amp; van de Grift, W. J. C. M. (2017). Secondary school students\u2019 engagement profiles and their relationship with academic adjustment and achievement in university. Learning and Individual Differences, 54, 9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2017.01.004\r\n[39] Volet, S., Seghezzi, C., &amp; Ritchie, S. (2019). Positive emotions in student-led collaborative science activities: Relating types and sources of emotions to engagement in learning. Studies in Higher Education, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03075079.2019.1665314\r\n[40] Yang, X., Zhang, M., Kong, L., Wang, Q., &amp; Chao, J. (2020). The effects of scientific self efficacy and cognitive anxiety on science engagement with the \u201cquestion observation doing explanation\u201d model during school disruption in Covid 19 pandemic. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-020-09877-x\r\n[41] Zayapragassarazan, Z. (2020). COVID-19\u202f: Strategies for Online Engagement of Remote Learners (Vol. 246). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7490\/f1000research.1117835.1\r\n[42] Zhu, E. (2006). Interaction and cognitive engagement: An analysis of four asynchronous online discussions. Instructional Science, 34(6), 451\u2013480.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Surahman, Moh Fauzil Adhim, &#8220;The Relationship between Positive Emotion, Self-Efficacy, and Student Engagement during the Covid-19 Pandemic&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.231-235 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/231-235.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/231-235.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-cultural-differences-on-teamwork-among-faculty-staff-at-gaborone-university-college-of-law-and-professional-studies-guc-in-botswana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relationship between Positive Emotion, Self-Efficacy, and Student Engagement during the Covid-19 Pandemic<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e655e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2e655e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6648 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e6648\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e67ea\" data-id=\"d2e67ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6913 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e6913\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e69c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e69c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e6fe4\" data-id=\"d2e6fe4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e714c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e714c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teaching strategies and secondary school physics students\u2019 enrolment and academic attainment in Rivers State, Nigeria: implications for teaching and learning of physics in schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Adolphus, T., Ekineh, D.R. &amp; Aderonmu, T.S.B &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 236-246<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e71fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e71fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e7384\" data-id=\"d2e7384\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e74b7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2e74b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines the teaching strategies commonly employed by physics teachers in the classroom. Particularly, the study utilized mixed methods involving questionnaires, tests, classroom observations and structured interviews to explore the common teaching strategies used by teachers and the effects of these strategies both on the enrollment and attainment of students in physics. Teachers and students in eight senior secondary schools were purposively selected for the study. Findings from the study show that teachers and students were at variance as to the most commonly used teaching strategy by teachers in the teaching and learning of physics and that whereas teachers reported the use of demonstration, more students reported that elements of demonstration were \u2018never\u2019 used by teachers than those who reported otherwise. The study also shows that the teaching strategy adopted by physics teachers directly influences the enrolment and attainment of students in the subject. The study recommends that government and relevant stakeholders should ensure the adequate provision of well-equipped laboratories and that science teacher training institutions promote trainee-teachers skill and knowledge in improvisation and resourcing of science materials for the effective teaching and learning of physics in secondary schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 236-246\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adolphus, T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ekineh, D.R<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Aderonmu, T.S.B<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Port Harcourt Demonstration Secondary School, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adolphus, T. (2016). Investigation of school-based factors affecting the enrolment and attainment of senior secondary school physics students in Rivers State, Nigeria, Unpublished PhD Thesis submitted to the Department of Education, University of York, United Kingdom.\r\n[2] Adolphus, T. &amp; Aderonmu, T.S.B. (2012). Comparative analysis of problem-solving ability among JSS mathematics students using computer-assisted instruction blended with problem-solving approach (CAI-PS) versus traditional teaching Approach (TTP) in teaching Basic Statistics, American Journal of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research, 3(2), 81-85.\r\n[3] Aina, J.K. &amp; Akanbi, A.G. (2013). Perceived causes of students\u2019 low enrolment in science in secondary schools, Nigeria. International Journal of Secondary Education, 1(5), 18-22.\r\n[4] Akanwa, U.N. &amp; Ovute, A.O. (2014). The effect of constructivist teaching model on SSS physics students\u2019 achievement and interest. Journal of Research &amp; Method in Education. 4(1), 35-38.\r\n[5] Bar-Yam, M., Rhoades, K., Sweeney, L.B., Kaput, J. &amp; Bar-Yam, Y. (2002). Changes in the Teaching and Learning Process in a Complex Education System. Complex Systems Perspectives on Education and the Educational System. http:\/\/www.necsi.edu\r\n[6] Buabeng, I., Ossei-Anito, T. A. &amp; Ampiah, J. G. (2014). An Investigation into Physics Teaching in Senior High Schools. World Journal of Education, 4(5), 40 \u2013 50.\r\n[7] Celik, P., Onder, F. &amp; Silay, I. (2011). The effects of problem-based learning on the students\u2019 success in physics course. Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences, (28), 656-660.\r\n[8] Creswell, J.W (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 4th Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.\r\n[9] Ebenezer, J. V. &amp; Zoller, U. (1993). Grade 10 students\u2019 perceptions of and attitudes toward science teaching and school science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30(2), 175\u2013186.\r\n[10] Faremi, Y.A. (2014). Assessment of teaching strategies adopted for effective implementation of science subjects and trade modules curriculum in Nigerian technical colleges. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(6), 391-396.\r\n[11] Federal Ministry of Education, FME (2009). National physics curriculum for senior secondary schools: Abuja: Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council.\r\n[12] Karakuyu, Y. (2010). The effect of concept mapping on attitude and achievement in a physics course. International Journal of the physical sciences, 5(6), 724-737.\r\n[13] McCrory, P. (2013). In defence of the classroom science demonstration. School Science Review, 95(350), 81-87.\r\n[14] McGreal, T.L. (1980). Helping teachers set goals. Educational Leadership, 37, 414- 419.\r\n[15] Mehmood, T. &amp; Rehman, Z. (2011). Effective use of teaching methodologies at secondary level in Pakistan. Journal of American Science, 7(2), 313-320.\r\n[16] Modebelu, M.N. &amp; Nwakpadolu, G.M. (2013). Effective Teaching and Learning of Agricultural Science for Food Security and National Sustainability. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(4), 161-170.\r\n[17] Musasia, A.M., Abacha, O.A. &amp; Biyoyo, M.E. (2012). Effect of Practical Work in Physics on Girls\u2019 Performance, Attitude change and Skills acquisition in the form two-form three Secondary Schools\u2019 transition in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(23), 151 \u2013 166.\r\n[18] Osborne, J., Simon, S. &amp; Collins, S. (2003). Attitudes towards science: a review of the literature and its implications. International Journal of Science Education, 25(9), 1049-1079.\r\n[19] Raine, D. &amp; Collette, J. (2003). Problem-based learning in Astrophysics. European Journal of Physics, (24), S41-S46.\r\n[20] Selcuk, G.S. &amp; Caliskan, S. (2010). A small-scale study comparing the impacts of problem-based learning and traditional methods on student satisfaction in the introductory physics course. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, (2), 809 \u2013 813.\r\n[21] Sundberg, M. D., Dini, M. L. &amp; Li, E. (1994). Decreasing course content improves student comprehension of science and attitudes toward science in freshman biology. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31(6), 679\u2013693.\r\n[22] Tanner, K.D. (2013). Structure Matters: Twenty-One Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Engagement and Cultivate Classroom Equity. CBE Life Sciences Education, (12)322-331.\r\n[23] Tebabal, A. &amp; Kahssay, G. (2011). The effects of student-centered approach in improving students\u2019 graphical interpretation skills and conceptual understanding of kinematical motion. Lat. Am. J. Phys. Edu., 5(2), 374-381.\r\n[24] Thomas, O.O. &amp; Israel, O.O. (2013). Assessing the relative effectiveness of three teaching methods in the measurement of students\u2019 performance in physics. International Journal of Materials, Methods and Technologies, 1(8), 116-125.\r\n[25] Uside, O. N., Barchok, K.H. &amp; Abura, O.G. (2013). Effect of discovery method on secondary school students\u2019 achievement in physics in Kenya. Asian Journal of Social Sciences &amp; humanities, 2(3), 351-358.\r\n[26] Wise, K.C. (1996). Strategies for teaching science: What works? The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas ,69(6), 337-338.\r\n[27] Woolnough, B. (1994). Effective science teaching. Buckingham: Open University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adolphus, T., Ekineh, D.R. &amp; Aderonmu, T.S.B, &#8220;Teaching strategies and secondary school physics students\u2019 enrolment and academic attainment in Rivers State, Nigeria: implications for teaching and learning of physics in schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.236-246 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/236-246.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/236-246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teaching-strategies-and-secondary-school-physics-students-enrolment-and-academic-attainment-in-rivers-state-nigeria-implications-for-teaching-and-learning-of-physics-in-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Teaching strategies and secondary school physics students\u2019 enrolment and academic attainment in Rivers State, Nigeria: implications for teaching and learning of physics in schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e83bf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2e83bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e8daa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e8e65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e8e65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e8fb6\" data-id=\"d2e8fb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e90c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e90c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e9165 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e9165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e92ba\" data-id=\"d2e92ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e93c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e93c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e9461 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e9461\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e95bb\" data-id=\"d2e95bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e973e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2e973e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Revelation in the Perspective of al-Qur&#8217;an-Hadith and the Role of Rasulullah as Bearer of al-Risalah<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>S. Suyadi, Suaib Muhammad, M. Samsul Ulum- January 2021 Page No.: 247-256<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2e97ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2e97ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2e995e\" data-id=\"d2e995e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f03f5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d2f03f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Divine Revelation in the form of Al-Qur&#8217;an and Hadith is the main guide of life for believers. The life guide has a very important role for humans, in addition to directing the inner life and aqliyah as well as a guide in amaliah. Revelation has many meanings, namely as the natural ability of animals (instinct) to protect themselves from unfavorable environments, the inspiration (ilham) that someone receives to do something in a critical and emergency situation so that he can be saved, Allah orders angels to help the believers, revelation which means revelation itself as a guide for life, and is also used for Satan in seducing humans. In the perspective of Al Qur&#8217;an and Hadith, Revelation means Islamic Risalah that was sent down by Allah through Rasulullah SAW, as a guide for life. This revelation has proven to have a high truth, which cannot be doubted by all humans, and even its existence has been revealed in the previous holy books or Scriptures. Revelation was revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad SAW who was trustworthy, justified, did not distort, and delivered all the messages that had to be delivered. Therefore, the Divine Revelation that humans receive is guaranteed to be the same as what the Sender of the Message, Allah the Creator, wanted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 247-256\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5110<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Suyadi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFakultas Peternakan, Universitas Brawijaya\r\nFakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Suaib Muhammad<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> M. Samsul Ulum<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1] Al-A\u2019zami MM. 2014. Sejarah Teks Al Qur\u2019an, dari Wahyu sampai Kompilasi. Terjemahan dari judul asli: \u201cThe History of the Qur\u2019anic Text: from Revelation to compilation. A Comparative Study with Old and New Testaments. Penerbit PT. Gema Insani. Jakarta.\r\n[2] Drajat, Amroeni. 2017. Ulumul Qur\u2019an, an Introduction to Qur\u2019an Studies (Ulumul Qur\u2019an, Pengantar Ilmu-Ilmu Al Qur\u2019an). Penerbit PT. Kencana, Depok,\r\n[3] Khoridatul, Mudhiah. 2015.The Concept of the Revelation of Qur\u2019an in the perspective of Nashr Hamid bu Zaid (Konsep Wahyu Al-Qur\u2019an dalam Perspektif Nashr Hamid Abu Zaid). Hermeneutik, Vol. 9, No.1, Juni 2015, 91-114.\r\n[4] Muhammad Sa\u2019id Ramadhan Al-Buthy. 2000. History of Prophet Muhammad: a Scientific Analysis of History of the Islamic Struggle at the era of Prophet Muhammad SAW (Sirah Nabawiyah, Analisis Ilmiah Manhajiah-Sejarah Pergerakan Islam di Masa Rasulullah SAW. Penerbit Pustaka Rabbani. Jakarta, hlm 45-46.\r\n[5] Mustofa, Dadang. 2018. Integration of Reason And Revelation In The Perspective Of Philosophy Of Science. Int J. of Nusantara Islam Vol. 06 No. 02 2018: (175-181) DOI: 10.15575\/ijni.v6i2.4876\r\n[6] Namazi, Rosoul. 2017. The Qur\u2019an, Reason, and Revelation: Islamic Revelation and Its Relationship with Reason and Philosophy. Interpretation. Volume 43, Issue 3, p 403-430.\r\n[7] Nashrullah, Nashih. 2020. Allah promises to protect the Qur\u2019an (Allah SWT Berjanji Menjaga Alquran, Ini Sebagian Buktinya). https:\/\/republika.co.id\/berita\/q6kqw5320\/allah-swt-berjanji-menjaga-alquran-ini-sebagian-buktinya. Diakses 12-12-2020.\r\n[8] Nasution, Harun. 2020. Theology in Islam: History of Comparative Analysis (Teologi Islam, Aliran Islam: Sejarah Analisa Perbandingan). UI Publishing (Cetakan tahun 2020), Jakarta, hlm. 81.\r\n[9] Rahman, Abd L. 2016. Revelation in the perspective of Ulama (Perspektif Wahyu Menurut Para Ulama). Jurnal Ulunnuha Vol.6 No.1\/Juni 2016, hlm 71-79.\r\n[10] Rahman, Fazlur. 1996, Major Themes of Qur\u2019an (Tema Pokok Al Qur\u2019an). Cetakan ke-2. Penerbit Pustaka. Bandung, hlm. 117\r\n[11] Sulaiman. 2019. Al-Qur\u2019an as the Revelation of Allah, Content and Function ( Al-Qur\u2019an sebagai Wahyu Allah, Muatan beserta Fungsinya). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330423153\r\n[12] Syaikh Manna Al-Qathtahni. 2020. Introduction to Qur\u2019an Studies (Pengantar Studi Ilmu Al-Qur\u2019an) (Terjemahan, Cetkan pertama 2005, Cetakan keduapuluh 2020). Penerbit Pustaka Al-Kautsar. Jakarta, hlm. 31.\r\n[13] Vidyarthi, AH. and U. Ali. 1983. Muhammad in Parsi, Hindoo and Budhist Scriptures\u201d. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, India. Hlm 17-18, 33-34,\r\n[14] Wahidin, Ade. 2017. Revelation and Reason in the perspective of Qur\u2019an (Wahyu dan Akal dalam Perspektif Al Qur\u2019an). Al-Tadabbur: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur\u2019an dan Tafsir, hlm. 262-291.\r\n[15] Wibowo, Arief dan Muhammad Fadhli. 2019. Influence of Zoroasterism on the world religion and civil society (Pengaruh Zoroaster Terhadap Agama Dan Peradaban Dunia). SUHUF, Vol. 31, No. 2, November 2019: 179-186.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S. Suyadi, Suaib Muhammad, M. Samsul Ulum, &#8220;Revelation in the Perspective of al-Qur&#8217;an-Hadith and the Role of Rasulullah as Bearer of al-Risalah&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.247-256 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5110<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/247-256.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/revelation-in-the-perspective-of-al-quran-hadith-and-the-role-of-rasulullah-as-bearer-of-al-risalah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Revelation in the Perspective of al-Qur&#8217;an-Hadith and the Role of Rasulullah as Bearer of al-Risalah<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f129f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2f129f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2f16e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2f16e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2f1838\" data-id=\"d2f1838\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f194a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2f194a\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2f1c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2f1d1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2f1d1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2f1e62\" data-id=\"d2f1e62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f1f86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2f1f86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2f2023 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2f2023\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2f217d\" data-id=\"d2f217d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f22c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2f22c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2f2365 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2f2365\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2f24c9\" data-id=\"d2f24c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f25e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2f25e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2f2684 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2f2684\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2f27f4\" data-id=\"d2f27f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f290f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2f290f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Growing Role of Big Data in Education and its Implications for Educational Leadership<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Usama Kalim &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 257-262<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2f29ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2f29ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d307091\" data-id=\"d307091\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30727d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d30727d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The big data technologies in education have seen a rapid rise since the past two decades. Information intelligence has become an integral part of educational decision making. This created a trend for the strategic usage of big amount of data. New technologies have been in use for analyzing the large amount of data for making strategic decisions. This study highlights the growing importance of big data by reviewing the existing literature on big data. Furthermore using interpretive methodology this study examines the implications of big data for educational leadership. Through effective decision making by using this big data enables educational institutes to improve the process of teaching and learning. The usage of big data enables effective decision making for education by incorporating different information and communication technologies. This Big data usage in education will intensify in the near future. Educational leaders need to build different learning management system to effectively utilize the big data for decision making purposes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 257-262\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5111\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5111<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Usama Kalim<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Education, Southwest University Chongqing\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Agnihotri, L., &amp; Ott, A. (2014, July). Building a student at-risk model: An end-to-end perspective from user to data scientist. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 202-212.\r\n[2] Anshari, M., Alas, Y., &amp; Yunus, N. (2019). A survey study of smart phones behavior in Brunei: A proposal of Modelling big data strategies. In Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, (pp. 201\u2013 214). IGI global.\r\n[3] Beheshti, B., &amp; Desmarais, M. (2014, July). Predictive performance of prevailing approaches to skills assessment techniques: Insights from real vs. synthetic data sets. In Educational Data Mining 2014. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, pp. 409-410.\r\n[4] Bollier, D., &amp; Firestone, C. M. (2010). The promise and peril of big data (pp. 1-66). Washington, DC: Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program.\r\n[5] Brown, B., Chui, M., &amp; Manyika, J. (2011). Are you ready for the era of \u201cbig data\u201d? Report, McKinsey Global Institute. October, San Francisco, CA. vol. 4, 24\u201335.\r\n[6] Bughin, J., Chui, M., &amp; Manyika, J. (2010). Clouds, big data, and smart assets: Ten tech-enabled business trends to watch. McKinsey quarterly, 56(1), 75-86.\r\n[7] Chae, B. K. (2019). A general framework for studying the evolution of the digital innovation ecosystem: The case of big data. International Journal of Information Management, 45(1), 83\u201394.\r\n[8] DeMarco, A. L. (2018). The relationship between distributive leadership, school culture, and teacher self-efficacy at the middle school level.\r\n[9] Drigas, A. S., &amp; Leliopoulos, P. (2014). The use of big data in education. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 11(5), 58-66.\r\n[10] Gento, S., Huber, G. L., Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Palomares, A., &amp; Orden, V. J. (2015). Promoting the quality of educational institutions by enhancing educational leadership. US-China Education Review, 5(4), 215-232.\r\n[11] Grafsgaard, J., Wiggins, J., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E., &amp; Lester, J. (2014, July). Predicting learning and affect from multimodal data streams in task-oriented tutorial dialogue. In Educational Data Mining 2014. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining.\r\n[12] Herschel, R., &amp; Miori, V. M. (2017). Ethics &amp; big data. Technology in Society, 49(4), 31\u201336.\r\n[13] Jacobs, A. (2009). The pathologies of big data. Communications of the ACM, 52(8), 36-44.\r\n[14] Kalaian, S. A., Kasim, R. M., &amp; Kasim, N. R. (2019). Descriptive and predictive analytical methods for big data. In Web Services: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, (pp. 314\u2013331). USA: IGI global. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/978-1-5225-7501-6. ch018.\r\n[15] Kellen, V., Recktenwald, A., &amp; Burr, S. (2013). Applying Big Data in higher education: A case study. Cutter Consortium white paper, 13(8), 1-39.\r\n[16] Khan, S., &amp; Alqahtani, S. (2020). Big Data Application and its Impact on Education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(17), 36-46.\r\n[17] Leithwood, K. A., &amp; Riehl, C. (2003). What we know about successful school leadership. Nottingham: National College for School Leadership.\r\n[18] Leithwood, K., Patten, S., &amp; Jantzi, D. (2010). Testing a conception of how school leadership influences student learning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(5), 671-706.\r\n[19] Logica, B., &amp; Magdalena, R. (2015). Using big data in the academic environment. Procedia Economics and Finance, 33(4), 277-286.\r\n[20] Manyika, J., Chui, M., Brown, B., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Roxburgh, C., &amp; Hung Byers, A. (2011). Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity. McKinsey Global Institute.\r\n[21] McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., &amp; Barton, D. 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New Delhi: Sage Publications India Private Limited.\r\n[26] Paulo Blikstein, \u201cUsing learning analytics to assess students&#8217; behavior in open-ended programming tasks\u201d, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, pp. 110-116, 2011.\r\n[27] Picciano, A. G. (2012). The evolution of big data and learning analytics in American higher education. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, 16(3), 9-20.\r\n[28] Seong Jae Lee, Yun-En Liu and Zoran Popovic, \u201cLearning Individual Behavior in an Educational Game: A Data Driven Approach\u201d, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 2014.\r\n[29] Sergiovanni, T. J. (2004). What\u2019s in it for schools? Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Falmer.\r\n[30] Siemens, G., &amp; Gasevic, D. (2012). Guest editorial-learning and knowledge analytics. Journal of Educational Technology &amp; Society, 15(3), 1-2.\r\n[31] Siemens, G., &amp; Long, P. (2011). Penetrating the fog: Analytics in learning and education. EDUCAUSE review, 46(5), 30-36.\r\n[32] Sin, K., &amp; Muthu, L. (2015). Applicaion of Big Data in education data minng and learning analytics. ICTACT journal on soft computing, 5(4), 1035-1049.\r\n[33] Sivarajah, U., Kamal, M. M., Irani, Z., &amp; Weerakkody, V. (2017). Critical analysis of big data challenges and analytical methods. Journal of Business Research, 70(2), 263\u2013286.\r\n[34] Ur Rehman, M. H., Yaqoob, I., Salah, K., Imran, M., Jayaraman, P. P., &amp; Perera, C. (2019). The role of big data analytics in industrial internet of things. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92(2), 578\u2013588.\r\n[35] West, D. M. (2012). Big data for education: Data mining, data analytics, and web dashboards. Governance studies at Brookings, 4(1), 1-10.\r\n[36] Wrigley, T. (2006). Another school is possible. London: Bookmarks.\r\n[37] Yan, J. (2013). Big data, Bigger opportunities. White Paper, April, 9.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Usama Kalim, &#8220;The Growing Role of Big Data in Education and its Implications for Educational Leadership&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.257-262 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5111<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d308bc9\" data-id=\"d308bc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d308cfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d308cfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d308da4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d308da4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d308f10\" data-id=\"d308f10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d309029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d309029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3090ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3090ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d309226\" data-id=\"d309226\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30935b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d30935b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d30942d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d30942d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3095b1\" data-id=\"d3095b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3096d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3096d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tax Burden, Conflict and Political Wrangles in Bafut, Cameroon in the Late 1940s<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Divine Fuhnwi Ngwa &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 263-277<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d309772 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d309772\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d30f081\" data-id=\"d30f081\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30f265 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d30f265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The politics of taxation reveals that people are obliged to contribute financially towards their social welfare and economic development. Government adopts strategies to ensure tax collection from the people and also harnesses the socio-economic development projects for the benefit of the people or communities contributing the tax. In Bafut, since colonial rule, the Germans and the British levied taxes on the people. At the end of British colonial rule in 1961, the socio-economic development of Southern Cameroons was far from satisfactory. The post independent government continued to levy taxes on the people for their own development. By 2016, the socio-economic development of English speaking Cameroon was fundamentally not different from the colonial situation. Questions were raised concerning the payment of taxes and service delivery to the local people. Embittered by the pain of tax payment and inadequate development of the English speaking regions, the Anglophone crisis ensued. Bafut served as an epicentre of this crisis and the anger of the people could be traced to the colonial period. Some sub chiefdoms in Bafut evaded taxes. The bone of contention was the payment of taxes for which the people benefited very little or nothing in return. Since the Fon of Bafut was the sole tax agent (collector) for the government, the people vented their agony and venom on him thus destabilising the Bafut political system and the community as a whole. From our sources, we conclude that taxation without representation, remuneration or fallouts to the people concerned, is a serious vector for conflict in communities. For any meaningful peace to reign, stake holders must review strategies or useful policies towards taxation<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 263-277\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Divine Fuhnwi Ngwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, FALSH, University of Ngaoundere Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Brempong, N. A. (2006). Chieftaincy, An Overview. In I.K. Odotei and A.K. Aweloba (eds.), Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers.\r\n[2] Chilver, E.M. (1961). Nineteen Century Trade in the Bamenda Grassfields, Southern Cameroons. In Africa Und Ubersee, Vol. 45, p.241.\r\n[3] Chilver, E.M. (1996). Native Administration in the West Central Cameroons 1902 \u2013 1954. In B. Chem-Langh\u00eb\u00eb and V.G Fanso (Eds.), Nso and Its Neighbours: Readings in Social History (pp.133-139). Amherst, Massachusetts: Amherst College.\r\n[4] Chilver, E.M. &amp; Kaberry, P.M. (1963). Traditional Government in Bafut. The Nigerian Field, 28, 4-30.\r\n[5] Geschier, P. (1993). Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Inventing Chieftaincy, French and British style. Africa 63(2).\r\n[6] Hopkins, A.G. (1973). An Economic History of West Africa. London: Longman.\r\n[7] Mfombong, W.C. (1980). Bamenda Division under British Administration, 1916-1961: From Native Administration to Local Government. M.A Dissertation, University of Yaounde.\r\n[8] Ngoh, V.J. (2001). Southern Cameroons, 1922-1961: A constitutional History. Aldershot: Atheneum Press Ltd.\r\n[9] Niba, M. L. (1981). Origins and Development of Colonial Administration Among the Bafut, 1900-1949. M.phil Dissertation, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[10] Niba, M.L. (1996). The Bafut and the Germans. 1889 \u2013 1907. In B. Chem-Langh\u00eb\u00eb and V.G Fanso (Eds.), Nso and Its Neighbours: Readings in Social History (pp.92-94). Amherst, Massachusetts: Amherst College.\r\n[11] Nkwi, P. N. (1976). Traditional Government and Social Change: A Study of the Political Institutions among the Kom of the Cameroon Grassfields. Fribourg: Fribourg University Press.\r\n[12] Nwana, E.M., Ndangam, A. F. &amp; Nti, D. F. (1978). The Living Culture of Bali- Nyonga: The Lela Festival. Mimeograph.\r\n[13] Smith, R. H.T. (1971). West African Market Places: Temporal Periodicity and Locational Spacing. In Claude Meillassoux (eds.), The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\nArchival Materials\r\n\r\n[14] CSE 5\/10\/4, Draft Mandate for the British Cameroons. NAE.\r\n[15] Decree No. 72\/349 of 24th July (1972), relating to the Administrative Organisation of the United Republic of Cameroon. JORUC.\r\n[16] File Cb\/ 6(1916). Podevin, G.S. Divisional Officer\u2019s Annual Report for Bamenda Division NAB.\r\n[17] File CB. 1(1916). Bellow, H.E. A.D.O\u2019s Report on Miscellaneous for Bamenda Division including Kentu District. NAB.\r\n[18] File CB 2 (1921). Hunt, W.E. D.O\u2019s Annual Report. NAB.\r\n[19] File Ab2 (1926). Hawkesworth, A.D.O, Assessment Report on Bafut Area, Bamenda Division, Cameroons Province. NAB.\r\n[20] File NW\/QF\/1 (1933). The Bamundum and Bafut Land dispute. BPA.\r\n[21] File N\u00b0 NW\/QF\/1 (1933). Inquiry under the Internal Tribal Boundaries Settlement Ordinance N\u00b0 49 of 1933 held by Philip Trehorns Barton M.B.E Assistant District Officer, to determine a boundary between Bafut and Bamundum I (Ngemba). Bamenda Provincial Archives.\r\n[22] File Cb\/1 (1934). Annual Report for Bamenda Division. NAB.\r\n[23] Native Authority Ordinance No. 43 of 1933.\r\n[24] File Cb\/1(1935). Annual Report for Bamenda Division. NAB.\r\n[25] File Cb\/1(1938).Annual Report for Bamenda Division. NAB.\r\n[26] File No. CB\/2 (1945).Annual Report for Bamenda Division. NAB.\r\n[27] File N.A 363\/ vol.2 (1949). Letter from Village Heads and Quarter Heads, Obang and Otang Villages Bafut Area: Reasons for Refusal to be assessed 1948 \u2013 49 Tax under the Bafut Area.\r\n[28] File Cb 1(1948).Annual Report for Bamenda Division for the year. NAB.\r\n[29] File Cb\/1(1959). Annual Report for Bamenda Province, 1958, for the year ending. NAB.\r\n[30] File Cb\/1(1948).Annual Report for Bamenda Division.\r\n[31] File Cb \/2 (1949).Annual Report for Bamenda Province. NAB.\r\n[32] File Cb \/1 (1955). Annual Report for Bamenda Division.\r\n[33] File B.3137 (1948). An open letter to the Honourable Resident Cameroons by the Village Head; Elders and Ex-service men against the Bafut Fon. BDA.\r\n[34] File Cb\/1(1947). Annual Report for Bamenda Division.NAB.\r\n[35] File NW \/Lac. 1(1948). Circular letter N\u00b0 NA 363\/401 of 5 November 1948 addressed by the D.O For Bamenda to all Assessment Clerks. BDA.\r\n[36] File B.3137 \/13\/08\/54(1948). Appeal on Illegal shortage of tax of the Bafut central court. BDA.\r\n[37] File B. 3137 (1949-50). Tax Assessment, Bafut Area, 27 March 1949, Treasury Office Bafut. BDA.\r\n[38] File NA\/363\/488(1950). Petition from Nanoh, Village Head of Obang Bafut on the payment in to Revenue of poll tax. BPA.\r\n[39] File B. 3137(1948). Petition from the Chief and quarter heads of Obang against the policy of being assessed under the Bafut-Ndop Native Authority of the South Eastern Federation. BDA.\r\n[40] Petition from Johannes Menang (1952). Tax Collector Obang Village Bafut Area.\r\n[41] File B. 3137\/13\/08\/54 (1953). Application for Poll Tax Assessment for 1953-54 from Talah, Village Head of Banji, Bafut Area. BDA.\r\n[42] File B. 3137\/106 (1955). Note of Information, Bamenda. BDA.\r\n[43] File B. 3137 (1955). Petition from the Village Head of Banji on the subject of corruption in tax payment, Bafut Area. BDA.\r\n[44] File NA363\/405 (1948). Pending Appeal Bafut Central Court against Obang and alleged shortage of tax 1948-49, Bamenda. BDA.\r\n[45] File B. 3137 (1954). Protest against Bad Treatment from the people of Obang. B PA.\r\n[46] File B. 3137 (1948). Complaint from the Fon of Bafut to the D.O for Bamenda, Fon\u2019s palace Bafut. BPA.\r\n[47] File 3437 (1949). Poll Tax Collection, Obang Village, Bafut Area, Bamenda Division. BPA.\r\n[48] File 361\/223 (1955). Petition from the Village Head of Banji on the subject of Corruption in Tax payment, Bafut Area, 3 November. BDA.\r\n[49] File NA363\/vol.12 (1949). Petition from the Village Head and Quarter Heads of Obang and Otang Villages, Bafut Area, Bamenda Division: Reasons for Refusal to be assessed 1948-49 Tax under the Bafut Area. BPA.\r\n[50] File 1954\/5389\/1b (1954). Letter N\u00b0 B. 2899(26) \/ 29 of 23 July, 1954 District Office, Bamenda Division to the Fon Bafut: Bafut Court Case S.72\/51. NAB.\r\n[51] File 1954\/5389\/1b, letter N\u00b0 24008\/31 of 3rd August 1954, Civil Secretary\u2019s Office, Eastern Region, Enugu Nigeria to the Resident, Bamenda Province: Petition by Messrs Akombo, Ngongnjo and Benedict of Banji Village. NAB.\r\n[52] File 1954\/5389\/Ib (1954). Letter N\u00b0 B.2899 (26) \/ 37 of 22 October, 1954, District Office Bamenda to the Resident Bamenda: Bafut Civil Suit N\u00b0 72\/51. NAB.\r\n[53] File 1954\/5389\/Ib (1954). Letter N\u00b0 B.3137\/95 of 20 November, 1954, District Office, Bamenda Division to the Quarter Head, Obang Village, Bafut: Obang Village Complaint. NAB.\r\n[54] File 361\/223 (1954). Minutes of a Meeting held in the Palace of the Fon of Bafut this 29th Day of November, 1954 for the purpose of making a permanent peace between the Fon and the villages of Obang and Banji. BPA.\r\n[55] File 361\/223 (1954). Letter N\u00b0 B-3137\/77 of 23 December, 1954 from District Office Bamenda Division to Clerk, Native Court Clerk Bafut and the Appeal Court Clerk, Ndop : Criminal Case N\u00b0 85 \/ 49 and 122\/53. BPA.\r\n[56] File Ja\/a\/1(1957). Ministry of Local Government Department, West Cameroon, Local Government Reform. NAB.\r\n[57] File 813, Circular No 2 (1951) issued by the Residents Eastern Provinces of Nigeria and the Cameroons.\r\n[58] File kb\/b\/1 (1963). Taxation: General Policy Provincial and Regional, West Cameroon. NAB.\r\n[59] File kb\/b\/ 3 (1963). Appointment of Tax collectors Local Government Councils, West Cameroon. NAB.\r\n[60] File B.3137 (n.d). Letter written by the Fon of Bafut to Honourable J.N.Foncha and J.N Lafon, Buea on the Subject: Grave insults from an executive officer, Bamenda. BPA.\r\n[61] File B.2127\/3\/08\/54 (1955). Obang and Banji Villages and Bafut Area General Correspondence: Letter of July 1955 written to the D.O for Bamenda by Village Head of Banji. BPA.\r\n[62] File B. 3137\/3\/08\/54: Letter of 10 November 1959, from the Village Head of Banji to the Commissioner of the Cameroons, Buea: Petition Reference Enforcement of permanent and lasting peace settlement of 19 November 1954. BPA.\r\n[63] File 3137, Corruption in Tax payment. BPA,\r\n[64] File B. 3137\/ 348 (1960). Letter from District Officer to Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Local Government, Buea, Bafut-Banji Dispute : Your endorsement L.G.P. 294\/8.5\/12A of 5th October, 1960. BPA.\r\n[65] File 3137\/ L.G.P. 294\/S.5\/ 12 (1961). Permanent Secretary, Ministry, of Local Government, Bafut-Banji Dispute. BPA.\r\n[66] Hook, R.J. (1934). An Intelligence Report on the Associated Village Groups Occupying Bafut Native Authority Area of the Bamenda Division of Cameroons Province.\r\n[67] Letter No. 363\/517 (1950). Provincial Native Administration Office, Bamenda to the Resident, Bamenda Province: Claim of Tribute from the people of Obang by the Fon of Bafut. BDA.\r\n[68] Loi No. 67-4-COR du 1er mars 1967 fixant les conditions d\u2019\u00e9lection des conseillers municipaux des Communes du Cameroun Oriental. In R\u00e9pertoire Chronologique du Droit Camerounais.\r\n[69] Loi No. 59-44 du 17 Juin 1959 r\u00e9gissant les communes mixtes rurales. JOC.\r\n[70] Loi No. 62-4 du 11 Juillet 1962 autorisant les communes \u00e0 \u00e9tablir des tax municipales. In R\u00e9pertoire Chronologique du Droit Camerounais, Tome III.\r\n[71] NW\/La\/c. \/1(1948). An Open Letter to the Honourable Resident Cameroons by the Village Head, Elders and Ex-service men in Obang against the Bafut Chief. BDA.\r\n[72] NW\/Lac. \/1(1948). Complaint against Bafut Chief by the Chief and People of Otang Village for bad Treatment. BPA.\r\n[73] NW\/Lac. (1948). Open letter to the Honourable Resident Cameroons. BPA.\r\n[74] Ref N\u00b0 N.A 363\/517 (1949). Minutes of meeting held by Senior District Officer (S.D.O), F.A Goodliffe with chief and people of Obang Village. BDA.\r\n[75] Ref. N\u00b0. N.A 363\/vol.12 (1949). Petition from the Village Heads and Quarter Heads of Obang and Otang Villages, Bafut Area, Bamenda Division : Reasons for Refusal to be assessed 1948-49 Tax under the Bafut Area. BPA.\r\n[76] Report on Cameroons under United Kingdom Trusteeship for the year 1947. London: H.M.S.O.\r\n[77] Report on Cameroons under United Kingdom Trusteeship for the year 1948, London: H.M.S.O.\r\n[78] The Direct Taxation Ordinance, section 15 cap. 54. N.A.B.\r\n[79] West Cameroon Law No. 107 of (1963) Creating the Bafut-Ndop Council. Supplement to West Cameroon Gazette.\r\n[80] Young, P.V. (1916). Resident Cameroons Province, Letter from Resident\u2019s Office Buea to the D.O, Bamenda Division.\r\n[81] Information gathered from late Nchotu William interviewed on 26 May.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Divine Fuhnwi Ngwa, &#8220;Tax Burden, Conflict and Political Wrangles in Bafut, Cameroon in the Late 1940s&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.263-277 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/263-277.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/263-277.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" 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elementor-element-d310230 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d310230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d310323 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d310323\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3104de\" data-id=\"d3104de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31060f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31060f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3106b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3106b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31080b\" data-id=\"d31080b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d310a66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d310a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d310b1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d310b1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d310cb8\" data-id=\"d310cb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d310de1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d310de1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) within Agenda 2063: an assessment of the \u2018Actorness\u2019 of the African Union (AU) in International Relations (IR)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Kwabena Manboah-Rockson, Ph.D.- January 2021 Page No.: 278-286<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d310e82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d310e82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d311010\" data-id=\"d311010\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31117a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d31117a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This paper seeks to examine the dynamics of decision making within the African Union Commission (AUC) that has led to the launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in July 2019 using Agenda 2063 as the basis. The AU\u2019s Agenda 2063 is both an economic and social model that supports market capitalism and one that incorporates Pan-Africanism as a guiding set of values, and how this ideology defines and reinforces regional integration. Scholarly studies have long accepted the extent to which, an entity like the European Union (EU) is capable of becoming a coherent actor in the global governance complex; which indeed raises important questions about what constitutes \u2018actorness\u2019 in contemporary international relations. Can a continental driver of integration such the African Union (AU) emerge as a significant actor in global politics? If so, how can we conceptualize actorness? This paper is attempting a new way at capturing the AU\u2019s internal and external behavior \u2013 one that takes into account, not only the AU\u2019s own characteristics \u2013 but the kinds of political, economic and social transactions it undertakes, and the feedback processes engendered pertaining to actorness.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 278-286\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Kwabena Manboah-Rockson, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Research, Innovation and Programs Development (ORID), Catholic University of Business &amp; Technology (CIBT), Institute Drive, Adabraka, Accra, Ghana.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Agenda 2063 Document (2019). \u201cThe Africa We Want\u201d. African Union Commission. Accessed at: www.un.org\/en\/Africa\/osaa\/pdf\r\n[2] Akinola, Sikiru. (2012). OAU Celebrates Golden Jubilee in grand style. Vanguard, Nigeria, Nov. 15, 2013.\r\n[3] Adi, H. and Marika, S. (2003). Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. Routledge.\r\n[4] AUC (2013). Press Release. Staff of the African Union Commission celebrating the 50th Anniversary.\r\n[5] Balassa, Bela (1961). The Theory of Economic Literature. Greenwood press.\r\n[6] Bretherton C., Vogler J. (1999). The European Union as a Global Actor. London: Routledge, 288p.\r\n[7] Bretherton C., Vogler J. (2006. \u201cConceptualizing actors and actorness\u201d. In Bretherton c., Vogler J. (eds.), the European Union as a Global Actor. London: Routledge, 12-36.\r\n[8] Blackpast, B. (2007). 1900. W.E.B. Du Bois, \u201cTo the Nations of the World.\u201d Retrieved from Https:\/\/www.backpast.or\/african-american-history\/1900\r\n[9] Consgrove, C.A. and Twitchett, K.J. (1970). \u2018Part One: International Organizations as actors,\u2019 in CA. Consgrove and K.J. Twitchett (eds). The New International Actors. The United Nations and the European Union Community, London. Macmillan St. Martin\u2019s press. 9-51.\r\n[10] Crozier M., Freiberg E. (1992). L\u2019Acteur et le Systeme. Paris: Seuil, coll. \u201cPoints Essais\u201d, 500p\r\n[11] da Conceicao-Heldt, E. and Meuniers, S. (2014. \u2018Speaking with a single voice\u2019, internal cohesiveness and external effectiveness of the EU in global governance; Journal of European Public Policy 21(7), 961-79.\r\n[12] Driesken, E. (2008). EU actorness at the UN Security Council: A principal-agent comparison of the legal situation before and after Lisbon. European Journal of Law Reform, 10(4): 575-594.\r\n[13] Dryburgh, L. 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Supporting the Implementation of the Regional Integration Agenda \u2013 Achieving compliance in the Member States of EAC, ECWAS and SADC.\r\n[19] Greicevci, L. (2011), European Union Actorness in International Affairs: the case of EULUX mission in Kosovo. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 12(3): 283-303.\r\n[20] Haas, Ernst B. (1958). The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces 1950-1957. Stanford: Stanford University Press.\r\n[21] Haas, Ernst B. (1961). \u2018International Integration: The European and the Universal; Process\u201d International Organization 15 (4), 366-392.\r\n[22] Hettne B., Soderbaum F. (1998). \u201cThe New Regionalism Approach\u201d Politeia, vol. 17, no. 3, 6-22.\r\n[23] Hettne B., Soderbaum F. (2000). \u201cTheorizing the rise of regionness\u201d. New Political Economy, vol. 5.no. 3:457-474.\r\n[24] Hoffmann, Stanley (1966). \u2018Obstinate or Obsolete\u201d The Fate of the National-State and the Case of Western Europe,\u2019 Daedalus 95 (summer), 862-915.\r\n[25] Hulse, M. (2014). Actorness beyond the European Union: Comparing the International Trade Actorness of SADC and ECOWAS. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 52, issue 3, 547-564.\r\n[26] Hurrell, A. (1995). Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics. Review of International Studies, 21, 331-358.\r\n[27] Jupille J., Caporaso J. (1998). States, Agency and Rules: The European Union in Global Environment Politics\u2019. In RHODES C. (ed.), The European Union in the World community. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reiner, 259 p.\r\n[28] Jibrilla, A. (2018). African continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) and its Implications for Nigeria. A Policy Perspective. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2 (12). 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July-August, p. 8\r\n[37] Murray, R. (1999). Human Rights inn Africa. From OAU to African Union. USA. Cambridge University Press.\r\n[38] Moravcik A. (1993). \u201cPreferences and power in the European Community: A liberal intergovernmentalist approach\u201d. Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 31, no. 4, 473-524.\r\n[39] Murau, Steffan, and Spandler, Killian (2015). EU, US and ASEAN Actorness in G20 Financial Policy-making: Bridging the EU Studies \u2013New Regionalism Divide, JCMS \u2013 Journal of Common Market Studies, 54, 4, 928-943.\r\n[40] Niemann, A. and Huigens, J. (2011). \u2018The European union\u2019s role in the G8: a principal-agent perspective, Journal of European Public Policy, 18: 3.\r\n[41] Nuttall, S (2005). \u2018Coherence and Consistency\u2019, in C. Hill and M. Smith (eds), International Relations and the European Union, Oxford: Oxford press.\r\n[42] Portela, Clara &amp; Raube, Kolja (2009). (In-)Coherence in EU Foreign Policy. Exploring Sources and Remedies. Paper presented at the European Studies Association Bi-annual Conventon, Los Angeles; 23-25 April 2009, Los Angeles, CA, USA.\r\n[43] Robert O. Keohane and J.S. Nye (1977). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Boston MA: Little, Brown &amp; Co.\r\n[44] Rosamond B. (2005). \u201cConceptualizing the EU Model of Governance in World Politics\u201d. European Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 10. No.4:463-478\r\n[45] Ruland, J. (2000b): Asia-Europe Cooperation \u2013 The ASEM Process: A European View, Paper Presented at the Third ASEF summer School, Lund, Sweden, and 6-19 August 2000.\r\n[46] Saygili, M.; Ralfand, P. Knebel, C. (2018). African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): challenges and Opportunities of Tariff Reductions. Geneva. UNCTAD Research Paper, No. 15. P.3.\r\n[47] Schiff, Maurice-Winters (2002). Regional integration &amp; Development (03) by Schiff, Maurice-Winters. L Alan, paperback (2003).\r\n[48] Sjostedt G. (1977). The External role of the European community. Westmead: Saxon House, 273p.\r\n[49] Sylvester-Williams, H. Organized the 1st All African Conference. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_Sylverster_williams Originalpeople.org.\r\n[50] Thomas, D (2010). Still punching below it weight? Actorness and Effectiveness in European Foreign Policy. Paper prepared for the UACES 40th anniversary conference, Bruges, 6-8 September.\r\n[51] Taylor, P. (1983). The Limits of European Integration, London: Croom Helm.\r\n[52] UNECA (2019). Ad-hoc Expert Group meeting to review the methodological approach to produce the AfCFTA Country Business Index. ECA Conference center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Monday, September, 2, 2019.\r\n[53] UNCTAD, (2011). Generalized System of Preferences: List of Beneficiaries. New York and Geneva.\r\n[54] UN.org\/end\/Africa\/Osaka\/pdf\/AU\/agenda 2063 \u2013 https:\/\/au.int\/en\/agenda 2063.\r\n[55] Viner, J. (1937). Studies in the Theory of International Trade, London: Allen and Unwin Publishers.\r\n[56] Waltz Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company).\r\n[57] Wendt A. (1987). \u201cThe agent-structure problem in international relations theory\u201d. International Organization, vol. 41. No.3.335-370.\r\n[58] WTO, (2000). Treaty on the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). WT\/COMTD\/23.\r\n[59] Yeo, Lay Hwee. (2000). ASEM: Looking Back, Looking Forward, in: contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 22, No. 1:1113-144.\r\n[60] Zielonka, J. (1998). Explaining Euro-Paralysis. Why Europe is Unable to Act in International Politics, Basingstoke: Macmillan.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Kwabena Manboah-Rockson, Ph.D., &#8220;Launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) within Agenda 2063: an assessment of the \u2018Actorness\u2019 of the African Union (AU) in International Relations (IR)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.278-286 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/278-286.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/278-286.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/launch-of-the-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta-within-agenda-2063-an-assessment-of-theactorness-of-the-african-union-au-in-international-relations-ir\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Launch of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) within Agenda 2063: an assessment of the \u2018Actorness\u2019 of the African Union (AU) in International Relations (IR)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d312360 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d312360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3127dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3127dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d312953\" data-id=\"d312953\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d312a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d312a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding the Romance between Kings and Islam in the Nso and Babessi Kingdoms of the Bamenda Grassland in Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Lon NFI- January 2021 Page No.: 287-292<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d312b18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d312b18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d312cc4\" data-id=\"d312cc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d312df8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d312df8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The conversion of the Monarch of the Nso Kingdom, Patrick Sehm Mbinglo I, a Roman Catholic Christian to Islam in 2014 provoked widespread panic in the Catholic dominated Nso Kingdom of the Bamenda Grassland, Cameroon and the Guardian Post Newspaper of October 30, 2014 even talked of &#8220;mass exodus to Islam feared as Nso King Converts&#8221;. This event provoked this paper which sets out to investigate the introduction of Islam in the two Bamenda Grassland royal palaces. Using primary and secondary sources the study examines the conversion of some Nso and Babessi Kings to Islam arguing that their decision to adopt Islam was due to the presence of Hausa traders and Fulani graziers, Bamum influences, political, social and economic considerations rather than the genuine spiritual or religious gains of Islam. Islam in the Bamenda Grassland therefore has a bright future because the religion unlike Christianity can accommodate and guarantee certain royal practices and aspirations<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 287-292\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Lon NFI\r\n<\/strong>The University of Bamenda<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abwa D., (1997), &#8220;Imp\u00e9rialisme europ\u00e9en et expansion de l&#8217;Islam au Cameroun&#8221;, in La Culture Arabo-Islamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: Cas de L&#8217;Afrique de L&#8217;Ouest,, Paper presented at a Conference in Mali\r\n[2] Adama, H., (2004), Islam au Cameroun: Entre Tradition et Modenite, Paris, L&#8217;Harmattan\r\n[3] Amadou J M., (2019)\u201d The Impact of Islam on Cameroon\u2019s Socio-cultural and Political Landscape\u201d, International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, vol.7, issue7, pp.37-54\r\n[4] Che-Mfombong W, (1980), &#8220;Bamenda Division under British Rule 1916-1961: From Native Administration to Local Government\u201d, MA Dissertation in History, University of Yaounde\r\n[5] Goghomu, (2009), A History of the Bambalang People, Bamenda, Unique Printers\r\n[6] Fanso V G., (1982), \u201cTrans \u2013 Frontier Relation and Resistance to Cameroon Nigeria colonial Boundaries, 1916 \u2013 1945\u201d, Doctorat d\u2019Etat Thesis in History, Yaounde University\r\n[7] _________, (1989), Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, vol.1, London, Macmillan\r\n[8] Fomine F.M., (1993),&#8221; A Concise Historical Survey of Bamum Dynasty and the influence of Islam in Foumban Cameroon, 1390-Present&#8221;, The African Anthropologist, vol.16, nos1-2, pp 69-92\r\n[9] ___________, (2010),\u201dThe Bamum Dynasty and the influence of Islam in Foumban, 1390-Present, Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, vol.19, and pp.116-131\r\n[10] Fowler, I., (1990), &#8220;Babungo, A Study of Iron Production, Trade and Power in the 19th Century Ndop Plain Chiefdoms, Cameroon&#8221; PhD Thesis University of London\r\n[11] Kees Schilder, (1993), &#8221; Local Rulers in North Cameroon: The interplay of politics and conversion&#8221;, Afrika Focus, vol.9, no1-2,\r\n[12] Mane Souley, (2018), L&#8217;Islam en pays Bamum, Paris, L&#8217;Harmattan\r\n[13] Mdzeka N.P., (1980), The Core Culture of Nso, USA, Jerome Radin co.\r\n[14] Mounmbagna, H. D., 1986, &#8220;Autorit\u00e9 traditionnelle et autorit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise dans le royaume bamoun entre 1916-1933&#8221;, DIPLEG Dissertation, ENS Yaounde\r\n[15] National Archives Buea, West Cameroon Press Release no 690, March 3, 196\r\n[16] Nfi J., (2014), The Reunification Debate in British Southern Cameroons: The Role of French Cameroon Immigrants, Bamenda, Langaa Research and Publishing CIG\r\n[17] Ngoh V J., (1987), Cameroon 1884-1885: A Hundred Years of History, Limbe, Navi-Group Publication\r\n[18] Nuwa T. M., (2014), The Peopling of the Ndop Plain, Bamenda, Unique Printers\r\n[19] Regional Archives Bamenda, file, nw\/2\/74, Gendarmerie Security Report of 1974\r\n[20] Seino M., A History of Cameroon, Bamenda p.103\r\n[21] Simo J A M., (1991),\u201dRoyal Wives in the Ndop Plain\u201d, Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol.25, no.3, pp.418-431\r\n[22] Takougang. J., (2003), \u201cStrangers Among us\u201d? French Cameroon Immigrants to British Southern Cameroons, 1916 \u2013 1961,\u201d in Olofemi Vaughan (ed), Indigenous Political Structures and Governance in Africa, Ibadan, refer: 383-396\r\n[23] Tangwa G B, (2014),\u201dThe Fon\u2019s Hajj: Legacy of Sehm III\u201d, The Ngonnso Magazine\r\n[24] Tanlaka K.L., (2013),\u201dWe are all one Kola, the nut which brings peace, joy and life in Nso Society, Cameroon\u201d, Master of Philosophy in Visual Cultural Studies, The Artic University of Norway\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Lon NFI, &#8220;Understanding the Romance between Kings and Islam in the Nso and Babessi Kingdoms of the Bamenda Grassland in Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.287-292 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/287-292.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/287-292.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-the-romance-between-kings-and-islam-in-the-nso-and-babessi-kingdoms-of-the-bamenda-grassland-in-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding the Romance between Kings and Islam in the Nso and Babessi Kingdoms of the Bamenda Grassland in Cameroon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d313cb1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d313cb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d313d9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d313d9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d313f2c\" data-id=\"d313f2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31405b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31405b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3140fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3140fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31426e\" data-id=\"d31426e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d314380 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d314380\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ease of Doing Business, Trade across Borders and Profitability of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Port Harcourt<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Onwo, Isioma Nwabunor1, Sylvester Favor Udeorah, Ph.D, Ijeoma Emele Kalu, Ph. D- January 2021 Page No.: 293-299<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d317040 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d317040\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d317264\" data-id=\"d317264\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d317422 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d317422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This paper discussed the ease of doing business &#8211; trading across borders &#8211; and the profitability of small and medium-size enterprises in Port Harcourt. The objective was to assess whether the cost\/time aspect of the trading across border indicator had an impact on SMEs profitability. Primary data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews from 114 respondents (90 SMEs and 24 Institutional representatives). The study used descriptive statistics to analyse the data with the aid of SPSS software. The findings of the study indicated that the cost\/time impact of the trading across border index has a negative impact on the profits of SMEs in Port Harcourt. The study identified some problems such as numerous\/ambiguous levies and the non-functionality of the Port Harcourt seaport. The study recommended the streamlining of levies and the revamping of the Port Harcourt seaport as some measures to improve the trading across borders aspect of EODB in Port Harcourt to encourage more SME participation and enhancement of profitability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 293-299\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onwo, Isioma Nwabunor<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of International Trade and Development (IITD), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n \r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Sylvester Favor Udeorah, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences,  University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ijeoma Emele Kalu, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences,  University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">    [1]\tAbdullah, Y. A. &#038; Mansor, M. N.B. (2018). The moderating effect of business environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and small business performance in Iraq, International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(4), 1939-4675.\r\n[2]\tAkpuru-Aja, A. (2001). Selected themes in international economic relations; understanding trends of globalization and regionalization, Enugu: Rhyce Kerex Publishers. \r\n[3]\tBecker, A., Acciaro, M., Asariotis, R., Carera, E., Cretegny, L., Crist, P., Esteban, M., Mather, A., Messner, S., Naruse, S., Ng, A.K.Y., Rahmstorf, R., Savonis, M., Song, D., Stenek, V., &#038; Velegrakis, A.F. (2013). A Note on Climate change adaptation for seaports: A challenge for global ports, a challenge for global society. Climatic Change 120(4), 683-695.\r\n[4]\tBesley, T. (2015). Law, regulation, and the business climate: the nature and influence of the World Bank Doing Business project. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (3), 99-120\r\n[5]\tChhabra, K. &#038; Pattanayak, J. (2014). Financial accounting practices among small enterprises: issues and challenges. IUP Journal of Accounting Research &#038; Audit Practices, 13(3), 37-55.\r\n[6]\tCorcoran, A., &#038; Gillanders, R. (2015). Foreign direct investment and the ease of doing business. Review of World Economics, 151(1), 103\u2013126. \r\n[7]\tDhliwayo, S. (2016). Export experience and financial performance of small and medium enterprises. Environmental Economics, (3), 8. \r\n[8]\tEffiom, L. &#038; Edet, S. E. (2018). Success of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria: do environmental factors matter? Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 9(4), 117-128\r\n[9]\tEniola, A. A. &#038; Entebang, H. (2015). SME Firm Performance-Financial Innovation and Challenges. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 334\u2013342.\r\n[10]\tFisher, M. J. &#038; A. P. Marshall (2009). Understanding descriptive statistics. Australian Critical Care, 22(2), 93\u201397. \r\n[11]\tGbosi, A.N. (2014) Global Trade Politics and Development Finance, Nigeria: University of Port Harcourt Press\r\n[12]\tHoyland, B., Moene, K. &#038; Willumsen, F. (2012). The tyranny of international index rankings. Journal of Development Economics, 97(1), 1\u201314. \r\n[13]\tIgwe, P. A., Amaugo, A. N., Ogundana, O. M., Egere, O. M. &#038; Anigbo, J. A. (2018). Factors Affecting the Investment Climate, SMEs Productivity and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(1), 182-200.\r\n[14]\tItemeh, G. G. (2015). Defining Size Standard for Small and Medium Enterprises Towards Economic Revolution in Nigeria. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce &#038; Management, 6(3), 96\u2013100. \r\n[15]\tJovanovic, B. &#038; Jovanovic, B. (2018). Ease of doing business and FDI in the ex-socialist countries. International Economics &#038; Economic Policy, 15(3), 587\u2013627. \r\n[16]\tLagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2019). LCCI Comments on World Bank\u2019s Ease of Doing Business Report 2020. https:\/\/www.lagoschamber.com\/lcci-comments-on-world-banks-ease-of-doing-business-report-2020\/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=lcci-comments-on-world-banks-ease-of-doing-business-report-2020\r\n[17]\tLeroy, S. F. &#038; Singell, J. (1987). Knight on risk and uncertainty. Journal of Political Economy, 95(2), 394-406.\r\n[18]\tMajor, I. (2008). Technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and profitability in Hungarian small and medium-sized enterprises: a model with frontier functions. Europe-Asia Studies, 60(8), 1371-1396.\r\n[19]\tMeyer, J. W. &#038; Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340.\r\n[20]\tObrinsky, M. (1981). The profit prophets. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 3(4), 491-502.\r\n[21]\tOnifade, A. O. (2020). New Seaport Development-Prospects and Challenges: Perspectives from Apapa and Calabar Seaports, Nigeria. Logistics 4, 8.\r\n[22]\tOritse, G. (2019, April 03). Challenges of Eastern Ports and our responses &#8211; NPA. Vanguard. https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2019\/04\/challenges-of-eastern-ports-and-our-responses-npa\/\r\n[23]\tPasiouras, F., Tanna, S. &#038; Zopounidis, C. (2009). The impact of banking regulations on banks\u2019 cost and profit efficiency: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Financial Analysis, 18(5), 294\u2013302. \r\n[24]\tPinho, J. (2017). Institutional theory and global entrepreneurship: exploring differences between factor- versus innovation-driven countries. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 56\u201384. \r\n[25]\tRoxas, B., Chadee, D. &#038; Pacoy, E. (2013). Effects of formal institutions on business performance in the Philippines: An exploratory study. South East Asia Research, 21(1), 27. \r\n[26]\tTajima, K. (2007). The theory of institutions and collective action in Adam Smith\u2019s Theory of Moral Sentiments. Journal of Socio-Economics, 36(4), 578\u2013594. \r\n[27]\tWorld Bank. (2019). Doing Business 2019: Training for Reform. https:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/content\/dam\/doingBusiness\/media\/Annual-Reports\/English\/DB2019-report_web-version.pdf\r\n[28]\tWorld Bank. (2020). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/688761571934946384\/pdf\/Doing-Business-2020-Comparing-Business-Regulation-in-190-Economies.pdf\r\n[29]\tZahonogo, P. (2016). Trade and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Trade, 3(1\u20132), 41.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onwo, Isioma Nwabunor, Sylvester Favor Udeorah, Ph.D, Ijeoma Emele Kalu, Ph. D, &#8220;Ease of Doing Business, Trade across Borders and Profitability of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Port Harcourt&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.293-299 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/293-299.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/293-299.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ease-of-doing-business-trade-across-borders-and-profitability-of-small-and-medium-size-enterprises-in-port-harcourt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ease of Doing Business, Trade across Borders and Profitability of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Port Harcourt<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3183cc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3183cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3184e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3184e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3186a3\" data-id=\"d3186a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3187ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3187ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d318872 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d318872\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3189f3\" data-id=\"d3189f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d318b26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d318b26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Road Network and Security: Challenges of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Port Harcourt<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Onwo, Isioma Nwabunor, Sylvester Favor Udeorah, Ph.D &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 300-305<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d318bc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d318bc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d318d42\" data-id=\"d318d42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d318e8f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d318e8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper discusses the challenges of SMEs with regards to the issue of road network and security. Survey data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires administered to 90 SMEs; also interviews were done with some members of the Federal Road Safety Corp (FRSC) and the Nigeria Police Force (NPF). With the aid of SPSS software, the study used descriptive statistics to present and analyze data. Some challenges identified are bad road conditions such as potholes and security issues such as theft. Based on these challenges, the following suggestion were made; the need for more roads to be constructed and for existing ones to be rehabilitated. There is also the need for security operatives to be properly funded to enable them discharge their duties effectively. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 300-305\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5112<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onwo, Isioma Nwabunor<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of International Trade and Development (IITD), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Sylvester Favor Udeorah, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences.  University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAguilar, M., Archundia, G. E. &#038; Regalado, R. (2013). The security crisis in Mexico and its impact on business management. Review of Business and Finance Studies, 4(2), 29-47.\r\n[2]\tAidis, R. (2005). Institutional barriers to small and medium-sized enterprise operations in transition countries. Small Business Economics, 25(4), 305\u2013318. \r\n[3]\tAilemen, A. (2020, August 20). FG approves N13bn for community policing. Business Day. https:\/\/businessday.ng\/news\/article\/fg-approves-n13bn-for-community-policing\/\r\n[4]\tBinswanger, H. P., Khandker, S. R. &#038; Rosenzweig, M. R. (1993). How Infrastructure and Financial Institutions Affect Agricultural Output and Investment in India. Journal of Development Economics, 41(2), 337\u2013366.\r\n[5]\tChinwo, E. (2020, August 15). Wike Signs N15.8bn Contract for 5th Port Harcourt Flyover, Roads. This Day. https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2020\/08\/15\/wike-signs-n15-8bn-contract-for-5th-port-harcourt-flyover-roads\/\r\n[6]\tEniola, A. A. &#038; Entebang, H. (2015). SME Firm Performance-Financial Innovation and Challenges. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 334\u2013342. \r\n[7]\tFSB: Accelerating infrastructure investment welcomed as poor state of transport network costs small firms \u00a35,000. (2011, September 14). Politics.co.uk. https:\/\/www.politics.co.uk\/opinion-formers\/federation-of-small-businesses\/article\/fsb-accelerating-infrastructure-investment-welcomed-as-poor\r\n[8]\tFisher, M. J. &#038; A. P. Marshall (2009). Understanding descriptive statistics. Australian Critical Care, 22(2), 93\u201397. \r\n[9]\tIgwe, P. A., Amaugo, A. N., Ogundana, O. M., Egere, O. M. &#038; Anigbo, J. A. (2018). Factors Affecting the Investment Climate, SMEs Productivity and Entrepreneurship in Nigeria. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(1), 182-200.\r\n[10]\tItemeh, G.G. (2015). Defining size standard for small and medium enterprises towards economic revolution in Nigeria. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce &#038; Management, 6(3), 96-100.\r\n[11]\tJelilov, G., &#038; Onder, E. (2016). Entrepreneurship in Nigeria Realities on Ground. Pyrex Journal of Business and Finance Management Research, 006-009.\r\n[12]\tKelly, S. &#038; Allison, M. A. (1999). The Complexity Advantage: How the Science of Complexity Can Help Your Business Achieve Peak Performance. New York: McGraw-Hill\r\n[13]\tKhandker, S, R., Bakht, Z &#038; Koolwal\u2028, G. B. (2009). The Poverty Impact of Rural Roads: Evidence from Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 57(4), 685-722.\r\n[14]\tLagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2019). LCCI Comments on World Bank\u2019s Ease of Doing Business Report 2020. https:\/\/www.lagoschamber.com\/lcci-comments-on-world-banks-ease-of-doing-business-report-2020\/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=lcci-comments-on-world-banks-ease-of-doing-business-report-2020\r\n[15]\tLokshin, M. &#038; Yemtsov, R. (2005). Has Rural Infrastructure Rehabilitation in Georgia Helped the Poor? The World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), 311-333.\r\n[16]\tMason, R. B. (2007) The external environment\u2019s effect on management and strategy: A complexity theory approach. Management Decision, 45(1), 10-28.\r\n[17]\tMeyer, N., Molefe, K. &#038; Jongh, J. D. (2018). Managerial Challenges Within SMEs: The Case of a Developing Region. Polish Journal of Management Studies, (2), 185. \r\n[18]\tOkonkwo, R. I., Ndubuisi, O. P. &#038; Anagbogu, T. (2015). Security challenges and the implications for business activities in Nigeria: A critical review. Journal of Policy and Development Studies, 9(2), 157-168.\r\n[19]\tPearcey, S. (2016, May 31). Poor road network harms business growth, says FSB. Business Link Magazine. https:\/\/www.blmforum.net\/mag\/poor-road-network-harms-business-growth-says-fsb\/\r\n[20]\tReddy, M. (2007). Small business in small economies: constraints and opportunities for growth. Social and Economic Studies, 56(1\/2), 304-321.\r\n[21]\tRickles, D., Hawe, P. &#038; Shiell, A. (2007) A simple guide to chaos and complexity Journal of Epidemiology  &#038; Community Health 61(11): 933\u2013937. \r\n[22]\tWorld Bank. (2020). Nigeria on the Move: A Journey to Inclusive Growth &#8211; Moving Toward a Middle-Class Society (English). http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/891271581349536392\/Nigeria-on-the-Move-A-Journey-to-Inclusive-Growth-Moving-Toward-a-Middle-Class-Society\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onwo, Isioma Nwabunor, Sylvester Favor Udeorah, Ph.D &#8220;Road Network and Security: Challenges of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Port Harcourt&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.300-305 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5112<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/300-305.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/road-network-and-security-challenges-of-small-and-medium-size-enterprises-in-port-harcourt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Road Network and Security: Challenges of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Port Harcourt<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31cebb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d31cebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31cfc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31cfc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31d17a\" data-id=\"d31d17a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31d2b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31d2b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31d35c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31d35c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31d4c1\" data-id=\"d31d4c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31d5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31d5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31d67d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31d67d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31d7f6\" data-id=\"d31d7f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31d921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31d921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31d9c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31d9c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31db25\" data-id=\"d31db25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31dc3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31dc3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31dcda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31dcda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31de48\" data-id=\"d31de48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31df7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31df7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Unholy Matrimony of the Church and Politics in Zambia: The Dilemma of a Christian Nation<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Magasu Oliver , Lubbungu Jive  and Mazimba Reuben  &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 306-311<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31e039 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31e039\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d31e1bc\" data-id=\"d31e1bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31e300 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d31e300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to establish the challenges the church faces in its involvement in issues of governance in Zambia. Currently, the country is officially a Christian nation according to the 2016 amended constitution. This study was conducted in Lusaka District. On the primary data front, the research used interviews and focus group discussions. The main participants were Churches, political parties, and government officials. The research study used a descriptive survey research design. Seventy \u2013 two (72) participants and four (4) Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) formed the sample population. The key finding was that the Church faces the challenge of division and accusations when commenting on national matters. Therefore, this study recommends that the Government should make it a policy for the Church to be accorded its legitimate role with regards to being informed, heard, and consulted on issues of governance. The Church should also be involved in politics because it is the duty of the Church to permeate public life with the spirit of Christ who fought for the dignity of human life and to illustrate in its own life the kind of life which is God&#8217;s will for society as a whole.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 306-311\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Magasu Oliver <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University-Kabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Lubbungu Jive <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University-Kabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mazimba Reuben <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University-Kabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgostoni, T. (2001). Building a Peaceful Society. Nairobi: Pauline Publications Africa\r\n[2]\tCheyeka, A. M. (2016). \u2018Zambia, a \u2018Christian Nation\u2019 in Post Movement for Multiparty \tDemocracy (MMD) Era, 2011-2016.\u2019 International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 6 (7) p. 159 &#8211; 172\r\n[3]\tGifford, P. (1993). Christianity and Politics in Doe\u2019s Liberia. Cambridge: Cambridge University \tPress\r\n[4]\tGundani, P. (2018). State and Politics in Black Africa. Christian Fundamentalism. London: Hurst &#038; Co. Limited\r\n[5]\tHincliffe, G. (2018). Civic Republicanism, Citizenship and Education. Norwich: Springer International Publishing AG.\r\n[6]\tHenriot, P. (2001). The Church &#8211; Too much Politics these days?http:\/\/www.jctr.org.zm\/publications\/church-politics.htm. (Accessed 2nd March 2018)\r\n[7]\tIpenburg, A. N. (1984). The Presbyterian Mission and Eastern Bemba. Lusaka: Historical \tAssociation of Zambia\r\n[8]\tJCTR (2015). Faith and Justice. Jctr.org.zm\r\n[9]\tKomakoma, J. (2003). The Social Teaching of the Catholic Bishops and other Christian leaders in Zambia. Ndola: Mission Press \r\n[10]\tLusakatimes.com, 17th October 2018\r\n[11]\tMagasu, O., Muleya, G., &#038; Mweemba, L. (2020). \u2018Pedagogical Challenges in Teaching Civic \tEducation in Secondary Schools in Zambia.\u2019 International Journal of Science and \tResearch (IJSR). Vol. 9, Issue 3 p. 1483-1488 \r\n[12]\tMitchell, M. (2002). &#8216;Living our Faith: The Lenten Pastoral Letter of the Bishops of Malawi and \tthe Shift to Multi-Party Democracy, 1992 \u2013 1993.&#8217; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 41(1), p. 5 \u2013 18\r\n[13]\tPhiri, I. A. (2003). \u2018Chiluba Fredrick T. J. President of Zambia: The Christian Nation and Democracy.\u2019 Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 33 (4), p. 401 -428\r\n[14]\tRuwa, M. C. (2001). Principles of Good Governance: The Church&#8217;s Perspective. Nairobi: Paulines \tPublications\r\n[15]\tSim J.B.Y., &#038;Chow LT. (2018).The Development of Civic Participation among Youth in \tSingapore. In: Peterson A., Stahl G., Soong H. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan\r\n[16]\tThe Zambianobserver.com, 17th October 2018\r\n[17]\tTiberondwa, A. K. (1978). A Study of their Activities in Uganda: Missionary Teachers as Agents \tof Colonialism, 1877 \u2013 1925. Lusaka: Kenneth Kaunda Foundation\r\n[18]\twww.primetv.com.zm, 27th August 2018\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Magasu Oliver, Lubbungu Jive  and Mazimba Reuben, &#8220;The Unholy Matrimony of the Church and Politics in Zambia: The Dilemma of a Christian Nation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.306-311 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/306-311.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/306-311.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-unholy-matrimony-of-the-church-and-politics-in-zambia-the-dilemma-of-a-christian-nation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Unholy Matrimony of the Church and Politics in Zambia: The Dilemma of a Christian Nation<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31f1b6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d31f1b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31f2ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31f2ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d331ecd\" data-id=\"d331ecd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33207e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33207e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d332154 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d332154\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3322df\" data-id=\"d3322df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3323f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3323f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3324b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3324b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d332618\" data-id=\"d332618\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33276e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33276e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d332820 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d332820\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3329a2\" data-id=\"d3329a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d332ac6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d332ac6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d332b7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d332b7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d332d19\" data-id=\"d332d19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d332e3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d332e3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Accessing library materials in academic libraries by students during the Covid 19 era. A case of an Open and Distance Learning Institution<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ncube Gilbert- January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 312-317<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d332ee2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d332ee2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d333084\" data-id=\"d333084\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3331e9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3331e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Covid 19 has restricted the traditional use and access of academic libraries and created the new norm. This has resulted in failure by students to use Library computers, access the internet and communicate with Library personnel to help them access library resources. This study sought to establish how the students were accessing the library and the challenges they were facing thereof. The qualitative study approach was used to gather views of library users while the Department of Information Science students were used as a case study. Sampling was done conveniently, the limitation being the availability of respondents. The study gathered data using the telephone interview method and the website content analysis method was employed. The findings of the study were presented thematically guided by research objectives. It was established that the traditional services of the library were not on offer to users at the moment due to travel restrictions and the curfew imposed as a result of COVID 19. The Library could only be accessed electronically\/remotely though only a few students had access to the Library\u2019 e-resources. Students lacked knowledge on the availability of e-resources and those who had access to them could not use some of the electronic journals as they either required passwords or were not available. Findings also showed that there were no librarians to respond to requests and questions remotely, making it difficult to navigate through the vast amounts of e-resources. It was also established that some students had challenges such as not having computer gadgets, lack of bandwidth\/ internet connectivity and information literacy skills.  It was recommended that students are rigorously equipped with information literacy skills and that the content must not be complicated, even phones must be used to access them.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 312-317\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ncube Gilbert<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkussah, E, Adu-Sarkodee R, 2015, Impact of Electronic Resources and Usage in Academic Libraries in Ghana: Evidence from Koforidua Polytechnic &#038; All Nations University College, Ghana, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol.6, No.33, 2015\r\n[2]\tAfebende, G.B., Ma, L.F.H., Mubarak, M., Torrens, A.F., Forreira, S., Beasley, G., Chu, C.M &#038; Ford, B.J. 2016. A pulse on the world of academic libraries: six regions and six insights. College &#038; Research Libraries News, 77(8):389-395.\r\n[3]\tBhatt, S. &#038; Rana, M. S. 2011. E-information usage among engineering academics in India with special reference to Rajasthan State. Library Hi Tech. 29(3): 496-511.\r\n[4]\tCanadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL). 2010. Core competencies for 21st Century CARL librarians. [online]. retrieved January 07, 2020\r\n[5]\tCannel, R &#038; Crichton, C. 2011. Canadian academic libraries and the mobile web. New Library World, 122(1):107-120.\r\n[6]\tChisita, C.T &#038; Mataranyika, T. 2013. Towards a new paradigm of LIS training for agricultural librarians in Zimbabwe: challenges and opportunities. [Online].\r\n[7]\tChikonzo, A., Bothma, T, Kusekwa, L &#038; Mushongwa, A. 2014. An assessment of the changing needs of information professionals in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Libraries, Archives and Information Science, 24(1):107-118.\r\n[8]\tChoy, L.T. 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4):99-104.\r\n[9]\tChuta, U.P. 2015. Academic libraries of the 21st century: challenges for librarian. International Peer Reviewed Bilingual E-journal of Library and Information Science, 2(4):255-271.\r\n[10]\tCommonwealth of Learning (2020). Guidelines on distance education during COVID-19. Commonwealth of Learning. http:\/\/oasis.col.org\/handle\/11599\/3576\r\n[11]\tDadzie P 2005. Electronic resource: access and usage at Ashesi University College. Campus Information Systems 22(5):290-297.\r\n[12]\tEastman, J.K. &#038; Lyer, R. 2004. The elderly\u2019s uses and attitudes towards the Internet. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21 (3), pp. 208-220.\r\n[13]\tElmore, L &#038; Stephens, D. 2012. The application of QR codes in UK academic libraries. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 18(1):26-42.\r\n[14]\tGayton, J.T. 2008. Academic libraries, social or communal: the nature and future of academic libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 34(1):60-66.\r\n[15]\tHaleh A 2009. Paper-based versus computer-based records in the emergency department: Staff preferences, expectations, and concerns; Health Informatics Journal.\r\n[16]\tINASP. 2008. Programme for the Enhancement of Research Information. [Online]. Available WWW: http:\/\/www.inasp.info\/file\/104\/peri-programme-for-the-enhancementof-research-information.html. (Accessed 20 December 2020).\r\n[17]\tJain, P. 2013. A paradigm shift in the 21st century academic libraries and librarians: prospectus and opportunities. European Journal of Academic Research, 1(3):133-147\r\n[18]\tJoshi, S.S. 2013. Libraries, past to present: a change. Indian journal of Library and Information Science, 7(3):321-326.\r\n[19]\tLi, A. 2013. Mobile library services in key Chinese academic libraries. Journal of academic Librarianship, 39(1):223-226.\r\n[20]\tLiu, Y.Q &#038; Briggs, S. 2015. A library in the palm of your hand: mobile services in top 100 university libraries. Information Technology and Libraries, 34(2):133-148.\r\n[21]\tLloyd-Jones, G. 2003. Design and control issues in qualitative case study research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(2):33-42.\r\n[22]\tMacWhinnie, L. A. 2013. The information commons: the academic library of the future. Libraries and the Academy, 3(2):241-257.\r\n[23]\tMishra, S. 2015a. Technology-enabled learning: Policy, Pedagogy and Practice, Common wealth of Learning, Burnaby\r\n[24]\tMorse DH, Clintworth WA 2000. Comparing patterns of print and electronic journal use in an academic health science library. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship.\r\n[25]\tOduwole, A.A. &#038; Akpati, C. B. 2003. Accessibility and retrieval of electronic information at the University of agriculture Lbrary, Abeokuta. Electronic Library. 52 (5): 228-233.\r\n[26]\tPaskevicious M. 2020 Changing Access to Learning Resources, Commonwealth of Learning, Vancouver\r\n[27]\tPease, R. 2017. Moving from print to electronic in academic libraries: a timely consideration. [online] Availble at: https:\/\/onlinebooksconnect.elsevier.com\/articles\/moving-from-print-to-electronic-in-academic-libraries\r\n[28]\tRoemer, R.C &#038; Borchardt, R. 2015a. Altmetrics and the role of librarians. Library Technology Reports, 51(5):31-37.\r\n[29]\tRoy, A. 2020. The pandemic is a portal. Financial Times. https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/10d8f5e8-74eb-11ea-95fe-fcd274e920ca\r\n[30]\tTaleb, N. 2007. The black swan: The impact of the highly improbable. Random House.\r\n[31]\tTernenge T.F, Kashimana F 2019 Availability, Accessibility, and Use of Electronic Information Resources for Research by Students in Francis Sulemanu Idachaba Library University of Agriculture, Makurdi Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Summer 2-12-\r\n[32]\tTevera, S. &#038; Mlambo, E. 2007. Digitizing local collections. In: Building a digital library at the University of Zimbabwe: a celebration of team work and collaboration. Oxford: International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications.\r\n[33]\tThe University of Adelaide Report, 2015. Recommendations for a bold and agile University library for the future. https:\/\/www.adelaide.edu.au\/library\/about\/projects\/lotf\/Library of the Future Report Final.pdf accessed January 6 2021\r\n[34]\tUNESCO. 2020d. Education: From disruption to recovery. https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/ covid19\/educationresponse accessed on 3 January 2021\r\n[35]\tWaldman, M. 2003. Freshmen\u2019s use of library electronic resources and self-efficacy.\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/information.net\/ir\/8-21paper150 Retrieved 10th January, 2021\r\n[36]\tWatts, C. &#038; Ibegbulam, I. 2006. Access to Electronic Healthcare Information Resources in Developing Countries: Experiences from the Medical Library, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria. IFLA Journal .32(1): 54-60.\r\n[37]\tWatson E.F. 2003. Developing library and information services for distance education, Commonwealth of Learning, Vancouver\r\n[38]\tWilders, C. 2017. Predicting the role of library bookshelves in 2025. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 43:384-391.\r\n[39]\tWinston, A. 2020. Is the COVID-19 outbreak a black swan or the new normal? MIT Sloan Management Review. https:\/\/sloanreview.mit.edu\/article\/ is-the-covid-19-outbreak-a-black-swan-or-the-new-normal\/\r\n[40]\tWorld Health Organisation. 2020 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak: Rights, Roles and Responsibilities of Health Workers, Including Key Considerations for Occupational Safety and Health.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ncube Gilbert &#8220;Accessing library materials in academic libraries by students during the Covid 19 era. A case of an Open and Distance Learning Institution&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.312-317 January 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/312-317.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/312-317.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/accessing-library-materials-in-academic-libraries-by-students-during-the-covid-19-era-a-case-of-an-open-and-distance-learning-institution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Accessing library materials in academic libraries by students during the Covid 19 era. A case of an Open and Distance Learning Institution<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d334175 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d334175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d334264 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d334264\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33440a\" data-id=\"d33440a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33453f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33453f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3345f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3345f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33e9f0\" data-id=\"d33e9f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33ecd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33ecd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33ee0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33ee0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33efea\" data-id=\"d33efea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33f125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33f125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33f207 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33f207\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33f3ca\" data-id=\"d33f3ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33f4f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d33f4f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Does Time Management and Peer Management Affect The Academic Procrastination Of Students?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M. Rudi Irwansyah, Putu Diah Asrida &#8211; January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 318-322<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d33f5ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d33f5ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d33f748\" data-id=\"d33f748\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d33f887 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d33f887\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Many factors influence student learning activities, one of which is the learning environment. A conducive learning environment can be created with the support of good time management and peer support. However, if these two things cannot be managed properly, it will tend to cause the procastination of student academic activitiesThe goal of this study is to determine the influence of time management and peers on the academic procrastination of students in economic education at Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. This research is  causal research. Sampling technique used is proportional cluster random sampling. Data sellected by questionnaires and given to 215 respondents then analyzed by multiple linear regression. The results of the research showed that there was a significant negative effect of time management toward academic procrastination partially and simultaneously.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 318-322\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Rudi Irwansyah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEconomic Education Department, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Putu Diah Asrida<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEconomic Education Department, PGRI Mahadewa Indonesia University, Indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adams, R. V., &#038; Blair, E. (2019). Impact of Time Management Behaviors on Undergraduate Engineering Students\u2019 Performance. SAGE Open, 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244018824506\r\n[2]\tAlvarez Sainz, M., Ferrero, A. M., &#038; Ugidos, A. (2019). Time management: skills to learn and put into practice. Education and Training, 61(5), 635\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ET-01-2018-0027\r\n[3]\tFerrari, J. R., &#038; D\u00edaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Perceptions of Self-concept and Self-presentation by Procrastinators: Further Evidence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 91\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0020739X.2015.1034205\r\n[4]\tFilade, B. A., Bello, A. A., Uwaoma, C. O., Anwanane, B. B., &#038; Nwangburuka, K. (2019). Peer group influence on academic performance of undergraduate students in Babcock University, Ogun State. African Educational Research Journal, 7(2), 81\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30918\/aerj.72.19.010\r\n[5]\tGhufron, M. N., &#038; S, R. R. (2014). Teori-teori Psikologi. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media.\r\n[6]\tIrwansyah, M. R. (2013). Pengaruh Hasil Belajar Dasar-Dasar Akuntansi, Matematika Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Dan Minat Terhadap Pemahaman Akuntansi Yang Dikategorikan Berdasarkan Gaya Belajar. Jurnal IKA, 11(2), 58\u201372. Retrieved from http:\/\/ejournal.undiksha.ac.id\/index.php\/IKA\/article\/view\/1990\r\n[7]\tMohammadkarim, B., Mahmood, S., Ramin, R., Seyed Mojtaba, H., Mehdi, R., Amin, H. D., &#038; Ahmad, A. (2015). Prioritization of Factors Affecting Time Management among Health Managers. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 3(4), 169\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20286\/ijtmgh-0304142\r\n[8]\tMoonaghi, H. K., Baloochi, T., &#038; Beydokhti. (2017). Academic Procrastination and Its Characteristics: A Narrative Review, 7(2), 43\u201350.\r\n[9]\tNayak, S. G. (2019). Impact of Procrastination and Time-Management on Academic Stress among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross Sectional Study. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 12(3), 1480\u20131486.\r\n[10]\tNordby, K., Klingsieck, K. B., &#038; Svartdal, F. (2017). Do procrastination-friendly environments make students delay unnecessarily? Social Psychology of Education, 20(3), 491\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-017-9386-x\r\n[11]\tRazali, S. N. A. M., Rusiman, M. S., Gan, W. S., &#038; Arbin, N. (2018). The Impact of Time Management on Students\u2019 Academic Achievement. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 995(1), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/995\/1\/012042\r\n[12]\tSaputro, K. Z. (2018). Memahami Ciri dan Tugas Perkembangan Masa Remaja. Aplikasia: Jurnal Aplikasi Ilmu-Ilmu Agama, 17(1), 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14421\/aplikasia.v17i1.1362\r\n[13]\tSarwono, S. . (2002). Psikologi Sosial Individu dan Teori-Teori Psikologi Sosial. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.\r\n[14]\tSuharman. (2005). Psikologi Kognitif. Surabaya: Srikandi.\r\n[15]\tYou, S. (2011). Peer influence and adolescents\u2019 school engagement. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 829\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.11.311\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M. Rudi Irwansyah, Putu Diah Asrida &#8220;Does Time Management and Peer Management Affect The Academic Procrastination Of Students?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp. 318-322 January 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/318-322.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/318-322.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/does-time-management-and-peer-management-affect-the-academic-procrastination-of-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Does Time Management and Peer Management Affect The Academic Procrastination Of Students?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34075b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d34075b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d34082e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d34082e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3409c5\" data-id=\"d3409c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d340af4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d340af4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d340b98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d340b98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d340cff\" data-id=\"d340cff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d340e13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d340e13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d340eb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d340eb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d341001\" data-id=\"d341001\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d341125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d341125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3411c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3411c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3477d3\" data-id=\"d3477d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34798c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34798c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okonkwo Jisike J. and Nwanna Ifeanyi O. &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 323-330<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d347a70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d347a70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d347c30\" data-id=\"d347c30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d347d83 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d347d83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">:: The study investigates the effects of financial inclusion on economic growth in Nigeria from 1992 to 2018. Selected variables for financial inclusion include; currency outside banking, currency in circulation, microfinance banks\u2019 deposits, number of commercial bank branches, commercial banks\u2019 credit to private sector, loans and deposits of rural branches of commercial banks. On the other hand, nominal GDP was the selected measure of economic growth. The research design used is the ex-post facto. The study examined the relationship between the variables using regression and then examined the effects using the Grander Causality test. The results of the test revealed that currency in circulation has an insignificantly positive relationship as well as a causal effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Likewise, loans extended by rural branches of commercial banks also have a positive and significant relationship and causal effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Deposits of rural branches of commercial banks have causal effect on GDP in Nigeria and a positive relationship though not significant. The study recommends that the government and monetary authorities should ensure the promotion of banking service and the establishment of bank branches deeper in the rural areas and equally support these banks to meet the demands of these areas efficiently\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 323-330\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5113\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5113<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okonkwo Jisike J<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Nwanna Ifeanyi O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbbas, U. I. &#038; Atanda, O. O. (2019). An Analysis of Financial Inclusion in Nigerian Banks: From the Prospects and Challenges Perspective. The  International  Journal of Business &#038; Management 7(6)\r\n[2]\tAina, S. &#038;  Oluyombo, O. (2014). The Economy of Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: Theory, Practice and Policy, Chatered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria Occasional Papers Series 1(1), 1-32. \r\n[3]\tAkhil D. (2016). Financial Inclusion: Issues and Challenges, International of Technology 4(2)\r\n[4]\tAnyanwu, F. A., Ananwude, A. C. &#038; Nnoje, A.I. (2018).  Financial Inclusion: Nigeria\u2019s Microfinance Model Effect Assessment On Women Empowerment, European Journal of Human Resource Management Studies 1(2)\r\n[5]\tEl Said, A., Emara, N. &#038; Pearlman, J. (2020). On the Impact of Financial Inclusion on Financial Stability and Inequality: The Role of Macroprudential Policies (20\/06). London, UK: Department of Economics, City, University of London.\r\n[6]\tEton, M., Uwonda, G., Mwosi, F., Barigye, G., &#038; Ogwel, P.B. (2019). Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Uganda A case study of selected districts in Western Uganda. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 5(10)\r\n[7]\tGazdar, K. &#038; Cherif, K. (2014). The Quality of Institutions and Financial Development in Mena Countries: An Empirical Investigation Risk governance &#038; control: financial markets &#038; institutions4 (4) 65-80\r\n[8]\tNational Financial Inclusion Strategy, Central Bank of Nigeria   2018 \r\n[9]\tKama, U. &#038; Adigun, M. (2013). Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges, Occasional Paper no.45\r\n[10]\tKazeem, B. A. (2017). Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Does Institutional Infrastructure Matter?  CBN Journal of Applied Statistics,. 8 (2) 69 -89 \r\n[11]\tLevine, R., Loayza, N. &#038; Beck, T. (2000). Financial inclusion and growth: Causality and causes. Journal of Monetary Economics, 46, 31-77\r\n[12]\tNalini, G. S. and Mariappan, K. M. (2012) Role of Banks in Financial Inclusion. Research Journal of Commerce &#038; Behavioural Science, 1 (4), 33-36 \r\n[13]\tNwafor, M. C. &#038; Yomi, A. I. (2018). The Nexus between Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)  2(4).\r\n[14]\tNwanna, I.O  and Chinwudu,  F.C. (2016) \u201c The  effect of Financial Deepening on Economic Growth  in Nigeria (1985-2014)\u201d IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance  (IOSR-JEF),   7( 4) Ver.1  11-28 DOI: 10.9790\/5933-0704011128 www.iosrjornals.org\r\n[15]\tNwanna, I.O  and John, E.I. (2016) \u201c Banking Reforms and the Effect on Economic Development in  Nigeria \u201d IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSR-JHSS), 21 (7) Ver.3 64-71 DOI: 10.9790\/0837-2107036471 www.iosrjornals.org \r\n[16]\tNguling\u2019wa, P. B. (2019).  The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth In Sub-Saharan Africa Journal of Applied Economics and Business 7(4), 51-68\r\n[17]\tMbutor O. M. &#038;  Uba, I. A. (2013). The impact of financial inclusion on monetary policy in Nigeria. Journal of Econmomics and International Finance 5(8), 318-326\r\n[18]\tOlubanjo, M.A. (2017). The Drivers of Financial Inclusion in Nigeria. The International Journal of Business &#038; Management. 273, 5 (7) July, 2017\r\n[19]\tOmojolaibi, J. (2017).  Financial Inclusion, Governance and Economic Progress In Nigeria: What Happens To The Welfare of the Poor? Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review  6, (7), 72-85\r\n[20]\tOnaolapo, A. (2015). Effects of financial inclusion on the economic growth of  Nigeria. International journal of Business and Management Review, 3(8), 11-28.\r\n[21]\tOnwiduokit, E. (2007). Financial sector development and economic growth: The Nigerian experience. West African Journal of Monetary and Economic Integration, 7(1), 14-32\r\n[22]\tSwammy, V. (2012). Bank-based financial intermediation for financial inclusion and inclusive growth. In Balele N. (2019). The impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Applied economics, 7(4), 51-68.\r\n[23]\tWokabi, V. W. &#038; Fatoki, O. I. (2019). Determinants of Financial Inclusion In East Africa. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. VII(1), pp. 113-131.,\r\n[24]\tYorulmaz, R. (2016). Construction of a financial inclusion index for the member and candidate countries of the European Union. Sayistay Dergisi, 102\r\n[25]\tZulkhibri, M. &#038; Ghazal, R. (2017). The Impacts of Governance and Institution on Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Muslim Countries and Developing Economies JKAU: Islamic Econ, 30, 37-60\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okonkwo Jisike J. and Nwanna Ifeanyi O., &#8220;Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.323-330 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5113<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/323-330.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-inclusion-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria-an-empirical-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Study<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d348c53 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d348c53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d348d43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d348d43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d348ee4\" data-id=\"d348ee4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34902d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34902d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3490d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3490d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34923b\" data-id=\"d34923b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d349348 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d349348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3493f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3493f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34953f\" data-id=\"d34953f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d349654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d349654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3496f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3496f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d349863\" data-id=\"d349863\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d34999a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d34999a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rights and Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh: A Critical Review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Md Asraful Islam &#038; Shajadi Fatema Juhara &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 331-335<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d349a52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d349a52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d349bcb\" data-id=\"d349bcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d349cf7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d349cf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines the legal and regulatory framework governing rights and protection of persons with disabilities (PWDs) of Bangladesh in a critical manner. The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the existing legal system concerning disability rights in Bangladesh with a view to identifying the loopholes and suggesting recommendations for possible solutions. The study uses a legal and doctrinal research methodology followed by an analytical approach. In identifying and interpreting data both primary and secondary legal sources are considered. The study reveals that the current legal framework regulating disability rights in Bangladesh is not well structured and in reality, persons with disabilities are not properly protected by law. Hence, a comprehensive legislation with effective implementation mechanism is indispensable for Bangladesh to enforce the rights of PWDs diligently and efficiently.\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 331-335\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5114<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Md Asraful Islam<\/strong><\/span>\r\n PhD Fellow, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyah of Laws (AIKOL), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM).  \r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Shajadi Fatema Juhara <\/strong><\/span>\r\n Advocate, Dhaka Judge Court\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBangladesh Protibondhi Kallyan Somity (BPKS). 13-17 February 2004.\r\n[2]\tBBS.(2015). Disability in Bangladesh: Prevalence and Pattern, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Population Monograph: Volume 5.\r\n[3]\tBrac. (2018). Study on the Rights and Protection of the Persons with Disabilities Act 2013: Adaptation, Application and Recommendation.\r\n[4]\tMA Choudhuri. (2009). National legislative measures on disability and its harmonization with Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Bangladesh, UNESCAP.\r\n[5]\tWorld Bank. (2004). Disability in Bangladesh: A Situation Analysis, Final Report, May 2004, The Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory for the World Bank, People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh.\r\n[6]\tHCDG. (2021). Disability and Poverty, Hill County Disabled Group. Retrieved from <http:\/\/hcdg.org\/poverty.htm> accessed 16 January 2021.\r\n[7]\tKhandaker Jahurul Alam. (2009). Bangladesh and Persons with Disabilities, Asia Pacific Human Rights Center, FOCUS, Volume 55. Retrieved from<https:\/\/www.hurights.or.jp\/archives\/focus\/section2\/2009\/03\/bangladesh-and-persons-with-disabilities.html> accessed 16 January 2021.\r\n[8]\tMd Nayem Alimul Hyder. (2015). \u2018Protecting the rights of disabled persons in Bangladesh\u2019, The Financial Express, 07 March, 2015.\r\n[9]\tMunzur Murshid &#038; Mainul Haque. (2020). Disability Brief in Single Chapter and Bangladesh Perspectives: A Rapid Overview. Advances in Human Biology, Volume 10, Issue 2.\r\n[10]\tState of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh. Disability Rights Watch Group (DRWG) Bangladesh. (2009).\r\n[11]\tStephen James Thompson.(2020). Disability Inclusive Development Situational Analysis Bangladesh, Institute of Development Studies, Bangladesh Situational Analysis, Version II.\r\n[12]\tThe Constitution of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh. (1972). Article 28(3)\r\n[13]\tThe Disability Welfare Act. (2001).\r\n[14]\tThe Rights and Protections of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPPDA). (2013). Sections 16, 17,18,19,20,21, 22,23, and 24.\r\n[15]\tUnited Nations (UN). (2020). \u201cHuman Rights and Disabled Persons-International Human Rights Standards\u201d, United Nations Enable. Retrieved from <https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/enable\/dispaperdes1.htm.> Accessed 4 August 2020.\r\n[16]\tR. Yeo &#038; K. Moore. (2003). Including disabled people in poverty reduction work: \u201cNothing about us, without us\u201d. World Development 31, 571-590.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md Asraful Islam &#038; Shajadi Fatema Juhara &#8220;Rights and Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh: A Critical Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.331-335 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5114<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/331-335.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rights-and-protection-of-persons-with-disabilities-in-bangladesh-a-critical-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Rights and Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh: A Critical Review<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35c108 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d35c108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35c1fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35c1fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35c39a\" data-id=\"d35c39a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35c4c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35c4c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35c581 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35c581\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35c772\" data-id=\"d35c772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35c8be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35c8be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col- elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35c978\" data-id=\"d35c978\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35caf0\" data-id=\"d35caf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35cc19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35cc19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pre-Service Teacher Education and Technology Integration amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Colleges of Education<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Aina, Jacob Kola; Ayodele, Michael Olu; Aremu Rauf Adekunle- January 2021 Page No.: 336-341<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35ccc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35ccc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35ce58\" data-id=\"d35ce58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35cfc8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d35cfc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The paper focuses on integrating technologies for instruction in pre-service teacher education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigerian Colleges of Education. The emergence of COVID-19 occasioned the shifting paradigm of teaching in schools worldwide to online methods. The script discussed that pre-service teachers in Nigerian Colleges of Education is facing the challenge of integrating technologies into classroom instruction. The article stressed the importance of ICT to achieve quality pre-service teacher education in Colleges of Education.  Integrating technologies into pre-service teacher education and the challenges COVID-19 poses to pre-service teacher education was discussed. The author averred that mobile learning through WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube, and Google Classroom during the COVID-19 would provide sustained education. The conclusion was that teachers and students should explore mobile learning&#8217;s full benefits through WhatsApp Instant Messaging, Facebook, YouTube, and Google Classroom during the pandemic.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 336-341\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5115<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Aina, Jacob Kola<\/strong>\r\nSchool of Science Education. Kwara State College of Education (Tech.), Lafaigi, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ayodele, Michael Olu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Science Education. Kwara State College of Education (Tech.), Lafaigi, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Aremu Rauf Adekunle<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Science Education. Kwara State College of Education (Tech.), Lafaigi, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbdalla, A. M., &#038; Ali, M. A. A. I. (2017). EFL teachers\u2019 technological pedagogical content   knowledge (TPACK): Practical perspectives. Red Sea University Journal Human Science,  4(2017), 7-38\r\n[2]\tAdetayo, J. O. (2016). Teachers&#8217; factors as determinants of the professional competence of   the Nigeria certificate in education (NCE) teachers. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(20), 1-11.\r\n[3]\tAdhikary, M. C. (2018). Role of teachers in quality enhancement education and human development. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI), 7(12), 34-41\r\n[4]\tAina, J. K., &#038; Ogundele, A. G. (2014).  The use of Technology for Teaching and Learning in  Science and Technical Education in Colleges of Education, Nigeria. Integrated Journal of British, 1(3), 57-64.\r\n[5]\tAina, J. K., &#038; Olanipekun, S.S. (2015). A review of teacher self-efficacy, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and out-of-field teaching: Focusing on Nigerian teachers.  International Journal of Elementary Education, 4(3), 80-85.\r\n[6]\tAina, J.K., Olanipekun, S.S. (2018). Mobile-Learning (M-Learning) through WhatsApp Messaging, Facebook, and YouTube, Nigeria. Education Journal, 1(4), 111-121. DOI: 10.31058\/j.edu.2018.13008\r\n[7]\tAjadi, T. O., Salawu, I. O., &#038; Adeoye F. A. (2008). E-learning and distance education in  Nigeria.The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(4), 1-10\r\n[8]\tAkindutire, I.O., &#038; Ekundayo, H.T. (2012). Teacher education in a democratic Nigeria: Challenges and the way forward. Educational Research, 3(5), 429-435.\r\n[9]\tAl-Mothana, G. (2017).University students\u2019 use of WhatsApp and their perceptions regarding its possible integration into their education. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology: G Interdisciplinary, 17(1), 1-11\r\n[10]\tAlsaadat, K. (2017).  Mobile learning technologies.  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International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary &#038; Multidisciplinary Studies  (IRJIMS), 2(11), 131-138\r\n[19]\tBryan, A., &#038; Volchenkova, K. N. (2016). Blended learning: Definition, models, implications For higher education. Education Educational Sciences, 8 (2), 24\u201330. DOI:  10.14529\/ped160204\r\n[20]\tCapua, I. D. (2012). A literature review of research on Facebook use. The Open   Communication Journal, 6(2012), 37-42\r\n[21]\tDrake, S. M., &#038; Reid, J. (2020). How education shape a new story in a post-pandemic   world. Brock Education Journal, 29(2), 6-12.\r\n[22]\tEastman, P. (2015). Blended learning: Design Guideline. Retrieved May 08, 2020, from         http:\/\/oasis.col.org\/bitstream\/handle\/11599\/3095\/2018_Cleveland-Innes-Wilton_Guide-to-Blended-Learning.pdf?sequence=1&#038;isAllowed=y\r\n[23]\tEducause Learning Initiative (2005). Interaction: Principles and practice. ELI summer        session.   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Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 31(4), 381-399. DOI: 10.14742\/ajet.1240\r\n[34]\tKilinc, E., Kilinc, S., Kaya, M. M., Ba\u015fer, E. H., T\u00fcrk\u00fcresin H. E., &#038; Kesten, A. (2016). Teachers\u2019 attitudes toward the use of technology in social studies teaching. Research in Social Science and Technology, 1(1), 59- 76.\r\n[35]\tKim, B. (2001). Social constructivism. In M. Orey (Ed), Emerging perspectives on learning, Teaching and technology. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.coe.uga.edu\/epltt\/Social  Constructivism.htm.      \r\n[36]\tLigi, B., &#038; Raja, B.W.D. (2017). Mobile learning in higher education. International Journal   of Research \u2013 Granthaalayah, 5(4), 1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.569363.\r\n[37]\tMafa K. R. (2018). Capabilities of google classroom as a teaching and learning tool in higher education. International Journal of Science Technology &#038; Engineering, 5(5), 30-34\r\n[38]\tMcQuirter, R. (2020). Lesson on change: Shifting to online learning during COVID-19. Brock Education Journal, 29(2), 47-51.\r\n[39]\tMehdipour, Y., &#038; Zerehkafi, H. (2013). Mobile learning for education: Benefits and  challenges. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, 3(6), 93-101.\r\n[40]\tMindzak, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the ongoing problem of educational efficacy. Brock  Education Journal, 29(2), 18-23\r\n[41]\tMohamedbhai, G. (2020). COVID-19: What consequences for higher education?   Retrieved April 23, 2020, from \r\nhttps:\/\/www.universityworldnews.com\/post.php?story=20200407064850279\r\n[42]\tNational Commission for Colleges of Education [NCCE] (2012).  Nigeria certificate in   education minimum standards for general education. Abuja, Nigeria: Author \r\n[43]\tNordin, H., Davis, N., &#038; Ariffin, T. F. T. (2013). A case study of secondary pre-service teachers&#8217; technological pedagogical and content knowledge mastery Level. 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International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 5(3), 68-76.\r\n[53]\tTamim, R.M. (2013). Teachers\u2019 Use of YouTube in the United Arab Emirates: An  exploratory study, computers in the schools. Interdisciplinary Journal of Practice, Theory,  and Applied Research, 30(4), 329-345, DOI: 10.1080\/07380569.2013.844641\r\n[54]\tTrucano, M. (2014). Education and Technology in age of Pandemics (revisited). Revised  April 23, 2020, from  \r\nhttps:\/\/www.universityworldnews.com\/post.php?story=20200409150034920\r\n[55]\tUNESCO (2020). COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response. Retrieved 13 April, 2020, from https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/covid19\/educationresponse\r\n[56]\tVasquenz, S. (2020).  Developing an online learning environment for community college students enrolled in human anatomy &#038; physiology and microbiology courses amid the COVID-19 pandemic. . Electronic Journal for Research in Science &#038; Mathematics  Education 24(3), 53-59\r\n[57]\tWu, S. C., Pearce, E., &#038; Price, J. C. (2020).  Creating virtual engagement for pre-service teachers in a science methods course in response to the covid-19 pandemic. Electronic Journal for Research in Science &#038; Mathematics Education 24(3), 38-44.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Aina, Jacob Kola; Ayodele, Michael Olu; Aremu Rauf Adekunle, &#8220;Pre-Service Teacher Education and Technology Integration amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Colleges of Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.336-341 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5115<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/336-341.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pre-service-teacher-education-and-technology-integration-amid-covid-19-pandemic-in-colleges-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pre-Service Teacher Education and Technology Integration amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Colleges of Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35e28f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d35e28f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35e38c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35e38c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35e540\" data-id=\"d35e540\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35e69c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35e69c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35e756 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35e756\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35e8d4\" data-id=\"d35e8d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35e9f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d35e9f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ensuring Quality Science Education for Sustainable National Development <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>BORIS, Olufunke O., ADIGUN, J. T., AWODUN, Adebisi  O.   &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 342-346<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d35ea92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d35ea92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d35ec10\" data-id=\"d35ec10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d35ed57 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d35ed57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper provides an insight into some of the challenges faced by science teachers in Nigeria in ensuring quality science education for sustainable national development. The paper also suggests ways on how to confronting the identified challenges. Also, the concept of Science Education, quality education, and quality science education were examined. It was concluded that if science education was given adequate attention by the government, the national economic growth would be achieved. Recommendations were made among others that: academically and professionally qualified teachers should be recruited to teach science subjects in schools. Also, quality assurance should be put in place at all levels of education. Provision of adequate science laboratories and provision of found to finance science education etc. must be ensured.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 342-346\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> BORIS, Olufunke  O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Education, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   ADIGUN, J. T.  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Education, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   AWODUN, Adebisi  O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Education, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdegbesan, O.S. (2010). Establishing quality assurance in Nigerian education system implication for educational managers. 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Improving Educational Standards in Nigeria: perspectives, challenges and strategies (pp. 412 \u2013 422) Zaria; Institute of Education Ahmadu Bello University. \r\n[7]\tAkinbobola, A.O. (2014). Accreditation and quality assurance of teacher education in Nigeria. The management of tertiary institutions fofr qualitative and functional education in Nigeria. A festschrift in honour of Professor Adeyemi Ibukunoluwa Idowu pg. 227 \u2013 230.\r\n[8]\tBabatunde, V.O. &#038; Olarewaju, B.Y. (2019). Quality science education for sustainable development goals. Journal of School of Education, 19(1). \r\n[9]\tEfe, O.M. (2008). The effect of practical skills on students achievement in practical Chemistry among some selected secondary schools in Zaria metropolis.\r\n[10]\tEkanem, N.U &#038; Obodom, M.I. (2014). Education for all: Problems and prospects of science education in Nigeria schools. Journal of Resourcefulness and Distinction, 8(1):1 \u2013 5. \r\n[11]\tEmetaron, U.G (2012). 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Paper presented at school of education Ikere- Ekiti conference on quality education for national development 27th \u2013 31st May. \r\n[22]\tOmayuli, M.O. &#038; Omayuli, V.O. (2009). Reforms and innovation in science education: the way forward. Journal of Teacher Perspective, 3(2).\r\n[23]\tOmole, C.O &#038; Ozoji, B.E. (2014). Science education and sustainable development in Nigeria. American Journal of Education Research. 2(8), 595 \u2013 599.\r\n[24]\tOmorogbe, E. &#038; Ewansiha, J.C. (2013). The challenges of effective science teaching in Nigerian secondary schools. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(7).\r\n[25]\tOsam, I. (2016). Managing the role of science and technology education program in promoting enterprises for national development in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 9(2): 97 \u2013 104. Retrieved August 5; 2020 from http:\/\/www.ijsre.com\/\r\n[26]\tOtive, I. (2006). The state of education in Nigeria. A keynote address delivered at a roundtable organized by civil society action coalition on education for all (CSACEFA) on 3rd July 2006. \r\n[27]\tTikly, L. &#038; Barrett, A.M. (2007). Education quality research priorities and approaches in the global era. Bristol: University of Bristol. \r\n[28]\tTikly, L. (2010). A roadblock to social justice? An analysis and critique of the South African education roadmap. International Journal of Education Development, 31(1), 80 \u2013 94. http:\/\/dox.doi.org\/1016\/j.ijeduder.2010.08.008.\r\n[29]\tUgadu, S.O. (2017). Reforms and innovation in teacher education in Nigeria: Historical review. Online Multidisciplinary Journal of Research development. 26 (2). \r\n[30]\tUNESCO (2005). EFA global monitoring report 2005: Education for all, the quality imperative. Paris. Author. \r\n[31]\tUNESCO (2007). Quality Education for all: A human rights issue. Background document for the second meeting of the intergovernmental committee of the regional education project for latin America and the Caribbean PRELAC. Santiago: Author.\r\n[32]\tUNICEF (2000). Defining equality in education. A paper presented by UNICEF at the meeting of the international working Group on Education Florence, Italy.\r\n[33]\tUrevbu, A. O. (2001). Methodology of science teaching. Juland Education Publishers. Lagos.\r\n[34]\tVictor, D. (2002). The state of education in Nigeria and the health of the nation. Zaria, Ahmadu Bello University Press. \r\n[35]\tWasaju, M.A. (2006). The Nigerian Educational system and challenges of Today\u201d Sokoto Farfaru Journal.  1.\r\n[36]\tYang, L. (2017). Orientation and functions of library in Quality Education of college International Education Studies 4(2), 195 \u2013 200. \r\n[37]\tYoloye, E.A. (2005). The relevance of universal basic education in the development of primary educational system in Nigeria. In Adepoju J.L (ed) planning and implementation of Universal Basic Education in Nigeria. Ibadan Educational Industries Nigeria Limited. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BORIS, Olufunke O., ADIGUN, J. T., AWODUN, Adebisi  O.  , &#8220;Ensuring Quality Science Education for Sustainable National Development &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.342-346 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/342-346.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/342-346.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ensuring-quality-science-education-for-sustainable-national-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ensuring Quality Science Education for Sustainable National Development <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37adcd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d37adcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37aec6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37aec6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37b066\" data-id=\"d37b066\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37b28d elementor-widget 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elementor-element-d37b68e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37b68e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37b735 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37b735\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37b894\" data-id=\"d37b894\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37b9a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37b9a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37ba45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37ba45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37bb96\" data-id=\"d37bb96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37bcad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37bcad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37bd65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37bd65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37bec4\" data-id=\"d37bec4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37c261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37c261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37c341 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37c341\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37c4ed\" data-id=\"d37c4ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37c61f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37c61f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Enhancing Teacher Professional Development through Reflective Teaching Approach (Reflective Practices: A means To Teacher Development)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>  Olufunke  O. BORIS  &#038; Uche E. EKIUGBO &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 347-353<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37c6c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37c6c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37c8fa\" data-id=\"d37c8fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37ca6d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d37ca6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education is meant to enable learners to inquire not only without but within. This aim can be achieved only if the teacher can create a situation in which such an inquiry is possible. Through reflection, teacher can explore themselves and that of others. Reflective practice is a process that brings about changes in teaching, learning and understanding and it also has an important role to play in professional development. Students understand themselves better when they carry out systematic enquiry into themselves and also into their practices and their students. They professionally grow on their own by constantly looking into their own actions and experiences. In this study, a quantitative research was conducted to see the effectiveness of reflective practices in the development of student teachers to develop their reflective practices during their practice teaching sessions. The paper attempts to establish that reflective practice is a tool for student teachers to explore themselves and thereby leading to their professional development.\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 347-353\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Olufunke  O. BORIS  <\/strong><\/span>\r\n School of Education, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.  \r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Uche E. EKIUGBO <\/strong><\/span>\r\n School of Education, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdediwura, A.A &#038; Bada T. (2007). Perception of Teachers Knowledge, Attitude and Teacher Skills as Predictor of Academic Performances in Nigerian Secondary Schools, Educational Research and Review. 2(7), 165 \u2013 171.\r\n[2]\tAgoro, A.A (2012). Effects of Reflective Teaching and Reflective Reciprocal peer tutoring Strategies on pre-service teachers\u2019 achievement in Integrated Science. Department of Integrated Science Emmanuel Alayande College of Education Oyo. ronkeagoro@yahoo.com.\r\n[3]\tAhmed, E.W &#038; Al-Khali K.Y (2014): The Impact of Using Reflective Teaching Approach on Developing Teaching Skills of Primary Science Student Teachers. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, Vol. 3 issue 2. \r\n[4]\tBolton, G. (2010): Reflective Practice. Writing and Professional development (3rd edition). California: SAAGE Publications.\r\n[5]\tCar, W. &#038; Kemus, S. (1986): Becoming Critical Education, Knowledge and Action Research London, Falmer.\r\n[6]\tCooper, H. &#038; Hyland R. (2002). Children\u2019s Perceptions of learning with trainee teachers, London: Routledge. \r\n[7]\tCunliffe, A (2004). On becoming a critically reflexive practitioner. Journal of management education, 8(4), 407 \u2013 426. \r\n[8]\tDay, C. (2002). A Passion of Teaching London: Routledge Falmer.\r\n[9]\tDewey, J. (1933). How we think. Boston, MA; DC. Health and Company. \r\n[10]\tEfe, R. (2011). Science Students Teachers Attitude Towards Reflective Practice. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences. 2(11) 61 \u2013 74 \r\n[11]\tEhindero O.J &#038; Ajibade Y.A (2000): What our Student say about how we teach. Ife Journal of Educational Studies 7(1):1 \u2013 9 \r\n[12]\tFreidus, H. (2000). The Telling of Story: Teachers Knowing What They Know: Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), Chicago, 409 \u2013 274.\r\n[13]\tGibbs, A. (2004). The Reflective Cycle in Learning by Doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. London: further Education unit from http:\/\/distributedresearch.net\/wiki\/index.php\/gibbs.\r\n[14]\tHui-Wein, H &#038; Pin-Yin, H (2005). Reflective teaching through videotaping in English practicum Course. Department of Applying Foreign Languages. Chaoyang University of Technology.\r\n[15]\tIge T.A &#038; Olayode A.J (2010). Effects of two modes of reflective teaching on Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Basic Science \r\n[16]\tJasper, M. (2003). Beginning Reflective Practice (formulations in Nursing and health care). Cheltenhan: Nelson Thomas Ltd. ISBN 0748771174\r\n[17]\tJerez, R.S (2008). Teacher\u2019s Attitude Towards Reflective Teaching: Evidences in Professional development Program. Profile Issues in Teachers Professional Development. 10:91 \u2013 100. Retrieved March 11 2007.\r\n[18]\t[18]. Kettle, B &#038; Sellars, N. (2000). The Development of Student Teachers Practical Theory of Teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education 12(1), 1-24, EJ 526-790. \r\n[19]\t[19]. Koster, B, Brekelmans, M, Korthagen, F. &#038; Wubbels T. (2005): Quality requirements for teacher educators, Teaching and Teacher Education 21, 157 \u2013 176. \r\n[20]\tLieberman A. &#038; Muller, L. (2000). Teachers transforming their world and their work, New York: Teachers College press, little J. inside teacher community: Representations of Classroom practice. Teachers College Record 10596), 913 \u2013 945. \r\n[21]\tMellisa Kelly (2011). Top 6 keys to being a successful teacher. (online http:712 educators, about.com on 15\/5\/2012.\r\n[22]\tMujibul, H. S. (2008). Encyclopaedia of Education. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, Vol. 1 Pg. 139 \u2013 162.\r\n[23]\tNarvaez, C.Q. (2010). How can this practice of reflective teaching promote professional development in each of the constituents of teacher education such as knowledge, skills, attitude and awareness? \r\n[24]\tNational Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. (2008). Professional standards for the accreditation of teacher education (2008). Professional Standards for the accreditation of teacher preparation institutions. Washington, D. C; NCATE \r\n[25]\tNational Policy on Education (2004). 4th Ed. Federal Republic of Nigeria NERDC Press, Yaba, Lagos \u2013 Nigeria.\r\n[26]\tNavaneedhan, C. G. (2006): Reflective teaching pedagogy as innovative approach in teacher education through open and distance learning. \r\n[27]\tOgonor B.O &#038; Badmus M.M (2006). Reflective teaching practice among student teachers: The case in a tertiary institution in Nigeria. Australian Journal of Teacher Education. 31(2) 4o-52\r\n[28]\tOgunbameru M.T &#038; Uwameiye R. (2012). Reflective practice: A strategy for improving teaching practice in Nigerian Colleges of Education. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development 1 (4), 62-70.\r\n[29]\tOjanen, S. (2002): A Process in which Pedagogical Knowledge is created through the Teacher Education Experience. Paper Presented at the International Conference in Teacher Education, Tel-Aviv, Israel. ED 398 200.\r\n[30]\tOstorga, A. N. (2006). Developing teachers who are reflective practitioners: A complex process, issues in Teacher education 15(2), 5. \r\n[31]\tPickett, A. (2005). Reflective teaching Practice and Academic Skills Instruction retrieved March 1, 2005 from http:\/\/www.Indiana.edu\/-1506\/mod02\/picket.html\r\n[32]\tPollard A. (2006). Reflective Teaching 2nd edition. Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire, Britain. \r\n[33]\tPollard, A. (2006): Reflective Teaching Antony, Rowe Ltd, Choppenham, Wiltshire pp. 140 \u2013 173.\r\n[34]\tPollard, A. Triggs, P. Broadfoot, P. McNess, E. and Osborn, M. (2000). What pupils say: Changing Policy and practice in primary education. London: Continuum. \r\n[35]\tRigney D; Rigney, L &#038; Tur, S.U. (2003); Training teachers for reconciliation. A work in progress conference paper no. 089, Australian curriculum studies Association Conference. Adelaide, South Australia, Retrieved November 29, 2005 from http:\/\/www.acsainc.com.au\/content \/ula\/ka tur-training teachers for reconciliation. Pdf. \r\n[36]\tRogers, R. (2001). Reflection in higher education; A concept, analysis. Innovative Higher education, 26(1), 37 \u2013 57.\r\n[37]\tSchon, D. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner San Francisco, C. A. Jossey-Bass Higher Education Series.\r\n[38]\tWalkington, (2005). Becoming a Teacher: Encouraging Development of Teacher Identity Through Reflective Practice Asia-pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 33(1) 53-64.\r\n[39]\tZeichner, K. (2007). Accumulating knowledge across, self-studies in teacher education Journal of teacher education, 58(36), 36 \u2013 46.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">  Olufunke  O. BORIS  &#038; Uche E. EKIUGBO, &#8220;Enhancing Teacher Professional Development through Reflective Teaching Approach (Reflective Practices: A means To Teacher Development)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.347-353 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/347-353.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/347-353.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/enhancing-teacher-professional-development-through-reflective-teaching-approach-reflective-practices-a-means-to-teacher-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Enhancing Teacher Professional Development through Reflective Teaching Approach (Reflective Practices: A means To Teacher Development)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37da81 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d37da81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37db79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37db79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37dceb\" data-id=\"d37dceb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37de12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37de12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37deb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37deb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37e030\" data-id=\"d37e030\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37e1c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37e1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Nexus between Project Monitoring and Evaluation and Quality of Residential Buildings in Nairobi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Mwenda, Mary Nyawira, Dr. Otieno- Omutoko Lillian, Prof. Christopher Gakuu  &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 354-362<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d37e28e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d37e28e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37e427\" data-id=\"d37e427\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d382f2d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d382f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Integrating monitoring and evaluation within project construction phases is considered in this research a means by which construction of buildings can foster sustainable development and alleviate their collapse as witnessed in many countries. The aim of monitoring and evaluation is to provide information that can help inform decisions, improve performance and achieve planned results. Projects with strong monitoring and evaluation components tend to stay on track. Additionally, problems are often detected earlier, which reduces the likelihood of risks, major cost overruns or time delays.  Against this backdrop, this research sought to analyze the influence of project monitoring and evaluation on quality of buildings. Descriptive survey and correlational research designs were used in a mixed methods research approach. Quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire while qualitative data was collected through an interview guide. Research instruments were pilot tested for validity through content related method and reliability through split- half criterion. A sample of 192 respondents was selected by use of Yamane\u2019s (1967) sampling size formula from a population of 3475 registered .contractors in Nairobi County by May 2017. A census survey was conducted among the 67 engineering consultants and 24 officers in top management teams of NCA and NBI. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used for analyzing descriptive data while Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) and regression analysis (R2) were used for analyzing inferential data. F-tests were used to test the hypothesis in the study. Tests of statistical assumptions were carried out before data analysis to avoid invalidation of statistical analysis. With r = 0.409, R2=0.167, F (1,222) =49.770 at p= 0.000 < 0.05, the null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that there is a positive relationship between ethical concerns in project monitoring and evaluation and quality of buildings. It is recommended that project implementation process should be overseen by a competent consultant to ensure good supervision and all necessary amendments be done at the right time and in an appropriate way to ensure successful project delivery.  \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 354-362\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5116<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mwenda, Mary Nyawira<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Open Learning,University of Nairobi. Thika, Kenya\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Dr. Otieno- Omutoko Lillian<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Open Learning, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Prof. Christopher Gakuu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirector, School of Open, Distance and e-Learning, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlsagour M. (2014).Factors and Steps to Termination of Project. International Journal Of Management and Commerce Innovations ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)Vol. 2, Issue 1, Pp: (19-21).\r\n[2]\tAudi, R.( 2004). The good in the right: A theory of good and intrinsic value, Princeton: Princeton University Press.\r\n[3]\tBai, J., and Yang, X. (2011). \u201cResearch on construction project process performance measurement.\u201d Industrial Engineering and Engineering, 1915-1918.\r\n[4]\tBeauchamp TL, Childress JF. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \r\n[5]\tBeauchamp, TL. (1996). Moral foundations. In: Coughlin, SS.; Beauchamp, TL., 1996. Ethics and Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; p. 24-52.\r\n[6]\tBeauchamp, TL.; Childress, JF. 1994. Principles of biomedical ethics. Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press.  \r\n[7]\tBorough L. (2012). Good Practice Guidance: Sustainable Design and Construction\u2013 Development Management Development Plan Document (DPD)\r\n[8]\tBowen, P., A. Akintoye, R. Pearl, and P.J. Edwards (2007). Ethical behaviour in South African construction industry. Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 25, pp 631-648.\r\n[9]\tBSI Group,( 2008). Improving the efficiency of Public Procurement: The Role of standards, Available at www.bsigroup.com (Retrieved October 5, 2015).\r\n[10]\tChandrupatla R., (2014). Quality and Reliability in Engineering. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-51522-1\r\n[11]\tCIB &#038; UNEP-IETC (2002). Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries. A discussion document. Building and Construction Technology. South Africa.\r\n[12]\tCreswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative and mixed methods approaches. London: SAGE Publications. Retrieved from http:\/\/oscarjaramillo.cl\/wp-content.\r\n[13]\tEnshassi, A. (1996). A Managing and Controlling System in Managing Infrastructure Projects. Building Research and Information Journal, 24(3): 163\u2013189.\r\n[14]\tEnshassi, A. (1996). A Managing and Controlling System in Managing Infrastructure Projects. Building Research and Information Journal, 24(3): 163\u2013189.\r\n[15]\tFaridi, A.; El-Sayegh, S. 2006. Significant factors causing delay in the UAE construction industry, Construction Management and Economics 24(11): 1167\u20131176.\r\n[16]\tHanson, D.; Mbachu, J.; Nkando, R. 2003. Causes of client dissatisfaction in the South African building industry and ways of improvement: the contractors&#8217; perspectives, in CIDB, South Africa.\r\n[17]\tHuemann, M., (2004). Improving Quality in Projects and Programs: The Wiley Guide to Managing Projects. Wiley &#038; Sons. Vienna.\r\n[18]\tHutchinson J. (2014). The 10 Worst High-Rise Building Collapses in History https:\/\/www.bestonlineengineeringdegree.com\/the-10-worst-high-rise-building-collapses-in-history\/Retrieved on 24\/04\/2017\r\n[19]\t   IUCN (2000). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Introduction to Key Concepts, Approaches and Terms Working Draft Version 1 \u2013Global Monitoring and Evaluation Initiative\r\n[20]\tJohnson B. and Onwuegbuzie A. J. (2004). Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come. Educational Researcher, Vol. 33, No. 7 (Oct., 2004), pp. 14-26 American Educational Research Association.\r\n[21]\tKerry L. and Phoebe E. (2006). Ethical Behaviour in the construction procurement process. Icon. Net Pty Ltd. Brisbane, Australia.\r\n[22]\tMbachu, J.andNkando, R. (2007). Factors constraining successful building project implementation in South Africa, Construction Management and Economics 25(1): 39\u201354.\r\n[23]\tNewton P.,2015. Project Quality: Project Skills. Retrieved on 4\/02\/2017 from http:\/\/www.free-management-ebooks.com.\r\n[24]\tOECD (2007). Integrity In Public Procurement Good Practice From A To Z, Paris, France.\r\n[25]\tPM4DEV (2016). Project Quality: Project Management for Development of Organizations: A Methodology to Manage Development Projects for International Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Organizations.\r\n[26]\tRumane,A.R.2011.Qualitymanagementinconstructionprojects.BocaRaton, FL:CRC Press.\r\n[27]\tSambasivan, M. and Soon, Y. (2007). Causes and effects of delays in Malaysian construction industry, International Journal of Project Management, 25 (5), 517-526\r\n[28]\tShakantu, W. (2006). Corruption in the construction industry, forms, susceptibility and possible solutions. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.\r\n[29]\tShield, P. and Rangarjan, N. (2013). A Playbook for Research Methods:Integrating\r\nConceptual Frameworks and Project Management. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press.\r\n[30]\tStansbury, N. (2005) Exposing the foundations of corruption in construction. In Global Corruption Report, 2005.  Special Focus: Corruption in Construction and Post Conflict Reconstruction.\r\n[31]\tTransparency International (2005a). What are the Effects of Corruption? London: Transparency International.\r\n[32]\tTricker, R. (2008). ISO 9001:2000 for small business.Thirdeditioned. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.\r\n[33]\tUNDP (2009). Handbook on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluating for Development Results. New York. Retrieved on 15\/5\/2016 from: http:\/\/www.undp.org\/eo\/handbook\r\n[34]\tUNDP (2009). Handbook on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluating for Development Results. New York. Retrieved on 15\/5\/2016 from: http:\/\/www.undp.org\/eo\/handbook\r\n[35]\tVee, C, and Skitmore, M (2003) Professional ethics in the construction industry. Journal of Engineering, Construction and Architectural  Management, 10 (2), 117-127. \r\n[36]\tZhou, P.X. W. (2006). Strategies for Minimising Corruption in the Construction Industry in China. Journal of construction in Developing Countries, Vol. 11, No.2.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Mwenda, Mary Nyawira, Dr. Otieno- Omutoko Lillian, Prof. Christopher Gakuu, &#8220;The Nexus between Project Monitoring and Evaluation and Quality of Residential Buildings in Nairobi County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.354-362 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5116<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/354-362.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-nexus-between-project-monitoring-and-evaluation-and-quality-of-residential-buildings-in-nairobi-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Nexus between Project Monitoring and Evaluation and Quality of Residential Buildings in Nairobi County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d386c13 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d386c13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d386d2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d386d2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d386eca\" data-id=\"d386eca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d387022 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d387022\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38711e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38711e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d387365\" data-id=\"d387365\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3874b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3874b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d387554 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d387554\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3876b8\" data-id=\"d3876b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3877ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3877ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d38786f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d38786f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3879c2\" data-id=\"d3879c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d387acc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d387acc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d387b68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d387b68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d387cbc\" data-id=\"d387cbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d387dce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d387dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d387e69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d387e69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d387fff\" data-id=\"d387fff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d388122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d388122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Interest towards Learning and Mathematics Achievement among Students in Selected Junior Secondary Schools, Niger State, Nigeria?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> A. Musbahu (PhD); Oluyemo A. A; Dr. I. Amos &#038; Alhassan D. Safo- January 2021 Page No.: 363-369<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3881ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3881ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d38832f\" data-id=\"d38832f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3884b9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3884b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed interest towards learning and mathematics achievement among students in selected Junior Secondary School, Niger State, Nigeria. Correlation Survey design was adopted for the study. The target population for this study consists of 5,368 (2,705 male and 2,663 female) JSS 1 students in 2012\/2013 academic session from 92 public and private Junior Secondary Schools in Zone \u201fB\u201f of Niger State. The sample of this study consist 361 (219 public school students and 179 private school students) and multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was employedin the selection. Two instruments were developed for the study which consists of an Inventory on Students\u201f Interest in Mathematics (ISIM) and a Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT). Descriptive statistic (mean and Standard Deviation), biseria correlation and its associated simple regression of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method were used to establish relationship between the variables and to test null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. The instruments were validated and the reliability coefficient was established using the test-retest method. The data obtained were analyzed using mean with the criterion mean set at 2.5.The findings of the study revealed that students in private schools excel in Mathematics more than students in public schools but students in public schools are more interested in Mathematics than their counterpart in private schools. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended amongst others that students should develop positive attitude towards the learning of Mathematics. This can be done through adopting good strategy and study habit.\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 363-369\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  A. Musbahu (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNiger State College of Education, MINNA, Niger State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Oluyemo A. A <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNiger State College of Education, MINNA, Niger State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Dr. I. Amos <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNiger State College of Education, MINNA, Niger State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Alhassan D. Safo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNiger State College of Education, MINNA, Niger State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgwagah U. N. V. &#038;Gimba, R. W. (2013). Effect of computer assisted instruction package on students\u201f achievement in mathematics set theory. Review of education, 24(1), 103-114.\r\n[2]\tAnikweze, C. M. (2010).Measurement and evaluation for teacher education. Enugu: SNAAP Press Ltd.\r\n[3]\tAkinoso, S. O., (2011). Correlates of some factors affecting students\u201f achievement in secondary school mathematics in Osun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Science, Mathematics and Environmental Studies, 3(1) 83-95.\r\n[4]\tAkinoso, S. O., (2015).Teaching Mathematics in a Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous (VUCA) World: The use of concrete-representational-abstract instructional strategy. Journal of International Society for Teacher Education, 19 (1), 96-107\r\n[5]\tAl-Duwaila, A. (2012). A comparative study between Kuwait\u201fs Government and Private sector primary schools in methods of teaching an pupils\u201f achievement in mathematics (Doctoral dissertation, Brunel University)\r\n[6]\tAliyu R. T. &#038;Akinoso S. O. (2017). Detecting the differential item functioning of Mathematics multiple choice items using Rasch Model. Journal of Educational Thought, 6 (1) 15-33\r\n[7]\tEmaikwu, S. O. (2011) Assessment of the Impact of Students\u201f Mode of Admission into University and their Academic Achievement in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 1(3), 151-164\r\n[8]\tHareesol, K. Sofian, M. O&#038;Khairi Haji M. O (2016). The mathematics performance of primary school students\u201f in Southern Thailand. International Journal of Academic Research in progressive Education and Development. 5(3), 41-51\r\n[9]\tHarnandez, M. (2014). The relationship between mathematics achievement and socio-Economics status. Journal of education, policy planning and administration, 4(1),75-93\r\n[10]\tLubienski, C. A., &#038; Lubienski, S. T. (2013). The public school advantage: why public schoolsoutperform private schools. University of Chicago Press.\r\n[11]\tMadu, B. C., &#038; Hogan, B. (2010). Gender related differential item functioning in mathematics multiple choice test items set and administered by National Examinations Council. Journal of Mathematical Science Education: Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.\r\n[12]\tOlafare, F.O. Akinoso, S. O. Omotunde, C. &#038; Eguatu, V. (2016). Students\u201f perceptions of computer-based test in Nigerian Universities. Nigerian Journal of Educational Technology, 1 (2), 128 \u2013 136\r\n[13]\tOlasehinde,K. J., &#038;Olatoye, R. A. (2014). Scientific attitude, attitude to science and science achievement of senior secondary school students in Katsina State, Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 4(1), 445.\r\n[14]\tYusuf, M. A., &#038; Adigun, J. T. (2010). The Influence of School Sex, Location and Type on Students\u201f Academic Performance Department of Primary Education Studies, College of Education, Ikere- Ekiti, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> A. Musbahu (PhD); Oluyemo A. A; Dr. I. Amos &#038; Alhassan D. Safo, &#8220;Interest towards Learning and Mathematics Achievement among Students in Selected Junior Secondary Schools, Niger State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.363-369 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/363-369.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/363-369.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/interest-towards-learning-and-mathematics-achievement-among-students-in-selected-junior-secondary-schools-niger-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Interest towards Learning and Mathematics Achievement among Students in Selected Junior Secondary Schools, Niger State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b701f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3b701f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b710e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b710e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b72d2\" data-id=\"d3b72d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b740f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b740f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b74bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b74bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b7631\" data-id=\"d3b7631\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b774d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b774d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b77ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b77ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b794d\" data-id=\"d3b794d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b7a5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b7a5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b7afd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b7afd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b7c4e\" data-id=\"d3b7c4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b7db6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b7db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b7efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b7efb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b808d\" data-id=\"d3b808d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b81bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b81bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b8262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b8262\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b83de\" data-id=\"d3b83de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b853b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b853b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Participatory Democracy, Local Government Elections and the Politics of the States\u2019 Ruling Parties in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olawole Clement OLUWASUJI Ph.D, Oluwaseun Emmanuel OKAJARE- January 2021 Page No.: 370-378<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b85f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b85f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b8778\" data-id=\"d3b8778\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b88c9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3b88c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">In every supposedly democratic state, not only is election a means of determining the will of the people regarding their choice of political leaders, both the process and the outcome of the election should also reflect the consent and aspirations of the people as organized electorates. However, election at the local government level in Nigeria has been relegated to the background whereby its process, conduct, and outcome are often at the mercy of the States\u2019 ruling parties and their governors. This paper interrogates the role of States ruling party in local government elections in Nigeria with particular reference to the 2017 and 2019 local government elections in Ekiti State. It relied on both primary and secondary sources of data collection.  Primary data were obtained through a questionnaire and secondary data were obtained from textbooks, related journal articles, and newsprints. The paper adopted elite theory to explain States\u2019 dominance and \u2018illegitimate\u2019 control of the local government in Nigeria. It was revealed  among  others,  that  local  governments elections in Nigeria has always been under  the  stranglehold  of  States governors and their political parties who designed and determined the contour of the elections as well as the operations of the electoral umpire. The paper  recommends among  others,  that  the  scrapping  of  state  independent  electoral commissions and its replacement with the national electoral umpire (INEC)   nationwide  is imperative for deepening democracy,  promoting good  governance and enhancing development at the grassroots.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 370-378\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oluwaseun Emmanuel OKAJARE<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and Public Administration. Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Oluwaseun Emmanuel OKAJARE<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and Public Administration. Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAluko, J. O. (2010) \u201cLocal government elections and the challenges of democratic governance in Nigeria\u201d Nigeriaworld, Wednesday, August 11, 2010 \r\n[2]\tChukwudi O. R. (2014) \u201cAlternatives to the Predatory Local Government System in Nigeria\u201d Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol. 4, No.2 Pp 77-90\r\n[3]\tDiamond,  L.  (2002).  \u201cFree  and  Fair?  The  Administration  and  Conduct  of  the  1983 Nigerian  Election\u201d,  in  Akinsanya,  A.A.  and  Idang,  G.J.  (eds);  Nigerian Government and Politics 1979-1983. Calabar Wusen Publishers.\r\n[4]\tDelican D. M. (Not Dated ) \u201cElite Theories of Pareto, Mosca and Michels\r\n[5]\tEgbe E. J. (2014) \u201cNative Authorities and Local Government Reforms in Nigeria Since 1914\u201d IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science Volume 19, Issue 3, PP 113-127\r\n[6]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (1979).  1979 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Lagos: Federal Government Printer.\r\n[7]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (1989).  1989 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria,  Lagos: Federal Government Printer\r\n[8]\tFederal Government of Nigeria (2011).  1999  Constitution  of  the  Federal  Republic  of  Nigeria (amended), Abuja: Federal Government Printer\r\n[9]\tFage,  K.  S.,  2007\u201cLocal  Government  Elections  and  Democratization  in  Nigeria\u201d, Sunday Triumph, April 29\r\n[10]\tGoddey Wilson \u201cThe Politics of Local Government Reforms and Democratic Governance in Nigerian Local Governments\u201d Journal of Developing Country Studies Vol 3 No 1 Pp 136-142.\r\n[11]\tGwinn, R. and Norton, P. (1992). \u201cThe New Encyclopedia Britannica\u201d, Chicago  University of Chicago Press\r\n[12]\tMichels,  R.  (1962)  Political Parties:  A  Sociological  Study  of  the  Oligarchical  Tendencies  of Modern Democracy. New York: Free Press\r\n[13]\tNwanna C.R. (2014) \u201cLocal Government Elections in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of Three States\u201d International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education Volume 1, Issue 11, November 2014, PP 180-192\r\n[14]\tOdofin,  P.A.  (2005).  \u201cElectoral  Politics,  Elite  Conspiracy  and  Future  of Democracy,  in  elections  and  Democratic  Consolidation  in  Nigeria:\u201dNPSA edited by Godwin Onu and Abubakar Momoh\r\n[15]\tOdoziobodo S. I. &#038; Okibe H B. (2019) \u201cBetween Illusion and Reality: Interrogating the Independence of State Independent Electoral Commissions in Nigeria\u201d International Journal of Academic Research in Public Policy and Governance, Vol. 6, No. 1 Pp 1-18\r\n[16]\tOjofeitimi,  T.,  2000,  \u201eYesterday\u201fs  Hope  and  Today\u201fs  Disillusionment:  Whither  Local  Government  in  Nigeria?\u201f,  in  Adedeji,  A  and  Ayo,  B.  eds. People-centred Democracy in Nigeria? The Search for Alternative Systems of Governance at the Grass-roots\u201d,  Ijebu Ode: African Centre for Development and Strategic Studies\r\n[17]\tOkechukwu N.D and Obinn A. S. (2013) \u201cLocal Government Administration and Opposition Parties in Nigeria: 1999-2011\u201d Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 4 No 16 Pp 17-26.\r\n[18]\tOlaniyi, J.O. (2017) \u201cState Independent Electoral Commissions and Local Government Elections in Nigeria\u201d. Africa\u2019s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 5(1)\r\n[19]\tOsaghae,  E.E.  (1999).  \u201cDemocratization  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa:  Faltering Prospects,\u201d New Hopes Vol. 17\r\n[20]\tOvwasa O.L. (2014) \u201cThe Illusion of Democratic Participation in Nigerian Local Government 1999-2011\u201d OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development Vol 7, No. 10 Pp 61-72\r\n[21]\tThe Punch Newspaper (2019) \u201cAPC Wins 16 Chairmanship Seats in Ekiti, PDP Kicks\u201d The Punch Newspaper, December 9, 2019.\r\n[22]\tThe Vanguard (December 24, 2017) \u201cPDP Clears 16 Chairmanship, 177 Councillorship Seats in Ekiti Election. The Vanguard Newspapers \r\n[23]\tShineyoureye (2019) \u201cLocal Government Election\u201d www.shineyoureye.org retrieved on April 21, 2020. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olawole Clement OLUWASUJI Ph.D, Oluwaseun Emmanuel OKAJARE, &#8220;Participatory Democracy, Local Government Elections and the Politics of the States\u2019 Ruling Parties in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.370-378 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/370-378.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/370-378.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/participatory-democracy-local-government-elections-and-the-politics-of-the-states-ruling-parties-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Participatory Democracy, Local Government Elections and the Politics of the States\u2019 Ruling Parties in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b9aae elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3b9aae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b9baa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b9baa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b9d6e\" data-id=\"d3b9d6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3b9eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3b9eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3b9f57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3b9f57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3ba0de\" data-id=\"d3ba0de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ba1fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ba1fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Influence of a Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Spirit<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yuris Danilwan &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 379-383<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3ba2a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3ba2a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3ba433\" data-id=\"d3ba433\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ba571 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3ba571\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research was conducted at the Maritime Adiguna Polytechnic. The purpose of this study is the purpose of this study is to determine how the influence of the Transformational Leadership Style on the Morale of Maritime Adiguna Polytechnic. The results of this study indicate. (1) The constant value (a) of 7,926 indicates the amount of the Morale Variable (Y) if the Transformational Leadership Style Variable (X) is equal to zero. (2) It can be seen that the adjusted R square value is 0.191 or 19.1%. This shows that the Transformational Leadership Style Variable (X) and the Work Spirit Variable (Y) can explain the Employee Performance Variable (Y) of 19.1%, the rest 80.9% (100% &#8211; 19.1%) is explained by other variables outside this research model. (3) Hypothesis testing, it can be seen that tcount (3.234)> t table (1.684), as well as a significance value of 0.00 <0.05, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Transformational Leadership Style variable (X) has a significant effect on Variable Morale (Y).\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 379-383\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yuris Danilwan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaritim Adiguna Polytechnic\r\n\r\n \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlex S. Nitisemito, 2010. Management of personnel Human Resource Management. Third Edition. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.\r\n[2]\tAhmad, Tohardi. 2009. Practical Understanding of Human Resource Management. Bandung: Tanjung Pura University, Mandar Maju\r\n[3]\tDessler, Gary. 2015. Human Resource Management. Jakarta: Four Salemba.\r\n[4]\tFarisa Nuril Amaliyah, et al. 2014. The Effect of Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Job Satisfaction with Employee Work Motivation as a Mediation Variable (Research on Employees of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero), Tbk. Blitar Branch Office). Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Brawijaya University Malang\r\n[5]\tGhozali, Imam. 2016. Multivariete Analysis Application with IBM SPSS 23 Program (8th Edition). VIII printing. Semarang: Diponegoro University Publishing Agency.\r\n[6]\tHani Handoko. 2011. Management. Second Edition Yogyakarta BPFE, Yogyakarta\r\n[7]\tHasibuan, Malayu S.P. 2016. Human Resource Management. Revised Edition. Jakarta: Publisher PT Bumi Aksara\r\n[8]\tKusumawati, 2010. The Influence of Leadership Characteristics and New Product Innovation on Company Performance to Achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Journal of Economics and Business. Volume 5 number 9.\r\n[9]\tIensufiie, Tikno. 2010. Leadership for Professionals and Students. Jakarta: Erlangga.\r\n[10]\tM Fikri, Firmansyah. 2013. The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employee Morale at the Bmtugt Sidogiri Central Cooperative, Pasuruan. Faculty of Economics, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang\r\n[11]\tSon, I Kadek Andika Pramana. &#038; Subudi, Made. 2015. The Effect of Transformational Leadership Style and Physical Work Environment on Employee Performance of PT BPR Pedungan. E-Journal of Management Unud. Vol. 4, No. 10: 3146-3171.\r\n[12]\tRJA Tucunan, 2014. The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employee Motivation and Performance. E-Journal of Economics and Business Udayana University 3.9 (2014)\r\n[13]\tRorimpanday, Lidya. 2013. Leadership Style Transformational, Transactional, Situational, Service and Authentic on the Performance of Village Employees in Bunaken District, Manado City. Faculty of Economics and Business Management Department. EMBA Journal. ISSN 2303-1174. Vol. 1 No.4: 2233-2244.\r\n[14]\tRobbins, P. Stephen and Mary Coulter. 2012. Management. translated by Bob Sabran, Wibi Hardani. Erlangga: Jakarta.\r\n[15]\tS.C.Y. Assagaf., L.O.H. Dotulong, 2015. The Influence of Discipline, Motivation and Morale on Employee Work Productivity. EMBA Journal: Journal of Economic Research, Management, Business and Accounting\r\n[16]\tSimamora, Henry. 2015. Human Resource Management. Yogyakarta: Publishing Section of the YKPN School of Economics\r\n[17]\tSugiyono. 2014. Educational Research Methods with Quantitative Approaches, Qualitative and R &#038; D. Bandung: Alfabeta.\r\n[18]\tSurbakti, Marwan Petra &#038; Suharnomo. 2013. Analysis of Transformational Leadership and Motivation on Employee Performance (Study at PT. Kereta Api Indonesia Daop IV Semarang). Diponegoro Journal of Management Volume 2, Number 3, Year 2013\r\n[19]\tSondang P. Siagian. 2010. Human Resource Management. Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.\r\n[20]\tSri Langgeng Ratnasari and Gandhi Sutjahjo. 2017. The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Work Environment on Morale of Education Workforce. Faculty of Economics, University of Riau Islands, Batam, Indonesia\r\n[21]\tWarrilow S. 2012. Transformational leadership theory. Ezine articles [online] Available at: http; \/\/ ezinearticles.com?transformationalleadershiptheory. [Accessed November 28 2012]\r\n[22]\tCome on, Gary. 2010. Leadership in Organizations 7th Edition. Nj: Prentice Hall Pearson.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yuris Danilwan, &#8220;The Influence of a Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Spirit&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.379-383 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/379-383.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/379-383.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-influence-of-a-transformational-leadership-style-on-employee-spirit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Influence of a Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Spirit<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3bfce0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3bfce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3bfe13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3bfe13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3c001a\" data-id=\"d3c001a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c0177 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3c0177\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3c0239 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3c0239\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3c03b6\" data-id=\"d3c03b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c5875 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3c5875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Provision of Quality Basic Education for All in Kenya: Post 2015 Agenda<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Brenda S. Khanani &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 384-389<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3c595d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3c595d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3c5b14\" data-id=\"d3c5b14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c5c62 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3c5c62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education plays a critical role in the development of any society. It is for this reason that the World Conference held in Jomtien Thailand in 1990 came up with Education for All (EFA) declaration. This followed the realization that quality basic education was important for the success of human endeavors. It is for this reason that the Dakar Forum and the MDGs set EFA by 2015. Against this background, Kenya introduced Free Primary Education (FPE) in 2003 and this led to an increase in enrolment. However, increasing access to primary education doesn\u2019t necessarily prove valuable unless it is seen as a promising path for individuals to realize better, more productive lives and as a driver of national economic development. This paper argues that such access to primary education should go hand in hand with quality. Recent policy documents such as Sessional Paper Number 14 of 2012 and Basic Education Act 2013 spell out the government\u2019s commitment to provision of quality basic education for all citizens. However, studies reveal that the quality of basic education in the country remains far below the expected standards. Getting children through primary schools will not be enough. While education is central to the country\u2019s agenda and noticeable achievements have been made in the context of EFA, significant challenges remain. There are vast disparities within the country as concerns access to schooling and the quality of education in resulting levels of learning achievement. The post 2015 agenda in Kenya therefore should take into account that achieving EFA remains a key yet unfinished agenda for basic education in the country, requiring strengthened efforts in order to meet its goals. Therefore, future orientations for education require a widening of the EFA agenda in response to current development trends of the Kenyan nation. This paper focuses on provision of quality basic education.\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 384-389\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5117<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n <span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Brenda S. Khanani  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAchola, P.W. and Pillai V.K. (2000). Challenges of primary education in developing countries: Insights from Kenya. Aldershot: Ash gate.\r\n[2]\tAmutabi M. (2003). Political interference in the running of education in post-independence\tKenya: A critical retrospection. International Journal of Educational Development.\r\n[3]\tBogonko S.N. (1992). A History of Modern Education in Kenya (1895 &#8211; 1991). Nairobi: Evans \tBrothers (K) Ltd.\r\n[4]\tElimu Yetu\/Action Aid Kenya. (2004). Monitoring of the Free Primary Education and \tEstablishing the Unit Cost Primary Education in Kenya.\r\n[5]\tEshiwani, G.S. (1993). Education in Kenya since Independence. Nairobi: East African \tPublishers.\r\n[6]\tMoEST &#038; UNESCO (2005). Challenges of Implementing Free Primary Education in\r\n[7]\tKenya: Assessment Report. Nairobi: UNESCO, Nairobi Office.\r\n[8]\tOkwach, A. and Abagi O. (2005). Schooling, Education and Underdevelopment. Nairobi: Own \tand Associates Ltd.\r\n[9]\tRepublic of Kenya. (2013). The Education Act. Nairobi: Government Printer.\r\n[10]\tRepublic of Kenya. (2010). The Constitution of Kenya. Nairobi: The Attorney General.\r\n[11]\tRepublic of Kenya. (1999). Comprehensive Education Sector Report. \r\n[12]\tRepublic of Kenya. (1988). Report of the Presidential Working Party on Education and \tManpower Training for the Next Decade and Beyond. Nairobi: Government Printer.\r\n[13]\tRepublic of Kenya. (1965). Sessional Paper No 1 of 1965 on African socialism and its \tapplication to planning in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.\r\n[14]\tRepublic of Kenya. (1964). Kenya Education Commission Report (The Ominde Report) Nairobi: \tGovernment Printer.\r\n[15]\tSifuna, D.N. and Oanda I.O. (2014). Historical and Contemporary Trends in the Development of \tEducation in Kenya. Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation.\r\n[16]\tSifuna, D. N. and Otiende E. (1994). An Introductory History of Education.  Nairobi: Nairobi \tUniversity Press Nairobi.\r\n[17]\tSifuna, DN. (1990). Development of Education in Africa: The Kenyan Experience. Nairobi: \tNairobi University Press.\r\n[18]\tUwezo. (2014).Are Our Children Learning? Literacy and Numeracy across East Africa 2013.\tNairobi: Uwezo East Africa at Twaweza.\r\n[19]\tWorld Bank. (2013). Education Statistics: Data by Country. Retrieved from \thttp:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/country\/Kenya on 22\/02\/2015. \r\n[20]\tWolf, M. (2007). Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain.\tHarperCollins.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Brenda S. Khanani &#8220;Provision of Quality Basic Education for All in Kenya: Post 2015 Agenda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.384-389 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5117<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/384-389.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/provision-of-quality-basic-education-for-all-in-kenya-post-2015-agenda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Provision of Quality Basic Education for All in Kenya: Post 2015 Agenda<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e0f1c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d3e0f1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3e196b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3e1a1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3e1a1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3e1b7a\" data-id=\"d3e1b7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e1fee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3e1fee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3e20f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3e20f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3e231b\" data-id=\"d3e231b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e24c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3e24c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) A New Paradigm in the Resolution of the Ongoing Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: Myth or Reality<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ren\u00e9 Ngek Monteh- January 2021 Page No.: 390-400<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d3e25b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d3e25b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3e276d\" data-id=\"d3e276d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3e28d9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d3e28d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Postcolonial conflict and wars in African countries are still on the rise, despite numerous efforts to put an end to them. Since then, some African states have made advances in post conflict peace building and intergroup reconciliation. The attacks by terrorists in the Far North Region for over five years now, and the violence propagated by armed separatist groups in the North West and South West Regions since 2016 have left a crushing impact on the socio economic and political life of Cameroon. The crisis that started as a corporatist claim in the predominantly two English-speaking regions of the country and to which no appropriate solutions were provided, was hijacked by the secessionist movement. It was from this backdrop that the President of the Republic of Cameroon signed a Decree in November 2018 to establish the National DDR committee as an attempt to solve the ongoing Anglophone crisis. This paper examines the relevance of DDR in reforming the security and political sector in the Anglophone Regions. This paper utilizes mixed-methods to ascertain this objective. Amongst the several results we found out that the DDR in these Regions can significantly contribute to peace building despite the numerous challenges it faces.  \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 390-400\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ren\u00e9 Ngek Monteh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHTTC\/University of Yaounde \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tC. Darwin (1872), The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London, John Murraq. Decree 2018\/719 of November 30th, 2018\r\n[2]\tEfopa Cynthia (2018), \u201cRegional Heads of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Committee appointed\u201d, Published by Cameroon-report, 11 December 2018.  \r\n[3]\tFreedman Lawrence (1987), Why Is Arms Control So Boring?, London: Council for Arms Control, Faraday Discussion Paper No. 9.\r\n[4]\tH. Frank Robert (2011), The Darwin Economy: Liberty, Competition, and Common Good, Princeton, Prince Town University Press. https:\/\/cameroon-report.com\/securite\/disarmament-demobilization-and-reintegration-committee-set-up\/ posted 4 December 2018, retrieved April 2020. \r\n[5]\tInternational Crisis Group (2019), \u201cCameroon\u2019s Anglophone Crisis: How to Get to Talks?\u201d, Africa Report N\u00b0272\/2, Brussels-Belgium, (Translation from French) May 2019.\r\n[6]\tInternational Peace Academy (IPA) (2002), \u201cA Framework for Lasting Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Crisis Situations\u201d, IPA-UNDP Workshop Report, 12-13 December 2002, German House, New York.\r\n[7]\tJournal du Cameroun (2020), \u201cProgram to reintegrate ex Ambazonia fighters launched in Buea\u201d, Published on 2 January 2020.\r\n[8]\tKoubi Vally (1994), \u201cDisarmament: A theoretical analysis\u201d, in International Interactions, 19:4, 263-281.\r\n[9]\tKumKum Massa (2019), \u201cAmnesty\/Amnesties Cameroon offers pardons and amnesty to all Amba boys who drop their guns\u201d, available in, https:\/\/kontripipo.com\/amnesty\/, retrieved 19 April 2020.\r\n[10]\tLoh Choves (2019), \u201cBamenda DDR Centre &#8211; Varied Opportunities for Ex-Combatants\u201d available in, https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201909240164.html, 23 September 2019, retrieved 15 April 2020. \r\n[11]\tM. Darwin Wagner (1958), Critique of a Heritage, Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday.\r\n[12]\tMangong B. B. (2020), \u201cdisarmament, demobilization and reintegration in peace building: an investigation of the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon with focus on the North West Region\u201d, (Draft work of) Master Dissertation in Peace and Conflict Management with International Relations, Pan African Institute for Development, Buea.\r\n[13]\tNkeze (2019), \u201cBuea DDR Centre: 50 Returnees on The Roll Call\u201d, Cameroon-Tribune, 23 September 2019. \r\n[14]\tNussio Enzo &#038; Howe Kimberly (2016), \u201cWhen Protection Collapses: Post-Demobilization Trajectories of Violence\u201d, in Terrorism and Political Violence, 28:5, 848-867.\r\n[15]\tRegional Working Group on DDR Programmes and Post-conflict Management in West Africa, Setup workshop organized by the Sahel and West Africa Club Abidjan (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire), 30 May to 1er June 2006 Volume 2, Working Documents. \r\n[16]\tSeethaler Franziska (2016), \u201cAssessing the Impact of DDR Programmes: Possibilities and Challenges\u201d, United Nations University, New York, Policy Brief-March 2016, p.10.\r\n[17]\tTakang Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric (2019), \u201cIn Cameroon, dozens of fighters lay down their arms\u201d, in https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/  afrique\/region-48288334, Bamenda, BBC Afrique, May 15, 2019, retrieved 14 April 2020. \r\n[18]\tUnited Nations (2005), \u201cNote by the Secretary-General on Administrative and Budgetary Aspects of the Financing of UN Peacekeeping Operations\u201d, A\/C.5\/59\/31, May 24.\r\n[19]\tUnited Nations General Assembly (2006), Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, Report of the Secretary-General, Sixtieth session, Press Release SC\/6830. \r\n[20]\tUnited Nations General Assembly, Documents on Disarmament 1945-1959, Vol.1, 1945-1956, Department of State Publication, 7008, 1960.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ren\u00e9 Ngek Monteh, &#8220;Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) A New Paradigm in the Resolution of the Ongoing Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: Myth or Reality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.390-400 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/390-400.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/390-400.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/disarmament-demobilization-and-reintegration-ddr-a-new-paradigm-in-the-resolution-of-the-ongoing-anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon-myth-or-reality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) A New Paradigm in the Resolution of the Ongoing Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: Myth or Reality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40cf76 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d40cf76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d40d140 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d40d140\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40d427\" data-id=\"d40d427\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40d681 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40d681\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d40d7c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d40d7c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40da9a\" data-id=\"d40da9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40dcf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40dcf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d40de2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d40de2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40e0fe\" data-id=\"d40e0fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40e32d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40e32d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d40e476 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d40e476\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40e747\" data-id=\"d40e747\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40e98b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40e98b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d40eacf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d40eacf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40f04c\" data-id=\"d40f04c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40f2b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40f2b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d40f40e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d40f40e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40f6d9\" data-id=\"d40f6d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40f8f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40f8f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d40fa43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d40fa43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d40fcdb\" data-id=\"d40fcdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d40fede elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d40fede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Street Vendors\u2019 Eviction from Harare Central Business District (CBD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lee. S. Dzaramba, Tracy Marumure &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 401-406<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d410005 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d410005\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d41028d\" data-id=\"d41028d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d41053c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d41053c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed at gathering information on the impact of street vendor\u2019s eviction from the Harare Central Business District (CBD). Quantitative methodology was used to gather data. The main objectives of the study were to identify factors that promote street vending, find out surviving strategies for evicted street vendors and identify ways in which government assisted the ex-street vendors. A chi-square test was used to find out if there was any difference in standard of living on street vendors after their eviction. Significant level was tested at 0.05%. The results showed that there is association between standard of living before and after street vendors\u2019 eviction. There were various factors that influenced people\u2018s choice of vending location. The results showed that unemployment among others constituted 40% and was the highest contributor towards street vending. Theories in support of the topic were adopted to get insights into the issues of street vendors\u2019 eviction. Based on survey results, the study showed that for street vendors, accessibility of customers was a key consideration and they strategically located on the streets to avoid formalization costs such as rent, taxes and licence. The study showed that despite numerous constraints placed on various groups of street vendors these groups had actually developed survival and resistance strategies that enabled them to maintain their livelihoods from public urban space.  Revival of industries is a cause for concern. There is need to resuscitate industries to curb the problem of unemployment.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 401-406\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lee. S. Dzaramba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Teacher, Ministry of Education, Marondera District Marondera, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Tracy Marumure <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Teacher, Ministry of Education, Marondera District Marondera, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tNjaya, T., 2014. Nature, operations and socio-economic features of street food entrepreneurs of Harare, Zimbabwe:  IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4): 49-58.\r\n[2]\t Carr, M. and M.A. Chen, 2002. Globalization and the informal economy: How global trade and investment impact on the working poor. Geneva: International Labour Organization \r\n[3]\tTibaijuka A.K (2005)Report of the Fact Finding Mission to Zimbabwe toassess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina\r\n[4]\t Dube, D and Chirisa,I.(2012)The Informal City: Assessing its scope Variants and Direction in Harare, Zimbabwe. Department of Rural and Urban Planning, University of Zimbabwe\r\n[5]\tChirisa ,I.(2007) Post 2005:Harare:Acase of the Informal Sector and Street Vending Resilience .What  options do key players have? Local Governance and Development Journal:1(1):pp54-63\r\n[6]\tBromley,R,(2000),Street vending and public policy :A global review, International  Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,20(1-2):1-19\r\n[7]\tCrossa ,V.(2009).Resisting the entrepreneurial city: Street vendors\u2019 struggle in Mexico City\u2019s historic centre. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33(1):43-63\r\n[8]\tChen, M.A., 2012. The informal economy: Definitions, theories and policies. WIEGO Working Paper No.1. Available from http:\/\/wiego.org\/sites\/wiego.org\/files\/publications\/files\/Chen_WIEGO_WP1.pdf [Accessed 23 April, 2014]\r\n[9]\tFAO\/WHO. 2005. Draft Guidance to Governments on the Application of HACCP, in small and\/or less developed businesses (in preparation)\r\n[10]\tNdhlovu, P.K., 2011. Street vending in Zambia: A case of Lusaka district. Unpublished dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the master arts in development studies, Graduate School of Development Studies, International Institute of Social Sciences, The Hague, The Netherlands. Available from www.thesis.eur.nl\/pub\/10844\/RP_Final_Pity_Ndhlovu.pdf [Accessed 26 April 2014].\r\n[11]\tSally  R.(2014) Informal Economy Monitoring Study Sector Report; Street Vendors,WIEGO,Cambridge\r\n[12]\tChhabra (2003).Women in informal sector.\r\n[13]\tGomez.G.(2008)\u2019D o Micro-Enterprises Promote equityor Growth\u2019, Unpublished Report for Woord en Daad,Gorinchem(30pp)\r\n[14]\tLund F. (2009)\u2019The Informal Economy, Social Protection and Empowerment; Linkages and Good Practices for Poverty Reduction; Unclassified DCD\/DAC (2009)15\/ADD;35.\r\n[15]\tNelson E.G and De Bruijn E,J (2003) The voluntary formalization of enterprises in a developing economy;The case of Tanzania.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lee. S. Dzaramba, Tracy Marumure  &#8220;Impact of Street Vendors\u2019 Eviction from Harare Central Business District (CBD)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.401-406 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/401-406.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/401-406.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-street-vendors-eviction-from-harare-central-business-district-cbd\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Street Vendors\u2019 Eviction from Harare Central Business District (CBD)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4187aa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4187aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4188a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4188a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d418a41\" data-id=\"d418a41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d418b6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d418b6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d418bf1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d418bf1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d418d4f\" data-id=\"d418d4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d418e6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d418e6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d418eed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d418eed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d41903a\" data-id=\"d41903a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d419148 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d419148\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4191c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4191c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d41933e\" data-id=\"d41933e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d419459 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d419459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4194dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4194dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d41cfbb\" data-id=\"d41cfbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d41d162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d41d162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d41d225 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d41d225\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d41d3bc\" data-id=\"d41d3bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d41d4e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d41d4e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors that Influence Individuals to Become Murderers in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Prof. M.W. Jayasundara- January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 407-414<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d41d589 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d41d589\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d41d712\" data-id=\"d41d712\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d41d851 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d41d851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In Sri Lanka death penalty had been in place since the times of the ancient kings and also under the colonial rulers as a means of preventing grave crimes including murder. From 1956 to 1959 and again after June 1976 death penalty was not carried out in Sri Lanka. However, the murder rate has declined from 7.6 to 2.4 even without the implementation of the death penalty. It is assumed that rather than the capital punishment for murder some other significant factors have contributed to a decline in the number of murders in the country. This study was conducted to identify the causes and motives that lead people to commit crime in Sri Lanka. Here the background of the offenders and the methods used for committing murder were solicited. The data were collected with regard to the 63 offenders selected from a random sample drawn from those convicted of murder and housed in Welikada prison in Sri Lanka. For the purpose of data collection semi-structure interview schedule and case study were utilized. \r\nThe study has revealed that low-income earners and less educated individuals mostly tend to commit murder over minor matters in their daily life. Among a considerable number of people engaged in farming, laboring, fishing etc. tend to commit murder over the matters that might appear relatively trivial to other people. Previous enmity, family disputes, land disputes and drunkenness have been the precipitating motives of these offenders. This study suggests that the creation of awareness and the dissemination of knowledge among the low educated and   low-income categories can cause a positive change in their conduct towards a peaceful and law-abiding life.   \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 407-414\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 Febraury 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5118<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. M.W. Jayasundara<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdministration Reports of Inspector General of Police (1974-2016) Sri Lanka.\r\n[2]\tBarlow H.D. (1978) Introduction to Criminology. USA: Little, Brown and Company \r\n[3]\tDangerous Knives Ordinance, No. 28 of 1906.\r\n[4]\tHood, R. (1989) The Death Penalty. Oxford: Oxford University of Press.\r\n[5]\tHornby, A.S. (1989) Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \r\n[6]\tJayewardene, C.H.S. and Ranasinghe, H. (1963) Criminal Homicide in the Southern Province. Colombo: Apothecaries Co., Limited \r\n[7]\tRogers J.D. (1987) Crime Justice and Society in Colonial Sri Lanka. The United Kingdom: Curzon Press \r\n[8]\tVaughn M.G. (2009) Biosocial Criminology New Directions in Theory and Practice. Ed. Walsh A., Beaver K.M., New York: Routledge.  \r\n[9]\tWalsh, A., Hemmens, C. (2011) Introduction to Criminology. USA: Sage Publication In cooperation.\r\n[10]\tWikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murder. retrieved February 2, 2021\r\n[11]\tWolfgang, M. (1958) Patterns in Criminal Homicide. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.   \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. M.W. Jayasundara &#8220;Factors that Influence Individuals to Become Murderers in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.407-414 January 2021 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5118<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/407-414.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-that-influence-individuals-to-become-murderers-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors that Influence Individuals to Become Murderers in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4402d3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4402d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4403ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4403ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d440556\" data-id=\"d440556\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d44067b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d44067b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d440724 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d440724\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d440877\" data-id=\"d440877\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d44098d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d44098d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d440a33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d440a33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d440b87\" data-id=\"d440b87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d440c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d440c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d440d30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d440d30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d440ea0\" data-id=\"d440ea0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d440fad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d440fad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Genderized Perspectives on Contraceptive Use: An Exploratory Study of Persons Living with HIV in Rural Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chrisphine O. Omollo; Paul Obino Ong\u2019anyi ; Alfred Otieno Agwanda ; and Taji Isindu Shivachi January 2021 Page No.: 415-421<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d441048 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d441048\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4411ae\" data-id=\"d4411ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4412ee elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4412ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study set out to investigate gender differences in contraceptive use and preference among persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs). The study was conducted in a rural setting in the South-western part of Kenya. The study revealed that women have a higher rate of attendance of ART and reproductive health clinic than their male counterparts. This study also found that women demonstrated a higher level of knowledge regarding contraceptive methods, compared to men. Finally, the study reveals that while more women in the study area preferred implants over any other contraceptive method, most of them nonetheless utilize injections more than implants. This could be as a result of the influence of their male sexual partners, most of whom prefer the injection. The study further reveals that men preferred condoms mainly because of the influence of the clinical officers\u2019 advice and their ready availability.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 415-421\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chrisphine O. Omollo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRongo University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Paul Obino Ong\u2019anyi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alfred Otieno Agwanda <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi,Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Taji Isindu Shivachi4<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRongo University, Kenya\r\n \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdilo T. M. (2017). Prevalence and Determinants of contraceptive Utilization among Reproductive age women living with HIV\/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; A cross Sectional Study Design. EC Gynaecoogy 4.3: 97-112 DOI: 10.31080\/ecgy.2017.04.00093\r\n[2]\tBongomin F., Chelangat M., Eriatu A., Onen B. C., Cheputyo P., Godmercy S. A., Ekuk, E., Idony F. and Obol J. H., Prevalence and factors associated with contraceptive use among HIV-infected Women of Reproductive Age attending infectious Disease Clinic at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Northern Uganda.  Biomed Research International. Vol. 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/9680514 \r\n[3]\tCurtis K. M., Mohllajee A.P, Peterson H. B., (2006). Contraception. Regret following female sterilization at a young age: a systematic review. Developmental Review, 2, 342-370.\r\n[4]\tDamian D. J., George J. M., Martin, E. Beatrice T. and Sia E. M., (2018). Prevalence and factors Infleuncing Modern Contraceptive Use among HIV-positive women in Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania. Contracept Reprod Med 3, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40834-018-0060-2  \r\n[5]\tEgessa J. J (2010). Utilization of Family Planning Services among sexually active people living with HIV\/AIDS in Taso Tororo. Makerere University, Uganda Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, Inc.\r\n[6]\tLandolt K. T., Sudrak L., and Jintanat A. (2011). Contraception in HIV-positive female adolescents: Research and Therapy, http:\/\/www.aidsrestherapy.com\/content\/8\/1\/19learning and cognition (pp. 25-80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.\r\n[7]\tMagala I.,Onega L., Rose N., et al., (2017). Factors Influencing contraceptive uptake among sexually active HIV positive clients in Taso Masaka, Uganda . J Public Health Policy Plann.1(2):46-49\r\n[8]\tMallet J.,and Kalambi V. (2008). Coerced and forced sterilization of HIV-positive women Namibia. HIV AIDS Policy Law Report \r\n[9]\tMochache V., Lakhani A., El-Busaidy H., Jemmerman M. and Gichangi P. (2018). Pattern and Determinants of Contraceptive usage among women of reproductive age from the Digo community residing in Kwale, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional household survey. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 18:10 DOI 10.1186\/s12905-017-0497-5\r\n[10]\tMulongo, A. M., Lihana, R. W., Githuku, J., Gura, Z., &#038;Karanja, S. (2017). Factors associated with uptake of dual contraception among HIV-infected women in Bungoma County, Kenya: a cross-sectional study. The Pan African medical journal, 28(Suppl 1), 2. doi:10.11604\/pamj.supp.2017.28.1.9289\r\n[11]\tNjuguna E, Ilovi S, Muiruri P, Mutai K, Kinuthia J, Njoroge P. (2017). Factors influencing the utilization of family planning services among HIV infected women in a Kenyan health facility. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 6(5):1746\u201352.\r\n[12]\tOchako R., Temmerman M., Mbondo M., et al., (2017). Determinants of Modern Contraception among sexually active men in Kenya. Reprod Health 1456. https:\/\/doi.org.\/10.1186\/s12978-0170316-3. \r\n[13]\tOni E. E., Ross A., Van der Linde S. (2013). Contraceptive Practices amongst HIV-Positive Women on Antiretroviral Therapy attending an ART clinic in South Africa. Afr J. Prm Health Care Fam. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v5i1.461\r\n[14]\tPazol K. Kramer M.R., and Hogue C.J. (2010). Condoms for dual protection: patterns of use with highly effective contraceptive methods. Public Health Report 2010\r\n[15]\tPokharel R., Bhattarai G., Shresthe N. and Onta S. (2018). Knowledge and utilization of family planning methods among people living with HIV in Kathmandu, Nepal. BMC Health Services Research18:836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3643-3. \r\n[16]\tStringer E. M., Kaseba C. Levy J., Sinkala M., Goldenberg R. L., Chi B. H., Matongo I., Vermund S. H, Mwanahamuntu M., Stringer J. S., (2007). A randomized trial of the intrauterine contraceptive device vs hormonal contraception in women who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Am J. ObsterGynecol\r\n[17]\tWamalwa E., Nayole E., Poipoi M., Ringera W., Otomu G., Bitok M., and Mbaluka R., (2015). Condom Use Determinants and practices among People living with HIV in Kisii County, Kenya. The Open AIDS Journal. 9, 104-111.1874-6136\/15 \r\n[18]\tWekesa E. and Coast E. (2015). Contraceptive need and use among individuals with HIV\/AIDs living in the slums of Nairobi, kenya. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK.\r\n[19]\tWorke M. D, Bezabih L. M, and Woldetasdik M. A. (2016). Utilization of contraception among sexually active HIV positive women attending art clinic in University of Gondar Hospital: a hospital based cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health;16:67.\r\n[20]\tWilson T.E., Koenig L.G., Walter E., Fernandez I., and Esther K. (2003).Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Project. Dual contraceptive method use for pregnancy and disease prevention among HIV-infected and un-infected women: the importance of an event-level focus for promoting safer sexual behaviors. Sex transm dis 2003, 30(11): 80912(3): e0172992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172992.\r\n[21]\tYaya I, Patassi AA, Landoh DE, et al. (2018) Modern contraceptive use among HIV infected women attending HIV care centres in Togo: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open; 8:e019006. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019006\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chrisphine O. Omollo, Paul Obino Ong\u2019anyi, Alfred Otieno Agwanda, and Taji Isindu Shivachi, &#8220;Genderized Perspectives on Contraceptive Use: An Exploratory Study of Persons Living with HIV in Rural Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.415-421 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/415-421.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/415-421.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/genderized-perspectives-on-contraceptive-use-an-exploratory-study-of-persons-living-with-hiv-in-rural-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Genderized Perspectives on Contraceptive Use: An Exploratory Study of Persons Living with HIV in Rural Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4420ec elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4420ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4421dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4421dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d456ee0\" data-id=\"d456ee0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d45773b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d45773b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4577d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4577d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d457937\" data-id=\"d457937\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d457a55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d457a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d457af2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d457af2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d457c41\" data-id=\"d457c41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d457d49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d457d49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d457dea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d457dea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d457f52\" data-id=\"d457f52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d458073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d458073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Consequences of Covid-19 Pandemic on Hospitality Industry: The Nigeria Experience<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mercy Busayo BELLO, Yekinni Ojo BELLO, PhD. &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 422-425<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d458119 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d458119\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d45829a\" data-id=\"d45829a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4583fa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4583fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Abstract: Purpose: The current study explores consequences of Covid-19 pandemic on Nigerian hospitality industry. \r\nResearch Methodology: The exploratory study reviewed various reports and literature to make insightful inferences.\r\nFindings: The consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on Nigeria hospitality industry include strain on the operations and revenue generation of the industry, steep decline in hotel occupancy rates and low customers\u2019 turnover in other hospitality facilities, uncontainable job losses, and mass sales of hospitality business facilities.\r\nResearch Implications: By establishing the consequences of Covid-19 pandemic on Nigeria hospitality industry, this study offers an insight for the government of Nigeria to put in place business safety nets such as relief fund for hospitality business owners, and implementation of national tax relief policy to repositioning the sector for national prosperity. Aside, hospitality scholars are expected to shift their research focus to develop solutions for the industry. In addition, hospitality business owners in Nigeria should explore business innovative strategies to reach out to their prospective customers\r\nOriginality: This paper contributes to the literature that examined the impacts of Covid-19 crises on the hospitality industry in an emerging country with focus on Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 422-425\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5119<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mercy Busayo BELLO<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal Polytechnic Auchi, School of Applied Sciences, Department of Hospitality Management Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Yekinni Ojo BELLO, PhD.  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Port Harcourt, Faculty of Management Sciences, Department of Hospitality Management and Tourism Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdenomon, M. O., and Maijamaa, B. (2020). On the Effects of COVID-19 outbreak on the Nigerian Stock Exchange performance: Evidence from GARCH Models.\r\n[2]\tAnderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., and Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020). How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19. The Lancet, 395,(10228), 931\u2013934.\r\n[3]\tAnthony, B., Marcelo, F., Andrew, H., Sarah, J., Neil, K., David, P., and Kelvin, V. C. (2004). Vission 2020; Forcasting International Student Mpbility; A UK Perspective. England: British Council Department.\r\n[4]\tBello, Y. O. (2018). Hospitality and Tourism Economics. Ondo: Grace Excellent Publishers.\r\n[5]\tBello, Y. O., and Majebi, E. C. (2018). Lodging Quality Index Approach: Exploring the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customers Satisfaction in Hotel Industry. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Studies, 7, (1), 58-78.\r\n[6]\tBello, Y. O., and Bello, M. B. (2020). Introduction to Hospitality and Tourism Management. Ilorin: Ppabulun Global Limited.\r\n[7]\tBukola, A. (2017). Trouble Times for the Eatery Business. The Nation, p. 12.\r\n[8]\tDube, K., Nhamo, G., and Chikodzi, D. (2020). Current Issues in Tourism COVID-19 cripples\u2019 global restaurant and hospitality industry. Current Issues in Tourism, doi.org\/10.1080\/13683500.2020.1773416.\r\n[9]\tEkwujuru, P. (2016). Tourism contributes N1.7bn to GDP in Q3 2016. Lagos: Vangard Newspaper, Sunday 19 November.\r\n[10]\tEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2020). COVID-19 Situation update (4th April, 2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases.\r\n[11]\tGossling, S., Scott, S., and Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemic, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20. Doi.org\/10.1080\/09669582.2020.1758708.\r\n[12]\tILO. (2020). COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses. Geneve, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation.\r\n[13]\tJacob, O. N., Abigeal, I., and Lydia, A. E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the Higher Institutions Development in Nigeria. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 126-135.\r\n[14]\tJennifer, B., and Thea, C. (2013). Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report: Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job Creation. Geneva: World Economic Forum.\r\n[15]\tJumia Travel. (2017). The Hospitality and Tourism Outlook in Nigeria. Lagos: Jumia Travel Nigeria.\r\n[16]\tMcKibbin, W. J., and Sidorenko, A. (2006). Global macroeconomic consequences of pandemic influenza. Sydney, Australia: Lowy Institute for International Policy.\r\n[17]\tNairametrics. (2020). Hotels in Nigeria are on the verge of collapse (24th September, 2020). Retrieved from nairametrics.com\/2020\/09\/24\/hotels-in-nigeria-are-on-the-verge-of-collapse.\r\n[18]\tNigeria Center for Disease Control. (2002a). An update of COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria (14th March, 2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thenigerianvoice.com\/news\/update-on-covid-19-in-nigeria.html.\r\n[19]\tNigeria Center for Disease Control. (2020b). Coronavirus-Nigeria: Covid 19 Case Update (28th December, 2020). Retrieved from africannew.com\/2020\/12\/29\/coronavirus\/Nigeria\/covid19\/caseupdate.\r\n[20]\tOhia, C., Bakarey, A. S., &#038; Ahmad, T. (2020). COVID-19 and Nigeria: Putting the realities in context. International Journal of Infectious Diseases.\r\n[21]\tOlapegba, P. O., Ayandele, O., Kolawole, S. O., Oguntayo, R., Gandi, J. C., Dangiwa, A. L. and Iorfa, S. K. (2020). A Preliminary Assessment of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge and Perceptions in Nigeria.\r\n[22]\tOzili, P. K. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis:The Nigerian experience and structural causes (30th December, 2020). Retrieved from Central Bank of Nigeria: https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/103131\/MPRA Paper No. 103131.\r\n[23]\tPoulos, C., Curran, D., Anastassopoulou, A., and De Moerlooze, L. (2018). German travellers\u2019 preferences for travel vaccines assessed by a discrete choice experiment. Vaccine, 36, (7), 969-978.\r\n[24]\tPricewaterhouseCoopers. (2018). As good as it gets? UK Hotels Forecast 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018, from www.pwc.co.uk\/hospitality-leisure.\r\n[25]\tRobert, H. W., Jack, D. N., David, K. H and Michele, A. A. (2007). Professional Front Office Management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education INC.\r\n[26]\tThe Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI). (2020). COVID-19: LCCI seeks support for hospitality sector to prevent job loss (31st December, 2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pulse.ng\/business\/covid-19-lcci-seeks-support-for-hospitality-sector-to-prevent-job-loss.\r\n[27]\tThe Voice of Africa. (2020). African News. Retrieved December 29th , 2020, from Africannews.com\/tag\/coronavirus.\r\n[28]\tWorld Health Organisation. (2020). WHO Coronavirus Dieease (Covid 19) Dashboard. Retrieved 2020, from COVID-19.WHO.IMT\/region\/amro\/country\/US.\r\n[29]\tWorld Tourism Organization. (2016). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. Retrieved from Madrid: UNWTO:http:\/\/www.unwto.org\/facts\/eng\/barometer.htm.\r\n[30]\tWu, T., Perrings, C., Kinzig, A., Collins, J. P., Minteer, B. A., and Daszak, P. (2017). Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: a review. Ambio, 46, (1), 18-29.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mercy Busayo BELLO, Yekinni Ojo BELLO, PhD. &#8220;Consequences of Covid-19 Pandemic on Hospitality Industry: The Nigeria Experience&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.422-425 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5119<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/422-425.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/consequences-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-hospitality-industry-the-nigeria-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Consequences of Covid-19 Pandemic on Hospitality Industry: The Nigeria Experience<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d459299 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d459299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d459399 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d459399\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d459521\" data-id=\"d459521\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d474b45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d474b45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d474c2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d474c2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d474db5\" data-id=\"d474db5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d474ee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d474ee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d474f89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d474f89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4750ef\" data-id=\"d4750ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4751fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4751fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4752a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4752a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4753f4\" data-id=\"d4753f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d475504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d475504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4755a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4755a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4756f2\" data-id=\"d4756f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4757f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4757f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d47589a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d47589a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4759f6\" data-id=\"d4759f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d475b18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d475b18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Nature of social media usage by university students in Sri Lanka: A survey<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>A.W.V Athukorala- January 2021 Page No.: 426-432<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d475bb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d475bb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d475d2c\" data-id=\"d475d2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d475e74 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d475e74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Social media is rapidly spreading among the university communities in order to establish a good link between them with technological advances.  Today, most Sri Lankan university students use comprehensive electronic devices, such as notebooks, tablets and smartphones, and have easy Internet connectivity. The lack of understanding of its use and its impact on the academic activities of consumers, especially among students at university, is one of the major constraints of current Sri Lankan social media literature. Empirical analysis is important to help understand why and how knowledge and appraisal of social media are useful on the numerous social media platforms. Therefore, objective of this research is to investigate the Nature of social media usage by university students in Sri Lanka. The survey method was used to address the research objectives, the population of the study consisted of students of the Faculty of Arts in the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. A structural questionnaire was emailed to 500 university students at the faculty of Arts with a brief background to the research.  Convenient sampling technique was adopted to administer the research tool (questionnaire) on 500 students (N=500). The response rate was 71.2% (as (n=356 responses complete in all respects were received). The data collected through questionnaire was analyzed through MS-Excel Programmed and the results are presented in tabular cum graphical form. Research found that, the majority of Sri Lankan university students use extensively electronic devices such as smartphones to access to the social media. Study found that, university students use numerous social media resources and apps. Facebook is described by university students as the most frequent and powerful social media site for networking purposes. The variables that affect students on the use of social media based on gender disparities are defined in the following order, based on their importance. In line with priority: male student&#8217;s, convenience, costs, credibility, time, legal risk, copyright and permanency. For female students these variables are the following: convenience, legal risk, cost, Privacy, credibility, time, and copyright. Research is important in this regard and enlightens the social networks of Sri Lankan students and their impact in the social media of Sri Lanka on education and academic growth. A study reveals that, considering the comparatively new field, social media rapidly spread through university societies to establish a strong relation with technical developments and to propose further research. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 426-432\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 February 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5130\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5130<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A.W.V Athukorala<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Assistant Librarian, Sri Palee Campus, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAli Al-Atwi, A. (2019), \u201cThe effect of social network ties on performance: a moderated mediation model\u201d, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJPPM-01-2019-0038\r\n[2]\tAlwagait, E., Shahzad, B. and Alim, S. (2015), \u201cImpact of social media usage on students\u2019 academic performance in Saudi Arabia\u201d, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 51, pp. 1092-1097.\r\n[3]\tAlshuaibi, M.S.I., Alshuaibi, A.S.I., Shamsudin, F.M. and Arshad, D.A. (2018), \u201cUse of social media, student engagement, and academic performance of business students in Malaysia\u201d, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 32, pp. 625-640\r\n[4]\tAppiah, M.K. (2016), \u201cInfluence of WhatsApp on study habit of university students in Ghana\u201d, International Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 280-292.\r\n[5]\tBarry, D.S., Marzouk, F., Chulak-Oglu, K., Bennett, D., Tierney, P. and O\u2019Keeffe, G.W. (2016), \u201cAnatomy education for the YouTube generation\u201d, Anatomical Sciences Education, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 90-96, doi: 10.1002\/ ase.1550.\r\n[6]\tBryman, A &#038; Bell, E. (2003). Business research methods. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[7]\tDoleck, T. and Lajoie, S. (2018), \u201cSocial networking and academic performance: a review\u201d, Education and Information, Technologies, Vol. 23No. 1, pp. 435-465.\r\n[8]\tFalahah and Rosmala.D (2012) .Study on social networking usage in higher education environment, the 3rd international conference on e-learning, ICEL (2011) 23-24 November. Available at www.sciencedirect.com\r\n[9]\tFasae, J.K. and Adegbilero-Iwari, I. (2016), \u201cUse of social media by science students in public universities in southwest Nigeria\u201d, The Electronic Library, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 213-222, doi: 10.1108\/EL-11-2014-0205.\r\n[10]\tFriedman, K.A., Herman, S.W. and Fornari, A. (2019), \u201cMedical education using minimal technology: achieving professional development\u201d, Medical Education Online, Vol. 24 No. 1, p. 1622365, doi: 10.1080\/ 10872981.2019.1622365\r\n[11]\tGiunchiglia, F., Zeni, M., Gobbi, E., Bignotti, E. and Bison, I. (2018), \u201cMobile social media usage and academic performance\u201d, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 82, pp. 177-185.\r\n[12]\tHamade, S.N. (2013), \u201cPerception and use of social networking sites among university students\u201d, Library Review, Vol. 62 Nos 6\/7, pp. 388-397.\r\n[13]\tHealy, F. (2015), \u201cTechnology and the changing education landscape\u201d, available at: www.leadscon.com\/technologychanging-education-landscape\/\r\n[14]\tKaplan, A.  M., &#038; Haenlein,  M.  (2010). Users of the world, unite!  The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53, 59-68 \r\n[15]\tLangat, A.C. (2015), \u201cInfluence of social media on study habits of undergraduate students in Kenyan universities\u201d, International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 42-55.\r\n[16]\tLenhart, A (2015).Teens, Technology and Friendships: Video games, social media and mobile phones play an integral role in how teens meet and interact with friends. Internet, science and tech Pew Research Centre\r\n[17]\tManca, S. and Ranieri, M. (2016).Facebook and the others. Potential and obstacles of social media for teaching in higher education. Computers and Education, 95, pp. 216-230.\r\n[18]\tMohamed, H.K. and Sumitha, E. (2011), \u201cPerception and use of social networking sites by the students of Calicut University\u201d, DESIDOC Journal of Library &#038; Information Technology, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 295-301.\r\n[19]\tMustafa, S.E. and Hamzah, A. (2011), \u201cOnline social networking: a new form of social interaction\u201d, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 96-103.\r\n[20]\tPrensky, M. (2012), From Digital Natives to Digital Wisdom Introduction:HopefulEssays for 21st Century Education;Corwin.pp.1-9.\r\n[21]\tSharma, S.K; Joshi, A and Sharma, H. (2016).A multi-analytical approach to predict the Facebook usage in higher education. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, pp.340-353.\r\n[22]\tShittu, A.T., Basha, K.M., AbdulRahman, N.S.N. and Ahmad, T.B.T. (2011), \u201cInvestigating students\u2019 attitude and intention to use social software in higher institution of learning in Malaysia\u201d, Multicultural Education&#038; Technology Journal, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 194-208.\r\n[23]\tSingh, K.P. and Gill, M.S. (2015), \u201cRole and users\u2019 approach to social networking sites (SNSs): a study of universities of North India\u201d, The Electronic Library, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 19-34.\r\n[24]\tVijayakiruthik. S 1 and Maheswaranathan. S2 1,2 Department of Economics, Eastern University of Sri Lank\r\n[25]\tWickramanayake, L. and Muhammad Jika, S.M. (2018), \u201cSocial media use by undergraduate students of education in Nigeria: a survey\u201d, The Electronic Library, Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 21-37, doi: 10.1108\/EL-01-2017-0023\r\n[26]\tYang, C.C. and Lee, Y. (2020), \u201cInteractants and activities on Facebook, Instagram, and twitter: associations between social media use and social adjustment to college\u201d, Applied Developmental Science, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 62-78, doi: 10.1080\/10888691.2018.1440233.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">A.W.V Athukorala &#8220;Nature of social media usage by university students in Sri Lanka: A survey&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.426-432 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5130<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/426-432.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/nature-of-social-media-usage-by-university-students-in-sri-lanka-a-survey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nature of social media usage by university students in Sri Lanka: A survey<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d476e04 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d476f31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4770fa\" data-id=\"d4770fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48e941 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48e941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d48ea4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d48ea4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d48ebfb\" data-id=\"d48ebfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48ed31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48ed31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d48edd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d48edd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d48ef31\" data-id=\"d48ef31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48f03c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48f03c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d48f0e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d48f0e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d48f233\" data-id=\"d48f233\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48f347 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48f347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d48f3e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d48f3e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d48f53b\" data-id=\"d48f53b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48f644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48f644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d48f6ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d48f6ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d48f834\" data-id=\"d48f834\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48f94b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48f94b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d48f9eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d48f9eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d48fb5d\" data-id=\"d48fb5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48fc6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d48fc6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Standard 8 Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance in Day Primary Schools in Mbooni West Sub-County<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Naomi Munanye Ndemwa, Lewis Muli Ngesu &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 433-436<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d48fd0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d48fd0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d48fe7a\" data-id=\"d48fe7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48ffa0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d48ffa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of socio-economic status on standard eight pupils\u2019 academic performance in Mbooni West Sub County, Kenya. The study investigated the influence of a family\u2019s source of income, parents\u2019 level of education and availability of facilities\/resources on standard eight pupils\u2019 academic performance. The respondents were randomly selected. The research instruments used in this study included questionnaires for standard eight teachers and pupils and interview schedules for head teachers. Quantitative data were analyzed and the results were presented using frequency tables, pie charts, bar graphs and percentages. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis, which in turn was analyzed by organizing data into themes, patterns and sub-topics. The study established that there was a significant influence of socio-economic status on academic performance. The study further established that parents\u2019 economic status had a strong bearing on pupils\u2019 academic performance. In addition, the study established those parents\u2019 occupation and availability of facilities\/resources both at home and school significantly influenced academic performance. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should establish more boarding schools for pupils from Low Social Economic status homes in order to promote equity in education, access and hence good performance. The study also recommends that the government should engage in a serious campaign to create awareness for adult education for parents with low levels of education. The study further recommends that head teachers and teachers from day primary schools should carry out sensitization campaigns on the role of education in social, economic and political development of a nation. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 433-436\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Naomi Munanye Ndemwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD student, University of Nairobi\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Lewis Muli Ngesu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Professor, University of Nairobi\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbagi, J.O. and Sheila W.P. (1994). Household based factors affecting participation and performance in schools in Nairobi. Institute of policy     research and analysis. Accessed athttp:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke\/bitstream\/handle\/11295\/27453\/full%20text.pdf?sequence=1.\r\n[2]\tAdewale, A.M. (2002). Implication of parasitic infections on school performance among school- age children. Journal of Science Education, 2, 78-81.\r\n[3]\tBrady, B. (2006). Facilitating family decision making: A study of the family welfare conference service in the HSE West area (Galway, Mayo, &#038; Roscommon). Galway, HSE\/NUI, Galway Child &#038; Family Research and Policy Unit: 179.\r\n[4]\tBlakemore, K. and Cooksey, B. (1981). A sociology of education for Africa. London: Allen and Unwin.\r\n[5]\tCaldas, S. J., &#038; Bankston, C. L. (1997). The effect of school population socioeconomic status on individual student academic achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 90, 269-277.\r\n[6]\tChinyoka, K. &#038; Naidu, N. (2013). Uncaging the caged: Exploring the impact of poverty on the academic performance of Form three learners in Zimbabwe. International journal of Educational Sciences, 6, 203-213.\r\n[7]\tClarissa P. (1992). Women who run with the wolves: Myths and stories of the wild woman archetype. New York: Ballantine Books.\r\n[8]\tDesarrollo, I. (2007). The quality of education in Latin America and Caribbean Latin America: Research Work Institute Desarrollo: Paraguay. \r\n[9]\tEvans, H. (1999). Gender and achievement in secondary education in Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: Planning Institute of Jamaica.\r\n[10]\tHinnum, E. and Park, A. (2004). Children\u2019s educational engagement in rural China: Spencer Foundation.\r\n[11]\tJagero, N.O. (1999).  An evaluation of the factors affecting the quality of education in day secondary schools in Kenya: A case study of Kisumu district: M. Phil Thesis, Moi University, Eldoret.\r\n[12]\tKunje, D.; Meke, S. and Ogawa, K. (2009). Investigation of the Relationship between School and Pupil Characteristics and Achievement at the Basic Education Level in Malawi. Journal of International Cooperation in Education, 12, 1, 33-49.\r\n[13]\tMachebe, C.H. (2012) Influence of Parental socio- economic status on students\u2019 academic achievement in secondary schools in Ezeagu G. of Enugu state (an unpublished thesis in the department of educational foundations university of Nigeria Nsukka.\r\n[14]\tMensch, S. and B. Lloyd (1998). \u201cGender differences in the schooling experiences of adolescents in low-income countries: The case of Kenya.\u201d Studies in Family Planning, 29(2), 167\u2013184.\r\n[15]\tOnyango, P. (2003). Taking stock of achievements and lessons learned: A report of a review on IPEC action against child labour in Kenya between 1992-2002.\r\n[16]\tTyler, R. (1977). The organization of learning experiences. In A. A. Bellack &#038; H. M. Kliebard (Eds.), Curriculum and evaluation (pp. 45\u201355). Berkeley, CA: McCutchan Publishers.\r\n[17]\tWorld Bank. (2002). what works in girl\u2019s education, school completion rates. Washington D.C: World Bank.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Naomi Munanye Ndemwa, Lewis Muli Ngesu  &#8220;Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Standard 8 Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance in Day Primary Schools in Mbooni West Sub-County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.433-436 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/433-436.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/433-436.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-socio-economic-factors-on-standard-8-pupils-academic-performance-in-day-primary-schools-in-mbooni-west-sub-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Standard 8 Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance in Day Primary Schools in Mbooni West Sub-County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d490f6f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d490f6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4a1f04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4a1f04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4a20fb\" data-id=\"d4a20fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2242 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4a2242\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4a22dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4a22dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2450\" data-id=\"d4a2450\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4a256f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4a256f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4a25f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4a25f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2745\" data-id=\"d4a2745\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4a285c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4a285c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4a28dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4a28dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2a59\" data-id=\"d4a2a59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2b68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4a2b68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2be9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4a2be9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2d5d\" data-id=\"d4a2d5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2e67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4a2e67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Earnings Performance on Financial Stability of Selected Banks in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yakubu, Bala Zakari &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 437-446<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4a2f06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4a2f06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4a309f\" data-id=\"d4a309f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4a3235 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4a3235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper assesses the impact earnings performance indicators on the financial stability of banks in Nigeria. The study area composed of twelve selected deposit money banks listed on Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) covering the period of five years from 2014 to 2018. Description statistics was used to analyse the study variables, whereas correlation technique has been utilized to evaluate the impact of firm earnings performance on the financial stability of the banks. It is found that there is sturdy link between the firms\u2019 earnings performance and the financial stability. It is additionally reveal that share worth of Banks in Nigeria be explained more considerably by the amount further than the banks\u2019 ancient measures of earnings.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 437-446\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5120<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yakubu, Bala Zakari <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, Nasarawa state Polytechnic, Lafia.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbate, J. 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Sparing (2000), The relationship between \teconomic value added and the stock market performance of agribusiness firms\u2019, Agribusiness, 16(4), \tpp. 399-416.\r\n[82]\tVafeas, N., L. Trigeorgis and X. Georgiou (1998). The usefulness of earnings in explaining stock \treturns in an emerging market: The case of Cyprus\u2019, European Accounting Review, 7(1), \t105-126.\r\n[83]\tWorthington, A. C. and T. West (2001), Economic value-added: a review of the theoretical and empirical literature, Asian Review of Accounting, 9(1), 67-86. \r\n[84]\tWorthington, A. C. and T. West (2004), Australian evidence concerning the information content \tof economic value-added, Australian Journal of Management, 29(2201-224.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yakubu, Bala Zakari &#8220;Impact of Earnings Performance on Financial Stability of Selected Banks in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.437-446 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5120<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b4821\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b4a5d\" data-id=\"d4b4a5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b4ba0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b4ba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b4c65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b4c65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b4de9\" data-id=\"d4b4de9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b4f15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b4f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Adherence to complementary gender stereotypes and attitudes towards male infidelity<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Achille Vicky DZUETSO MOUAFO, Hermann Kevin EKANGO NZEKAIH, St\u00e9phane SOGBOU LOYEM -January 2021 Page No.: 447-453<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b4fba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b4fba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b513a\" data-id=\"d4b513a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b5287 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4b5287\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assesses the effect of adherence to complementary gender stereotypes on attitudes toward male infidelity. It aims to contribute to the literature on the implication of stereotypes in the maintenance of disproportionate social and sexual conditions (Eagly &#038; Wood, 1999; Jost &#038; Kay, 2005; Kahalon, 2018). It tests the hypothesis that adherence to complementary gender stereotypes has an effect on attitudes towards male infidelity. 87 students of both sexes, enrolled in the psychology unit of the University of Dschang (Cameroon), were selected to participate voluntarily in the study. Their age varies between 15 and 41 years (M. = 21.44; SD = 4.71). The procedure of data collection was inspired by Jost and Kay\u2019s work (2005). Participants responded to measures of complementary gender stereotypes, simple gender stereotypes, and attitudes toward male infidelity. The data collected provides empirical support for the hypothesis of the study. Indeed, adherence to complementary gender stereotypes positively affects attitude towards male infidelity (\u03b2 = 16.67; t = 3.58; p \u02c2 .02), just as much as adherence to simple gender stereotypes (\u03b2 = 19.23; t = 5.29; p \u02c2 .01). It is concluded that men and women mutually participate in maintaining disproportionate social and sexual conditions.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 447-453\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5121<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Achille Vicky DZUETSO MOUAFO<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy\/Psychology, University of Maroua, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Hermann Kevin EKANGO NZEKAIH<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy-Psychology-Sociology, University of Dschang, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> St\u00e9phane SOGBOU LOYEM <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInternational Relations Institute of Cameroon, University of Yaound\u00e9 II, Cameroon\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBandura, A. 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American Psychologist, 56, 109-118.\r\n[12]\tGlick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J., Abrams, D., Masser, B., et al. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763-775.\r\n[13]\tGlick, P., Wilk, K., &#038; Perreault, M. (1995). Images of occupations: Components of gender and status in occupational stereotypes. Sex Roles, 32, 565-582.\r\n[14]\tHoffman, C., &#038; Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208.\r\n[15]\tJackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. University of California Press.\r\n[16]\tJost, J. T., &#038; Kay, A. C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (3), 498-509.\r\n[17]\tKahalon, R., Shnabel, N., &#038; Becker, J. C. (2018). Positive stereotypes, negative outcomes: reminders of the positive components of complementary gender stereotypes impair performance in counter-stereotypical tasks. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(2), 1-26.\r\n[18]\tKay, A. C., &#038; Jost, J. T. (2003). Complementary justice: Effects of \u201cpoor but happy\u201d and \u201cpoor but honest\u201d stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 823-837.\r\n[19]\tLangford, T., &#038; MacKinnon, N. J. (2000). The affective bases for the gendering of traits: Comparing the United States and Canada. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 34-48.\r\n[20]\tLewandowski, G., &#038; Ackerman, R. (2006). Something&#8217;s Missing: Need Fulfillment and Self Expansion as Predictors of Susceptibility to Infidelity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(4), 389-403.\r\n[21]\tMark, K. P., Janssen, E., Milhausen, R. R. (2011). Infidelity in heterosexual couples: Demographic, Interpersonal, and Personality-related predictiors of extradyadic sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 971-826.\r\n[22]\tMehrinejad, A., &#038; Shahabi, F., (2018). Prediction of attitude toward extramarital relationships based on impulsivity and personality trais. Journal of Reseach and Health, 8(6), 492-498.\r\n[23]\tMichael, R.T., Gagnon, J. H., Laumann, E. O., &#038; Kolata, G. (1995). Sex in America: A\r\ndefinitive survey. Warner Books.\r\n[24]\tMihalic, S. W., &#038; Elliott, D. (2005). A social learning theory model of marital violence. In T. Chibucos &#038; R. Leite (Eds.), Readings in Family Theory (pp. 98). Sage Inc.\r\n[25]\tOjedokun, I. M. (2015). Extramarital affair as correlate of reproductive health and home instability among couples in Ibadan, Nigeria. 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Caract\u00e9ristiques sociod\u00e9mographiques et psychologiques des individus gardant secr\u00e8te leur infid\u00e9lit\u00e9. Th\u00e8se de doctorat d\u00e9fendue \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval.\r\n[32]\tSprecher, S., Regan, P., &#038; McKinney, K. (1998). Beliefs about the outcomes of extramarital sexual relationships as a function of the gender of the \u2018cheating spouse.\u2019 Sex Roles, 38, 301-311.\r\n[33]\tStrong, B., DeVault, C., &#038; Cohen, T. (2005). The marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society (9th ed.). Wadsworth.\r\n[34]\tTornstam, L. (1992). Loneliness in marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(2), 197-217.\r\n[35]\tVogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Heesacker, M., &#038; Madon, S. (2003). Confirming gender stereotypes: A social role perspective. Behavioral Science, 48, 519-528.\r\n[36]\tWhatley, M. (2006). Attitudes toward Infidelity Scale. Available at mwhatley@valdosta.edu.\r\n[37]\tWilliams, J. E., &#038; Best, D. L. (1982). Measuring sex stereotypes: A thirty-nation study. Sage.\r\n[38]\tYeneceri, Z., &#038; Kokdemir, D. (2006). University students\u2019 perceptions of, and explanations for, infidelity: The development of the infidelity questionnaire (INFQ). Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34(6), 639-650.\r\n[39]\tZare, B. (2011). Review of studies on infidelity. Singapore: IACSIT Press.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Achille Vicky DZUETSO MOUAFO, Hermann Kevin EKANGO NZEKAIH, St\u00e9phane SOGBOU LOYEM, &#8220;Adherence to complementary gender stereotypes and attitudes towards male infidelity&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.447-453 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5121<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/447-453.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/adherence-to-complementary-gender-stereotypes-and-attitudes-towards-male-infidelity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adherence to complementary gender stereotypes and attitudes towards male infidelity<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b60fe elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4b60fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b61fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b61fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6379\" data-id=\"d4b6379\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b649b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b649b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b653c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b653c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6697\" data-id=\"d4b6697\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b67aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b67aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b684b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b684b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b699f\" data-id=\"d4b699f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6aa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b6aa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6b41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b6b41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6c89\" data-id=\"d4b6c89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6d99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b6d99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6e34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b6e34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4b6f81\" data-id=\"d4b6f81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b7084 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4b7084\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b711d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4b711d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4c87ff\" data-id=\"d4c87ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4c8972 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4c8972\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Administrative Reconstitution and Political Solidary of the Ejagham in Cameroon under British Rule 1916-61<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Dr. Raphael Achou Etta &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 454-460<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4c8a36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4c8a36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4c8bc3\" data-id=\"d4c8bc3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4c8d02 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4c8d02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Emerging as an ethnic group that spread across the Cameroon-Nigerai borders, the different Ejagham entities were re-organized when the German colonial administrative context without agenda for their ethno-geographical limits. As part of the Ossidinge administrative Division under the Germans, the people did not enjoy ethnic specificity as they were merged with other ethnic polities like the Bayang and Bakuku .Circumstances developing from the end of the German rule and the establishment of British rule, brought about remarkable changes in the administrative composition of the Ejagham villages. The paper using primary and secondary sources and a qualitative analytical approach contends that, the British administrative re-organisation of ethnic groups to align with their philosophy of indirect rule had a double\u2013pronged incidence on the Ejagham. On one hand it constituted the villages into a common administrative bloc and in the other hand; it gave them the opportunity to knit political solidarity around the Cameroon option during the February 1961 UN organised plebiscite. This decision became a paradox of the social straddling that would have linked the Ejagham of Cameroon with their consanguine relative in Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 454-460\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Dr. Raphael Achou Etta<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Bamenda\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tNfone Dickson, age 89, Traditional Chief, Ekok, December 10th 2010.\r\nARCHIVAL MATERIALS\r\n[2]\tNational Archives Buea\r\n[3]\tFile No. 133\/1927 \r\n[4]\tAn Assessment Report on the Ekwe District of Mamfe.\r\n[5]\tFile No. 2O8 sd\/a 1933\/35, 1935.\r\n[6]\tFile No. Ep, 3977\/27, 1927.\r\n[7]\tAnnual Report on general programme and Development and Welfare Scheme Sc 1944.\r\n[8]\tFile No. 1460\/1937 Intelligence Report on Kembong area.\r\n[9]\tFile No. AF\/27\/1927, Assessment Report on the Keaka tribe area..\r\n[10]\tFile No. AF 30\/1939.\r\n[11]\tFile No 3364, Af28, Keaka Assessment Report.\r\n[12]\tFile No LGP.663, Ejagham Council, 1959.\r\n[13]\tFile No.Af 26\/1926 Assessment Report.\r\n[14]\tFile No.Af27\u20441927, Assessment Report on Obang\u2013Balundu District, Mamfe Division, 1925.\r\n[15]\tFile No.Ph\/1915\/1,78\/15, Proclamation of the Governor General 1917.\r\n[16]\tFile No.200\/1920 Cameroon Law administration.\r\n[17]\tSouthern Cameroons Information Service,17th February 1961\r\nSECONDARY SOURCES\r\n[18]\tDuncan,H.H., Mandates, Dependences and Trusteeship, London, stevens and Sons Ltd, 1948.\r\n[19]\tEbune, J.B., The Growth of Political parties in Southern Cameroons1916-1960, Yaounde,CEPER,  1992.\r\n[20]\tElango, Z.L.,TheAnglo-frenchCondominum in Cameroon 1914-1916:History of Misunderstanding, Limbe,Navi-Group Publications,1987. \r\n[21]\tManue ,G.R.,Cameroun cr\u00e9ation Fran\u00e7aise,la France totale,Paris,1931.\r\n[22]\tNicolson, I.F., The Administration of Nigeria, 1900-1960,Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1969.\r\nARTICLES AND JOURNALS\r\n[23]\tAmazee, P., \u201cThe U.N Two Alternatives: Result of the Plebiscite\u201d,Abbia ,Cameroon today and Tomorrow ,Vol.4, No.30,1961.\r\n[24]\tAnene, J.C., The International Boundaries of Nigeria 1885\u208b1960; the Framework of an Emergent African Nation, London, Longman group Limited, 1970.\r\n[25]\tOsuntokun, A.,\u201cAnglo-French Occupation and provisional Partition of the Cameroon 1914-1916,\u201dJHSN,VOL.7No.4, 1975.\r\n\r\nUNPUBLISHED SOURCES\r\n              Theses and Dissertations\r\n[26]\tAtem, G., Cameroon-Nigeria Relation 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social   Interraction between two neighbouring State, Ph.D Thesis in History, University of Calabar Nigeria, 1984.\r\n[27]\tBonchuk, O.M.,\u201dInternational boundaries and divided people; The case study of Boki and Ejagham Communities in the Cross RiverArea1884-1994\u201d, Ph.D Thesis in History, University of Calabar, 1999.\r\n[28]\tChem-Langh\u0451\u0451,B.,\u201cThe Kamerun Plebiscite 1959-1961: Perceptions and Strategies,\u201dPh.D thesis in History, University of British Columbia, 1976.\r\n[29]\tNgwar, B.E., \u201cWestern Education in Southern Cameroon between the World Wars (1922-1939)\u201d   Post Graduate Diploma in History, University of Yaounde, 1982\r\n[30]\tNiba, M.L, \u201cNationalism in the Southern Cameroons 1939-1959\u201d,Ph.D thesis in History,University of Nigeria,Nsuka, 1986.\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Dr. Raphael Achou Etta &#8220;Administrative Reconstitution and Political Solidary of the Ejagham in Cameroon under British Rule 1916-61&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.454-460 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/454-460.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/454-460.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/administrative-reconstitution-and-political-solidary-of-the-ejagham-in-cameroon-under-british-rule-1916-61\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Administrative Reconstitution and Political Solidary of the Ejagham in Cameroon under British Rule 1916-61<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4c9b63 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4c9b63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4ca715\" data-id=\"d4ca715\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4ca823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4ca823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4ca8be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4ca8be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4caa08\" data-id=\"d4caa08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4cab12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4cab12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4cabad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4cabad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4cad0f\" data-id=\"d4cad0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d76e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4d76e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Achieving High Employee Performance through Transformational Leadership in the Banking Sector<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Winnie Nyakundi,  Josphat Nyoni,   Martin Dandira,   Maxwell Chufama, Elias Kandjinga, Andrew Jeremiah- January 2021 Page No.: 461-466<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4d7800 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4d7800\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4d79e4\" data-id=\"d4d79e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d7b77 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4d7b77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to explore whether the adoption of transformational leadership leads to higher employee performance in the banking sector. The study was motivated by high staff turnover rates in the banking sector has led to the loss of critical staff and consequently affect employee performance. While there are several factors that contribute staff turnover in the banking sector this study was premised on the view that the nature of leadership style adopted by banks has a greater influence on the performance of workers. Thus, the objective of this research was to the influence of transformational leadership on employee performance. Its findings contribute to the body of knowledge on the relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance in the banking sector. The research adopted positivism philosophy and explanatory research design. Data was collected through a survey.  The findings of the study noted that adoption of transformational leadership enhanced employee motivation, employee loyalty, and employee commitment and employee productivity. Accordingly, the study concluded that elements of transformational leadership lead to improved performance of workers. Therefore, it is recommended that leaders in the banking sector should adopt transformational leadership premised on inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualised consideration to ameliorate employee performance. \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 461-466\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jimson Joseph Chumbula\r\n<\/strong>\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Winnie Nyakundi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen&#8217;s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Josphat Nyoni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen&#8217;s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Martin Dandira<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Maxwell Chufama <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Elias Kandjinga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Andrew Jeremiah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbasilim, D. (2014). Transformational Leadership Style and Its Relationship with Organisational Performance in Nigerian Work Context. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(9), 1-5. \r\n[2]\tAbuzaid, A. Al-Ma&#8217;aitah, N. Al-Haraisa, Y. &#038; Al-tarawneh, K. (2019). Examining the Impact of Transformational Leadership on the Strategic Decision Effectiveness of Jordanian Microfinance Companies. International Review of Management and Marketing, 9(2), 76-83.\r\n[3]\tAhmad, F., Abbas, T., Latif, S. &#038; Rasheed, A. (2014). Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employee Motivation in Telecommunication Sector. Journal of Management Policies and Practices, 2(2), 11\u201325.\r\n[4]\tAkeel, A. &#038; Subramaniam, D. (2013). The Role of Transformation Leadership Style in Motivating Public Sector Employees in Libya. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 7. 99-108.\r\n[5]\tAl-Abrrow, W. (2014). Transformational leadership and organizational performance in the public healthcare sector: The role of organizational learning and intellectual capital. Irish Journal of Management, 33(1), 27-48. \r\n[6]\tAl-Amin, Md. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee performance: the mediating effect of employee engagement. North South Business Review, 7 (2), 28-40.\r\n[7]\tAlhassan, Y. Ibrahim, O., Fuseini M., Issah, G. &#038; Eliasu, I. (2014). Assessing the effects of leadership styles on staff productivity in tamale polytechnic, Ghana.  International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(9)1-23.\r\n[8]\tAmin, W., Akram, U., Shahzad, F., &#038; Amir, M. (2018). Impact of Transformation Leadership on Affective Employee&#8217;s Commitment. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7 (1), 48-57.\r\n[9]\tAnis E., Syamsul M. &#038; Muzakki. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25 (3), 144-150.\r\n[10]\tAnjam, M. &#038; Ali, Y. (2016). Impact of leadership style on employee&#8217;s loyalty. Gulf-Paci\ufb01c Journal of Business Administration, l (2), 164 \u2013 177.\r\n[11]\tArif, S., &#038; Akram, A. (2018). Transformational Leadership and Organizational Performance. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 1 (3), 59-75.\r\n[12]\tAtia, M., Fahmy, T. &#038; Mohammed, H. (2017). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Employees&#8217; Organizational Commitment in Egyptian Airlines. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels &#8211; Sadat City University, 1(2), 58-77.\r\n[13]\tBass, B. M. (1999). Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9-32.\r\n[14]\tBass, B. M., &#038; Avolio, B. J. (1989). Potential biases in leadership measures: How prototypes, leniency, and general satisfaction relate to ratings and rankings of transformational and transactional leadership constructs. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49(3), 509\u2013527.\r\n[15]\tBass, B.M. 1985. Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.\r\n[16]\tBurns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York, NY: Harper &#038; Row.\u2028\r\n[17]\tChen, Y., Ning, R., Yang, T., Feng, S. &#038; Yang, C. (2018). Is transformational leadership always good for employee task performance? Examining curvilinear and moderated relationships. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 12(22), 2-28.\r\n[18]\tChully, A. A., &#038; Sandhya, N. (2014). Impact of transformational leadership style: a review of global studies in the past 5 years. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(8), 791-798. \r\n[19]\tCrotty, M. (1998). 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M\u00e4lardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering. \r\n[24]\tFairholm, M. R. (2001). The Four V&#8217;s of Leadership. Center for Excellence in Municipal Management, Working Paper. CR01-08. The George Washington University, Washington, DC.\r\n[25]\tGitoho, W. S., Muchara, M., &#038; Ngugi, J.K., (2016). Influence of Transformational Leadership Style on Employee Job Satisfaction: Case Study of Firms Listed at the NSE. International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics, 3 (2), 177-190.\r\n[26]\tGonnah, J. &#038; Ogollah, K. (2016). Effect of transformational leadership on performance of commercial banks in Kenya: Case of Family Bank Limited. International Academic Journal of Procurement and Supply Chain Management, 2 (1) 1-25. \r\n[27]\tGulluce, A., Kaygin, E., Kafadar, S. &#038; Atay, M. (2016) The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: A Study on the Bank Employees. 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International Journal of Educational Investigations 3 (8), 51-59. \r\n[41]\tSajid, M., Abbas, G. &#038; Adeel, A. (2017). Transformational Leadership and Employee Motivation in Banking Sector of Pakistan. Advances in Econom\t\tics and Business, 5(9) 487-494.\r\n[42]\tSeltzer, J., &#038; Bass, M. (1990). Transformational leadership: Beyond initiation and consideration. Journal of Management, 16(4) 693-703. \r\n[43]\t   Singhal, M. (2016). Job satisfaction and employee loyalty: A study of academicians. Asian J. Management, 7 (2), 1-5.\r\n[44]\t   Vatankhah, S., Alirezaei, S., Khosravizadeh, O., Mirbahaeddin, S. E., Alikhani, M., &#038; Alipanah, M. (2017). Role of transformational leadership on employee productivity of teaching hospitals: using structural equation modelling. Electronic physician, 9(8), 4978\u20134984. \r\n[45]\tWiklund, F., &#038; Jansson, S. (2019). Employee Loyalty and the Factors Affecting It: A qualitative study comparing people with different working experience on their view of employee loyalty. (Master\u2019s Dissertation). Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden.\r\n[46]\t  Yaghoubipoor, A., Tee, O. &#038; Ahmed, E. (2013). Impact of the relationship between transformational and traditional leadership styles on Iran&#8217;s automobile industry job satisfaction. World Review of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development, 9(1)14-24.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Winnie Nyakundi,  Josphat Nyoni,   Martin Dandira,   Maxwell Chufama, Elias Kandjinga, Andrew Jeremiah &#8220;Achieving High Employee Performance through Transformational Leadership in the Banking Sector&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.461-466 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/461-466.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/461-466.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/achieving-high-employee-performance-through-transformational-leadership-in-the-banking-sector\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Achieving High Employee Performance through Transformational Leadership in the Banking Sector<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d8a70 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4d8a70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4d8b62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4d8b62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4d8d01\" data-id=\"d4d8d01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d8e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4d8e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>OBU: The Sacred Homestead for Ancestor Veneration in Igbo Traditional Religion<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Madukasi Francis Chuks, PhD &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 467-477<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4d8ecf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4d8ecf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4d9064\" data-id=\"d4d9064\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d91bf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4d91bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The veneration of the Ancestor worship among the adherents of African Traditional religion has in Igbo land has been seen as a thing that is very sacrosanct in commemoration of both cults in the religious paradigm. The ancestors in the belief system of the Igbo serves as mediators to them through God, while in the religious worldview among the adherents of the African Traditional Religion, the ancestors acts as intermediaries in the extraterrestrial or spiritual landscape. The general believe among the Igbo about the sacred temple of Obu is that it is an ancient ritual centre for keeping and binding the brotherhood of Igbo communities together because Eri is believed to be their great ancestor that instituted it in Igbo cosmology. In this wise, through the mediation of its symbolism and cultural ethos, the ancient spiritual centre is so revered that it portrays Ndi-Igbo as the spiritual epicenter for the ritual convocation and reunification of other Igbo communities that make up the Igbo race through her ritualistic endeavour\u2019s. This paper focuses on the features or characteristics of Obu as the homestead for the ancestors in Igbo cosmology where religious scholarship is concerned. Through ethnographic method, this article will investigate how the Obu is being observed as a place for spiritual re-dedication and the evocation of the proud ancestry of Eri descendants and Ndi-Igbo in general. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 467-477\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Madukasi Francis Chuks, PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, \r\nDepartment of Religion &#038; Society. Igbariam  Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAchebe, C. 1958. Things Fall Apart, London: Heinemann Educational Books.\r\n[2]\tAdejumo, A. 2013. Satire as Protest in an Indigenous Festival: A Case of Efe. International Journal of Humanities And Social Science Invention, vol. 2, 7. 43-50. Available From: www.ijhssi.org\/papers\/v2 (7)\/Version-3\/H0273043050.pdf. Accessed: 12 December 2013.\r\n[3]\tAwolalu, J. 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Accessed: 9 April 2014.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Madukasi Francis Chuks, PhD &#8220;OBU: The Sacred Homestead for Ancestor Veneration in Igbo Traditional Religion&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.467-477 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/467-477.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/467-477.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/obu-the-sacred-homestead-for-ancestor-veneration-in-igbo-traditional-religion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OBU: The Sacred Homestead for Ancestor Veneration in Igbo Traditional Religion<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4ed3bc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4ed3bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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January 2021 Page No.: 478-486<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4ee213 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4ee213\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4ee38e\" data-id=\"d4ee38e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4ee4d6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d4ee4d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study is aimed at investigating the nature of anxiety experienced by university ELT major undergraduate students; a representative number of 60 students from the ELT department at Cyprus University (pseudonym) in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) participated. The quantitative data for the study was collected using two universally used instruments, the foreign language classroom anxiety scale (FLCAS) and the foreign language reading anxiety scale (FLRAS). A quantitative approach was adopted for the study and the data obtained was statistically analysed using SPSS version 25. The general findings of the study indicate that the general foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) is slightly higher than the foreign language reading anxiety (FLRA) as experienced by the students. In addition, it shows no significant difference between ages in both FLCA and FLRA. Finally, it equally shows that there is no statistical difference between male and female in both FLCA and FLRA.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 478-486\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5122<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Peter Wappa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of English Language Education, College of Continuing Education, Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Clement Pembi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of English, Federal College of Education, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlsowat, H. 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The effect of peer feedback on writing anxiety in Turkish EFL (English as a foreign language) students, Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 199, 530 \u2013 538.\r\n[39]\tYoung, D. J. (1991). An Investigation of Students&#8217; Perspectives on Anxiety and Speaking. Foreign Language Annals, 23(6), 539-553. doi:10.1111\/j.1944-9720.1990.tb00424.x\r\n[40]\tYoung, D. J. (1992). Language Anxiety from the Foreign Language Specialist&#8217;s Perspective: Interviews with Krashen, Omaggio Hadley, Terrell, and Rardin. Foreign Language Annals, 25(2), 157-172. doi:10.1111\/j.1944-9720.1992.tb00524.x\r\n[41]\tZhao, A., Dynia, J., &#038; Guo, Y. (2013). Foreign Language Reading Anxiety: Chinese as a Foreign Language in the United States. The Modern Language Journal, 97(3), 765-778, DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-4781.2013.12032.x.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Peter Wappa, Clement Pembi &#8220;Examining the Level of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety among ELT Undergraduate Students: A Quantitative Approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.478-486 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5122<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/478-486.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-the-level-of-foreign-language-classroom-anxiety-among-elt-undergraduate-students-a-quantitative-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Examining the Level of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety among ELT Undergraduate Students: A Quantitative Approach<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4ef370 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-id=\"d50bc28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d50be25\" data-id=\"d50be25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50bf6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d50bf6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d50c024 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-d50c35c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d50c35c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d50c4d0\" data-id=\"d50c4d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50c5f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d50c5f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Time Management Practices among the Staff of Peki College of Education<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Samuel Kwasi Kabbah, Dickson Cheney-Afenu, Bernice Yawa Tsitsia, Antoinette Sena Attigah- January 2021 Page No.: 487-492<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d50c695 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d50c695\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d50c801\" data-id=\"d50c801\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50c929 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d50c929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the staff\u2019s awareness of time management strategies and its practices in Peki College of Education. Descriptive survey design technique was adapted for the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. A total of sixty (60) academic and non-academic staff members formed the sample size. A self-designed survey questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents manually. The overall reliability alpha (\u03b1) value of 0.85 was obtained. The results revealed that approximately 55% of the staff are not aware of the existence of effective time management strategies in the College. About 14.8%, 47.8% and 35.6% of the respondents rated time management practices in the College as excellent, satisfactory and unsatisfactory respectively based on the variables tested. About 75% of the respondents\u2019 responses indicated the need for further orientation on time management issues. The study therefore recommends time management policy development for effective time management practices and periodic seminars\/sensitization workshops on effective time management practices in the College. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 487-492\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel Kwasi Kabbah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics\/ICT, Peki College of Education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dickson Cheney-Afenu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRegistry Department \u2013 Peki College of Education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bernice Yawa Tsitsia<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics\/ICT, Peki College of Education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Antoinette Sena Attigah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science, Peki College of Education, Ghana \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAli Y. &#038; Baba E., (2015). Impact of self-organization and time management on staff performance and service delivery. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research (IJPAMR), 3(2):52-61 52 http:\/\/www.rcmss.com. \r\n[2].\tAmal Al Hila, Mazen Al Shobaki, Samy Abu Naser, Youssef Abu Amuna. (2017). The Reality of the Effectiveness of Time Management from the Perspective of the Employees of the Beauty Clinic of Dentistry. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS), 1 (6), pp.137 &#8211; 156. ffhal-01580944ff.\r\n[3].\tAttigah A. S., Tsitsia B. Y., &#038; Kabbah S. K.\t(2020). Assessing Teacher-Trainees\u2019 Perceptions Regarding the Online teaching-learning mode of the Agricultural Science Course\r\nKelly, W.  E. (2002).  \u2018No time to worry:  the relationship between worry, time structure and time management\u2019. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1119- 26.\r\n[4].\tBurrus J., Jackson T., Holtzman S., Roberts R. D. &#038; Mandigo T. (2013) Examining the Efficacy of a Time Management Intervention for High School Students https:\/\/www.ets.org\/Media\/Research\/pdf\/RR-13-25.pdf\r\n[5].\tChanie, M. G., Amsalu, E. T. , Ewunetie G. E. 2020 Assessment of time management practice and associated factors among primary hospitals employees in north Gondar, northwest Ethiopia. Plos One journal  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0227989\r\n[6].\tCyril A. V. (2015,). Time management and academic achievement of higher secondary students)i-manager\u2019s Journal on School Educational Technology, 10(3l). \r\n[7].\tDaniel O. &#038; Santeli J. N. (2020). International journal of research science &#038; management effective time management on employee performance of Northern Nigeria noodle company ltd. \r\n[8].\tHicks, H.G. &#038; Gullet C.R. (1981). Management. (4th Ed). New York: Me Graw Hills.\r\n[9].\tLay, C. H., &#038; Schouwenburg, H. C. (1993). Trait procrastination, time management, and academic behavior. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 647-662.\r\n[10].\tMacan T H, Shahani C, Dipboye R L &#038; Phillips A P 2000 College student\u2019s time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress Journal of Educational Psychology 82 (4) 760-768. \r\n[11].\tMaganga M. D. (2014). Assesment of time management in improving organisational perfomance in bank industry: a case of Tanzania postal bank, Dar es Salaam.A Dissertation Submitted to MUDCC in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Human Resource Management (MSc-HRM) of Mzumbe University.\r\n[12].\tRazali S. N.A.M, Rusiman M. S, Gan W. S &#038; Arbin. N (2018). The Impact of Time Management on Students&#8217; Academic Achievement J. hys.: Conf. Ser. 995 012042 \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samuel Kwasi Kabbah, Dickson Cheney-Afenu, Bernice Yawa Tsitsia, Antoinette Sena Attigah, &#8220;Time Management Practices among the Staff of Peki College of Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.487-492 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/487-492.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/487-492.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/time-management-practices-among-the-staff-of-peki-college-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Time Management Practices among the Staff of Peki College of Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50d822 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d50d822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d50d914 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d50d914\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d50dacc\" data-id=\"d50dacc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50dbfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d50dbfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d50dcb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d50dcb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"d50dfb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d50e105\" data-id=\"d50e105\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50e210 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d50e210\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d50e2e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d50e2e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d50e448\" data-id=\"d50e448\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d50e551 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d50e551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d50e5eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d50e5eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d525b5d\" data-id=\"d525b5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d525cbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d525cbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d525d87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d525d87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d525f01\" data-id=\"d525f01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d526030 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d526030\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Changes in Society after Natural Disasters<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Roslinawati- January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 493-495<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5260d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5260d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d526262\" data-id=\"d526262\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d526396 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d526396\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Natural disasters greatly affect people&#8217;s lives, both in terms of behavior and socio-economic conditions. This study aimED to determine and analyze changes in the behavior and socio-economic conditions of the community after natural disasters in Palu City. This research was designed qualitatively with a descriptive approach. The population of this research was the people of Palu City. The research sample was determined purposively. The data collection technique was a direct observation in the field and in-depth interviews. The data analysis was carried out qualitatively, consisting of the data reduction stage, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study found that there had been a change in the behavior and socio-economic conditions of the people of Palu City after the earthquake disaster on September 28, 2018. Changes in behavior were indicated from mutual help and kinship between individuals in society which was higher after the disaster. Even the community seems to have family ties to each other even though they are not. Meanwhile, from the socio-economic conditions, there have also been significant changes marked by changes in life in the post-disaster community. Many people have lost their property due to infrastructure damage and this has made the social and economic conditions of the community deteriorate. Damage to infrastructure has resulted in the loss of job opportunities, which then has an impact on decreasing community income after the disaster.  \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 493-495\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5123<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Roslinawati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Amini Hosseini, K., Hosseinioon, S., &#038; Pooyan, Z. (2013). An investigation into the socioeconomic aspects of two major earthquakes in Iran. Disasters, 37(3), 516\u2013535.\r\n[2]\tDewi, B. V. T., &#038; Sukmawati, A. M. (2020). Pemetaan Perubahan Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Pasca Gempa Bumi di Kecamatan Tanjung, Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Jurnal Tata Kota Dan Daerah, 12(2), 83\u201393.\r\n[3]\tHidayati, D. (2008). Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat: Paradigma Baru Pengelolaan Bencana Alam. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 3(1), 69\u201384.\r\n[4]\tMahdia, F., &#038; Noviyanto, F. (2013). Pemanfaatan Google Maps API untuk pembangunan sistem informasi manajemen bantuan logistik pasca bencana alam berbasis mobile web (studi kasus: Badan penanggulangan bencana daerah Kota Yogyakarta) (PhD Thesis). Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.\r\n[5]\tMuttalib, A. (2019). Analisis Dampak Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Pasca Bencana Gempa Bumi di Kabupaten Lombok Utara (KLU). Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 5(2), 84\u201391.\r\n[6]\tPratikno, H., Rahmat, H. K., &#038; Sumantri, S. H. (2020). IMPLEMENTASI CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DALAM MITIGASI BENCANA PADA CAGAR BUDAYA DI INDONESIA. NUSANTARA\u202f: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 7(2), 427\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31604\/jips.v7i2.2020.427-436\r\n[7]\tPrihatin, R. B. (2018). Masyarakat Sadar Bencana: Pembelajaran dari Karo, Banjarnegara, dan Jepang. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 9(2), 221-239\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46807\/aspirasi.v9i2.1106\r\n[8]\tRahmat, H. K., &#038; Alawiyah, D. (2020). Konseling Traumatik: Sebuah Strategi Guna Mereduksi Dampak Psikologis Korban Bencana Alam. Jurnal Mimbar: Media Intelektual Muslim Dan Bimbingan Rohani, 6(1), 34\u201344.\r\n[9]\tShakya, K. (2016). Earthquake: Impact on Nepalese economy and women. Lowland Technology International, 18(2, Sep), 75\u201382.\r\n[10]\tSiahaya, J., Siahaya, K. M., &#038; Rinukti, N. (2020). Tuhan Ada di Mana-mana: Mencari Makna bagi Korban Bencana di Indonesia. KURIOS (Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen), 6(1), 103\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30995\/kur.v6i1.147\r\n[11]\tUtomo, M. H., &#038; Minza, W. M. (2016). Perilaku Menolong Relawan Spontan Bencana Alam. Gadjah Mada Journal of Psychology (GamaJoP), 2(1), 48\u201359.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Roslinawati &#8220;Changes in Society after Natural Disasters&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.493-495 January 2021 DOI:  https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5123<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/493-495.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/changes-in-society-after-natural-disasters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Changes in Society after Natural Disasters<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5271fd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5271fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5272d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5272d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d527452\" data-id=\"d527452\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d52757c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d52757c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d527620 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d527620\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d527775\" data-id=\"d527775\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d52788b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d52788b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d527929 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d527929\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d527a95\" data-id=\"d527a95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d527ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d527ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Seed viability and growth of nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans houtt.<\/i>)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adrianton, Zainuddin, Mahfudz, Bahrudin &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 496-500<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d527c41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d527c41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d527db8\" data-id=\"d527db8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d528090 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d528090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The development of large-scale nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Is primarily determined by the availability of quality seeds. Testing for viability and seedling growth can produce quality seeds for commercial plant development. This study aimed to obtain the best seed viability and growth of nutmeg from various seed origins. The research was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 in Kasimbar Barat Village, Kasimbar District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, through the seed viability test nutmeg seed growth tests. The seed viability test used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor of seed origin from four districts: S1: Tolitoli seed origin, S2: Morowali seed origin, S3: Parigi Moutong seed origin and S4: Donggala seed origin. The seedling growth test used a different plot design (TPT) with the main plot of nutmeg seed S1: Tolitoli seed origin, S2: Morowali seed origin, S3: Parigi Moutong seed origin, S4: Donggala seed origin and subplot growth media M1: soil mixture and organic matter, M2: soil, M3: organic matter. The results showed that the nutmeg seeds from Parigi Moutong Regency had high viability with a percentage of the water content of 49.09% and a percentage of germination capacity of 95.55%. The best growth of nutmeg seedlings with the highest vigor index was from Parigi Moutong Regency&#8217;s seeds using a growing medium of mixed soil and organic matter with a composition (1: 1).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 496-500\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5124<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adrianton<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartement of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi Indonesia.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zainuddin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi Indonesia.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mahfudz<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi Indonesia.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bahrudin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, Central Sulawesi Indonesia.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tArrijani. 2005. 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Influence Of Seed Maturity Stages On Germinability and Seedling Vigor In Groundnut. J. Of  SAT Agricultural Research. Vol 8(5): 1-10.\r\n[25]\tPrihandini, P. W., dan T. Purwanto. 2007. Petunjuk Teknis Pembuatan Kompos Berbahan Kotoran Sapi Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Departemen Pertanian. Hal:  5-10.\r\n[26]\tRaksum, A. 2016. Aplikasi Pupuk Organik Unituk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan BibitJambu Mete (Anacardiu moccidentali L.). Jurnal Biologi Tropis. Vol. 16(2): 1-9. \r\n[27]\tRodianawati, I., Hastuti, P., &#038; Cahyanto, M. N. (2015). Nutmeg\u2019s (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) Oleoresin: Effect of Heating to Chemical Compositions and Antifungal Properties. The First International Symposium on Food and Agro-Biodiversity Conducted by Indonesian Food Technologists Community, 3, 244\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.profoo.2015.01.027\r\n[28]\tRuhnayat, A dan Martini, A. 2015. Pedoman Budidaya Pala pada Kebun Campuran. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Rempah (Balitro) dan AGFOR Sulawesi.\r\n[29]\tSadjad, S.1999. Kuantifikasi Metabolisme Benih. GramediaWidyaSarana, Jakarta. \r\n[30]\tSari, I. M., Sampurno., dan Khoiro, M. A. 2015. Pemberian Kompos Azollamicrophylla pada Pertumbuhan Bibit Karet (Havea brasilliensis) Okulasi.  Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal. Vol. 4(2): 110-117.\r\n[31]\tSukarman., Melati. 2015. Pengelolaan Benih Rekalsitran Tanaman Perkebunan. Prosiding Seminar PerbenihanTanamanRempah dan Obat. Hal: 37-44.\r\n[32]\tSumiarsi, N., Setyowati, N. 2006. Pengaruh Beberapa Media pada PertumbuhanBibit Eboni (Diospyros celebicaBakh) Melalui Perbanyakan Biji. Biodiversitas. Vol. 7(3): 260-263\r\n[33]\tSunanto., dan Hatta. 2000. Budidaya Pala KomoditasEkspor. Kanisius, Jakarta.\r\n[34]\tTaghfir, D. B., Anwar, S., dan Kristanto, B. A. Kuaitas Benih dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Cabai (Capsicum frutescens I.) Pada Perlakuan Suhu dan Wadah  Penyimpanan Yang Berbeda. J. Agro Complex. Vol. 2(2): 137-147.\r\n[35]\tTanjung, M., Widajati, E., dan Suwarno, F. C. 2016. Penggunaan Zeolit untuk Mempertahankan Viabilitas Benih Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Selama Di Penyimpanan. Bul. Agrohorti. Vol. 4(2) : 202-209. \r\n[36]\tTony., Bahruddin., dan Lapanjang, I. (2015). Perkecamabahan dan PertumbuhanBenih Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Akibat Lama Perendaman pada Atonik dan Komposisi Media Tanam. E-Jurnal Mitra Sains. Vol. 3(2) : 96-108.\r\n[37]\tYudono, A., dan W. M. Purwanto. 2006. Kajian Aspek Fisiologi dan Biokimia Deteriorasi BenihKedelai dalam Penyimpanan. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian. Vol. 11(2): 76-87.\r\n[38]\tZheng W., Wang, P., Zhang, H.X., and Zhou, D. 2011. Photosynthetic Characteristic of The Cotyledon and First True Of Castor (Ricinuscommunis L.) AJCS. Vol. 5(6) :702-708.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adrianton, Zainuddin, Mahfudz, Bahrudin &#8220;Seed viability and growth of nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans houtt.<\/i>)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.496-500 January 2021\u00a0 DOI:  https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5124<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/496-500.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/seed-viability-and-growth-of-nutmeg-myristica-fragrans-houtt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seed viability and growth of nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans houtt.<\/i>)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d534dd6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d534dd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5353bb\" data-id=\"d5353bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5354ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5354ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d535570 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d535570\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5356c4\" data-id=\"d5356c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5357de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5357de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d53587d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d53587d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5359f3\" data-id=\"d5359f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d535b16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d535b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Job Satisfaction and its determinants of Public Health Midwives: Sri Lankan experience<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Arjuna Thilakarathna- January 2021 Page No.: 501-507<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d535bb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d535bb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d535d31\" data-id=\"d535d31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d535e5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d535e5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Job satisfaction is the level of favorableness with which employees view their work. Satisfied work force with their job will influence the countries\u2019 productivity and ultimately overall development. Hence the job satisfaction of Public Health Midwives (PHMs) would be an important factor to consider with regard to the quality of service provided by them to the health sector of the country. Therefore the purpose of the current study was to describe the job satisfaction and factors associated with job satisfaction among Public Health Midwives in Kandy District of Sri Lanka.\r\nThis is a descriptive cross sectional study and the present study was conducted among all PHMs (n=480) who have worked for more than one year in the field of Kandy district. PHMs, who were under the administration of estate and the municipality and those who had less than one year of service in the field work were not included for the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used in the study to gather information. A questionnaire constructed based on two factor theory was selected as the study instrument. The final questionnaire consisted of 13 items which represent motivator or satisfactory variables and the hygienic or dissatisfactory variables. \r\n The percentage of midwives who were satisfied with their job from the study population was 138(28.7%). Almost half of the population 264(55.1%) was neither satisfied nor dissatisfied and 78 (16.2%) of midwives were dissatisfied. No one scored as strongly dissatisfied. Median for total satisfactory variables was 7 (mean-6.214) and dissatisfactory variables was 4 (mean- 4.05). Final job satisfaction rated a median of twelve (mean-10.245).\r\nSince satisfactory variables rated more than dissatisfactory variables, it could be concluded that total satisfaction was more influenced by satisfiers (motivators) than dissatisfactory (hygienic factors) variables. Considering the results the author recommends improvement of motivational factors to increase the level of the job satisfaction of the workforce.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 501-507\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 January 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5125<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arjuna Thilakarathna<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTeaching Hospital, Peradeniya. Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tMaster plan, Ministry of health, 2010-2015.\r\n[2]\t Annual Health Bulletin, Ministry of Health, 2016.\r\n[3]\tMichael,Marsland,Marsland,Van de Looij, Benders. (1999). Job Satisfaction: Putting Theory into Practice.FamPractManag.  6(9), 26-30.\r\n[4]\tShannon L. Wagner &#038;Melanie O&#8217;Neill. (2012). Job, Life, and Relationship Satisfaction for Paid-Professional Fire-fighters. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 17, 423-438\r\n[5]\tShader, Karen, Broome, Marion E, Broome, Carroll D. (2001).Factors Influencing Satisfaction and Anticipated Turnover for Nurses in an Academic Medical Center.The Journal of Nursing Administration,31(4),210-216\r\n[6]\tMichael R. Carrell and Norbert F. Elbert. (1974). Some Personal and Organizational Determinants of Job Satisfaction of Postal Clerks. Academy of Management Journal. 16, 368-373.\r\n[7]\tHerzberg, F.I. (1987).One more time: How do you motivate employees?. Harvard Business Review. 65(5), 109-120.\r\n[8]\tAgho AE, Muller CW, Price JL.1993. Determinants of employee job satisfaction: An empirical test of a causal model. Human Relation. 46,1007-1028.\r\n[9]\tCabrita, perista, (2006). Nurses job satisfaction-A longitudinal analysis Research in Nursing &#038; Health. 10,227-237\r\n[10]\tGibson, Klein. (1970).Employee Attitudes as a Function of Age and Length of Service.Academy of Management Journal. 13( 4),115-119\r\n[11]\tBowen, B. E., &#038;Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction of agricultural education faculty: A constant phenomena. Journal of Agricultural Education. 32 (2), 16-22.\r\n[12]\tRycraft, J. R. (1994).The party isn&#8217;t over: The agency role in the retention of public child welfare caseworkers. Social Work. 39, 75\u201380.\r\n[13]\tConway, P. G., Williams, M. S., &#038; Green, J. L. (1987). A model of job facet satisfaction. Journal of Social Work Education, 23, 48\u201357.\r\n[14]\tAgho, A. O., Price, J. L., &#038; Mueller, C. W. (1992).  Discriminant validity of measures of job satisfaction, positive affectivity and negative affectivity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 65, 185-19.\r\n[15]\tBarnett, Donald E. A. (2008). Quantitative Examination of the Predictive Relationship between Leadership and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Research in Education and Science. 4 (1).226-236.\r\n[16]\tJayaratne, S., &#038; Chess, W. A. (1984). Job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover: A national study. Social Work. 29,448\u2013453.\r\n[17]\tAlison L. Booth, Jan C. Van Ours. 92008).Job Satisfaction and Family Happiness: The Part\u2010Time Work Puzzle.The Economic Journal. 118(526), 77-99.\r\n[18]\tJayaratne, S., &#038; Chess, W. A. (1985). Factors associated with job satisfaction and turnover among child welfare workers. A handbook of child welfare, 760\u2013766).\r\n[19]\tMorton, D. R. (1992). Adjunct faculty embraced: The institution\u2019s responsibility. Christian Education Journal. 9(2), 398-407.\r\n[20]\tJoan Arches. (1991).Social Structure, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction.Social Work. 36 (3),202\u2013206.\r\n[21]\tYoder, L.H. (1995).Staff nurses\u2019 career development relationships and self-reports of professionalism. Job satisfaction and intent to stay. Nursing Research. 44,290-297.\r\n[22]\tAlberta J,Elletta,JacquelynI,EllisaTonyaM,Westbrook, Denise,&#8217;Dewsc. (2007).A qualitative study of 369 child welfare professionals&#8217; perspectives about factors contributing to employee retention and turnover.Children and Youth Services Review. 29(2),264-281\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Arjuna Thilakarathna, &#8220;Job Satisfaction and its determinants of Public Health Midwives: Sri Lankan experience&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.501-507 January 2021\u00a0 DOI:  https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5125<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/501-507.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/job-satisfaction-and-its-determinants-of-public-health-midwives-sri-lankan-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Job Satisfaction and its determinants of Public Health Midwives: Sri Lankan experience<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54a7c2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d54a7c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54a8bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54a8bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d54aa6e\" data-id=\"d54aa6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54ab9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d54ab9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54ac41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54ac41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d54ad99\" data-id=\"d54ad99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54aeaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d54aeaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54af53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54af53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d54b0d7\" data-id=\"d54b0d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54b1f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d54b1f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54b29c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54b29c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d54b3f2\" data-id=\"d54b3f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54b501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d54b501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54b5a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54b5a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d54b6f8\" data-id=\"d54b6f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54b7fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d54b7fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54b893 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54b893\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d54ba0c\" data-id=\"d54ba0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54bb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d54bb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of Public Health Expenditure, Health Outcome and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1980 -2019)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ayoade Olabisi Simeon, Monica Alagbile Orisadare, Adeyemi Taiwo George, Adediwura Micheal Olamide -January 2021 Page No.: 508-514<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d54bbbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d54bbbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d54bd2a\" data-id=\"d54bd2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d54bea4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d54bea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study assessed the relationship between public health expenditure, health outcome and economic growth in Nigeria between 1980 to 2019. This is due to the relevance of human capital development as a propeller of National development, especially in time like this when the global economy has become knowledge based. ARDL was used to achieve the objective of the study. The result established that there exist a relationship between health human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. Hence, the short run result for Average Adult Survival Rate shows a positive and significant effect on the economic growth; while the long run result of the same variable shows an insignificant negative effect on the economic growth. The result further revealed a positive and significant relationship between Food Supply and economic growth both in the short run and long run. In the same vein, the result for Population Growth rate shows a positive and significant effect on the economic growth both in the short run and long run. However, the result for Healthcare Expenditure reveal a negative but insignificant effect on the economic growth both in short run and long run; and similarly, the result for Nitro Oxide Emission shows a negative effect on the economic growth both in the short run and long run; and lastly, the result for school enrollment revealed a positive but insignificant effect on the economic growth both in the short run and long run.\r\nBased on the research findings of this study, it is recommended that government should redesign her policy toward health care expenditure in particular and human capital development in general; and put in place machineries for implementing and monitoring this policy for effective implementation. Fiscal policy can also be used to improve the allocation and utilization of funds in this sector. In addition, there should be higher investment in health infrastructure and control of diseases that will reduce the death rate in order to reduce the negative effect of the death rate on growth.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 508-514\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayoade Olabisi Simeon<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Monica Alagbile Orisadare<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adeyemi Taiwo George<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adediwura Micheal Olamide <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartmwnt of Economics, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdebayo A. A and Oladeji S. I (2006): \u201cHealth Human Capital Accumulation: An Analysis of the Determinants of Nigeria.\u201d In Toyin Falola and Matthew Heator (Eds).    Traditional and Modern Health Systems in Nigeria. African world press, Inc Trenton, NJ 08607.\r\n[2]\tAhmad, R. and J. Hasan (2016): \u201cPublic health expenditure, governance and health         outcomes in Malaysia.\u201d Malaysia Economic Journal, 50(1): p. 29-40.\r\n[3]\tBakare A. S. and Sanmi O. (2011): \u201cHealth Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Study.\u201d Journal of Emerging Trends Economics and Management Sciences. Vol. 2(2): page 83\u201387.\r\n[4]\tBarro, R. J. (1990): \u201cEconomic growth in a cross section of countries.\u201d The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 106 (2): p. 407-443.\r\n[5]\tBedir, S. (2016): \u201cHealthcare Expenditure and Economic Growth in Developing   Countries.\u201d Advances in Economics and Business 4(2), p.76-86.\r\n[6]\tBoachie, M. K., Ramu K. and Polanjeva, T. (2018): \u201cPublic health expenditures and health outcomes.\u201d Economics, vol. 6(4): page 58.\r\n[7]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria (2018): \u201cCentral Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin.\u201d CBN, Abuja.\r\n[8]\tDang, A., Likhar N. and Alok, U. (2016): \u201cImportance of economic evaluation in health care: An Indian perspective.\u201d Value in Health Regional Issues, vol. 9(1): p 78-83.\r\n[9]\tDickey, D. A and Fuller, W. A. (1979): \u201cDistribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root.\u201d Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74 (366), page 427-431.\r\n[10]\tGrossman, M. (1972): \u201cOn the concept of health capital and the demand for health.\u201d Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 80, p. 223-255.\r\n[11]\tMaduka, A. C., Chekwube, V. M. and Chukwunonso S. E. (2016): \u201cHealth Care Expenditure, Health Outcomes, and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria: A Toda \u2013 Yamamoto Causality Approach.\u201d Unified Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(1), p. 001- 010.\r\n[12]\tMankiw, N. G., Romer, D., and Weil, D. N. (1992): \u201cA Contribution to the Empirics of Economic growth.\u201d Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 107, p. 407-437.\r\n[13]\tMatthew, J. O. and Adeboye, G. J. (2015): \u201cAnalysis of the growth impact of health expenditure in Nigeria.\u201d Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 3(1): p. 77-84.\r\n[14]\tMicheal K. B, Rarum, K. and Tatjana P. (2018): \u201cPublic Health Expenditure and Health Outcomes; New Evidence from Ghana.\u201d MDPI Published, 29 October 2018. International Journal of Health.\r\n[15]\tOgundipe M. A. and Lawal N. A. (2011): \u201cHealth Expenditure and Nigerian Economic Growth.\u201d European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science; vol 30: p. 125\u2013129.\r\n[16]\tOlarinde, M. O. and Bello, A. A. (2014): \u201cPublic healthcare expenditure and health sector performance in Nigeria: Implications for sustainable economic development.\u201d  Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 4(3): p. 39-55.\r\n[17]\tOni L. B. (2014): \u201cAnalysis of the Growth Impact of Health Expenditure in Nigeria.\u201d Journal of Economic Finance; vol. 3(1): p. 77\u201384.\r\n[18]\tPesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. P. (1999): \u201cPooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels.\u201d Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 94(446), p. 621-634.\r\n[19]\tPiabuo, S. and Tieguhong, J. C. (2017): \u201cHealth expenditure and economic growth-a review of the literature and an analysis between the economic community for central African states (CEMAC) and selected African countries.\u201d Health Economic Review, vol. 7(23): p. 10-25.\r\n[20]\tRomer, P. M. (1990): \u201cEndogenous Technological Change.\u201d Journal of Political Economy, vol. 98(5), p. 71-102.\r\n[21]\tSen, A. (2006): \u201cWhy Health Equity? In Public Health, Ethics and Equity.\u201d Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[22]\tSharma, R. (2018). \u201cHealth and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic panel data.\u201d PloS one, vol. 13(10): e0204940.\r\n[23]\tVon S. Y. (2005). \u201cThe World Summit on Sustainable Development: Reaffirming the centrality of health. Global Health 1: 8.\r\n[24]\tWang, F. (2015). \u201cMore health expenditure, better economic performance? Empirical evidence from OECD countries.\u201d The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, vol. 52.\r\n[25]\tWang, K. M. (2015): \u201cHealth care expenditure and economic growth; quantile panel-type analysis, Economic Modelling.\u201d International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research, vol. 6(1); p.23-32.\r\n[26]\tWeisbrod, and Burton A. (1966). \u201cInvesting in Human Capital. The Journal of Human Resources, vol 1: p. 5\u201321.\r\n[27]\tWorld Bank (1993): \u201cWorld Development Report; Investing in Health.\u201d New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[28]\tWorld Bank (2016): \u201cWorld Development Indicators.\u201d Washington, D.C: \u00a9 World Bank\r\n[29]\tWorld Health Organization (2013): \u201cStatistical Information System.\u201d World Health Organization, WHO.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayoade Olabisi Simeon, Monica Alagbile Orisadare, Adeyemi Taiwo George, Adediwura Micheal Olamide&#8221;An Assessment of Public Health Expenditure, Health Outcome and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1980 -2019)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.508-514 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/508-514.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/508-514.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-public-health-expenditure-health-outcome-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria-1980-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Assessment of Public Health Expenditure, Health Outcome and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1980 -2019)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d559ea7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d559ea7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d55a330 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d55a330\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d55a488\" data-id=\"d55a488\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55a5ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d55a5ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d55a64c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d55a64c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d55a79f\" data-id=\"d55a79f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55a8a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d55a8a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d55a94d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d55a94d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d55aac6\" data-id=\"d55aac6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55abe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d55abe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d55ac87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d55ac87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d55addc\" data-id=\"d55addc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55aee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d55aee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d55af88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d55af88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d55b100\" data-id=\"d55b100\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55b213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d55b213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Play Songs in Kindergarten Curriculum in Sefwi Wiawso Municipality, Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Benjamin Conduah and Emmanuel Obed Acquah &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 515-524<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d55b2b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d55b2b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d55b43d\" data-id=\"d55b43d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55b595 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d55b595\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to examine the uses of play songs in the kindergarten education and factors confronting teachers in the use of play songs in kindergarten teaching in the Sefwi Wiawso Municipality of the Western Region of Ghana.  Convenience and Purposive sampling techniques were used to select the participants for the study. In all, twelve (12) teachers from six (6)    kindergarten  schools  in  the  municipality  were  sampled  and  used  for  the  study.  Using interview  and  observation  as  the  main  instruments  for  data  collection,  it  was  revealed  that  a child\u2019s  language,  cognitive,  physical,  social,  moral  and  emotional  developments  are  usually enhanced through the use of play songs and its constituent music and movement experiences. It was realized that kindergarten teachers are not conscious of the significance of play songs as an integral part of nurturing their pupils\u2019 total development.  It  was  recommended  among  other things that the use of play songs in the kindergarten classroom cannot be overlooked, therefore, pre-service  training  courses  for  early  childhood  teachers  in  the  various  teaching  institutions should include portfolio building of play songs as teaching materials and resources\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 515-524\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Benjamin Conduah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Music Education, University of education, Winneba\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Emmanuel Obed Acquah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Music Education, University of education, Winneba\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAmpadu, C. &#038; Ofosu, S. 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The power of music: Its impact on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people. International Journal of Music Education, 28(3), 269-289.\r\n[23]\tHarris, S. R. (2002). Song as a Tool for Content Area Learning, Retrieved  from http:\/\/www.songsforteaching.com\r\n[24]\tHeyge, L. L. &#038; Swears, L. (1990). Music for me, Music and Worlds, Greensboro: Music Resource International.\r\n[25]\tHipwell, A. (2011). The influence of music. Retrieved from http\/\/www.Ehow.com\/about6128591 influence \u2013 Music \u2013Children.html.\r\n[26]\tHobert, C &#038; Frankel, J. (1999). A practical Guide to Activities for Young Children, London; Stanley Thorns ltd.\r\n[27]\tHowe, C., &#038; Mercer, N. (2010). Children\u2019s social development, peer interaction and classroom learning. The Cambridge Primary Review Research Surveys, 170-194.\r\n[28]\tHsiao-Ching, K. (2015). How you categorize influences how helpful you are: The effect of categorization Mindset on consumers\u2019social decisions (Graduate Theses and Dissertations).   Retrieved from: http:\/\/scholarcommons.usf.edu\/etd\/5722\r\n[29]\tJackman, H., Beaver, N., &#038; Wyatt, S. (2014). Early Education Curriculum: A Child s Connection to the World. Nelson Education.\r\n[30]\tKagan, S. L., Moore, E. K., &#038; Bredekamp, S. (1995). Reconsidering children&#8217;s early development and learning: Toward common views and vocabulary. National Education Goals Panel.\r\n[31]\tLee, R., Ramsey, P. G., &#038; Sweeney, B. (2008). Engaging young children in activities and conversations about race and social class. Young Children, 63(6), 68-76.\r\n[32]\tMacdonald, D. T. (1979). Music in our lives: The early years. Washington, D. C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children.\r\n[33]\tManford, R. (1996). A handbook for Primary School Music Teachers, Accra; Sam Woode Ltd. \r\n[34]\tManford, R. (2007). The importance and the Benefits of the Arts.In: E.T Flolu, M. Dzansi-McPalm, M. O. Awoyemi (eds).  Education in Ghana: Challenges for the   21st  Century (pp.12), Accra: Black Mask Ltd.\r\n[35]\tMayesky, M (2002). Creative Activities for Children, New York: Delmar Learning.\r\n[36]\tMENC (1999).  Position Statement on Early Childhood Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/www. Menc.org\/information.\r\n[37]\tMoog, H. (1976). The development of musical experience in children of pre-school age. Psychology of Music, 4(2), 38-45.\r\n[38]\tMurphey, T. (1992). Music and Song, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.7\r\n[39]\tNAEYC, (2008). Guidelines for Decisions about Developmentally Appropriate Practice.  Retrieved from  http:\/\/www.org\/about\/positions.\r\n[40]\tNeaum, S. (2010). Child Development for Early childhood Studies, Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd.\r\n[41]\tNketia, J. H. K. (1999). A Guide for the Preparation of Primary School African Music Teaching Manuals, Accra: Afram Publications (Ghana) Limited.\r\n[42]\tNzewi, M. (2003). Acquiring Knowledge of the Musical Arts in the Traditional Society.\r\n[43]\tIn A. Herbst, M. Nzewi, K. Agawu (eds.), Musical Arts in Africa (pp 13-37.). Pretoria: University of   South Africa.\r\n[44]\tOdena, O., &#038; Welch, G. (2009). A generative model of teachers\u201f thinking on musical creativity. Psychology of Music, 37(4), 416-442.\r\n[45]\tRivera, D. (2009). Analysis of Early Childhood in Ghana, Retrieved from http:\/\/eportfolios.ithaca.edu.\/driveras2\/docs\/\r\n[46]\tSchippers, H., &#038; Grant, C. (Eds.). (2016). Sustainable futures for music cultures: An ecological perspective. Oxford University Press.\r\n[47]\tSilberg J. (2012). The importance of Music for Children, Retrieved  from http:\/\/www.barnesadnobla.comlujackidsilberg \u2013 importance \u2013of \u2013music\r\n[48]\tSprinthall, N. A. (1994). Counseling and social role taking: Promoting moral and ego development. In Moral development in the professions (pp. 97-112). Psychology Press.\r\n[49]\tThurber, M. R., Bodenhamer-Davis, E., Johnson, M., Chesky, K., &#038; Chandler, C. K. (2010).\r\n[50]\tEffects of heart rate variability coherence biofeedback training and emotional management techniques to decrease music performance anxiety. Biofeedback, 38(1), 28-40.\r\n[51]\tUNICEF, (2011). The importance of early childhood education. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/romania\/media_11843.html\r\n[52]\tVan Der Linde, C. H. (1999). Relationship between Play and Music in Early Childhood, Retrieved from http:\/\/findarticle.com.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Benjamin Conduah and Emmanuel Obed Acquah &#8220;Play Songs in Kindergarten Curriculum in Sefwi Wiawso Municipality, Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.515-524 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/515-524.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/play-songs-in-kindergarten-curriculum-in-sefwi-wiawso-municipality-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Play Songs in Kindergarten Curriculum in Sefwi Wiawso Municipality, Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d56f979 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d56f979\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d56fca8\" data-id=\"d56fca8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d56fde3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d56fde3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d56fe96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d56fe96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d57000a\" data-id=\"d57000a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d570165 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d570165\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ethnic Minority Reaction towards the Unification of the British-Northern Cameroons with the Federation of Nigeria: 1945-1961<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adamu Sani Buba, Zulkanain Abdulrahman, Azharudin Muhammad Dali- January 2021 Page No.: 524-544<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d570218 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d570218\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5703e4\" data-id=\"d5703e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d570591 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d570591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article examines the minority ethnic extractions otherwise (known as ethnic groups), reaction towards the unification in the 1959 and 1961 plebiscites. Sponsored by the United Nations, under the British, mandate for the part of the former British-Northern Cameroons, unification with the Federation of Nigeria, with the aim of ascertaining the reaction of the minority ethnic extraction who, supposedly against the unification of the trust territory, and voted against it in 1959 and 1961 plebiscite and why? The objectives of their reaction were because of what they called \u2018oppression of Kanuri and the Fulani rulers\u2019, and another to avoid been involved in the Jihad? This region, inhabited several ethnic extractions, in both ethnic and geographical compositions, considered as a large whole because of its diversity in common historical root. However, it was not possible to discuss all the ethnic extractions of the region, as we are concern with the \u2018Chamba and Kaka-Ntem\u2019 ethnic stocks who were said to be against the unifications, as available sources tend to suggest. The territory was quite remarkable with a unique historical occurrence. Therefore, Sources relied on are primary and secondary sources.  We may infer that no part of Nigeria that has experienced such a significant historical feel. The finding of this article is not only the 19th-century Jihad added salt to injury, but rule of the Fulani and the Kanuri as were a made to understand.  Undoubtedly, the result of which forced some of the minority ethnic extraction to migrate to Cameroon, while others restricted themselves to the mountaintop.          <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 524-544\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adamu Sani Buba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zulkanain Abdulrahman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Azharudin Muhammad Dali<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">          Records in National Archives Kaduna (NAK)\r\n[1]\tNAK, ACC No. 1756 Borno Province of Nigeria Annual report 1934. \r\n[2]\tNAK, Lugard, Annual Reports, 1906. \r\n[3]\tNAK, No. 68, Palmer, H. R., Borno Province- Resident, Report for the year ending 31st December, 1923. \r\n[4]\tNAK, Eustace, R. B. B. 1939 \u201cReport on hill-pagans of Gwoza and Ashigashiya, \u201cF. No. 414, TCL, Gwoza, 1939.\r\n[5]\tNAK, Macfarlane, M., \u201cReport on Gwoza and Ashigashiya hill-pagans\u2019. No. 229, TCL, Gwoza 1946.\r\n[6]\tNAK, Mubi Tradition, Yearbook Nigeria, 1967 \r\n[7]\tNAK, Borno Province of Nigeria Annual Report 1947, ACC No. 2455.\r\n[8]\tNAK, SNP 15 ACC 18 Borno Annual Report of 1st May 1902, by Col. Moorland\r\n[9]\tNAK, SNP 15 Acc. 19, Borno Province Annual Report No. 1 30th May 1902.\r\n[10]\tNAK, SNP 15 Acc. 19 Borno Province Annual Report No. 2 June 2nd, 1902 p. I.\r\n[11]\tNAK, SNP 15 Acc. 19. No 899 Private Secretaries to the resident Borno 29th August 1902.\r\n[12]\tNAK, SNP 15 Acc. 19. Borno Province Annual Report No. 2 30th Nov. by W.P. Hewby, 1902. \r\n[13]\tNAK, SNP 15 Acc. No 48 Hewby Report on Borno Province in February, 1903.\r\n[14]\tNAK, SNP 7 Acc. 1756\/1907 Report on Borno Province by W.P Hewby 1906.\r\n[15]\tNAK, SNP 7 Acc. No 1090\/1911 Borno Province Annual Report 1910.\r\n[16]\tNAK, SNP 10 Acc. No 95\/1914 Borno Province Annual Report 1913.\r\n[17]\tNAK, SNP. 15668-5050, The Trust Territory Annual Report United Nations Document, No. T\/Pet.4\/2, 1949.\r\n[18]\tNAK, SNP. 7\/2, ACC. No, 3299, A Proposed Political Native Authority, Yola Province, 1905.\r\n[19]\tNAK, Barclay, G. A., Monthly Report, 1944.\r\n[20]\tNAK, Shaw, J. H., Report on Chamba Reorganization, undated.\r\n[21]\tNAK, Shaw, J. H., \u201cProposal for the Establishment of Chamba Federation, 1946.\r\n[22]\tNAK, SNP, 2710H Skelly, J., Ethnology of the Gudu 1948.\r\n[23]\tNAK, No. 5 Partition of the Cameroun, 1919-1945.\r\n[24]\tNAK, Percival, D. A., \u201cNotes on the Tikar Ethnic Stock\u201d, 1949. \r\n[25]\tNAK, No. UN. Doc.T\/Ac. 14\/24-27, Yola, Proof File, 1948 \r\n[26]\t84\/2109, Macdonald\u2019s Report on the Administration of the Royal Niger Company RNC Library ABU No. 1890 NHRS. 1947.\r\n[27]\tGongola State of Nigeria, Gazette, No. 34 Volume 6 (GG.S. Law No. 5 of 1981-Local Government Edict, 1977) \r\n[28]\t\u201cTarihi Addinin Musulunci\u201d Mubi file no. 28. Aliyu A.Y. Koehn P.H and Hay R., 1949.\r\n[29]\tDistrict Head Officer, Maiha local government File numbers. 60\/32. 1956\r\n[30]\tMubi Local government official file No.mub\/22\/18 (Restricted) on the colonial masters, 1958.\r\n[31]\tMathew, A.B.,\u201d Pagan District of Dikwa Division\u201d F. No. 229, Traditional Council Gwoza.\r\n[32]\tPreliminary Statement on The Developmental Planning in Nigeria, Session Paper No. 6, 1945, Lagos: 1945\r\n[33]\tMemorandum on The Educational Policy in Nigeria, Session Paper No. 20, 1947, Lagos: 1947.\r\n[34]\tCommittee on Assets Liabilities of The Former Eastern Government of Nigeria. \r\n[35]\tAdministrative and Financial procedure under The Constitution: Financial Relations Between the Government of Nigeria And the Native Administration System, Lagos, 1947\r\n[36]\tReport of the Commission Appointed by The Governor-General to Make Recommendations on The Recruitment and Training of Nigerians For Senior Post in The Senior service Of Nigeria, Lagos, 1948.\r\n[37]\tReport of The Commission of Enquiry on Conditional Sales, Lagos, 1948.\r\n[38]\tMemorandum on The Local Government Policy in The Eastern Province, Lagos, 1949.\r\n[39]\tReview of The Constitution Regional Recommendations, Lagos, 1949.\r\n[40]\tProceedings of the General Conference on The Review of The Constitution, January 1950, Lagos: 1950.\r\n[41]\tReport of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution. Lagos, 1950\r\n[42]\tReview of The Constitution of Nigeria: Dated 15th July 1950 From the Secretary Of States For The Colonies. Paper No. 20, 1950, Lagos, 1950.\r\n[43]\tReport of the Commission of Revenue Allocation. Lagos: 1951.\r\n[44]\tLocal GOVERNMENT in The Western Province of Nigeria. 1951, Ibadan: 191951.\r\n[45]\tReport on The Local Government in The Northern Province of Nigeria, Kaduna, 1951 \r\n[46]\tCommittee Report of The Trusteeship Council 316th Plenary Meeting, 2nd December    1950.\r\n[47]\tCommittee Report of The United Nations Visiting Mission, 1959.\r\n[48]\tCommittee Report on The Conduct of The Plebiscites as Commissioner for The Plebiscites of Northern Cameroons In Nigeria 1959 and 1961.\r\n[49]\tCommittee Report on The Trusteeship Territory of The Cameroons Under the United Kingdom, (as Approved by The General Assembly of the United Nations in December 1946.\r\n[50]\tConstitutional Instrument Handbook, 1954. Lagos: 1954.\r\n[51]\tConstitutional Instrument Handbook. 1952.\r\n[52]\tEastern Region of Nigeria. Enugu: 1956\r\n[53]\tGeneral Assembly Resolution 224 Concerning Administrative Union of The Trust Territory, 1946.\r\n[54]\tGeneral Assembly Resolution 63(1) On the Trusteeship of Cameroons Under British Mandate (Doc. A\/150\/Rev. 2) 62nd Plenary Meeting, 13th December 1946.\r\n[55]\tLugard F J D, Annual Reports, Northern Nigeria, 1900-1900-1911, London, 1907.\r\n[56]\tLugard F J D, The Diaries of Lugard, ed. M. Perham, 2 Vols. 1907.\r\n[57]\tNigeria, Handbook, 1936, 1953\r\n[58]\tNorthern Region, Social and Economic Progress in The Northern Region of Nigeria. Kaduna: 1955\r\n[59]\tPlenary Meetings of 159th and 160th On the Administrative Union of The Trust Territory, And Progressive Development of The Trust Territory 18th November 1948, pp. 123-124\r\n[60]\tPolicy Statement by The Federation of Nigeria. Sessional Paper. No. 11. 1956. Lagos: 1956.\r\n[61]\tPopulation Census of The Eastern Region of Nigeria. 1953. Bulletin Nos. 1-7. Logos 1953. \r\n[62]\tPopulation Census of The Northern Region of Nigeria. 1952. Bulletin Nos. 1-14. Logos 1952. \r\n[63]\tPopulation Census of the Western Region of Nigeria. 1952. Bulletin Nos. 1-9. Lagos: 1953. \r\n[64]\tProceedings of The Tribunal Appointed by The British Government into The Allegation of Misconduct And abuse Of Public Trust By The Premier Of The Eastern Region Of Nigeria In Connection With Finance Of The Continental\/ Barkley\u2019s Bank Limited And Other matters August-November 1956. Lagos: 1956\r\n[65]\tProvincial Authorities. Kaduna: 1956.\r\n[66]\tReport of The Commission of Enquiry into The Administration of Lagos. Lagos: 1953.\r\n[67]\tReport of The Commission to Advise Government on The Devolution of Power to The Provinces. Kaduna: 1955\r\n[68]\tReport of The Fiscal Commissioner on The Financial Effects of Proposed New Constitutional Arrangement. Lagos: 1953 (Northern Elites)\r\n[69]\tReport of The Trusteeship Council for Self-Government or Independence by The Trust Territory Covering the Period from 1954-1955.\r\n[70]\tReport of The Trusteeship Council from The Period of 1953-1954.\r\n[71]\tReport of The Trusteeship Council from The Period of 1956-1957.  \r\n[72]\tReport On Banking and Finance in Eastern Nigeria. Session Paper No. 4, 1956. Enugu: 1956.\r\n[73]\tReport on The Conclusion of The Federal Government on the Public Service of The Federation of Nigeria. 1954-1955 Lagos: 1955\r\n[74]\tReport on The Parliamentary Election to The Western House of Assembly. Ibadan: 1956\r\n[75]\tSummary Record of the General Assembly First Session, Fourth Committee Part 2, 1948\r\n[76]\tThe Administration of The Trust Territory Under Mandate and The Report of The Permanent Mandate Commission as Approved by The General Assembly. Article 10 of The Mandate Commission Report. 1957.\r\n[77]\tThe Eastern Regional House of Assembly Debate, 1952-1957\r\n[78]\tThe First Visiting Mission to The Trust Territory on Behalf of The Trusteeship Council, 1946.\r\n[79]\tThe General Assembly of the United Nations Resolution 1350 (XIII) (Annex V (34) March, 13th1959). The Annual Report of The Trusteeship Council 1950. \r\n[80]\tThe General Assembly Resolution (1281\/ XIII) of 1958 on The Future of The Trust Territory Under the United Kingdom Administration on 20th February 1959. pp.148-150.\r\n[81]\tThe General Assembly Resolution 1352(XIV) of a 794th Plenary Meeting March 1959, On Voting by Secret Ballot, Elected Mr Abdoh, United Nations Plebiscite Commissioner in the Trust Territory, 1959\r\n[82]\tThe General Assembly Resolution 1608-1350 Concerning the Future of The Trust Territory Under the United Kingdom Administration, 1959\r\n[83]\tThe General Assembly Resolution Concerning the Future of The Trust Territory Under United Kingdom Administration, 84\/2109,18.\r\n[84]\tThe House of Representatives Debate, 1952-1957\r\n[85]\tThe Legislative Council Debate, 1924-1951.\r\n[86]\tThe Mandate Committee Report of 1922-1946.\r\n[87]\tThe Northern Regional House of Assembly Debate, 1952-1957\r\n[88]\tThe Review on The Policy and Machinery on The Nigerianization of the Civil Service. Lagos: 1953. (Northern educated elites)\r\n[89]\tThe Trusteeship Agreement for The Cameroons Under the United Kingdom Administration on December 13th, 1946.\r\n[90]\tThe Trusteeship Council Report on the 6th and 7th Sessions Adopted on July 21st, 1950, Report to General Assembly, Session A\/ 1306. \r\n[91]\tThe Western Regional House of Assembly Debate, 1952-1957\r\n[92]\tUnited Nations (1961) The 994th Plenary Meeting, April 1961, Resolution Adopted on The Reports of the fourth committee, Geneva Convention: United Nations.\r\n[93]\tUnited Nations: Trusteeship Agreement for The Territory of The Cameroons Under United Kingdom Administration. (As Approved by The General Assembly on December\r\n[94]\tAbubakar Saad, Lamibe of Fombina: A History of Adamawa Emirate, 1809-2008,    First Edition, Zaria: Ahmadu University Zaria. (Revised Edition, Bookwright Nigeria Publishers, 2008).\r\n[95]\tAdebayo, A., Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria: Ibadan, 1981\r\n[96]\tAhmadu, B., My life: Cambridge, 1962.\r\n[97]\tAkinyemi, A. B., Foreign Policy and Federalism: Ibadan, 1974.\r\n[98]\tAmadu, K, The Nigerian General Elections 1959and 1979, And the Aftermath: Lagos, 1983. \r\n[99]\tBasil Davidson, Discovering Africa, New York, Longman, 1984.\r\n[100]\tBlitz, L F, The Politics and Administration of Nigeria Government and  London, Sweet and Maxwell. Lagos: African Universities Press, 1965. \r\n[101]\tBoahen A. Adu, Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935, Published by UNESCO, 1985. \r\n[102]\tClark, T., The Right Honourable Gentleman: Hudahuda Publishing Company, Zaria, 1991.\r\n[103]\tClarke, J. D., Yakubu Gowon, Faith and a United Nigeria, London: England Totowa, N J F Cass, 1987. \r\n[104]\tColeman Almond, The Politics of The Developing Areas, Princeton, 1960.\r\n[105]\tColeman, J. S., Nigeria-Background to Nationalism, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958.\r\n[106]\tCrowder, M., Pagans and Politicians 1959, The Story of Nigeria: London: 1978 Hutchinson.\r\n[107]\tGardiner, David E, The British Cameroons, In Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule. Gifford, P and Louis, W M R (eds.), New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1969.\r\n[108]\tGavin, R. J. and Betley, J. A., 1973, The Scramble for Africa Ibadan University Press.\r\n[109]\tHailey, L., Native Administration in the British African Territories, Published by HMSO, London, 1951.\r\n[110]\tJohn N Paden, Ahmadu Bello, and the Sardauna of Sokoto, Values and Leadership in Nigeria: Zaria, Nigeria: Hudahuda, 1986.\r\n[111]\tKenneth, P. W. J., Nigerian Federal Election: 1959, Oxford University Press, Press, 1963.\r\n[112]\tKirk-Green A.H.M., Adamawa Past and Present, London: Oxford University Press, 1958.\r\n[113]\tKirth Panter-Brick, Soldiers and Oil the Political Transformation of Nigeria, Frank Cases and Co, Limited London, 1978\r\n[114]\tLevine, T. Victor, The Cameroons From Mandate to Independence, University of California Press California, 1964.\r\n[115]\tLugard D Frederick, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, W. Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh \/ London, 1923. 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N, Nigeria And Elective Representation, 1923-194, London: Heinemann, 1966.\r\n[144]\tTemple Oliver: Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates, States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, ed, C L Temple, Lagos Press, 1922.\r\n[145]\tTilman and Cole, The Nigerian Political Scene, USA, 1962.\r\n[146]\tTouvan S, 1920, The Boundary Politics and Independent Africa, Harvard University Press Cambridge Massachusetts, 1972.\r\n[147]\tToyin Falola, Colonialism and Violence in Northern Nigeria, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.\r\n[148]\tUNESCO, Year Book, 1987.\r\n[149]\tVictor Azarya, 1978, Aristocrats Facing Change: The Fulbe In Guinea, Nigeria And Publisher: University of Chicago, 1978.\r\n[150]\tVictor L T, Cameroun From Mandate to Independence, University of California Press California, 1964.\r\n[151]\tWalter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Washington: Howard University Press, 1982.\r\n[152]\tAbdullah, R. D., Nigeria\u2013Cameroun Border Relations. A Study of Bakassi Crises MSc Dissertation, University of Maiduguri Nigeria,1998.\r\n[153]\tAbdullahi A. Gwoza During Colonial Rule, B.A. Project University of Maiduguri, 1984.\r\n[154]\tAbubakar Saad, The Emirate of Fombina: The Attempt of a Politically Segmented People to Establish and Maintain A Central Form Of Government, PhD Thesis ABU Zaria, Nigeria, 1973.\r\n[155]\tAhmadu, U. J. The Failure of Radical Politics in Northern Nigeria, University of Edinburgh MSc Thesis, 1975.\r\n[156]\tAhmed, A K, late Alhaji the Right Honourable Sir M A Thesis, Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, 1984.\r\n[157]\tArdo U, Northern Cameroun: The Aftermath of Incorporation into Nigeria 1960\u20131983 Dissertation M.A University of Maiduguri, 1990.\r\n[158]\tBuba S A, The British Expedition to Kibaku Land, 1906 \u2013 1907; A Study of Militarism and Imposition of Colonial Rule, M.A Dissertation University of Maiduguri, 2007\r\n[159]\tMahmood D. Abubakar, 1980, The Political Economy of Michika District in Gongola State Since the United Nations Plebiscite 1959-1983, A Long Essay, University of Maiduguri, 1983.\r\n[160]\tNjema, M. Zakari, The Rise and Fall of Fulani Rule in Adamawa, PhD, Thesis London, 1969.\r\n[161]\tBuba, S. A, Abdulrahman Z., and Muhammad A. D., \u201cThe British Military Operation in Kibakuland, Northern Nigeria: Tactics and Strategy, 1906-1907\u201d, International Journal of Research Without Boundaries, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2018.\r\n[162]\tBuba S. A., Abdulrahman Z., and Muhammad A. D., \u201cThe British, Encounter with the Kibaku People and the Imposition of Colonial Rule in Northern Nigeria\u201d, International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, Vol. 7, Issue 12.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adamu Sani Buba, Zulkanain Abdulrahman, Azharudin Muhammad Dali, &#8220;Ethnic Minority Reaction towards the Unification of the British-Northern Cameroons with the Federation of Nigeria: 1945-1961&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.524-544 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/524-544.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/524-544.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ethnic-minority-reaction-towards-the-unification-of-the-british-northern-cameroons-with-the-federation-of-nigeria-1945-1961\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ethnic Minority Reaction towards the Unification of the British-Northern Cameroons with the Federation of Nigeria: 1945-1961<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d571582 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d571582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d57167a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d57167a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d571810\" data-id=\"d571810\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d57193b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d57193b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5719de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5719de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d571b30\" data-id=\"d571b30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d571c52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d571c52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d571cf3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d571cf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d571e3f\" data-id=\"d571e3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d571f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d571f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d571fe6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d571fe6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d572147\" data-id=\"d572147\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d572255 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d572255\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>High-Performance Work Practices: Extent of Implementation and Commitment in Higher Education Institutions<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Edison B. Estigoy, Saddam C. Bazer, Jeande A. Jimenez, Joselle D. Pineda, Samantha O. Zabala- January 2021 Page No.: 545-553<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5722f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5722f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5814f6\" data-id=\"d5814f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d581702 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d581702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study explored on high-performance work practices (HPWP) extent of implementation and affective commitment in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). A descriptive-quantitative design was utilized to determine the extent to which employees perceive that the organization implements HPWP in terms of ability, motivation and opportunity; and the perception of the employees towards affective commitment in HEIs. The empirical data of the study was based on the responses from seventy (70) teachers in HEIs. Findings revealed in general that employees perceived that the organization always implement high-performance work practices in terms of ability and motivation but only often in opportunity. Additionally, respondents agree that teachers are affectively committed to their organizations. Furthermore, HEIs recognize the importance of implementing high-performance work practices and that it affects the affective commitment of the employees. Employees with strong affective commitment will continue to work in the organization and will lead to fewer turnovers.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 545-553\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5126\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5126<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edison B. Estigoy<\/strong><\/span>\r\nXi\u2019an International Studies University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saddam C. Bazer<\/strong><\/span>\r\nShaanxi Normal University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jeande A. Jimenez<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAwesome Children Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joselle D. Pineda<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAwesome Children Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samantha O. Zabala<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAwesome Children Education\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAllen, N. J., &#038; Meyer, J. P. (1991). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18. \r\n[2]\tAllen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1996) Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: An Examination of Construct Validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 252-276. \r\nhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1006\/jvbe.1996.0043\r\n[3]\tAppelbaum, E. (2000). 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(2008),Strategy and human resource management (2nd ed.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n[15]\tButler, J.E., Ferris, G.R., &#038; Napier, N.K. (1991). Strategy and human resources management. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing.\r\n[16]\tButts, M. M., R. J. Vandenberg, D. M. DeJoy, B. S. Schaffer, and M. G. Wilson. (2009) Individual Reactions to High Involvement Work Processes: Investigating the Role of Empowerment and Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 14 (2). p.122\u2013136.\r\n[17]\tCappelli, P., Singh, H., Singh, J. V., &#038; Useem, M. (2010, March). Leadership lessons from India: How the best Indian companies drive performance by investing in people. Harvard Business Review, 90-97.\r\n[18]\tDayarathna, N.W.K.D.K. (2012), Do high performance work systems pay off in Asia? Proceedings, Annual research sessions, International Conference on Business Management, Sri Lanka. \r\n[19]\tDe Gilder, D., Van den Heuvel, H. &#038; Ellemers, N. (1997). Het 3-componenten model van commitment. Gedrag en Organisatie, 10, 95-106 \r\n[20]\tDelery, J.E. and Doty, D.H. (1996) Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human Resource Management: Test of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Performance Predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 802-835. \r\nhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2307\/256713\r\n[21]\tDillman, D., Smith, J., &#038; Christian, L.C. (2009). Internet, mail and mixed-modesurveys:The tailored design method. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. In Alieto, E. (2018). Language shift from English to Mother Tongue: Exploring language attitude and willingness to teach among pre-service teachers. TESOL International Journal, 13(3), 134-146. \r\n[22]\tEisenberger, R., &#038; Rhoades, L. (2001). Incremental effects of reward on creativity. Journal of Personality &#038; Social Psychology, 81(4), 728\u2013741. \r\n[23]\tEstigoy, E. and Sulasula, J. (2020). Factors Affecting Employee Commitment in the Workplace: An Analysis. 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(1999) Selective decisions: challenging orthodox analyses of the hiring process. International Journal of Management Reviews. 1(1). p.63-89.\r\n[47]\tRamsay, H., Scholarios, D. and Harley, B. (2000) Employees and High-Performance Work Systems: Testing Inside the Black Box. British Journal of Industrial Relations. 38(4). p.501-531.\r\n[48]\tSettoon, R. P., Bennett, N., &#038; Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader\u2013member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 219.\r\n[49]\tSnell, S., Bohlander G. and Vohar V. (2010). Human Resources Management-A South Asian Perspective. 2nd Ed. Delhi: Cengage Learning India.\r\n[50]\tSnell, S.A. and Dean, J.W. (1992) Integrated Manufacturing and Human Resource Management: A Human Capital Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 467-504. \r\nhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2307\/256484\r\n[51]\tSparrow, P. R. and A. M. Petigrew (1988a) &#8220;Contrasting HRM Responses in the Changing World of Computing,&#8221; Personnel Management, 20, 2, 40-45.\r\n[52]\tSun, L. Y., Aryee, S., &#038; Law, K. S. (2007). High-performance human resource practices, citizenship behavior, and organizational performance: A relational perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 558\u2212577. \r\n[53]\tTakeuchi, R., Chen, G. and Lepak, D.P. (2009) Through the Looking Glass of a Social System: Cross-Level Effects of High Performance Work Systems on Employees\u2019 Attitude. Personnel Psychology, 62, 1-29.\r\n[54]\tTakeuchi, R., Chen, G., &#038; Lepak, D. P. (2009). Through the looking glass of a social system: cross level effects of high performance work systems on employees\u2019 attitudes. Personnel Psychology, 62(1), 1-29. \r\n[55]\tToh, S. M., Morgeson, F. P., &#038; Campion, M. A. (2008). Human resource configurations: Investigating fit with the organizational context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 864\u2013882. doi:10.1037\/0021-9010.93.4.864.\r\n[56]\tTremblay, M. , Guay, P. , &#038; Simard, G. (2001). Organizational commitment and OCB: The role of HR practices. Actes du 10i\u00e8me Congr\u00e8s de l&#8217;Association Francophone de Gestion des Ressources Humaines [CD-ROM]. Paris: L. Cadin. \r\n[57]\tUbeda-Garc\u00eda, M., Marco-lajara, B., Sabater-sempere, V. and Garc\u00eda-lillo, F. (2013) Does training influence organisational performance? Analysis of the Spanish hotel sector. European Journal of Training and Development. 37 (4). p.380-413.\r\n[58]\tUlrich, D. (1997) Human Resource Champions, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. \r\n[59]\tWhitener, E. M. (2001). Do \u201chigh commitment\u201d human resource practices affect employee commitment? A cross-level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. Journal of management, 27(5), 515-535. \r\n[60]\tWright, P. M., &#038; McMahan, G. C. (1992). Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18(2), 295. \r\n[61]\tZacharatos, A., Barling, J., &#038; Iverson, R. D. (2005). High-performance work systems and occupational safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 77.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Edison B. Estigoy, Saddam C. Bazer, Jeande A. Jimenez, Joselle D. Pineda, Samantha O. Zabala, &#8220;High-Performance Work Practices: Extent of Implementation and Commitment in Higher Education Institutions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.545-553 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5126<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/545-553.pdf\" 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noreferrer\">High-Performance Work Practices: Extent of Implementation and Commitment in Higher Education Institutions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d585369 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d585369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d58546c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d58546c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5855f6\" data-id=\"d5855f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d58573c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d58573c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5857e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5857e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d585947\" data-id=\"d585947\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d585a59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d585a59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d585aff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d585aff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d585c4f\" data-id=\"d585c4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d585d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d585d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d585df2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d585df2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d585f44\" data-id=\"d585f44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d58605d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d58605d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5860fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5860fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d58625e\" data-id=\"d58625e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d586369 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d586369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparative Analysis with a Central Case Study and Multiple Reference Case Studies: A Methodological Variant for Policy Analysis in Developing a National Space Policy <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sanath Panawennage, R.L.S. Fernando, Weng Jingnong- January 2021 Page No.: 554-562<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d58640d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d58640d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5865a5\" data-id=\"d5865a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5866e3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d5866e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The present paper advances an innovative methodological variant of the general research approach of \u2018qualitative comparative analysis among multiple case studies\u2019, as an effective approach for policy analysis. This variant is presented as a particularly effective approach in situations that require development, and institution, of the public policy of a country pertaining to a highly specialized subject area that intrinsically stands to benefit from relevant policies and practices of other countries; and it is explicated in the present paper using the process of developing a national space policy for Sri Lanka as the sample instance of policy analysis. The key methodological innovation advanced here involves positioning that country in respect of which the process of development of a new national policy is intended to be informed by way of comparative policy analysis, as the \u2018central case study\u2019, in relation to the other multiple case studies, the latter being primarily chosen for the purpose of enabling, and informing, the cross-case comparative analysis and, hence, positioned, and referred to, as the \u2018multiple reference-case-studies\u2019. Thus, Sri Lanka, was positioned as the \u2018central case study\u2019, and three other Asian countries, namely India, Thailand and the Philippines, were selected and positioned as the \u2018reference-case-studies\u2019. This variant provides an effective methodological framework for developing the national space policies of developing countries\u2014a contemporary need of many a developing country making its entry into the space domain.  \r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 554-562\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5127<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sanath Panawennage<\/strong><\/span>\r\nArthur C Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>R.L.S. Fernando<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Weng Jingnong<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBeihang University, China\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tMajchrzak, A., 2011. Methods For Policy Research.   Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., p.2.\r\n[2]\tBetterthesis.dk. 2021. Lesson 4: Policy Research | Better Thesis. [online] Available at: <http:\/\/betterthesis.dk\/research-methods\/lesson-3-policy-research> [Accessed 24 January 2021].\r\n[3]\tPorta, D. della (2008) \u201cComparative analysis: case-oriented versus variable-oriented research,\u201d in Della Porta, D. and Keating, M. (eds) Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 198\u2013222. doi: 10.1017\/CBO9780511801938.012. \r\n[4]\tCollier, D., 2021. The Comparative Method. [online] Poseidon01.ssrn.com. Available at: <https:\/\/poseidon01.ssrn.com\/delivery.php?ID=690083116027125094077095095097007126014080037007054060088098117105090004071002122005030030106023013098105087000112085092105100106045047052093075078112119126125088008008079079110024010028070111004120020094126012121001109091011070029099001127100099075002&#038;EXT=pdf&#038;INDEX=TRUE> [Accessed 24 January 2021].\r\n[5]\tBerg-Schlosser, D., De Meur, G., Rihoux, B. and Ragin, C., 2012. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) As An Approach &#8211; SAGE Research Methods. [online] Methods.sagepub.com. Available at: <https:\/\/methods.sagepub.com\/book\/configurational-comparative-methods\/n1.xml> [Accessed 24 January 2021].\r\n[6]\tAgranoff, R. &#038; Radin, Beryl. (1991). The comparative case study approach in public administration. Research in Public Administration. 1. 203-231.\r\n[7]\tCreswell, J., 2013. Qualitative Inquiry And Research Design. London: Sage Publications.\r\n[8]\tIsro.gov.in. 1997. A Policy Framework For Satellite Communication In India. [online] Available at: <https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/article-files\/indias-space-policy-0\/satcom-policy.pdf> [Accessed 24 January 2021].\r\n[9]\tIsro.gov.in. 2011. Remote Sensing Data Policy &#8211; 2011. [online] Available at: <https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/indias-space-policy-0#:~:text=To%20cater%20to%20the%20developmental,from%20Indian%20and%20foreign%20satellites.> [Accessed 24 January 2021].\r\n[10]\tGeo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency: GISTDA Thailand, 2019. Thailand National Space Master Plan (2017 &#8211; 2036). [online] Unoosa.org. Available at: <https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/documents\/pdf\/spacelaw\/activities\/2019\/T5-3-PC_Leveraging_Space_Law_Capability_for_new_space_actors_in_Asia_Pacific_Region.pdf> [Accessed 24 January 2021].Officialgazette.gov.ph. 2019. Philippine Space Act &#8211; Republic Act No 11363. [online] Available at: <https:\/\/www.officialgazette.gov.ph\/downloads\/2019\/08aug\/20190808-RA-11363-RRD.pdf> [Accessed 24 January 2021]. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sanath Panawennage, R.L.S. Fernando, Weng Jingnong, &#8220;Comparative Analysis with a Central Case Study and Multiple Reference Case Studies: A Methodological Variant for Policy Analysis in Developing a National Space Policy &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.554-562 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5127<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/554-562.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparative-analysis-with-a-central-case-study-and-multiple-reference-case-studies-a-methodological-variant-for-policy-analysis-in-developing-a-national-space-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Comparative Analysis with a Central Case Study and Multiple Reference Case Studies: A Methodological Variant for Policy Analysis in Developing a National Space Policy <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5939ce elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5939ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d593ae6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d593ae6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d593c83\" data-id=\"d593c83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d593db8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d593db8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d593e64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d593e64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d593fc8\" data-id=\"d593fc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5940df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5940df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d594182 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d594182\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5942e1\" data-id=\"d5942e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5943ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5943ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d594494 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d594494\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5945f4\" data-id=\"d5945f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d59470b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d59470b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5947aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5947aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d594919\" data-id=\"d594919\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d594a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d594a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Anxiety and Self-Compassion in Persons with Alcohol Use Disorders in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Marie Pearl Agordzo, Joseph Kwarteng Ofosuhene-Mensah, Kofi Krafona and George Ekem-Ferguson -January 2021 Page No.: 563-568<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d594ad9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d594ad9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d594c58\" data-id=\"d594c58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d594d97 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d594d97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Alcohol use disorder is a condition that develops as a result of problematic alcohol use. The study examined the relationship between social anxiety and self-compassion among persons with alcohol use disorder in the three main psychiatric hospitals and an alcohol rehabilitation centre in Ghana. The study employed a correlational design and used purposive sampling in obtaining its participants. Sixty participants were involved in the study and Frequencies and Pearson\u2019s product-moment correlation coefficient were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that social anxiety was highly prevalent among participants and moderate level of self-compassion was observed. A highly significant inverse relationship between social anxiety and self-compassion was also found.  The sample size and the use of an adapted version of the self-compassion scale are considered limitations for the study. Also, persons with alcohol use disorders in the study were addicted to at least one other psychoactive substance and this was also considered a limitation of the study.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 563-568\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5128<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Marie Pearl Agordzo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education and Psychology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Joseph Kwarteng Ofosuhene-Mensah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education and Psychology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kofi Krafona<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education and Psychology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> George Ekem-Ferguson <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKorle-bu Teaching Hospital, Accra-Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdu-Mireku, S. (2003). Prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use among Ghanaian senior secondary students in an urban setting. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2(1), 53-65.\r\n[2]\tAgoabasa, F.A. (2012). Alcoholism among women and its impact on the socio-economic development of Ghana: A case study of Sandema. Unpublished Bachelor of Science Dissertation. Ashesi University, Ghana.\t\r\n[3]\tAhlstrom, S., Bloomfield, K., &#038; Knibbe, R. (2001). Gender differences in drinking patterns in nine European countries: Descriptive findings. \r\n[4]\tAkyeampong, E. (1996). What\u2019s in a drink? Class struggle, popular culture and the politics of akpeteshie (local gin) in Ghana, 1930\u201367. Journal of African History, 37(1), 215-236.\r\n[5]\tAkyeampong, E. (1995). Alcoholism in Ghana: A socio- cultural exploration. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 19(2), 261-80. Substance Abuse, 22, 69-85.\r\n[6]\tAmerican Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed) (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: Author.\r\n[7]\tAmerican Psychiatric Association (2004). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (4th ed) (DSM-4). Washington DC: Author. \r\n[8]\tAppiah, R., Danquah, S., Nyarko, K. Ofori-Atta, A.L. &#038; Aziato L. (2017). Precipitants of substance abuse relapse in Ghana: A qualitative exploration. Journal of Drug Issues, 47(1), 104-115.\r\n[9]\tBarry, A.E., Johnson, E., Rabre, A., Darville, G., Donovan, K.,M. &#038; Efunbumi, O. (2015). Underage access to to online alcohol marketing content: a Youtube case study. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 50(1), 89-94.\r\n[10]\tBlackie, R.A., &#038; Kocovski, N.L (2017). Examining the relationships among self-compassion, social anxiety and post-event processing. Psychological Reports. 0(0), 1-21.\r\n[11]\tClark, D. B., &#038; Sayette, M. A. (1993). Anxiety and the development of alcoholism: Clinical and scientific issues. American Journal on Addictions, 2, 59-76. \r\n[12]\tDoku, D., Koivusilta, L., &#038; Rimpala, A. (2012). Socioeconmic differences in alcohol and drug use among Ghanaian adolescents. Addictive Behaviours, 37(3), 357-360.\r\n[13]\tDunbar, R.I.M., Launay, J., Wlodarski, R., Robertson, C., Pearce, E., Carney, J., &#038; MacCarron, P. (2016). Functional benefits of (Modest) Alcohol Consumption. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3(2).\r\n[14]\tFisher, J. C., Bang, H., &#038; Kapiga, S. H. (2007). The association between HIV infection and alcohol use: A systematic review and meta-analysis of African studies. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34, 856-863.\r\n[15]\tGhana Statistical Service (2013). National Analytical Report. In 2010 Population and Housing Census: Summary Report of Final Result. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Statistical Service.\r\n[16]\tKoob, G.F., &#038; Le Moal, M. (2008). Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 363, 3113-3123.\r\n[17]\tKranzler, H., &#038; Soyka, M. (2018). Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorder: A review. The Journal of American Medical Association. 320(8), 815.\r\n[18]\tKushner, M. G., Abrams, K., &#038; Borchardt, C. (2000). The relationship between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders: a review of major perspectives and findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 20 (2), 149-171.\r\n[19]\tLeary, M.R., Tate, E.B., Adams, C.E., Allen, A.B., &#038; Hancook, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant events: Then implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 92, 887-904.\r\n[20]\tMagazine, R. (2004). Both Husbands and banda (gang) members: Conceptualizing marital conflict and instability among young rural migrants in Mexico City, Men and Masculinities, 7, 144-165.\r\n[21]\tNeff, K.D. (2009a). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate with oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211-214.\r\n[22]\tNeff, K.D. (2004). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Construct Human Sci. 9, 27-37.\r\n[23]\tNeff, K. D. (2003b). Self-compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self &#038; Identity, 2(2), 85-102. \r\n[24]\tNeff, K. D. (2003a). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-compassion.  Self &#038; Identity, 2(3), 223-250.\r\n[25]\tNeff, K.D, Kirkpatrick, K.L., &#038; Rude, S.S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.\r\n[26]\tOppong Asante, K., &#038; Kugbey, N. (2019). Alcohol use by school-going adolescents in Ghana: prevalence and correlates. Mental Health and Prevention. 13, 75-81.\r\n[27]\tPotter, R.F., Yar, K., Francis, A.J.P., &#038; Schuster, S. (2014). Self-compassionmediates the relationship between parental criticism and social anxiety. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy.14, 33-43.\r\n[28]\tRandall, C.L. (2000). Alcoholism and social anxiety disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Denver, CO.\r\n[29]\tSchellekens, A.F.A., De Jong, C.A.J., Buitelaar, J.K., &#038; Verkes, R.J. (2014). Co-morbid anxiety disorders predict early relapse after inpatient alcohol treatment. Eur Psychiatry, 30(1), 128-36.\r\n[30]\tSchonbrun, Y.C., Zach, W., Stuart, G.L. &#038; Strong, D.R. (2011). Marital status and treatment utilization for alcohol use disorders. Addictive Disorders and their Treatment, 10 (3).\r\n[31]\tStolberg V.B. (2006). A review of perspectives of alcohol and alcoholism in the history of American health and medicine. J Ethn Subst Abuse, 5 (4), 39-106.\r\n[32]\tWerner, K.H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P.R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R.G., &#038; Gross, J.J. (2012). Self-compassion and social anxiety disorder. Anxiety Stress Coping, 25(5), 543-58.\r\n[33]\tWorld Health Organisation (2019).  Harmful use of alcohol, alcohol dependence and mental health conditions: a review of the evidence for their association and integrated treatment approaches. \r\n[34]\tWorld Health Organisation (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva, WHO.\r\n[35]\tWorld Health Organisation (2016). Health topics: Pregnancy. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.\r\n[36]\tWorld Health Organisation (2013). World Health Statistics 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.\r\n[37]\tWorld Health Organization (2011). Global status report on alcohol and health: 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: Author\r\n[38]\tWorld Health Organisation (2006). Global status report on alcohol 2006. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation\r\n[39]\tWorld Health Organization (2004). Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Marie Pearl Agordzo, Joseph Kwarteng Ofosuhene-Mensah, Kofi Krafona and George Ekem-Ferguson, &#8220;Social Anxiety and Self-Compassion in Persons with Alcohol Use Disorders in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.563-568 January 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5128<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/563-568.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-anxiety-and-self-compassion-in-persons-with-alcohol-use-disorders-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Social Anxiety and Self-Compassion in Persons with Alcohol Use Disorders in Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d595cdc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d595cdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d595dcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d595dcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d595f65\" data-id=\"d595f65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d596097 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d596097\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d596136 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d596136\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a7980\" data-id=\"d5a7980\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a7b2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5a7b2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5a7bf3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5a7bf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a7d6d\" data-id=\"d5a7d6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a7e80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5a7e80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5a7f2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5a7f2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a808c\" data-id=\"d5a808c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a81bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5a81bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5a826c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5a826c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a83be\" data-id=\"d5a83be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a84c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5a84c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5a8568 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5a8568\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a86cd\" data-id=\"d5a86cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a87df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5a87df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An assessment of the factors influencing commercialization of green maize in Nandi South-Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pius Cheruiyot, Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei-  January 2021 Page No.: 569-574<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5a887d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5a887d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a89e5\" data-id=\"d5a89e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a8b16 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d5a8b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Maize cereals have become a dominant food crop for both human and domestic animals in most parts of the globe especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This study endeavors to assess the factors which influence the farmers of this product to sell the green maize in Kenya. The study will be guided by two objectives; what are the available government policies on food security (maize) and what are the motivating factors for commercialization of green maize. The geographical scope of the study is Nandi South Sub-county, Kenya while the time scope 2016-2017. The study adopted a qualitative approach by critically analyzing the available literature to reach a logical conclusion. The study found that; the government of Kenya has policies- Credit facility policy, Price reduction policy, which are but in paper where its implementation does not see the light of the day. The famers are motivated to sell green maize by the following factors: Higher returns to farmers, demand of Green Maize and Productivity, no guarantees of returns by the government on dry maize, the middle men tend to benefit and farmers plight are ignored. The study recommends that the government should guarantee farmers maximum returns. In conclusion, for a country to develop the population should be well fed hence the government should implement policies which will be able to ensure there is enough food reserve and the farmers to be ensured maximum returns on their products.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 569-574\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pius Cheruiyot <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, Political Science and Public Administration, Moi University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, Political Science and Public Administration, Moi University, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAnderson, J.E. (1979). Public Policy-Making. 2nd ed. USA: Holt, Reinhart and Winston Publishers.\r\n[2]\tApiyo, H.A., &#038; Omolo, J.O. (2006). Civil Service Reform Policy in Kenya: A Review of the Retrenchment Strategy. Discussion Paper 080\/2006.\r\n[3]\tArunachalam, L., Purushothaman, S., Palaniappau, S.P., &#038; Devasahayam, M.M. (1995). Relative Contribution of Non \u2013Monetary Low Cost Inputs in Redgram Production. Madras Agricultural Journal 82 (3):179-181.\r\n[4]\tEllis, K.V. (1990). Surface Water Pollution and its Control. Basingstoke &#038; London: Mcmillan Press Ltd.\r\n[5]\tGay, L.R. (1992). Educational Research Competence for Analysis and Applications. 4th Edition New York: Macmillan Publishers. \r\n[6]\tGeier, G. (1995). Food Security Policy in Africa between Disaster Relief and Adjustment: Reflections on the Conception and Effectiveness of Policies. The Case of Tanzania. (Gdi Book) Series No.5. Frank Cass. London. \r\n[7]\tGitu, K.W. (1992). Agriculture Data Compendium. Technical Paper 92-100. Long Range Planning Division, Ministry of Planning and National Development. Kenya:  Government of Kenya.\r\n[8]\tKiruku, K.J. (2004). Introduction to Critical Thinking. Kenya: Kijabe Printing Press.\r\n[9]\tMccann, J. C. (1995). People of the Plow. An Agricultural History of Ethiopia 1800 \u2013 1990 Wisconsin University.\r\n[10]\tOmosa, M., Wayande, P., &#038; Ludeki, C. (2007). Governance Issues in Kenya: An Overview. Kenya: University of Nairobi Press.\r\n[11]\tRukuni, M., &#038; Eicher, C.K. (Eds) (1994). Zimbabwe\u2019s Agricultural Revolution. University Of Zimbabwe Publications.\r\n[12]\tUpton Martin, (1973). Farm Management in Africa; The Principal of Production and Planning, London Oxford (1973). \r\n[13]\tMullei, A. (2001). The Link between Corruption and Poverty: Lessons from Kenya; Case Studies. Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Economic Growth.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pius Cheruiyot, Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei &#8220;An assessment of the factors influencing commercialization of green maize in Nandi South-Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.569-574 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/569-574.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/569-574.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-the-factors-influencing-commercialization-of-green-maize-in-nandi-south-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An assessment of the factors influencing commercialization of green maize in Nandi South-Sub-County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a9949 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5a9949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5a9a39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5a9a39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a9bc4\" data-id=\"d5a9bc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a9cef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5a9cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5a9d8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5a9d8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5a9eec\" data-id=\"d5a9eec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5aa000 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5aa000\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5aa0a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5aa0a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5aa1ef\" data-id=\"d5aa1ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b896e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5b896e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5b8a59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5b8a59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5b8bf0\" data-id=\"d5b8bf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b8d18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5b8d18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5b8dbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5b8dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5b8f3a\" data-id=\"d5b8f3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b904c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5b904c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Paying for Peace: The Impact and Limitation of Amnesty for Militants and Averting Further Conflict in Niger Delta, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Deji Kalejaiye Omoshola, Norafidah Ismail, Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan &#8211; January 2021 Page No.: 575-582<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5b90f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5b90f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5b9277\" data-id=\"d5b9277\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5b93bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d5b93bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research compared the effect of different feed ration on growing grasscutters to obtain a compounded feed that is efficient in managing this rodent in captivity. Ten young grasscutters (2 months old) were weighed at the initial stage, put in five compartment cages (two animals in a cage) of equal dimension:  0.75 x 0.38 x 0.40 m (L x W x H). Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used to allow the animals in their cages, labeled Treatments 1to 5 (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The animals were fed with varying percentages of compounded maize, millet, Guinea corn, sweet potatoes, cassava tubers with clean water, and forage every day for six months. The feeds used for each treatment were labeled F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 respectively. Data were collected weekly on body weight (kg) and length (cm) of the animals by the use of weighing balance and ruler respectively. The result shows that T2 animals, fed with the highest percentage of millet were significantly higher (P<0.05) in both body weight and length, while T4 animals fed with sweet potatoes have the lowest body weight and length. This work recommends improving grasscutter feed with millet flour for fast growth and agility. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 575-582\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5129<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deji Kalejaiye Omoshola<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, 06010, Kedah, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Norafidah Ismail<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, 06010, Kedah, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>, Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, 06010, Kedah, Malaysia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdeosun, A.B., Ismail, N., Zengeni, K.T. (2016). Elites and conflict in Nigeria: A case study of the Niger Delta insurgency. Inter. J. Polit. Sci. Develop., 4(8), 301-314.\r\n[2]\tAgbiboa, D. E. (2015). Transformational strategy or gilded pacification? Four years on: The Niger Delta armed conflict and the DDR process of the Nigerian amnesty Programme. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 50(4), 387\u2013411.\r\n[3]\tAghedo, I. (2012). Winning the war, losing the peace: Amnesty and the challenges of post-conflict peace-building in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 48(3), 267\u2013280.\r\n[4]\tAghedo, I. (2015). Sowing peace, reaping violence: Understanding the resurgence of kidnapping in post-amnesty Niger Delta, Nigeria. Insight on Africa, 7(2), 137\u2013153.\r\n[5]\tAjayi, A. I., &#038;Adesote, A. S. (2013). The gains and pains of the amnesty programme in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, 2007-2012: A preliminary assessment. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 48(4), 506\u2013520.\r\n[6]\tAjibola, I. O. (2015). Nigeria\u2019s amnesty programme: The role of empowerment in achieving peace and development in post-conflict Niger Delta. SAGE Open, 5(3), 1-11.\r\n[7]\tAkinwale, A.A. (2010) Amnesty and human capital development agenda for the Niger Delta. Journal of African Studies and Development, 2(8), 201-207.\r\n[8]\tAustine, E.,&#038; Sunday, E. (2013). Niger Delta: A critical appraisal of the amnesty programme and social political development in Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(22), 130-137.\r\n[9]\tBodo, T. (2020). Illegal oil bunkering in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: A challenge to Nigeria\u2019s development. European Scientific Journal, 16(29), 1857-7881.\r\n[10]\tCampbell, J. (2015). A primer on Nigeria\u2019s oil bunkering. Council on Foreign Relations.\r\n[11]\tDouglas, O., Kemedi, V., Okonta, I., &#038; Watts M. (2003). Oil and militancy in the Niger Delta: Terrorist threat or another Colombia? Economies of violence, working paper No. 4\r\n[12]\tEke, S. J. (2014). No pay, no peace: Political settlement and post-amnesty violence in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 50(6), 750\u2013764.\r\n[13]\tEkumaoko, C. E. (2013). The amnesty question in post conflict Niger Delta and peace-building. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(10), 1\u201312.\r\n[14]\tEmuedo, C. (2010). Politics of conflict, oil and petro-violence in the Niger Delta. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 73-81.\r\n[15]\tFGN: Federal government of Nigeria (2009). Presidential Amnesty for Militants in the Niger Delta region. Nigeria.\r\n[16]\tGolden-Timsar, R. (2018). Amnesty and new violence in the Niger Delta. University of Houston Energy Fellows.\r\n[17]\tHazardex (2019). New report finds Nigeria has lost $42bn to crude oil theft in last decade.Hazardex Press\r\n[18]\tHinshaw, D. (2012). Niger Delta amnesty programme fails to end militancy. The Wall Street Journal.\r\n[19]\tHuman Rights Watch (2003). The Warri crisis: Fueling violence. HRW, 15(18A).\r\n[20]\tIbaba, I.S (2011). Amnesty and peace-building in the Niger Delta: Addressing the frustration-aggression trap. African, 5(1), 238-271.\r\n[21]\tInternational Crisis Group. (2008). Nigeria: Ogoni land after Shell. Crisis Group Africa Policy Briefing 54.\r\n[22]\tSaro-Wiwa, K. (1994). Ogoni moment of truth. Saros Int. Publishers, Port Harcourt.\r\n[23]\tKoos, C. (2017). Which grievances make people support violence against the State? Survey evidence from the Niger Delta. Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations, 44(3), 437-462.\r\n[24]\tKuenzer, C., Beijma, S., Gessner, U., &#038;Dech, S. (2014). Land surface dynamics and environmental challenges of the Niger Delta, Africa: Remote sensing-based analyses spanning three decades (1986 \u20132013). Applied Geography, 53, 354-368.\r\n[25]\tMai-Bornu, Z., &#038;Ladan, Z. (2020). Political violence and oil in Africa &#8211; The case of Nigeria. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n[26]\tNwozar, A. (2010). A Delta of minefield: Oil resource conflict and the politics of amnesty in Nigeria. Conflict Trends, 1, 28 \u2013 35.\r\n[27]\tOdera, O., Scott, A., &#038;Gow, J. (2018). Community perceptions of Nig. oil companiescommitment to social and environmental concerns. Journal of Global Responsibility, 9(1), 73-95.\r\n[28]\tOgege, O. S. (2011). Amnesty initiative and the dilemma of sustainable development in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(4).\r\n[29]\tOjakorotu, V. (2011). Anatomy of the Niger Delta crises: Causes, consequences, and opportunities for peace. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.\r\n[30]\tOkeke-Ogbuafor, N., Gray, T. S, &#038; Stead, S. M. (2018). Perceptions of the existence and causes of structural violence in Ogoni communities, Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 36(2), 229-244.\r\n[31]\tOkonkwo, C. N., Kumar, L., &#038; Taylor, S. (2015). The Niger Delta wetland ecosystem: What threatens it and why should we protect it? African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 9(5), 451-463.\r\n[32]\tOkonofua, B. A. (2016). The Niger Delta amnesty program: The challenges of transitioning from peace settlements to long-term peace. SAGE Open, 6(2), 1-16.\r\n[33]\tOlaniyi, O. O. (2011). Post-amnesty program in the Niger Delta: Challenges and prospects. Conflict Trends, 4, 46\u201354.\r\n[34]\tOluwaniyi, O. O. (2018). The role of multinational oil corporations in Nigeria: more exploitation equals less development of oil-rich Niger Delta region. Review of African Political Economy, 45(158), 558 \u2013573.\r\n[35]\tOluyemi, O. (2020). The military dimension of Niger Delta crisis and its implications on Nigeria national security. SAGE, 10(2), 1-13.\r\n[36]\tOmojimite, B. U. (2012). Sustainable development, peace and security in the Niger Delta region. European Journal of Social Sciences, 28, 549-558.\r\n[37]\tOsha, S. (2006). Birth of the Ogoni protest movement. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 41(1-2), 13\u201338.\r\n[38]\tSchmidle, N. (2009). The hostage business. The New York Times Magazine.\r\n[39]\tUbhenin, E. O. (2013). The Federal Government\u2019s amnesty programme in the Niger-Delta: An appraisal. Y\u00f6netimBilimleriDergisi, 11(21), 179-203.\r\n[40]\tUshie, V. (2013). Nigeria\u2019s amnesty programme as a peacebuilding infrastructure: A silver Bullet? Journal of Peacebuilding and development, 8(1), 30-44.\r\n[41]\tWatts, M. (2004). Resource curse? Governmentality, oil and power in the Niger Delta. Geopolitics, 9(14), 50-80.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Deji Kalejaiye Omoshola, Norafidah Ismail, Ummu Atiyah Ahmad Zakuan &#8220;Paying for Peace: The Impact and Limitation of Amnesty for Militants and Averting Further Conflict in Niger Delta, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.575-582 January 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5129<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/575-582.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/paying-for-peace-the-impact-and-limitation-of-amnesty-for-militants-and-averting-further-conflict-in-niger-delta-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paying for Peace: The Impact and Limitation of Amnesty for Militants and Averting Further Conflict in Niger Delta, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba259 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5ba259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba375 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5ba375\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba514\" data-id=\"d5ba514\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba639 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5ba639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba6e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5ba6e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba83e\" data-id=\"d5ba83e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5ba948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5ba9e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5ba9e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5bab3b\" data-id=\"d5bab3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5bac5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5bac5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5bacfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5bacfa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5bae5c\" data-id=\"d5bae5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5baf64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5baf64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Changing Legislation and Neglect of Local Government\u2019s Role in the Management of Farmer-Grazier Conflicts as Rational for the Degeneration of Crises in the Bamenda Grasslands of Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Protus Mbeum Tem (PhD)  &#8211; January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 583-592<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5be4c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5be4c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5be73f\" data-id=\"d5be73f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5be8df elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d5be8df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Farmer-grazier conflicts remain one of the greatest factors that have impeded peaceful coexistence between farmers and graziers in the Bamenda Grasslands of Cameroon. In spite of attempts made by the colonial and post-colonial governments in arresting the problem, the hitch has persisted over the years. Though the re-occurrence of these conflicts has been attributed to corruption perpetuated by those involved in the management of these crises, the paper argues that the termination of local government\u2019s role in the management of these conflicts in 1978 instead intensified skirmishes. Drawing allusion from colonial legislation where local governments had the final authority, outbursts was uncommon. However, the granting of authority to central government officials after independence instead fanned these conflicts and greatly worked against its mitigation. The paper concludes that, for the effective eradication of these conflicts, local government\u2019s involvement is necessary since they understand local realities in their communities than appointed civil servants or central authority agents. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 583-592\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Protus Mbeum Tem (PhD)  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe University of Bamenda, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAmi-Nyoh H. 2013. \u201cFulani-Indigenous People Co-Existence in Menchum Division, Cameroon, 1922-2003: An Appraisal of the Economic Relations\u201d, Pantikar Journal of History, Vol. 1, No 1, pp.87-100. \r\n[2]\tAmi-Nyoh H. 2015. \u201cStrategies and Pitfalls of Agro-Pastoral Conflicts Prevention in the Bamenda Grassfields of Cameroon under British Administration\u201d Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No 4A, pp. 825-832. \r\n[3]\tAmi-Nyoh, H. &#038; Lang M. Kpughe. 2016. Inter-Ethnic Enslavement among the Indigenes and Fulani of Cameroon\u2019s Bamenda Grassfields. Asian Journal of Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Vol. 4, No. 4.\r\n[4]\tAyele, Zemelak Ayitenew. 2014. The Politics of Sub-National Constitutions and Local government in Ethiopia, Perspectives on Federalism, Vol. 6, issue 2.\r\n[5]\tBabyegeya, E. 2002. Educational planning and administration. Dar es salaam: Open University of Tanzania.\r\n[6]\tBaye, F.M. (Winter 2002). Rural Institutions, Access to Primary Assets and Poverty in two villages in Cameroon. Pakistan Economic and Social Review. Volume XL, No. 2: 121-152.\r\n[7]\tBigdon, C. and Hettige, S. (2003), \u2018Local Governance and Conflict Management\u2019, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg.\r\n[8]\tBrancati, Dawn. 2006. Decentralization: Fuelling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict, in: International Organization, 60, 651\u2010685. \r\n[9]\tChilver, E. M. and Kaberry, P. M. 1967.  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Nigeria Second Fadama Development Project (SFDP), Project Preparation Mission Report, Livestock Component, World Bank, 1-13.\r\n[15]\tDecree No. 78-263 of July 3, 1978, Establishing the Terms and Conditions for Settling the Farmer-Grazier Disputes, Cameroon. \r\n[16]\tDecree No. 78\/263 of 3rd July 1978, Cameroon.\r\n[17]\tDiduk, S. 1989. \u201cWomen\u2019s Agricultural Production and Political Action in Cameroon Grassfields\u201d African Studies 59(3), 348-352.\r\n[18]\tDiprose, Rachael and Ukiwo, Ukoha. Feb. 2008. Decentralisation and Conflict Management in Indonesia and Nigeria. Crises Working Paper No. 49 February 2008.\r\n[19]\tFisiy, C.F. 1992. Power and privilege in the administration of law: Land law reforms and social differentiation in Cameroon. Leiden, Africa Studies Centre.\r\n[20]\tFonchingong, Charles C. Vubo, Emmanuel Yenshu and Beseng, Maurice Ufon, 2008. Traditions of Women\u2019s Social Protest Movements and Collective Mobilisation: Lessons from Aghem and Kedjom Women in Civil Society and the Search for Development Alternatives in Cameroon.\r\n[21]\tFrancis D. J. 2005. \u201cPeace and conflict studies: An African overview of basic facts\u201d in Shedrack Gaya Best (ed.) Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd, 202-17. \r\n[22]\tGaltung, J.1969. \u201cViolence, peace and peace research\u201d Journal of Peace Research, 6 (3),167-191.\r\n[23]\tHaman, U. (2002). Land use patterns and conflicts between the pastoralists and crop farmers. Case of Mezam Division, North-West Region, Cameroon. Monograph: University of Dschang-Cameroon.\r\n[24]\tHarris, P and Ben Reilly. 1998. Democracy and Deep-rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: International IDEA handbook.\r\n[25]\tHendrix, Cullen, and Sarah Glaser. 2007. Trends and Triggers: Climate, Climate Change and Civil Conflict in Sub&#8211;\u2010\u2011Saharan Africa. Political Geography. 26.6: 695-715.\r\n[26]\tHickey, S. 2002. The role of non-governmental development organizations in challenging exclusion in Africa: Participatory development and the politics of citizenship formation amongst the Mbororo-Fulani in North-West Cameroon. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Edinbugh, University, U.K.  \r\n[27]\tJackson, Paul and Scott, Zoe. 2008. Local Government in Post-Conflict Environments.  Workshop on Local Government in Post-Conflict Situations: Challenges for Improving Local Decision Making and Service Delivery Capacities, Oslo, Norway 28-29 November 2007.\r\n[28]\tKanjo, Shei William and Michael, Fon Nsoh, Farmer-Grazer Conflicts in the North West Region of Cameroon: Evolution and Current Context. \r\n[29]\tKaunganya, I.K. 1992. Training Africa\u2019s Agricultural Experts. Afric. Farmer. 7: 10-15 \r\n[30]\tKometa, Sunday Shende &#038; Ebot, Mathias Ashu Tambe (2012 ) Watershed Degradation in the Bamendjin Area of the North West Region of Cameroon and Its Implication for Development. Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 5, No. 9. \r\n[31]\tMehler, Andreas &#038; Ribaux, Claude Andr\u00e9. 2000. Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management in Technical Cooperation: An Overview of the National and International Debate, Wiesbaden: Universum. \r\n[32]\tNAB, Ab17\/10, Report on the Farmer-Grazier Relations. \r\n[33]\tNAB, B.2807\/5\/1955. Petition to the UN, 1955.\r\n[34]\tNAB, Cb\/1945\/2, Annual Report for the Bamenda Division, 1945. \r\n[35]\tNAB, Cb\/1949\/1.No. 141. Annual Report Bamenda Division, 1949. \r\n[36]\tNAB, Ci\/1955\/1. Annual Report, 1955, Wum Division, 1955.\r\n[37]\tNAB, E\/1949\/2. No. 23230A Vol. 1. Annual Report, 1949.\r\n[38]\tNAB, E\/1950\/1. Southern Cameroons Information Brochure of the Bamenda Area to the United Nations Visiting Mission, 1955. \r\n[39]\tNAB, Ja\/g\/1957\/1. Annual Report, 1957, Wum Division, 1957.\r\n[40]\tNAB, Ja\/g\/1958\/2. Native Authority Meetings, Wum Divisional Minutes, 1958.\r\n[41]\tNAB, Ja\/g\/1959\/1. Minutes of Wum Divisional Native Authority Meetings with the Premier of the Southern Cameroons, Wum Division, 1959. \r\n[42]\tNAB, Ja\/g\/1959\/2. Wum Divisional Native Authority Council Minutes of Meetings, 1959.\r\n[43]\tNAB, Ja\/g\/1964\/1. No. CI554. Kom &#8211; Bum Council Committee Minutes, 1964.\r\n[44]\tNAB, LPG\/691\/S.1: cattle control rules Wum native Authority, 1960.\r\n[45]\tNAB, LGP\/691\/1959. Cattle control rules, 1060. \r\n[46]\tNAB, LGP\/691\/5.2 (1960) on cattle control rules. \r\n[47]\tNAB, Qs\/1962\/9, farmer grazing in west Cameroon in 1962. \r\n[48]\tNAB, Sb\/a\/1959\/10. No. LG1970. 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Conflict: Toward conceptual clarity\/administration. Science Quarterly, 17:357-370.\r\n[68]\tSchelnberger, Anna Katharina. 2005. \u201cDecentralisation as a Means of Conflict Management: A Case Study of Kibaale District, Uganda\u201d, IEE working papers, 181 (Ruhr University, Bochum: Institute of Development Research and Development Policy.\r\n[69]\tSiegle, Joseph and O\u2019mahony, Assessing the Merits of Decentralization as a Conflict Mitigation Strategy. Paper prepared for USAID\u2019s Office of Democracy and Governance as a supporting study to the revision of the Decentralization and Democratic Local Governance Programming Handbook.\r\n[70]\tTerry, F. 1983. Towards restructuring: The dimensions of change in local government. London: Prentice Hall.\r\n[71]\tTonah, Steve. 2002. \u201cThe Politics of Exclusion: The Expulsion of Fulbe Pastoralists from Ghana\r\n[72]\tin 1999\/2000.\u201d Working Paper for Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology.\r\n[73]\tTorrington, D &#038; Hall, L. 1987. Personnel Management: A New approach. London: Prentice Hall.\r\n[74]\tSchou, A. and Haug, M., 2005, \u2018Decentralisation in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations\u2019, Working Paper no. 139, NIBR.\r\n[75]\tSteinich, Markus 2000: Decentralisation as an Instrument for Institutional Conflict Management, Draft, Eschborn. \r\n[76]\tUgwu, Anthony C. and Enna, D. M. June 2015. Conflict Transformation in Nasarawa State: The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Option. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration. Vol.3, No.3. 58-73. \r\n[77]\tUzuegbunam, Anthonia O. and Nwofia, Johnson Emeka. 2014. Ethno-communal Conflict and the Local Government System in Nigeria: A Desideratum of Peace Building. Journal of Scientific Research &#038; Reports, 3(10): 1403-1420, 2014.\r\n[78]\tValentine, Asong T., Juliana, Anchang A. and Martin, Shu. 2014. \u2018In search of Common Ground\u2019 for the Farmer Grazer Conflicts in the North West Region of Cameroon: Conflicts Over Land and Pasture in North West Region of Cameroon, Listening to the Voices of Farmers and Grazers. Bamenda: PAID-WA and MBOSCUDA. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Protus Mbeum Tem (PhD),  &#8220;Changing Legislation and Neglect of Local Government\u2019s Role in the Management of Farmer-Grazier Conflicts as Rational for the Degeneration of Crises in the Bamenda Grasslands of Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.583-592 January 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/583-592.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/changing-legislation-and-neglect-of-local-governments-role-in-the-management-of-farmer-grazier-conflicts-as-rational-for-the-degeneration-of-crises-in-the-bamenda-grasslands-of-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Changing Legislation and Neglect of Local Government\u2019s Role in the Management of Farmer-Grazier Conflicts as Rational for the Degeneration of Crises in the Bamenda Grasslands of Cameroon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5bf87b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5bf87b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5c020c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5c02ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5c02ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5c041b\" data-id=\"d5c041b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5c0525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5c0525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Politics of Teacher Unions: Strategies and Effects<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Nicholas Wachira and Derrick Odhiambo- January 2021 Page No.: 593-599<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5c05cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5c05cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5c073d\" data-id=\"d5c073d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5c0873 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d5c0873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated how the politics of teacher unions affect teacher benefits. The study sought to investigate the political strategies that teacher unions employ in order to fight for the benefits of teachers and the teachers\u2019 awareness of these union activities. This study was carried out among teachers in public primary and secondary schools in Western Kenya. The respondents included classroom teachers in primary and secondary schools, school heads and principals as well as a teacher union official.\r\nThis study adopted Dewey\u2019s Pragmatic paradigm where workable methods are used for problem solving. A concurrent mixed method design was adopted so that both quantitative and qualitative data could be collected at the same time. This allowed for collection of both the feelings and attitudes of respondents as well as collection of a wide range of opinions from many respondents through survey for generalization. Quantitatively, 114 filled survey questionnaires were gathered from respondents with data on political strategies used by teacher unions, union accessibility to members, general feeling about unions by teachers and benefits that members derive from unions. 9 interviews with school heads and union leader were conducted to obtain the qualitative data. To triangulate the data collected, documents analysis of union correspondence and government documents was also carried out. Findings revealed that teacher unions effectively used both coercive and diplomatic strategies in fighting for benefits for teachers despite challenges that faced them. These political strategies included staging strikes and negotiating Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBA) that improved teachers\u2019 salaries, allowances, health benefits among others. Findings revealed the political power of unions lie in numerical numbers of teachers and the financial resources from union dues. However, having observed that unions only recruit salaried members, I would recommend further research on the possibility of in cooperating non-salaried teachers in order to give the union more power for negotiation.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 593-599\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nicholas Wachira  Odhiambo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAga Khan University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Derrick Odhiambo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAga Khan University, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBerkovich, I. (2011). No we won\u2019t! Teachers\u2019 resistance to educational reform. Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 49(No. 5), 563\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09578231111159548\r\n[2]\tBernards, N. (2019). Trade Union Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa. In N. Bernards, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228637.013.1471\r\n[3]\tCohen, L., Manion, L., &#038; Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (Eighth edition). Routledge.\r\n[4]\tCowen, J., &#038; Strunk, K. (2014). How do Teachers\u2019 Unions Influence Education Policy? What We Know and What We Need to Learn. Education Policy Center. www.education.msu.edu\/epc\r\n[5]\tCreswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (3rd ed). Sage Publications.\r\n[6]\tCreswell, J. W., &#038; Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed). SAGE Publications.\r\n[7]\tCreswell, J. W., &#038; Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (Third edition, international student edition). Sage.\r\n[8]\tCreswell, J. W., &#038; Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (Fourth edition, international student edition). SAGE.\r\n[9]\tDeggs, D., &#038; Hernandez, F. (2018). Enhancing the Value of Qualitative Field Notes Through Purposeful Reflection. The Qualitative Report, Vol 23(No. 10), 11.\r\n[10]\tDenzin, N. K., &#038; Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (Fifth edition). SAGE.\r\n[11]\tFlick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative research (Edition 5). Sage.\r\n[12]\tGernigon, B., Odero, A., &#038; Guido, H. (2000). ILO principles concerning the right to strike. Internat. Labour Office.\r\n[13]\tGichuru, I. (2017). Challenges Facing Legality and Functionality of Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) in Kenya. 1, 12.\r\n[14]\tHan, E. S. (2019). The Impact of Teachers Unions on Teachers\u2019 Well-Being Under Various Legal Institutions: Evidence From District\u2013Teacher Matched Data. AERA Open, 5(3), 233285841986729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2332858419867291\r\n[15]\tHaugaard, M. (n.d.). Democracy, Political Power, and Authority. 28.\r\n[16]\tHennink, M. M., Hutter, I., &#038; Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative research methods. SAGE.\r\n[17]\tHornby, A. S., Deuter, M., Turnbull, J., Bradbury, J., &#038; Oxford University Press (Eds.). (2015). Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary of current English ([New] Ninth edition). Oxford University Press.\r\n[18]\tHyman, R., &#038; Gumbrell-McCormick, R. (2010). Trade unions, politics and parties: Is a new configuration possible? Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 16(3), 315\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1024258910373863\r\n[19]\t\u0130nci \u00d6ZT\u00dcRK, &#038; Fidan, T. (2015). Perspectives and Expectations of Union Member and Non- Union Member Teachers on Teacher Unions. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 5(2), 191\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/jesr.2015.52.10\r\n[20]\tInternational Labour Office (Ed.). (2018). Freedom of association: Compilation of decisions of the Committee on Freedom of Association (Sixth edition). International Labour Office.\r\n[21]\tInternationales Arbeitsamt (Ed.). (2015). Collective bargaining: A policy guide. International Labour Office.\r\n[22]\tKaberia, J. (2012, September 20). Kenya: Striking Teachers, Doctors Will Be Fired\u2014State.\r\n[23]\tKothari C. R. (2008). Research methodology Methods 7 techniques. New Age International Ltd.\r\n[24]\tLilja, P. (2014). Negotiating Teacher Professionalism. Malmo Studies in Educational Sciences, No. 72, 1\u2013151.\r\n[25]\tLumby, J., &#038; Leadership Foundation for Higher Education (Great Britain). (2015). In the wings and backstage: Exploring the micropolitics of leadership in higher education: Research Report.\r\n[26]\tMaddux, H. C., &#038; Donnett, D. (2015). John Dewey\u2019s Pragmatism: Implications for Reflection in Service-Learning. John Dewey, 10.\r\n[27]\tMahlangu, V. P. (2013). Understanding Militant Teacher Union Members\u2019 Activities in Secondary Schools. Policy Futures in Education, 11(5), 497\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2304\/pfie.2013.11.5.497\r\n[28]\tMarinette, B., &#038; Ed, M. (2017). The Impact of Working Conditions on Teachers Attrition in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. 5(6), 21.\r\n[29]\tMcCollow, J. (2017). Teacher Unions. In J. McCollow, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190264093.013.201\r\n[30]\tMugho, S. M. (2017). Causes of the Recent Teachers Strikes in Kenya. 16.\r\n[31]\tO\u2019Reilly, M., &#038; Kiyimba, N. (2015). Advanced qualitative research: A guide to using theory \/ Michelle O\u2019Reilly &#038; Nikki Kiyimba. SAGE.\r\n[32]\tParsons, T. (1963). On the Concept of Political Power. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 107(3), 232\u2013262.\r\n[33]\tPlano Clark, V. L., &#038; Ivankova, N. V. (2016). Mixed methods research: A guide to the field. SAGE.\r\n[34]\tPotrac, P., &#038; Jones, Robyn. L. (2009). Micropolitical Workings in Semi-Professional Football. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(4), 557\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ssj.26.4.557\r\n[35]\tPunch, K. (2016). Developing effective research proposals (3rd edition). SAGE.\r\n[36]\tSubramanien, D., &#038; Joseph, J. (2019). That Would Promote the Objectives of the LRA. 39.\r\n[37]\tTerrell, S. R. (2012). Mixed-Methods Research Methodologies. 27.\r\n[38]\tTolmie, A., Muijs, D., &#038; McAteer, E. (2011). Quantitative methods in educational and social research using SPSS.\r\n[39]\tTrainor, A., &#038; Graue, M. E. (Eds.). (2013). Reviewing qualitative research in the social sciences. Routledge.\r\n[40]\tWarneck, W. (2007). Strike rules in the EU27 and beyond: A comparative overview. ETUI-REHS.\r\n[41]\tWinkler, A., Zeehandelar, D., &#038; Scull, J. (2012). How strong are U.S. teacher unions? A state by state comparison (Education Reform Now). Thomas Fordham Institute.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Nicholas Wachira and Derrick Odhiambo, &#8220;The Politics of Teacher Unions: Strategies and Effects&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.593-599 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/593-599.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/593-599.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-politics-of-teacher-unions-strategies-and-effects\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Politics of Teacher Unions: Strategies and Effects<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5c9a02 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5c9a02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5c9aff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5c9aff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5c9ca9\" data-id=\"d5c9ca9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5c9de1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5c9de1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5c9eb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5c9eb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca012\" data-id=\"d5ca012\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5ca156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca20b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5ca20b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca362\" data-id=\"d5ca362\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca486 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5ca486\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca533 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5ca533\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca691\" data-id=\"d5ca691\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca79d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5ca79d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca844 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5ca844\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5ca9b4\" data-id=\"d5ca9b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5caace elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5caace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Bases of Good Conduct towards Non-Muslims under Shariah <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abba Alhaji Bukar Ph.D- January 2021 Page No.: 600-603<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5cab6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5cab6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5cace3\" data-id=\"d5cace3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5cae1a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d5cae1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Islamic legislation is meant for all nations and creeds and aims at the good of humanity. Sometimes the Shariah bans anything that begets no profit to mankind and when it approves of anything it is beneficial to both Muslims and non-Muslims. Under Shariah justice is dispensed to all irrespective of faith, tribe or colour. Shariah is against persecution and threaten to punish anyone who contemplates using it as a means of achieving undesirable ends. The Glorious Qur\u2019an is explicit on human rights that people often campaigned for. Some of these are right to own property, right to social security and state provision of basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, medical, right to choice of religion and decent living. Islam is generally a complete way of life it conceives social justice as all forms of righteous deeds that precipitate a peaceful co-existence in the human race regardless of what religion one believes in. Hence, Shariah prescribes justice towards friends and enemies alike. Muslims are required by it to deal with all people with kindness, tolerance and generosity. This paper seeks to highlight Islam\u2019s mission to establish peace and justice on earth under the law of Allah. And secondly, to expand the Ummahdemographically and consolidate its existing constituencies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 600-603\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abba Alhaji Bukar Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBorno State University Maiduguri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbdulati H. (undated) Islam in focus.Published by the World Assembly of Muslim Youth. Riyadh. Saudi Arabia.\r\n[2].\tAngelus to Xavier Catholic Place Names in Kansas Obvious &#038; ObscurePublished by Australian book association 2019\r\n[3].\tAfkhami, Mahnaz. (1999). \u201cGender Apartheid andthe Discourse of Relativity of Rights in MuslimSocieties\u201d in Courtney W. Howland [ed]. ReligiousFundamentalisms and the Human Rights of Women.New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, pp. 67-77.\r\n[4].\tAkbarzadeh, Shahram&#038; Benjamin MacQueen. (2008).Islam and Human Rights in Practice: PerspectivesAcross the Ummah. London: Routledge.\r\n[5].\tAkhtar Muslim, Muhammad. (2010). Qur\u2019an aurInsaniHuquq. Lahore: Islamic Publication.Ali, ShaheenSardar. (2000). Gender and Human Rightsin Islam and International Law: Equal Before Allah,Unequal Before Man? The Hague: Kluwer Law\r\n[6].\tDol. A. A (1984) Shariah the Islamic Law. London: Taha Publishers.\r\n[7].\tHamidullah, Muhammad. (1957). The Prophet of Islam:His Biography. Pakistan: DarulIshaat\r\n[8].\tMaududi, A. A. (1986) Islamic Law and Constitutions. Delhi: Taj Company. Delhi.\r\n[9].\tMustapha M. A. (2001) \u201cThe Status of non-Muslims.\u201d This is the Shariah Series Vol. 1 Maiduguri: Kamel Prints.\r\n[10].\tQaradawi Y. A. (undated) AlhalalWalHaramfil Islam. Lagos: Al Da\u2019awatulIslamiyya Book Centre. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abba Alhaji Bukar Ph.D, &#8220;The Bases of Good Conduct towards Non-Muslims under Shariah &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-1, pp.600-603 January 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/600-603.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-1\/600-603.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-bases-of-good-conduct-towards-non-muslims-under-shariah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Bases of Good Conduct towards Non-Muslims under Shariah <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d1ddc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d5d1ddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d1ed2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5d1ed2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5d206e\" data-id=\"d5d206e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d219b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5d219b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d2242 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5d2242\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5d239e\" data-id=\"d5d239e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d24b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5d24b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d255e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5d255e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5d26a9\" data-id=\"d5d26a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d27bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5d27bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d285c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5d285c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5d29c9\" data-id=\"d5d29c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d2aea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5d2aea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d2b8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5d2b8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5d2cf7\" data-id=\"d5d2cf7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d2dff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5d2dff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Competency Based Approach as A Tool of Overcoming Learner\u2019s Misconceptions on The Difficulty in The Teaching and Learning of Statistics<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bafon Richard Mkong   -January 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 604-624<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d5d2ea6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d5d2ea6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5d3032\" data-id=\"d5d3032\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d3187 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"d5d3187\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2241\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2241\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The present research is in line with the trend towards the adoption of the Competence-Based Approach (CBA) in most African countries in general and Cameroon in particular due to the fact that, Cameroon   implemented nationwide started at primary schools the CBA in September 2018. Born from rising global economic and professional exigencies, the Competency-Based Approach gained momentum in the 1990s in France and in most Francophone African countries around the globe. Consequently, recruitment is based on the competencies of job seekers. Hence, it is legitimate that schools integrate this new reality so that graduates fulfill socio- professional exigencies in a timely manner. De Ketele (2001, in Hirrt, 2009, p.6) is of this view when he says: \u201cit is indeed the socio-economic climate which has determined the notion of competency as the adults shaped by schools were not sufficiently trained to enter the work force\u201d. In Cameroon, pedagogic methods of teaching have revolved from teaching using dogmatic method to teaching using objective method and of recent to teaching using the competency-based approach (CBA). The notion of Competency based education was introduced in French speaking African countries in 1996, but during the Conference of Ministers of Education in Yaound\u00e9 in Cameroon in July 2012 it was introduced to the Cameroon system of education.(Bernard et al, 2007), This approach (CBA) was introduced in Cameroon partly because of the failure to meet the educational expectations using \u2015teaching by objective. Competency based approach was acclaimed as a more effective approach to teaching and learning due to its envisaged benefits in enhancing the acquisition of knowledge and competences. Overcoming learners \u2018misconceptions on the difficulty in the teaching and learning of educational statistics is a necessity especially with the implementation of the new innovative approach (CBA), which is a learner centered approach.  Students sometimes develop misconceptions about sub branch of mathematic called statistics because they did not understand the lesson that was taught. Educational statistics is a technical aspect educational research in universities in Cameroon and since most students have little knowledge about this course and the negative attitude they have for statistics related courses, they feel that the course is a difficult one. This research study is interested in assessing how CBA can be used in overcoming learners \u2018misconceptions on the difficulties faced in the teaching and learning of educational statistics inschools. This research work is therefore of significance to students, teachers and to the educational world.\r\nThe main theories that will guide the work will be cognitive and socio constructivist theories of learning. Socio constructivist theory of learning is a product of socio cognitive activities linked to the didactic exchanges between teacher-students and students-students. Cognitive theory stipulates that learning takes place using memory, motivation, and reasoning. The methods which will be used in collecting data are qualitative and quantitative methods, classroom observations, sampling with the use of questionnaires, key informant interviews. Data shall be analyzed via SPSS version 20.  At the end of this research work, the researcher will propose strategies and methods which can be used in overcoming learners \u2018misconceptions on the difficulties in the teaching and learning of educational statistics using CBA at the level of Universities.  \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 604-624\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2242\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2242\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bafon Richard Mkong   <\/strong><\/span> \r\nPhD student in Curriculum and Evaluation, The University of Yaound\u00e9 I, Cameroon \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2243\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2243\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAimzlam, T. et al.(2015). 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Mentouri, Constantine, Algeria.\r\n[15]\tCompetency-Based Education: State Policy Communications Toolkit, Foundation of Excellence in Education. file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Olga\/Downloads\/02.23.2016-CBEState-Communications-Toolkit.pdf, retrieved 04\/04\/2017. \r\n[16]\tDubois and Rothwell (2004).Competence based on performing rather just knowing. Washington, DC: Sage Publications.\r\n[17]\tDe Ketele, G. M. (1980). Observer pour Eduquer. Berne: Peter Lang. De Ketele, G. M. (2000). Jean-Marie De Ketele, Professeur \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Catholique de\r\n[18]\tGodino, J. D., C. Batanero, R. Roa, and M. R. Wilhelmi (2008), Assessing and Developing pedagogical content and statistical knowledge of primary school teachers through project work. In C. Batanero, G. Burrill, C. Reading, and A. Rossman (Eds.), Joint ICMI\/IASE Study: Teaching Statistics in School Mathematics. Challenges for Teaching and Teacher Education. Proceedings of the ICMI Study 18 and 2008 IASE Round Table Conference, ICMI and IASE, Monterrey. Online: www.stat.auckland.ac.nz\/~iase\/publications.\r\n[19]\tGeorge, C. (2016). Challenges in implementing competency based approach ; the case of English language teachers of francophone secondary school Yaound\u00e9. 98p \r\n[20]\tGanzglass, E., Bird, K. &#038; Prince, H. (2011). Giving Credit where credit is due: Creating a Competency-Based Qualifications Framework for Postsecondary Education and Training. Centre for Law and Social  Policy, Inc. (CLASP). ERIC. Retrievedfromhttp:\/\/fields.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/Ed338037.pdf\r\n[21]\tHoussaye J. La p\u00e9dagogie une encyclop\u00e9die pour aujourd\u2019hui, ESF, Paris, 1996.\r\n[22]\tHirtt, N. (2009). L\u2019approche par Comp\u00e9tences: Une mystification p\u00e9dagogique. L\u2019\u00e9cole\r\n[23]\tHodge, S. (2007). The Origins of Competency-Based Training. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 47, (2), 179-209.\r\n[24]\tHodge S. (2007). Australia, \u201cOrigin of competency-based training \u201c, 209 p. \r\n[25]\tJordi P\u00e0mies et al. (2016). The introduction of a competence-based curriculum in   Spain: From \r\n[26]\tJones, E. A. &#038; Voorhees, R. A. (2002). Defining and Assessing Learning: Exploring Competency-based initiatives. Report of the National Post-Secondary Education Cooperative Working UMUC Centre for Innovation in Learning and Student Success (CILSS) Briefing Paper 18 Groups on Competency-Based Initiatives in Post-Secondary Education. Brochure and Report, ERIC. Retrieved from http:\/\/field.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED473245.pdf. the Primary school to the training of teachers 19p.\r\n[27]\tLassonde K, et al.(2016). Refutation texts: Overcoming psychology misconceptions that are resistant to change. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology Moskowitz,\r\n[28]\tKlein, C. (2013).Innovation approach problem knowing is problem solved.\r\n[29]\tLuambano S. (2014), University of Tanzania, the Implementation of Constructivist Approach in Competency based Curriculum. 180p \r\n[30]\tMattson, E. (2006). Field-based models of primary teacher training case studies of student support systems from sub-Saharan Africa. Grays: DfID Publications. http:\/\/r4d.dfid.gov.uk\/Output\/172749\r\n[31]\tNforbi, E. (2015). Dschang University, Perspectives for the competence based    approach with entry through real life situations in the teaching of  English in Cameroon francophone secondary school, PhD Thesis.170p.\r\n[32]\tNorland, D. L., &#038; Pruett-Said, T. (2006). A kaleidoscope of models and strategies for teaching English to speakers of other languages. Westport, CT: Teacher Ideas Press. Webography\r\n[33]\tNorbert, M. (2009).Nicholls State University, Active versus Passive teaching styles: An empirical study of student learning outcomes. PhD thesis 117 P \r\n[34]\tNgole E, (2017) An evaluation of the presentation and practice of the speaking skills in  sixiem within the frame work of the competency based appraoch.98p\r\n[35]\tSamia, B. (2012).Proper implementation of competence-based approach. Merrill Prentice Hall.\r\n[36]\tNtongieh, (2016).Integration performance-based approach proficient based approach outcome. Merrill Prentice Hall.Official programme-BME guide. (2007, October). The evaluation of the situation of integration. \r\n[37]\tPorter, S. R. (2014). Competency-Based Education and Federal Student aid. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.the hatchergroup.com\/wp- content\/uploads\/Competency-Based-Education and-Federal-Student-Aid.pdf.\r\n[38]\tRedkin O.  , Bernikova O. (2016). Language Teaching and Cross-cultural Communication, WMSCI World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Proceedings,  Vol. 1, 2016, 290-294\r\n[39]\tRichards, J. C., &#038; Schmidt, R. W. (2002). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. London: Longman.\r\n[40]\tR. Petkuta, the European Conception of the University Knowledge within the BolognaInitiatedCompetence-Based Curriculum Modernization: Repercussions at theNational Policy Level in Estonia and Lithuania, European Integration Studies, Issue 10, pp.52-62 \r\n[41]\tSmart State Approaches to Competency Based Educationhttp:\/\/www.excelined.org\/2015\/12\/30\/3-smart-stateapproaches-to-competency-basededucation\/#sthash.63MofEIo.dpuf, \r\n[42]\tTyler, R. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago: Chicago University Press.\r\n[43]\tTulegenovna, A. (2015).theory and practice of competency-based approach education London:  Routledge.  \r\n[44]\tVygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and Language. Cambridge and London: MIT Press Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\r\n[45]\tVoorhees, (2002). Basic Principles of CBA\r\n[46]\tYelena B. (2015).Kazastan, History of competency based approach in education. PhD thesis, 255 p.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2244\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2244\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bafon Richard Mkong    &#8220;Competency Based Approach as A Tool of Overcoming Learner\u2019s Misconceptions on The Difficulty in The Teaching and Learning of Statistics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-3, pp.604-624January 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-3\/604-624.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2245\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2245\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-3\/604-624.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2246\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2246\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/competency-based-approach-as-a-tool-of-overcoming-learners-misconceptions-on-the-difficulty-in-the-teaching-and-learning-of-statistics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Competency Based Approach as A Tool of Overcoming Learner\u2019s Misconceptions on The Difficulty in The Teaching and Learning of Statistics<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d4081 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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