{"id":4048,"date":"2021-03-01T03:53:44","date_gmt":"2021-03-01T03:53:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=4048"},"modified":"2021-04-16T05:04:23","modified_gmt":"2021-04-16T05:04:23","slug":"volume-v-issue-ii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-v-issue-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume V Issue II"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4048\" class=\"elementor elementor-4048 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c05dd2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c05dd2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c05dffa\" data-id=\"c05dffa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05e169 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c05e169\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Toraja, The City of Rituals (One Ritual can Introduce Many Kinds of Rituals) A Cultural Anthropology Study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dirk Sandarupa, M.L. Manda, Burhanuddin Arafah, Fathu Rahman -February 2021 Page No.: 01-03<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c05e474 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c05e474\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c05e679\" data-id=\"c05e679\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05e844 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c05e844\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to show and reveal how rich Toraja is in various types of rituals and why Toraja is known as the city of rituals. This research uses qualitative methods and participant observation, where the writer conduct field research and conduct direct observations. This method uses cultural anthropology approach and ideological linguistics. The results of this study indicates that Toraja cultural practices exist today because of their beliefs. The symbols contained in the ritual shows that in general rituals in Toraja include offerings and sacrificing. Social change in Toraja between the past and the present is influenced by modernization, scientific development, the environment and ideology. Toraja rituals have a big impact in tourism.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-03\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dirk Sandarupa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M.L. Manda<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Burhanuddin Arafah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fathu Rahman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Annisa, Firda Nur, Hasyim, Muhammad, Iriyanti Bandu, Irianti. 2019. Subtitling Film Un Monstre \u00c0 Paris Karya Bibo Bergeron. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 7 (2), 214-222.\r\n[2] Arafah, B. &amp; Hasyim, M. (2019). Linguistic functions of emoji in social media communication. Opcion. Vol. 35 (24), 558-574.\r\n[3] Asmana, Abi. 2020. Pengertian Antropologi Budaya Dan Bidang Kajian Antropologi Budaya, Jakarta : legalstudies71.blogspot.com\r\n[4] Duli, A. 2012. Budaya Kerangka Keong Di Tana Toraja Dan Mamasa, Sulawesi Selatan, Makassar : Universitas Hasanuddin\r\n[5] Ember, Carol,.R. 2002. Cultural Anthropology, Melvin Ember. 10th ed, London : Prentice Hall.\r\n[6] Hasyim, M., Kuswarini, P., &amp; Kaharuddin. (2020). Semiotic Model for Equivalence and Non-Equivalence In Translation, Humanities &amp; Social Sciences Reviews, 8, (3), 381-391\r\n[7] Kaharuddin, K., &amp; Rahmadana, A. 2020. Problem-Based Group Discussion: An Effective ELT Technique to Improve Vocational High School Students\u2019 Transactional Speaking Skills. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 8(2), 247-258.\r\n[8] Pierce, C. S. Editor. 1940[1955]. Philosophical Writings Of Peirce. ed. by J.Buchler. New York: Dover Publications,Inc.\r\n[9] Rahman, Fathu. 2017. Cyber Literature: A Reader \u2013Writer Interactivity. International Journal of Social Sciences &amp; Educational Studies, 3, (4), 156-164.\r\n[10] Rappaport, Dana. 2009. Nyanyian Tana Diperciki Tiga Darah, Paris ; PT Gramedia Jakarta\r\n[11] Sandarupa, S. 2015. Toraja, Kota Orang Mati Yang Hidup, Makassar; Universitas Hasanuddin\r\n[12] Salombe, C.1986. Torajanese and Their Rites. Makassar : Universitas Hasanuddin\r\n[13] Silverstein, M. 1979. &#8220;Language structure and linguistic ideology,&#8221; in The elements. Edited by P. Clyne, pp. 193-247. Chicago: The Chicago Linguistic Society.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dirk Sandarupa, M.L. Manda, Burhanuddin Arafah, Fathu Rahman, &#8220;Toraja, The City of Rituals (One Ritual can Introduce Many Kinds of Rituals) A Cultural Anthropology Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.01-03 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/01-03.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/01-03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/toraja-the-city-of-rituals-one-ritual-can-introduce-many-kinds-of-rituals-a-cultural-anthropology-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Toraja, The City of Rituals (One Ritual can Introduce Many Kinds of Rituals) A Cultural Anthropology Study<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c05f742 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c05f742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c05f83f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c05f83f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c05f9bc\" data-id=\"c05f9bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c065107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c065107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c065247 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c065247\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0653f7\" data-id=\"c0653f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c065537 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c065537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0655e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0655e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c065740\" data-id=\"c065740\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c065853 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c065853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0658fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0658fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c065a48\" data-id=\"c065a48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c065b5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c065b5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c065bf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c065bf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c065d5f\" data-id=\"c065d5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c065e85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c065e85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c065f34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c065f34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0660ad\" data-id=\"c0660ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0661bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0661bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Use of Social Media Platforms as Awareness Creation Tools for the Hepatitis B Virus in Lagos State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nsikan Senam, Charles Okonji &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 04-12<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c066258 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c066258\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0663cc\" data-id=\"c0663cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c066525 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c066525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The social media have constituted a fundamental platform for the dissemination of vital information for use by members of the society. This makes it necessary to expect that some vital information on health issues, such as Hepatitis B Virus, can be transmitted to people through social media platforms, despite some outstanding dysfunctions of the social media. This study examines the extent to which social media platforms are used to the tools for creating awareness on Hepatitis B Virus in Lagos, Nigeria. The population of the study was 14,368,332 which was the projected population of Lagos State. The sample size was 400 selected through the multi-stage sampling method. The questionnaire was the instrument for data gathering. Findings of the study revealed that majority of Lagos State residents were exposed to social media platform. Also messages on Hepatitis B Virus were transmitted through the various social media to residents of Lagos State. It was therefore recommended among other things that operator and managers of health facilities in Lagos State should make use of the social media platforms as part of the potent channels of transmitting information on health issues such as Hepatitis B Virus.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 04-12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5201\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5201<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nsikan Senam<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Communication Arts, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Okonji <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Nyekwere Endwell Onyinye, Kur Jude Terna, and Nyekwere Ogedi (2013), Awareness and Use of Social Media in Advertising: The Case of Facebook among Residents of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. African Research Journal: An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 7 (4), Serial No. 31, September, 2013:174-194 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070&#8211;0083 (Online) DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/afrrev.7i4.11\r\n[17]. Odhiambo Christine Adhiambo, (2012). \u201cSocial Media as a Tool of Marketing and Creating Brand Awareness.\u201d Vaasan Ammattikorkeakoulu University of Applied Sciences. Available at: https:\/\/www.theseus.fi\/bitstream\/handle\/10024\/44591\/Christine.A.Odhiambo.pdf?sequence=1\r\n[18]. Ola SO, Otegbayo JA, Odaibo GN, Olaleye OD, Olubuyide OL. (2002) Serum hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in Nigerian patients with acute icteric hepatitis. West Afr J Med 2002;21:215 7.10.\r\n[19]. Olufemi Lawore (2016). 22 Benefits of Social Media\/Marketing for Nigerian Businesses. Pace Media. Available at: https:\/\/pacemediasite.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/09\/22-importance-of-social-mediamarketing-for-nigerian-businesses\/\r\n[20]. Olusola Lanre, (2018). \u201cThe power of social media,\u201d The Guardian, 17 May, 2018. Available at https:\/\/guardian.ng\/technology\/the-power-of-social-media\/\r\n[21]. Ortiz-Ospina Esteban, (2019). \u201cThe rise of social media.\u201d Our World in Data, September 18, 2019. Available at: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/rise-of-social-media\r\n[22]. Osuala, E. C. (2007). Introduction to Research Methodology (3rd ed.). Onitsha:African first Publishers Ltd.\r\n[23]. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006;45:529 38.\r\n[24]. Pries, L. 2008.\u2018Transnational societal spaces. Which units of analysis, reference and measurement?\u2019, in L. Pries(ed.)Rethinking Transnationalism. The Meso-link of organisations, London\/New York:Routledge.\r\n[25]. Sadoh AE, Sadoh WE. Serological markers of hepatitis B infection in infants presenting for their first immunization. Niger J Paeadiatr 2013;40:248 53.14.\r\n[26]. Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, Krause G, Ott JJ. (2015). Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:1546\u20131555.\r\n[27]. Senam, N. (2020). Essentials and Ethics of Communication Research . Uyo: Inela Ventures &amp; Publishers limited.\r\n[28]. Shu-Chuan Chu, (2011). &#8220;Viral Advertising in Social Media,&#8221; Journal of Interactive Advertising. Available at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/271400004_Viral_Advertising_in_Social_Media\r\n[29]. Statista (2020). Most popular social networks worldwide as of July 2020, ranked by number of active users (in millions). Available at: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/272014\/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users\/\r\n[30]. Yamane, Taro, (1967).Statistics, An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row.\r\n[31]. World Health Organization. Eliminate Hepatitis: WHO. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/27-07-2017-eliminate-hepatitis-who\r\n[32]. World Population Review, 2020. https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/world-cities\/lagos-population\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nsikan Senam, Charles Okonji &#8220;The Use of Social Media Platforms as Awareness Creation Tools for the Hepatitis B Virus in Lagos State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.04-12 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5201<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/04-12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-use-of-social-media-platforms-as-awareness-creation-tools-for-the-hepatitis-b-virus-in-lagos-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Use of Social Media Platforms as Awareness Creation Tools for the Hepatitis B Virus in Lagos State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c067465 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c067465\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c06754b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c06754b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0676d4\" data-id=\"c0676d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c067803 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c067803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0678a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0678a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0679f6\" data-id=\"c0679f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c067b02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c067b02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c067b9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c067b9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c06ff66\" data-id=\"c06ff66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0700dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0700dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0701bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0701bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c070342\" data-id=\"c070342\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c07045b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c07045b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c07050f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c07050f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c07067e\" data-id=\"c07067e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c07079b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c07079b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Demographic Predictors to Health Promotion among Pregnant Women in Okrika Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigieria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Samuel G.K (Ph.D), Balami P. A. &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 13-21<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c07083a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c07083a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0709b6\" data-id=\"c0709b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c070aeb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c070aeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study examines the predictors to health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria based on employment status and level of income earned. The population in this study comprised of all registered pregnant women attending antenatal care in the 15 selected Primary Health Care centers in Okrika Local Government Area. A sample of 800 respondents was selected using Taro Yamen Formula out of the population of 1500. The study adopted a multi-stage sampling procedure: at stage 1, simple random sampling was used to select 15 primary health centers; at stage 2, purposive sample was adopted to select the respondents from each health center. The research instrument was a validated self-structured questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Two null hypotheses were tested using inferential statistics at 0.05 level of significance. Results revealed that there is high level of health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area with the grand mean based on employment status and level of income earned 3.37\u00b1 .69, the findings revealed that employment status with 3.4 \u00b1 .64 is a predictor to health promotion among pregnant women in the area under study. Income status with the grand mean =3.4 \u00b1 .69 is not a predictor to health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local government area. The study concludes that pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria have a high level of health promotion; level of income earned is not a predictor to health promotion among pregnant women in Okrika Local Government Area. The study recommends that the ministry of health should enact policies and improve basic education for all women of childbearing age both at the pre (before pregnancy), during and post pregnancy (after birth), on the need for healthy practices expected of pregnant women and not just focusing on the sensitizations and cancelling services rendered only during Antenatal and\/or postnatal care which is centered towards the pregnant mothers only.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 13-21\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel G.K (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics, Health and Safety Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> , Balami P. A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics, Health and Safety Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abam, A. (2012). The customs and tradition of Okrika people. Wakirike kingdom Pg. 15.\r\n[2] Abdolkarimy, M., Zareipour, M., Mahmoodi, H., Dashti, S., Faryabi, R. &amp; Movahed, E. (2017). Health promoting behaviors and their relationship with self-efficacy of health workers. Iran Journal of Nurses. Reproductive s Science.\r\n[3] Aftab, S., Ara, J., Kazi, S. and Deeba, F. (2012) Effects of Poverty on Pregnant Women. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. Vol. 51, No. 1.\r\n[4] Aguilar, I., &amp; Galbel, H. (2004). Encyclopedia of health and education for the family. Spain Editorial Safety.\r\n[5] Ahdieh, L. (2001) Pregnancy and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology.\r\n[6] Allen, L. (2005). Multiple micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation: an overview. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 81(5):1206S-12S.\r\n[7] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2013) nomadically indicated early-term deliveries. Committee Opinion No. 561. Obstetric Gynecology Publishers.\r\n[8] Baker, D. (2007). Health promotion in nursing practice. Family &amp; Community Health.\r\n[9] Beldon, A. &amp; Crozier, S. (2005) Health promotion in pregnancy: the role of the midwife. J R Soc Promot Health;125(5).\r\n[10] Christian, L., Iams, J., Porter, K., &amp; Leblebicioglu, B.(2013). Self-rated health among pregnant women: associations with objective health indicators, psychological functioning, and serum inflammatory markers. Ann Behav Med. 46(3): doi:10.1007\/s12160-013-9521-7\r\n[11] Cyphers, N. (2017). The relationship between religiosity and health-promoting behaviors of pregnant women at pregnancy resource centers. West Journal of Nurses Reache. 39(11).\r\n[12] Edvardsson, K., Ivarsson, A., Eurenius, E., Garvare, R., Nystr\u00f6m, E., Small, R. &amp; Mogren, I. (2011). Giving offspring a healthy start: parents&#8217; experiences of health promotion and lifestyle change during pregnancy and early parenthood. BMC Public Health.\r\n[13] Furuta, M. &amp; Salway, S. (2006). Women\u2019s Position Within the Household as a Determinant Of Maternal Health Care Use in Nepal. International Family Planning Perspective.\r\n[14] Ghahremani, L., Alipoor, M., Amoee, S. &amp; Keshavarzi, S. (2017). Health promoting behaviors and self-efficacy of physical activity during pregnancy: an interventional study. International Journal of Women&#8217;s Health.. Reproductive Science.\r\n[15] Gharaibeh, M., Al-Ma\u2019aitah, R., &amp; Al-Jada, N. (2005). Lifestyle practices of Jordanian pregnant women. Int Nurs Rev. 52(2): doi:10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2005.00257.\r\n[16] Gondim, C., Fontenele, M., Herl\u00e2nio, F., Renata, P., Ara\u00fajo, R., Kelen, S., Janco, A., Priscila, A., Christina, R., Barbosa, M. &amp; Karina, B. (2018) Maternal predictors related to quality of life in pregnant women in the Northeast of Brazil. International Journal of Women\u2019s Health and Reproduction Sciences Vol. 6, No. 2, SN 2330- 4456\r\n[17] John, N. &amp; Ngozika, C (2011) Attitude of Pregnant Women towards Safe Motherhood initiative s in Orlu urban Imo State. M.ed thesis submitted to the Department of Health and Physical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka\r\n[18] Kazemi, F. &amp; Hajian, S. (2018). Experiences related to health promotion behaviors in overweight pregnant women: a qualitative study. Reproductive Health.\r\n[19] Kazemi, F., Hajian, S., Ebrahimi-Mameghani, M. &amp; Khob, K. (2018). The perspectives of pregnant women on health-promoting behaviors: an integrative systematic review. International Journal of Women&#8217;s Health. Reproductive Science.\r\n[20] Kever, R., Martins, S., Lola, N., Dathini, H., Fatima, A. &amp; Sambo, B. (2015). Knowledge and attitude of pregnant women towards dietary practices in Yerwa clinic, Maiduguri metropolitan council: Borno State. Journal of research in nursing and midwifery, 4(1). Available online http:\/\/dx.dio.org\/10.14303\/JRNM.2014.027\r\n[21] Khodaveisi, M., Omidi, A., Farokhi, S. &amp; Soltanian, R. (2017). The effect of Pender\u2019s health promotion model in improving the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese women. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery.\r\n[22] Kim, M., Lee, S., Bae, S., Hyun, K., Lim, N., Youn, S., Jin, L. &amp; Jo, M. (2018). Socio-economic status can affect pregnancy outcomes and complications, even with a universal care system. International Journal of Equity Health. PMID 29304820: 17.2\r\n[23] Mahmoodi, H., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. &amp; Babazadeh, T, (2015) Health Promoting Behaviors in Pregnant Women Admitted to the Prenatal Care Unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Saqqez. Journal of Educational and Community Health. 10.20286\/jech-010458.\r\n[24] Nun, R., Adesuyi, O. &amp; Olawoore, A. (2018) Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women Attending Comprehensive Health Centre, Isolo, Ondo State towards Hygienic Practice Journal of Research in Nursing and Midwifery;5(2).\r\n[25] Olatunji, A. &amp; Sule-Odu, A. (2001). Maternal mortality at Sagamu, Nigeria \u2013 a ten year review (1988\u20131997). Niger Postgraduate Medical Journal. 8(1):12. PubMed.\r\n[26] Onata, G. &amp; Arzu, A. (2014) Health-promoting lifestyles and related factors among pregnant women. Turkey Journal of Public Health: Vol. 12(2)\r\n[27] Otaiby, T., Jradi, H. &amp; Bawazir A (2013) Antenatal Education: An Assessment of Pregnant Women Knowledge and Preferences in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Women\u2019s Health Care 2: 139. doi:10.4172\/2167-0420.1000139\r\n[28] Reddy, U., Bettegowda, V., Dias, T., Yamada-Kushnir, T., Ko, C., &amp; Willinger, M. (2011). Term pregnancy: a period of heterogeneous risk for infant mortality. Obstetric Gynecological Publishers.\r\n[29] Saydam, B., Bozkurt, O., Hadimli, A., Can, H. &amp; Sogukpinar, N. (2007) Evaluation of the effects of self-care capacity on healthy life style behaviors in risky pregnants. Perinatal Journal. 15(3).\r\n[30] Sehhatie, F., Mirghafourvand, M. &amp; Momeni, K. (2015) Health promoting behaviors among postmenopausal women in langroud city, iran. International Journal of Women\u2019s Health Reproductive Science. 3(3): doi:10.15296\/ijwhr.33\r\n[31] Sui, Z. &amp; Dodd, J. (2013). Exercise in obese pregnant women: positive impacts and current perceptions. International Journal of Women&#8217;s Health. Reproductive Science\r\n[32] Tita, A., Landon, M., Spong, C., Lai, Y., Leveno, K. &amp; Varner, M. (2009). Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes. Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Publishers.\r\n[33] WHO. (2004) International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision. Volume 2. (2nd ed). Geneva: Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/ICD-.pdf. Retrieved, 20th July, 2019.\r\n[34] Zelalem, A., Endeshaw, M., Ayenew, M., Shiferaw, S. &amp; Yirgu, R (2017) Effect of Nutrition Education on Pregnancy Specific Nutrition Knowledge and Healthy Dietary Practice among Pregnant Women in Addis Ababa. Clinics Mother Child Health 14:3 DOI: 10.4172\/2090-7214.1000265\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samuel G.K (Ph.D), Balami P. A. &#8220;Socio-Demographic Predictors to Health Promotion among Pregnant Women in Okrika Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigieria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.13-21 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/13-21.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/13-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-demographic-predictors-to-health-promotion-among-pregnant-women-in-okrika-local-government-area-of-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Socio-Demographic Predictors to Health Promotion among Pregnant Women in Okrika Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigieria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c071970 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c071970\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c071a62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c071a62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c071be3\" data-id=\"c071be3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c071d07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c071d07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c071da9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c071da9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c071f0a\" data-id=\"c071f0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0720d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0720d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Media Marketing Towards Consumer Buying Behavior: A Case in Panabo City<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jade Xuccheney N. Jacinto, Joylyn S. Pintado, Louie Jay M. Iba\u00f1ez, Ronel G. Dagohoy, Mark Van M. Buladaco- February 2021 Page No.: 22-30<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c07219c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c07219c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c072352\" data-id=\"c072352\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0724b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0724b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Consumers are the kings of markets. No business enterprise can operate without the presence of the consumer, and with the advancement of technology, consumers tend to make countless decisions in purchasing with the use of social media. This study aims to evaluate the influence of social media marketing on consumer buying behavior, particularly among Panabo City citizens who mostly use social media websites to purchase products and services. The study utilizes a non-experimental quantitative research approach, combining correlational and regression techniques. Convenience sampling and Slovin&#8217;s formula was used to identify the 399 respondents. With the application of mean, frequency, Pearson r, and Regression Analysis, the result shows that there is a positive, moderate, and significant correlation between social media marketing and consumer buying behavior. Thus, it has been found out that among the indicators of social media marketing, all are predictors of consumer buying behavior. Furthermore, regression analysis results revealed that social media marketing significantly influences consumer buying behavior. Hence, consumers are influenced by process factors and external stimuli brought by social media marketing.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 22-30\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5202\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5202<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jade Xuccheney N. Jacinto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joylyn S. Pintado<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Louie Jay M. Iba\u00f1ez <\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ronel G. Dagohoy<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty, Institute of Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Good Governance, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mark Van M. Buladaco<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDean, Institute of Computing, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Peighambari, K., Sattari, S., Kordestani, A., &amp; Oghazi, P. (2016). Consumer Behavior Research: A Synthesis of the Recent Literature. SAGE Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440166456 38 [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021]\r\n[2] Team, D. J. (2020). The Importance of Consumer Behavior in Marketing. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.demandjump.com \/blog\/the-importance-of-consumer-behavior-in-marketing. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[3] Ramirez, V. (2019). Contemporary Issues in Consumer Behavior,&#8221; [Online]. Available: https:\/\/bizfluent.com\/list-7780107-contemporar y-issues-consumer-behavior.html. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[4] Perumal, P. &amp; Yoganathen, A. (2018). (Pdf) Influence of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Buying Decision Making Process,&#8221; ResearchGate, [Online]. Available:https:\/\/www.res earchgate.net\/publiccation\/326294733_INFLUENCE_OF_SOCIAL_MEDIA_MARKETING_ON_CONSUMER_BUYING_DECISION_MAKING_PROCESS. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[5] Asma, G. &amp; Misbah, M. (2018). Impact of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Buying Behaviour &#8211; A study,&#8221; Zenodo, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1285933. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[6] Kumar, A., Bezawada, R., Rishika, R., Jana kiraman, R., &amp; Kannan,P. K. (2016). From social to sale: The effects of firm &#8211; generated content in social media on consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing, 80(1), 7 \u2013 25 https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/1285933#.X88OZ9gzbMU [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[7] McLuhan, M. (1995) Understanding media: the extensions of man. Cambridge (Mass.): The MIT Press, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244016645638 [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021]\r\n[8] Khanna, U. (2016). Social media impact on advertising,&#8221; \u2122 &#8220;Social media impact on advertising&#8221; Keyword Found Websites Listing | Keyword Suggestions. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.keyword-suggest-tool.com\/search\/social+media+impact+on+advertising\/. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[9] Pan, B., &amp; Crotts, J. (2012). Theoretical models of social media, marketing implications, and future research directions. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/254862367_Theoretical_models_of_social_media_with_marketing_implications. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[10] Sigala, M., Christou, E., &amp; Gretzel, U. (2012). Social Media in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality: Theory, Practice and Cases (pp. 73-86). Surrey, UK: Ashgate. ResearchGate. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/254862367_Theoretical_models_of_social_media_with_marketing_implications. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[11] Contractor, N. (2009). The Emergence of Multidimensional Networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(3), 743-747. doi:10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01465.x [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021]\r\n[12] Engel J.F., Kollat D.T., Blackwell R.D. (1968). &#8220;Free Consumer Behaviour Literature Review,&#8221; The WritePass Journal, 09-Jul-2013. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/writepass.com\/journal\/2011\/10\/free-consumer-behaviour-literature-review\/. [Retrieved: 09-Jan-2021].\r\n[13] Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, J., Wong, V., (2004). Consumer Behaviour, 5th edition, USA: Prentice Hall.: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/269079357_Consumer_Behaviour_And_Values_Driving_Organic_Food_Choice_In_Lat via_A_Means-End_Chain_Approach [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021].\r\n[14] Voramontri, D. &amp; Klieb, L. (2018). Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behaviour. Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/p ublication\/326098250_Impact_of_Social_Media_on_Consumer_Behaviour\r\n[15] Ohio University (2020). 4 Consumer Behavior Theories Marketers Should Know. (2020). Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https:\/\/onlinemasters.ohio.edu\/blog\/four-consumer-behavior-theories-every-marketer-should-know\/\r\n[16] [Shahid, H. (2019). (PDF) Effectiveness of Social media marketing. Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/p ublication\/335714818_Effectiveness_of_Social_media_marketing\r\n[17] Dhyani, S. (2018). A Study on Impact of Social Media on Cosumer Buying Behavior. G.L. Bajaj Institute of Management and Research APlot No.2, Knowledge Park-III https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/MdAktar1\/impacts-of-social-media-on-consumer-behavior\r\n[18] Edmonds, W. Alex and Thomas D. Kennedy. &#8220;Quantitative Methods for Nonexperimental Research.&#8221; An Applied Guide to Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods.Seconded Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2017, pp. 117-119. SAGE Research Methods. 17 Dec 2020, doi: http:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.4135\/9781071802779.\r\n[19] Creswell J. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research, 4th Ed. Toronto: Pearsonhttps:\/\/douglasfleming.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/3\/0 \/5\/1305380\/correlation_research_design_presentation_kieran_and______emmanuel.pdf. Retrieved January 09, 2021, from http:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.4135\/9781071802779\r\n[20] Dudovskiy, J (2011). Convenience Sampling. Business Research Methodology. Homepage &#8211; Research-Methodology Retrieved January 09, 2021, from https:\/\/research-methodology.net\/\r\n[21] Evans, J. R., &amp; Mathur, A. (2005). The value of online surveys. Internet Research, 15(2), 195-219. doi:10.1108\/106622405 10590360 [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021]\r\n[22] Vasantha Raju N., &amp; Harinarayana, N.S. (2016). Online survey tools: A case study of Google Forms. Paper presented at the National Conference on &#8220;Scientific, Computational &amp; Information Research Trends in Engineering, GSSS-IETW, Mysore. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326831738_Online_survey_tools_A_case_study_of_Google_Forms [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021].\r\n[23] Sandhusen, R. L. (2000). Marketing (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Barron&#8217;s Business Review Books. An Empirical Study of Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior in Electric Appliances Market. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/23590 1579_An_Empirical_Study_of_Factors_Influencing_Consumer_Behavior_in_Electric_Appliances_Market [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021].\r\n[24] Almeda, J., T. Capistrano, G. and Sarte, (2010). On the Misuse of Slovin&#8217;s Formula. Retrieved from www.psai.ph on July 29, 2017. [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021].\r\n[25] Delice, A. (2010). The Sampling Issues in Quantitative Research. https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ919871.pdf [Retrieved: Jan 03 2021].\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jade Xuccheney N. Jacinto, Joylyn S. Pintado, Louie Jay M. Iba\u00f1ez, Ronel G. Dagohoy, Mark Van M. Buladaco, &#8220;Social Media Marketing Towards Consumer Buying Behavior: A Case in Panabo City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.22-30 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5202<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/22-30.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-media-marketing-towards-consumer-buying-behavior-a-case-in-panabo-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Social Media Marketing Towards Consumer Buying Behavior: A Case in Panabo City<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c073319 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c073319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c07340a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c07340a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c073582\" data-id=\"c073582\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0736a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0736a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c07374d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c07374d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0738b0\" data-id=\"c0738b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0739c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0739c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aspirations and Challenges of LGBTQIA+ Community in India<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Dr. Saundarya Rajesh, Ms. Anju Rakesh, Ms. Nisha Chandran, Dr. Divya Kumar- February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 31-37<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c073a63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c073a63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c073be9\" data-id=\"c073be9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c073d1b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c073d1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Historically, the social acceptance of the LGBTQIA+ community has been very low across the globe. In India the scenario was no different though the landscape began shifting post the progressive judgement rendered by the Supreme Court of India, in 2018, decriminalizing homosexuality. The introduction of the third gender as a part of recognised gender spectrum in 2014 and the right to change legal gender in 2019 were other progressive measures in this direction. Despite the mandate the societal awareness and acceptance of the LGBTQIA+ community continues to be a challenge in the Indian socio cultural milieu. Against this backdrop, a research study was undertaken to understand the aspirations of, and challenges faced by members of the community in India, today. A qualitative survey questionnaire with questions including when they developed self-awareness of their identity, how their experience of acceptance and inclusion was and how they embarked on their pursuit of aspirations, was used. The research sample consisted of 31 respondents who identified themselves as part of the LGBTQIA+ Community. From a self-awareness standpoint, 70% respondents said they accepted their own identity only after the age of 20. 48% of respondents reported facing mental health challenges because of a lack of acceptance. The paper also includes a discussion on the measures that individuals, organizations and institutions can undertake to be more inclusive of the LGBTQIA+ community.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 31-37\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Saundarya Rajesh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFounder &amp; President, AVTAR Group\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ms. Anju Rakesh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Vice President &#8211; Research &amp; Solutions, Avtar\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ms. Nisha Chandran<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Vice President \u2013 Consulting &amp; Solutions, Avtar\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Divya Kumar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Manager \u2013 Research, Avtar\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Alderson, K. (2003), The Corporate Closet: Career challenges of gay and lesbian individuals. Paper presented at the convention of the National Consultation on Career Development, Ottawa, ON.\r\n[2] Badgett ML (2014). The economic cost of stigma and the exclusion of LGBT people: a case study of India [published 2014]. WorldBank Group. http:\/\/www.documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/ en\/527261468035379692\/pdf\/940400WP0Box380usion0of0LGBT0People.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2019.\r\n[3] Badgett, M. V. L. (2001). Money, myths, and change: The economic lives of lesbians and gay men. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n[4] Badgett, M. V. L., Nezhad, S., Waaldijk, K., &amp; Rodgers, Y. (2014). The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: An analysis of emerging economies. Washington, DC, &amp; Los Angeles, CA: USAID &amp; The Williams Institute. Available at: https:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/research\/international\/lgbtincl- econ-devel-nov-2014\/.\r\n[5] Banwari G, Mistry K, Soni A, Parikh N, Gandhi H. (2015) Medical students and interns\u2019 knowledge about and attitude towards homosexuality. J Postgrad Med.;61:95-100.\r\n[6] Berggren, N., &amp; Elinder, M. (2012). Is tolerance good or bad for growth? Public Choice, 150(1\u20132), 283\u2013308.\r\n[7] Berik, G., Rodgers, Y., &amp; Seguino, S. (2009). Feminist economics of inequality, development, and growth. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 1\u201333.\r\n[8] Bierema, L. (2002). A feminist approach to HRD research. Human Resource Development Review, 1(2), 244-268.\r\n[9] Find a job\u2014and an ally\u2014on this massive list of companies that support LGBTQ equality.https:\/\/www.monster.com\/career-advice\/article\/best-companies-lgbt-0617\r\n[10] Florida, R. (2014). The global map of homophobia. Citylab. Available at: https:\/\/www.citylab.com\/equity\/2014\/02\/global-map-homophobia\/8309\/\r\n[11] Hipple, B., Lando, H., Klein, J., &amp; Winickoff, J. (2011). Global teens and tobacco: A review of the globalization of the tobacco epidemic. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 41(8), 216\u2013230\r\n[12] Hudson-Sharp, N., &amp; Metcalf, H. (2016). Inequality among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender groups in the UK: a review of evidence. Retrieved from https :\/\/asset s.publi shing .servi ce.gov.uk\/gover nment \/uploa ds\/syste m\/uploa ds\/attac hment data\/file\/539682\/16071 9_REPOR T_LGBT_evide nce_revie w_NIESR FINALPDF.pdf.\r\n[13] Human Rights Watch. (2011). \u2018\u2018We\u2019ll show you you\u2019re a woman\u201d Violence and discrimination against black lesbians and transgender men in South Africa. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch\r\n[14] Kaur. K &amp; Stephen S. (2019) Relationship between organizational culture and attitude of millennial employees towards homosexuality in the hospitality sector in India. IJIP.;7(2):286-298. doi:10.25215\/0702.034.\r\n[15] Kealy-Bateman W (2018), The Possible Role of The Psychiatrist: The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Population in India, Indian Journal of Psychiatry; 60:489-493.\r\n[16] Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38\u201356.\r\n[17] Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice as stress: Conceptual and measurement problems. American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 262\u2013265.\r\n[18] The Working Mother &amp; Avtar Best Companies for Women in India and the Most Inclusive Companies India (2020) &#8211; https:\/\/www.avtarinc.com\/best-companies\/most-inclusive-companies-index-overview\r\n[19] Nagel Joane (2003), Race, Ethnicity and Sexuality: Intimate Intersections Forbidden Frontiers. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 204-205.\r\n[20] Navtej Singh Johar &amp; Ors. v. Union of India. Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 76 of 2016, Supreme Court of India. https:\/\/www.sci.gov.in\/supremecourt\/2016\/14961\/14961_2016_ Judgement_06-Sep-2018.pdf. Published September 2018.\r\n[21] Noland, M (2005), Popular attitudes, globalization and risk. International Finance, 8 (2), 199-229.\r\n[22] Priyanka.G, LGBT acceptance around the country India, Legal Service India, E-Journal http:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/legal\/article-2264-lgbt-acceptance-around-the-country-india.html\r\n[23] Ragins, B.R., &amp; Cornwell, J.M. (2007). We are family: The influence of gay family-friendly policies on gay, lesbian, and bisexual employees. In M.V.L. Badgett &amp; J. Frank (Eds.) Sexual Orientation Discrimination: An International Perspective (pp. 105-117). New York: Routledge.\r\n[24] Rostosky, S.S., &amp; Riggle, E.D.B. (2002). out at work: The relations of actor and partner workplace policy and internalized homophobia to disclosure status. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 411-419.\r\n[25] Sahni S, Gupta B, Nodiyal K, Pant V. (2016) Attitude of Indian youth towards homosexuality. IJIP.;4(1-83):59-69.\r\n[26] Tejeda, M.J. (2006). Non-discrimination policies and sexual identity disclosure: Do they make a difference in employee outcomes? Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 18, 45-59.\r\n[27] UNDP (2013). Transgender health and human rights. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/undp\/ en\/home\/librarypage\/hiv-aids\/discussion-paper-on-transgender-health\u2013- human-rights.html\r\n[28] UNDP (2016). Measuring LGBTI inclusion: Increasing access to data and building the evidence base, Discussion Paper. Available at: https:\/\/globalphilanthropyproject. org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Measuring-LGBTI-Inclusion-Research-Paper-July-5-submitted-for-Montevide&#8230;.pdf.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Saundarya Rajesh, Ms. Anju Rakesh, Ms. Nisha Chandran, Dr. Divya Kumar &#8220;Aspirations and Challenges of LGBTQIA+ Community in India&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.24-28 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/31-37.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/31-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/aspirations-and-challenges-of-lgbtqia-community-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Aspirations and Challenges of LGBTQIA+ Community in India<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c085d2a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c085d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c085eac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c085eac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c086099\" data-id=\"c086099\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0861fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0861fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0862ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0862ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c086447\" data-id=\"c086447\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c086574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c086574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c086633 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c086633\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c08678c\" data-id=\"c08678c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0868be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0868be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c08699f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c08699f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c086b18\" data-id=\"c086b18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c086c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c086c49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c086cfd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c086cfd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c086e67\" data-id=\"c086e67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c086f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c086f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c087043 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c087043\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0871a8\" data-id=\"c0871a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0872c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0872c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c087363 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c087363\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0874e2\" data-id=\"c0874e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c087608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c087608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Correlational Analysis between Self-Control and Student\u2019s Video Game Performance in Panabo City<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pamela Dela Cerna, Noreen Mae Malinao, Jannie Jenny Mahipos, Glendell Razon Jadraque, Mark Van M. Buladaco- February 2021 Page No.: 38-47<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0876b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0876b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c087839\" data-id=\"c087839\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c087994 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c087994\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">As technology continuously advancing in today&#8217;s era, electronic technologies became one of the creations that most people need for communication. They deemed a kind of leisure or recreational tool such that Video Games. In some studies, self-control seems strongly associated with counterproductive behavior, but not much research about video game performance. Thus, a lack of knowledge concerning the influence of self-control on video game performance is present. This research aims to analyze the correlation between an individual&#8217;s self-control and the student&#8217;s video game performance in Panabo City. The questionnaire splits into three parts: Students&#8217; demographic profile, Students Self-Control, and Students Video Game Performance. In participants, 32 of the respondents participated in the study\u2014researchers used quantitative non-experimental correlational research design to approach the research question. In the result, the mean level of students&#8217; self-control is 3.2188 with a standard deviation of 0.38882. It shows that the level of students&#8217; self-control is moderate while the mean level of students&#8217; video game performance is 3.5042 with a standard deviation of 0.46062. It shows that the level of students&#8217; video game performance is high. The researchers concluded that there is no significant relationship between students&#8217; self-control and video game performance, showing a weak positive relationship.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 38-47\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5203\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5203<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pamela Dela Cerna<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao Del Norte State College, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Noreen Mae Malinao<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao Del Norte State College, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jannie Jenny Mahipos<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao Del Norte State College, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Glendell Razon Jadraque<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao Del Norte State College, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mark Van M. Buladaco<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao Del Norte State College, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] S. I. Chiu, J. Z. Lee, and D. H. Huang, \u201cVideo game addiction in children and teenagers in Taiwan,\u201d Cyberpsychology Behav., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 571\u2013581, 2004, DOI: 10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.571.\r\n[2] M. Soroush, M. Hancock, and V. K. Bohns, \u201cSelf-Control in Casual Games,\u201d 2014.\r\n[3] T. Ryan, S. Wen Tay, P. Ryan, and C. Anthony Ryan, \u201cCanadian Medical Education Journal Major Contribution Systems 1 and 2 thinking processes and cognitive reflection testing in medical students,\u201d Can. Med. Educ. J., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 97\u2013103, 2016, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.cmej.ca.\r\n[4] I. Zettler, \u201cSelf-control and academic performance: Two field studies on university citizenship behavior and counterproductive academic behavior,\u201d Learn. Individ. Differ., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 119\u2013123, 2011, DOI: 10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.11.002.\r\n[5] T. E. Moffitt et al., \u201cA gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety,\u201d Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 2693\u20132698, 2011, DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.1010076108.\r\n[6] A. L. Duckworth, P. D. Quinn, and E. Tsukayama, \u201cJ Educ Psychol NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 September 24. . 2012 May 1; 104(2): 439\u2013451. doi:10.1037\/a0026280. What No Child Left Behind Leaves Behind: The,\u201d vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 439\u2013451, 2012, DOI: 10.1037\/a0026280.What.\r\n[7] N. Honken, P. A. Ralston, and T. R. Tretter, \u201cSelf-Control And Academic,\u201d Am. J. Eng. Educ., vol. 7, Number, no. 2, pp. 47\u201358, 2016.\r\n[8] W. R. Boot, A. F. Kramer, D. J. Simons, M. Fabiani, and G. Gratton, \u201cActa Psychologica The effects of video game playing on attention , memory , and executive control,\u201d Acta Psychol. (Amst)., vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 387\u2013398, 2008, DOI: 10.1016\/j.actpsy.2008.09.005.\r\n[9] Cliffsnotes.com. 2020. Descriptive\/Correlational Research. [Online] Available at: https:\/\/www.cliffsnotes.com\/study-guides\/psychology\/psychology\/research-methods-in-psychology\/descriptivecorrelational-research [Accessed 21 December 2020].\r\n[10] \u201cImportance and use of correlational research.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27424963\/ [Accessed: 04-Jan.-2021].\r\n[11] Porter, S., &amp; Carter, D. \u201cThe research process in nursing (Book, 2000) [WorldCat.org]\u201d. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/research-process-in-nursing\/oclc\/41606503 [Accessed: 04-Jan.-2021].\r\n[12] Taherdoost, Hamed, \u201cSampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research,\u201d International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5. 18-27, 2016. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319998246_Sampling_Methods_in_Research_Methodology_How_to_Choose_a_Sampling_Technique_for_Research. [Accessed: Dec. 22, 2020].\r\n[13] Walker, H. \u201cMethods of Research. Review of Educational Research\u201d. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1169365. 26(3), 323-343. [Accessed: January 3, 2021]\r\n[14] Ezat Siddiqi, \u201cResearch Method in social science\u201d, studo.com. 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.studocu.com\/row\/document\/istanbul-aydin-ueniversitesi\/research-method-in-social-science\/lecture-notes\/ezatullah-saddiqi-this-is-for-you\/8509747\/view. [Accessed: 22-Dec-2020].\r\n[15] Cousineau, D, \u201cVarieties of confidence intervals.\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2017-39544-003 [Accessed: 04-Jan.-2021].\r\n[16] \u201cWhat is a Survey \u2013 Definition, templates, methods, characteristics, and examples,\u201d Questionpro.com, 03-Sept-2016. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.questionpro.com\/blog\/surveys\/. [Accessed: 22-Dec-2020].\r\n[17] Yaya, Japeth A. \u201cChoosing the right Measurement Instrument for you project: Tips to Apply\u201d researchClue.com, 14-May-2016. [Online] Available: https:\/\/nairaproject.com\/blog\/measurement-instrument.html#:~:text=Those%20methods%20that%20researchers%20use,as%20research%20or%20measurement%20instrument.&amp;text=These%20are%20instruments%20that%20are,all%20types%20of%20research%20methods [Accessed: 03-Jan-2021].\r\n[18] DiscoverPhDs \u201cWhat is a Research Instrument?\u201d [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.discoverphds.com\/blog\/research-instrument [Accessed: 04-Jan.-2021].\r\n[19] \u201cEthical Issues in Research,\u201d skillsyouneed.com, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.skillsyouneed.com\/learn\/research-ethics.html [Accessed: 04-Jan-2021].\r\n[20] Boyland, Michael, \u201cThe importance of ethical practice in research\u201d. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sumernet.org\/story\/the-importance-of-ethical-practice-in-research [Accessed: 04-Jan.-2021\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pamela Dela Cerna, Noreen Mae Malinao, Jannie Jenny Mahipos, Glendell Razon Jadraque, Mark Van M. Buladaco, &#8220;A Correlational Analysis between Self-Control and Student\u2019s Video Game Performance in Panabo City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.38-47 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5203<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/38-47.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-correlational-analysis-between-self-control-and-students-video-game-performance-in-panabo-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Correlational Analysis between Self-Control and Student\u2019s Video Game Performance in Panabo City<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c097125 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c097125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c097243 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c097243\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0973e6\" data-id=\"c0973e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c097518 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c097518\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0975c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0975c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c09771f\" data-id=\"c09771f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c09783e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c09783e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0978dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0978dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c097a34\" data-id=\"c097a34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c097b47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c097b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c097bed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c097bed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c097d42\" data-id=\"c097d42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c097e50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c097e50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c097eed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c097eed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c09805b\" data-id=\"c09805b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c09817a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c09817a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Representation <i>Pangulu Keris<\/i> Bugis Community: Study Cultural Semiotics<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yusmah, Tadjuddin Maknun, Hamzah A. Machmoed, Gusnawaty &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 48-51<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c09821c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c09821c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c098395\" data-id=\"c098395\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0984cb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0984cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research aims to represent the meaning of pangulu in Bugis society. This type of research is a qualitative research with a descriptive analysis method. The data of this study were sourced from pengulu in the Bugis community. Data collection used participatory observation methods with interview techniques, documentation techniques, recording techniques, and note taking techniques. The results showed that the Bugis community represented Pangulu as the head or leader. In this study, it was also found that there are four types of pagulu found in the Bugis community, namely the pangulu tau-tau, the pangulu sikori, the pangulu takala and the pangulu rekko. Pangulu tau-tau are symbolized as symbols of greatness and elevation. Pangulu sikori is symbolized as a symbol of steadfastness to the leader. Pangulu takala is symbolized as a symbol of heroism and courage. While the pangulu rekko is symbolized as a symbol of obedience and obedience.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 48-51\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5204<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yusmah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLinguistic Study Program, Faculty of Humanities, Hasanuddin University, Makassar\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tadjuddin Maknun<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLinguistic Study Program, Faculty of Humanities, Hasanuddin University, Makassar\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hamzah A. Machmoed<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLinguistic Study Program, Faculty of Humanities, Hasanuddin University, Makassar\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gusnawaty<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLinguistic Study Program, Faculty of Humanities, Hasanuddin University, Makassar\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Arafah, B., &amp; Kaharuddin, (2019). The Representation of Complaints in English and Indonesian Discourses. Opci\u00f3n, 35, 501-517.\r\n[2] Arafah, Burhanuddin, Hasyim, Muhammad. (2019). Linguistic functions of emoji in social media communication. Opcion. Volume 35, No. 24, 558-574.\r\n[3] Arafah, B., Hasyim, M. (2020). Covid-19 Mythology And Netizens Parrhesia Ideological Effects Of Coronavirus Myths On Social Media Users. Palarch\u2019s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt\/Egyptology. Volume 17, Issue 4, 1398-1409\r\n[4] Ahimsa-Putra, Heddy Shri. 2006. Strukturalisme Levi-Strauss Mitos dan Karya Sastra. Yogyakarta: Kepel Press.\r\n[5] Berger, Arthur Asa. 2010. Pengantar Semiotika Tanda-Tanda dalam Kebudayaan Kontemporer. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.\r\n[6] Badcock, Christopher R. 2006. Levi-Strauss. Yogyakarta: Insight Reference.\r\n[7] Barthes, Roland. 2007. Petualangan Semiologi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.\r\n[8] Barthes, Roland. 2013. Mitologi Terjemahan: Nurhadi, A. Sihabul Milah. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.\r\n[9] Barthes, Roland. 2017. Elemen-Elemen Semiologi. Yogyakarta: Basabasi.\r\n[10] Christomy, T dan Untung Waluyo. 2004. Semiotika Budaya. Depok: Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia.\r\n[11] De Saussure, Ferdinand. 1972. Course de Linguistique Generale. Paris: Payot.\r\n[12] Denessi, Marcel dan Paul Perron. 1999. Analizing Culture. An Introduction and Handbook. Bloomington dan Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.\r\n[13] Hamid, Abu. 2006. Kebudayaan Bugis. Makassar: Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Sulawesi Selatan.\r\n[14] Hamid, Panandrang, dkk. 1990. Senjata Tradisional Daerah Sulawesi Selatan. Makassar: Departemen Pendidikan dan kebudayaan Direktorat Jendral Kebudayaan Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Proyek Inventarisasi dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya.\r\n[15] Hasyim, Muhammad, Nursidah, Hasjim, Munirah. (2019). Online advertising: how the consumer goods speaks to women, Opci\u00f3n, Volume 35, No.89, 826-845.\r\n[16] Hasyim, Muhammad, Kuswarini, Prasuri, Masdiana. (2020). Toraja Coffee and Tourism Destination: The Sustainable Development Tourism Based on Identity of Region. Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. IEOM Society International, 2152-2158.\r\n[17] Hoed, Benny. H.2011. Semiotika dan Dinamika Sosial Budaya.Jakarta: komunitas Bambu.\r\n[18] Kaharuddin, N. (2014). The problems of Indonesian college EFL Learners in Listening Comprehension. Jurnal ilmu budaya, 2(2).\r\n[19] Bahar, A. K., &amp; Latif, I. (2019). Society-based English community (sobat): EFL learners\u2019strategy in learning and practicing English outside the walls. Jurnal ilmu budaya, 7(2), 255-265.\r\n[20] Kleden, Ignas dan Taufiq Abdullah. 2018. Paradigma Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora di Indonesia. Jakarta: Lipi Press.\r\n[21] Koencaraningrat. 1996. Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.\r\n[22] Kurniawan. 2011. Semiologi Roland Barthes. Magelang: Indonesiatera.\r\n[23] Levi-Stauss, Clude. 2007. Antropologi Struktural. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.\r\n[24] Liliweri, Alo. 2016. Konfigurasi Dasar Teori-Teori Komunikasi AntarBudaya. Bandung: Nusa Media.\r\n[25] Maknun, Tadjuddin, Hasjim, Munira, Muslimat, Hasyim, Muhammad. 2020. The form of the traditional bamboo house in the Makassar culture: A cultural semiotic stud. Semiotica, 2020 (235), 1-12.\r\n[26] Noth, Windfried. 1995. Handbook of Semiotics. Bloomington dan Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.\r\n[27] Rahman, Fathu. 2017. Cyber Literature: A Reader \u2013Writer Interactivity. International Journal of Social Sciences &amp; Educational Studies.), Vol.3, (4), 156-164, (Online), ISSN 2409-1294 (Print ISSN 2520-0968)\r\n[28] Rusmana, Dadan M.Ag. 2014. Filsafat Semiotika. Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia.\r\n[29] Zoest, Aart Van. 1993. Semiotika. Diterjemahkan oleh Ani Soekawati. Jakarta: Yayasan Sumber Agung.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2014\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yusmah, Tadjuddin Maknun, Hamzah A. Machmoed, Gusnawaty, &#8220;Representation <i>Pangulu Keris<\/i> Bugis Community: Study Cultural Semiotics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.48-51 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5204<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2015\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/48-51.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2016\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/representation-pangulu-keris-bugis-community-study-cultural-semiotics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Representation <i>Pangulu Keris<\/i> Bugis Community: Study Cultural Semiotics<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c09934a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c09934a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0a6c01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0a6c01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0a6d76\" data-id=\"c0a6d76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a6e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0a6e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0a6f3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0a6f3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0a709e\" data-id=\"c0a709e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a71ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0a71ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0a7250 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0a7250\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0a73cf\" data-id=\"c0a73cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a74f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0a74f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Investigation into the Effect of Concept-Based Instruction on Senior High School Students\u2019 Geometric Thinking and Achievement in Circle Theorem<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yunus Hissan and Forster D. Ntow &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 52-60<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0a759f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0a759f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0a7715\" data-id=\"c0a7715\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a7851 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0a7851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was grounded on Van Hiele\u2019s geometric levels of thinking as a conceptual framework to assess and analyse senior high school students\u2019 geometric understanding. A non-equivalent quasi experimental design was used to compare the geometrical achievements of students taught with concept-based method and those instructed with traditional method. The study employed purposive sampling technique to select two schools; experimental group (41) and control group (37). Quantitative analysis was carried out using a two-way mixed factorial analysis of variance(ANOVA). The findings of the study revealed a significant difference in the mathematics achievement of learners taught circle theorem with concept-based instruction as compared to those taught with traditional method. The study reveals that students achieved higher geometric thinking when taught with concept-based instruction.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 52-60\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yunus Hissan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWa Senior High School, Wa Municipality, Upper West Region, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Forster D. Ntow<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Basic Education, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anamuah-Mensah, J., Mereku, D. K., &amp; Asabere-Ameyaw, A. (2008). Ghanaian junior secondary school students&#8217; achievement in mathemtics and science: Results from Ghana&#8217;s participation in the 2007 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. Accra: Ministry of Education Youth and Sports.\r\n[2] Armah, R.B., Cofie, P.O., &amp; Okpoti, C.A. (2018). Investigating the effect of van Hiele Phase-based instruction on pre-service teachers\u2019 geometric thinking. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 4(1), 314-330. DOI:10.21890\/ijres.383201\r\n[3] Asomah, K. R., Wilmot, E. M., &amp; Ntow, F. D. (2018). What is happening in Ghanaian Junior High School mathematics classrooms? A look at students\u2019 perception. The Oguaa Educator Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2018, pp. 69-87\r\n[4] Bergsten, C., Engelbrecht, J., &amp; Kagesten, O. (2017). Conceptual and procedural approaches to mathematics in the engineering curriculum. Comparing views of junior and senior engineering students in two countries. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education ISSN: DOI 10.12973\/eurasia.2017.00631a.\r\n[5] Borji, V., Radmehr, F., &amp; Font, V. (2019): The impact of procedural and conceptual teaching on students&#8217; mathematical performance over time. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080\/0020739X.2019.1688404.\r\n[6] Burger, E. F., &amp; Shaughnessy, J. M. (1986). Characterizing the Van Hiele levels of development in geometry. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 17(1), 31\u201348.\r\n[7] Chappell K. K., &amp; Killpatrick K. (2003). Effects of concept-based instruction on students&#8217; conceptual understanding and procedural knowledge of calculus, primus: problems, resources, and issues in mathematics undergraduate studies, 13:1,17-37, doi: 10.1080\/10511970308984043\r\n[8] Chemuka, A. (2017). The effect of integration of Geogebra software in the teaching of circle geometry on grade 11 students\u2019 achievement. (Unpublished master\u2019s dissertation). Institute of Science and Technology Education of South Africa.\r\n[9] Crowley, M. L. (1987). The Van Hiele model of the development of geometric thought in learning and teaching geometry, K-12. Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. National council of teachers of mathematics.\r\n[10] Dongwi, B. L. (2014). Using the Van Hiele phases of instruction to design and implement a circle geometry teaching programme in a secondary school in Oshikoto region: A Namibian case study. Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11070\/2174\r\n[11] Gregory R. H., &amp; Daniel M. M. (2015): More powerful tests of simple interaction contrasts in the two-way factorial design. The Journal of Experimental Education, DOI: 10.1080\/00220973.2015.1065220: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/00220973.2015.1065220\r\n[12] Hiebert, J., &amp; Lefevre, P. (1986). Conceptual and procedural knowledge in mathematics: An introductory analysis (pp. 1-27). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.\r\n[13] Joffrion, K. H. (2005). Conceptual and procedural understanding of algebra concepts in the middle grades (Master\u2019s thesis). Retrieved from https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/4271888.pdf\r\n[14] Kandil, S &amp; I\u015f\u0131ksal-Bostan, M. (2018). Effect of inquiry based instruction enriched with origami activities on achievement, and self-efficacy in geometry. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080\/0020739X.2018.1527407\r\n[15] Khoule, A., Bonsu, N., &amp; ElHouari, H. (2017). Impact of conceptual and procedural knowledge on students\u2019 mathematics anxiety. International Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics, 4(1),8\u201318.\r\n[16] Langton, L. B. (1991). A comparison of traditional and conceptual instruction on students&#8217; algorithmic performance and understanding of area (1991). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 161. https:\/\/digitalcommons.unf.edu\/etd\/161\r\n[17] Lim, S. K. (2006). Applying the Van Hiele theory to the teaching of secondary school geometry. Institute of education (Singapore). Teaching and Learning 13(1), 32-40\r\n[18] Luneta, K. (2014). Foundation phase student teachers\u2019 (limited) knowledge of geometry. South African Journal of Childhood Education.\r\n[19] Mahir, N. (2009). Conceptual and procedural performance of undergraduate students in integration. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 40(2), 201\u2013211. doi:10.1080\/00207390802213591\r\n[20] Mayberry, J. (1983). The Van Hiele levels of geometric thought in undergraduate pre-service teachers. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Jan., 1983), pp. 58-69\r\n[21] Mc-Auliffe, S. M. (1999). Analysis of the impact of geometry course on preservice understanding of geometry. (Published Master\u2019s thesis). University of Cape Town (UTC).\r\n[22] Ministry of Education, (2010). Teaching syllabus for core mathematics (Senior High School). Accra: Curriculum Research and Development Division (CRDD).\r\n[23] Mullis, V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P. &amp; Aron, A. (2011). Trends in international Mathematics and Science Study; TIMSS 2011. International Results in Mathematics TIMSS &amp; PIRLS, International Study Centre, Lynch School of Education; Boston College.\r\n[24] Ogbonnaya, U., I. &amp; Chemuka, A. (2017). The impact of using Geogebra to teach circle geometry on grade 11 students. Association for Mathematics Education of South Africa.\r\n[25] Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (version 10 &amp; 11). Australia: Glasgow, Bell and Bam Ltd.\r\n[26] Rittle-Johnson, B., &amp; Schneider. (2015). Developing conceptual and procedural knowledge of mathematics. The Oxford Handbook of Numerical Cognition (pp. 1118-1135). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.\r\n[27] Tay, M. K. &amp; Mensah-Wonkyi T. (2018). Effect of using Geogebra on senior high school students\u2019 performance in circle theorems. African Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics and Sciences Vol. 14, 2018\r\n[28] Thompson E. O. (1992). Three methods of instruction in high school geometry and the effects they have on achievement, retention, and attitude. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Montana State University.\r\n[29] Usiskin, Z. (982). Van Hiele Levels and achievement in secondary school geometry: Cognitive development and achievement in secondary school geometry project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n[30] Valmoria, E., L., Z. and Tan, R., G. (2019). Sequences of mathematical tasks for intensifying procedural fluency in integer operation. University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Lapasan Cagayan De Oro City, Philippine. Sci.Int.(Lahore),31(3),451-454, 2019\r\n[31] West African Examinations Council (2017). Chief Examiners\u2019 Report on West African Senior School Certificate Examination May\/June 2017.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yunus Hissan and Forster D. Ntow, &#8220;An Investigation into the Effect of Concept-Based Instruction on Senior High School Students\u2019 Geometric Thinking and Achievement in Circle Theorem&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.52-60 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/52-60.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/52-60.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-investigation-into-the-effect-of-concept-based-instruction-on-senior-high-school-students-geometric-thinking-and-achievement-in-circle-theorem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Investigation into the Effect of Concept-Based Instruction on Senior High School Students\u2019 Geometric Thinking and Achievement in Circle Theorem<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a86a8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0a86a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0a87b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0a87b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0a892b\" data-id=\"c0a892b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a8a46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0a8a46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0a8aec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0a8aec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0a8c5e\" data-id=\"c0a8c5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a8d7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0a8d7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Drivers of Weedicide Adoption among Peseant Maize Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Benedict Afful Jr., Ph.D &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 61-71<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0a8e24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0a8e24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0a9539\" data-id=\"c0a9539\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a96af elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0a96af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Globally, weeds wreak significant damages on plants and this situation calls for instantaneous measures to overcome the harm done by the weeds. Weeds can be removed by hand\/hoe weeding but these are time consuming, laborious and do not even promise thorough removal of weeds. Weeds control through such traditional method has even become much problematic in Ghana as large portions of the rural youth, especially from the Northern Region, are migrating to the urban centers. Weedicide, on the other hand, offers a considerable promise of thoroughly removing weeds using few labours and time. However, there is evidence of low weedicide adoption among maize farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. It is against this background that this study investigates the drivers of weedicide adoption among maize farm households in the Northern Region of Ghana. To achieve this objective, a correlated random-effects probit model was applied to a 3-year panel data from Innovation for Poverty Action-Farmer Survey of Ghana. A sample of 1728 peasant farm households was used for the study. The analysis of data revealed that dependency ratio, price of weedicide and communal labour were negatively related to weedicide adoption. It was also found that farm income, NPK fertilizer, other inorganic fertilizer, and the price of labour were positively related to weedicide adoption. It is recommended that: government should reduce dependency ratio through job creation and birth rate, subsidize weedicide, and promote the use of complementary farm inputs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 61-71\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Benedict Afful Jr., Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economic Studies, School of Economics. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adeoti, A. I. (2009). Factors influencing irrigation technology adoption and its impact on household poverty in Ghana. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Tropics and Subtropics, 109, 51-63.\r\n[2] Aflakpui, G. K. S., Abdulai, M. S., Berchie, J. N., Ennin, S. &amp; Sallah, P. Y. K. (2005). Maize production. MoFA Food Development Project. Kumasi. Amayen Press.\r\n[3] Aklilu, B. (1980). The diffusion of fertilizer in Ethiopia: Pattern, determinants, and implications. 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(2014). Drivers of adoption of improved maize varieties in most transitional zones of Eastern Kenya, Journal of Economics and sustainable development, 2222-2855.\r\n[38] Ragasa, C., Dankyi, A., Acheampong, P., Wiredu, A.N., Chapoto, A., Asamoah,M. &amp;Tripp, R. (2013). Patterns of Adoption of Improved MaizeTechnologies in Ghana. Ghana strategy Support Program, Working Paper 36, 1-27.\r\n[39] Samiee, A., Rezvanfar, A. &amp; Faham, E. (2009). Factors influencing the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) by wheat growers in Varamin County, Iran. African Journalof Agricultural Research, 4 (5), 491-497.\r\n[40] Simtowe, F., Mduma, J., Phiri, A., Thomas, A. &amp; Zeller, M. (2006). Can risk aversion towards fertilizer explain part of the non-adoption puzzle for hybrid maize? Empiricalevidence from Malawi. Journal of AppliedSciences, 6 (7), 1490-1498.\r\n[41] Tewodaj, M., Cohen, M. J., Birner, R., Mamusha, L., Randriamamonjy, J., Fanaye, T. &amp;Zelekawork, P. (2009). Agricultural extension in Ethiopia through a gender and governance lens. Ethiopia Strategy Support Program 2 (ESSP 2) Discussion Paper No. ESSP2 007.\r\n[42] Tollenaar, M., Aguilera, A. &amp; Nissanka, S. P. (1997). Grain yield is reduced more by weed interference in an old than a new hybrid. Agronomy Journal 89, 239-246.\r\n[43] Uwagboe, E. O., Akinbile, L. A. &amp; Oduwole, O. O. (2012). Socio-economic factors and integrated pest management utilization among cocoa farmers in Edo State. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences, 5 (1): 07-11.\r\n[44] Wekesa, E., Mwangi, W., Verkuijl, H., Danda, V. K., &amp; De Groote, H. (2003). Adoption of maize technologies in the coastal lowlands of Kenya. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.\r\n[45] Zimdahl, R. L. (1983). Improving chemical systems of weed control. FAO Plant.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Benedict Afful Jr., Ph.D &#8220;Drivers of Weedicide Adoption among Peseant Maize Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.61-71 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/61-71.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/61-71.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/drivers-of-weedicide-adoption-among-peseant-maize-farmers-in-the-northern-region-of-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Drivers of Weedicide Adoption among Peseant Maize Farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0aa4ed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0aa4ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0aa5d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0aa5d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0aa75b\" data-id=\"c0aa75b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0aa884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0aa884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0aa92b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0aa92b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0aaa84\" data-id=\"c0aaa84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0aab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0aab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0aac34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0aac34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0aad79\" data-id=\"c0aad79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0aae88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0aae88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0aaf24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0aaf24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab073\" data-id=\"c0ab073\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab17f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ab17f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab23c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ab23c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab38b\" data-id=\"c0ab38b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab49b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ab49b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab537 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ab537\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab69c\" data-id=\"c0ab69c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab7a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ab7a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Barriers to Geography Teachers\u2019 Engagement with Research in Selected Secondary Schools of Serenje District in Central Zambia <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Patricia Lako and Kaiko Mubita &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 72-78<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab847 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ab847\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ab9b4\" data-id=\"c0ab9b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0abae1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0abae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to establish the barriers to geography teachers\u2019 engagement with research in selected secondary schools of Serenje district. Interviews were conducted with fourteen geography teachers, two heads of social sciences departments, and one official each from Provincial Resource Centre (PRC) and District Resource centre (DRC) respectively. Purposeful sampling was used to select the participants. Two focus group discussions were also conducted with teachers of geography. Data was analysed thematically. Findings showed that teacher engagement with research was constrained by barriers such as lack of time, lack of support from administrators, financial constraints, lack of access to relevant research literature, and societal and organizational culture. Therefore, to establish and sustain research engagements of geography teachers in the district attention is needed in the following areas: policy, job description and schedules of the teachers, school culture, libraries, and funding for research.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 72-78\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patricia Lako <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Language and Social Sciences Education,University of Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kaiko Mubita<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Language and Social Sciences Education,University of Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Aina, A. J. et al (2011) \u201cPoor Reading Habits among Nigerians: The Role of Libraries&#8221;. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 529. Nigeria: Lagos State University.\r\n[2] and knowledge in the educational community. Teachers and Teaching, 10 (1), 35-58.\r\n[3] Biesta, G. (2007). Bridging the gap between educational research and educational practice: The need for critical distance. \u2018Educational Research and Evaluation, 13 (3), 295-301\r\n[4] Bilgili, Y. (2005). The Teachers\u2019 Process of Change through Action Research. (Doctor of philosophy dissertation). The Florida State University College of Education. Florida.\r\n[5] Borg, S (2006), Conditions for Teacher Research, \u2018English Teaching Forum, Vol. IV, 22- 27\r\n[6] Brew, A. (2010). Imperatives and challenges in integrating teaching and research. Higher Education Research and Development, 29(2), 139\u2013150,\r\n[7] Burkhardt, H., &amp;Schoenfeld, A. H. (2003). Improving educational research: Toward a more useful, more influential, and better-funded enterprise. Educational Researcher, 32 (9), 3-14.\r\n[8] Drill, K., Miller, S., and Sherratt, E. (2012). Teachers\u2019 Perspectives on Educational Research. Naperville: American Institutes for Research. Brock Education: A Journal of Educational Research and Practice, vol 23. DOI 10.26522\/brocked. v23i1.350..\r\n[9] Elley, W. B. (2001). Literacy in the Present World: Realities and Possibilities. In Verhoeven Ludo &amp; Snow Catherine, ed. Literacy and Motivation: Reading engagement in individuals and groups. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 225-242.\r\n[10] Ellis, N., &amp; Loughland, T. (2016). The Challenges of Practitioner Research: A Comparative Study of Singapore and NSW. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(2). http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14221\/ajte.2016v41n2.8 accessed on 06\/09\/2019 at 20:21 hours.\r\n[11] Elton, L. (2008) Collegiality and complexity: Humbolt\u2019s relevance to British universities today, Higher Education Quarterly 62(3), 224\u2013236\r\n[12] Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R. &amp; Tesch-Rome, C. (1993). The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance. Psychological Review, 100 (3), 363-406.\r\n[13] Firth, J. (2016). \u2018Research Engagement for the School Teacher and its Role in the Education Community.\u2019 Early Career Research 23(2).\r\n[14] Firth, J., (2016). Research Engagement for The School Teacher and Its Role in The Education Community. Education in the North, 23(2),161-166.\r\n[15] Gore, J. M. &amp; Gitlin, A. D. (2004). [RE]Visioning the academic-teacher divide: Power\r\n[16] Guy, M. (2017). \u2018Impact of Continuing Education at The Directorate General for Secondary Education On Professionalization of Teachers.\u2019 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 6 (12). Accessed from: www.ijsr.net.doi:10.21275\/ART20178747.\r\n[17] Hachintu, J.K., (2017) Effects of Poor Reading Culture On Distance Education Students\u2019 Academic Performance at Kwame Nkrumah University in Zambia. \u201cInternational Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE)\u201d 4 (1),55-63 ISSN 2349-0373 (Print) &amp; ISSN 2349-0381 (Online) http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.20431\/2349-0381.0401007 www.arcjournals.org\r\n[18] Hancock, R. (1997) Why are class teachers reluctant to become researchers? British Journal of In-service Education, 23(1), 85-99, DOI: 10.1080\/13674589700200009.\r\n[19] Khan, M. A. (2017). Achieving an Appropriate Balance between Teaching and Research in Institutions of Higher Education: An Exploratory Study. \u2018International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(5).\r\n[20] Lambert, D., and Balderstone, D. (2000). Learning to Teach Geography in the Secondary School: A Companion to School Experience, London and New York: Routledge Falmer\r\n[21] Long, M., &amp; Roberson, S. B., (1966). Teaching Geography. London: Heinemann Educational\r\n[22] Mayne, H. (2014). \u2018The Reconstructionist Approach to Teacher Education: A Necessary Component to achieving excellence and Quality Education for all.\u2019 \u2018Research in Comparative and International Education 9 (1), 48.\r\n[23] Mehrani, B.M. (2015) English Teachers\u2019 Research Engagement: Level of Engagement and Motivation. \u2018Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research 3(1), 83-97\u2019\r\n[24] Mehrani, B.M. and Behzadnia, A. (2013) English Teachers\u2019 Research Engagement: Current Barriers and Future Strategies. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and research 2(4),17-32.\r\n[25] Ministry of Education. (1996). Educating our Future: National Policy on Education. Lusaka: Zambia Educational Publishing House.\r\n[26] Ministry of National development and planning (December,2006) Vision 2030: a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030\r\n[27] Mubita, K. (2016). Barriers to effective safety and health management at Sefula secondary school in western Zambia. Asian Journal of Management Sciences &amp; Education Vol. 5(4) October 2016, pp 88-95\r\n[28] Mulenga, I.M. &amp; Kabombwe, Y.M. (2019). \u2018A Competence based Curriculum for Zambian Primary and Secondary Schools: Learning from Theory and some Countries around the World\u2019 International Journal of Education and Research 7 (2), 117-130.\r\n[29] Mulindwa, G. (2001). \u2018Can Reading Research in Africa Be Done in Isolation? The Influence of Literacy, Education, Publishing and The Book Industry On Reading in Africa?\u2019 paper presented at 67th IFLA Council and General Conference. August 16-25, (2001).\r\n[30] Nalusiba, P. (2010). Strategies for The Development of a Reading Culture in Uganda Primary Schools: Case Studies of Four Selected University Primary Education Schools in Kampala District. (Master dissertation) Makerere University.\r\n[31] Ronn\u00e5s, M. (2009) Reading Promotion in Zambia &#8211; Lessons from Three Projects. (Master Thesis) University College in Bor\u00e5s. Kollegium 3. F\u00f6rfattaren\r\n[32] Sangkaeo, S. (1999). Reading Habit promotion in ASEAN libraries. In Nalusiba, P. (2010). Strategies for the Development of a reading culture in Uganda primary Schools: Case studies of four selected University Primary Education schools in Kampala district. (Master dissertation) Makerere University.\r\n[33] Soe, T. (2014). Research Engagement and Professional Development: English Language Teachers\u2019 Perspectives. English Language teachers\u2019 conference, Yangon university, 2014.\r\n[34] Sturges, P and Neill, R, (1998). The Quiet Struggle: Information and Libraries for Africa. London: Mansell.\r\n[35] The Ontario Public Service (2016). Towards defining 21st century Competencies for Ontario (6th ed.) Ontario: The Ontario Public Service\r\n[36] Totemeyer, A.J. (1994). Speaking from a Book: The Transfer of de-recorded Information of the Information Starved. In: IFLA Journal 20(4), 410-418.\r\n[37] UNESCO, (2005). Towards Knowledge Societies. Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[38] Vasuthavan, E.S. (2017). Problem Centred Curriculum (PCC) for a Knowledge Society. Conference paper. The 5th Malaysian International Conference on Academic Strategies in English language teaching\/My-CASELT 2017, At Malaysia.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patricia Lako and Kaiko Mubita, &#8220;Barriers to Geography Teachers\u2019 Engagement with Research in Selected Secondary Schools of Serenje District in Central Zambia &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.72-78 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/72-78.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/72-78.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/barriers-to-geography-teachers-engagement-with-research-in-selected-secondary-schools-of-serenje-district-in-central-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Barriers to Geography Teachers\u2019 Engagement with Research in Selected Secondary Schools of Serenje District in Central Zambia <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b13a4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0b13a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b1af7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b1af7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b1c4e\" data-id=\"c0b1c4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b1d5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b1d5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b1e02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b1e02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b45d7\" data-id=\"c0b45d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b47db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b47db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b48b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b48b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b4a42\" data-id=\"c0b4a42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b4b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b4b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b4bfc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b4bfc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b4d77\" data-id=\"c0b4d77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b4e9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b4e9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Learning Management System as a New Platform of Instruction towards Learning Satisfaction of BSED English Students of Davao del Norte State College <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Cent Kenneth T. Peria, Margie V. Candolita, Jedidiah A. Mahinay, Ellvan Campos, Mark Van M. Buladaco- February 2021 Page No.: 79-88<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b4f3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b4f3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b50b0\" data-id=\"c0b50b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b51db elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0b51db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study dealt with the impact of the Learning Management System (LMS) as a new platform of Instruction towards learning satisfaction of BSEd English students; also, the primary objective of this study was to determine the level of student learning satisfaction in education towards the use of LMS as a learning tool and to find out if there would be a significant relationship between LMS as a learning tool and its impact to the students&#8217; learning satisfaction among BSEd English students. Utilizing correlational research method with a total of (160) enrolled BSEd English Students of Davao del Norte State College from 1st year to 4th-year level as selected participants. Data gathering was done through the use of questionnaires via an online survey; the questionnaire was divided into three parts, namely: demographic roles students; focus on the factors of Learning Management System (LMS) and as a learning tool. Tested at 0.05 level of significance Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient was utilized resulting in rejection of the null hypothesis. There is a significant relationship in Student Learning Satisfaction to Learning Management System as a new Platform of Instruction.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 79-88\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5205\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5205<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cent Kenneth T. Peria<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Lawal Bala Isa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Asma\u2019u Idris<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ellvan Campos<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty, Institute of Teacher Education, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mark Van M. Buladaco<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDean, Institute of Computing, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] R. K. Ellis, &#8220;Field Guide to Learning Management, ASTD Learning Circuits,&#8221; LMS, p. 8, 2009.\r\n[2] Mas Nida Md. Khambari, P. Moses, R. Khodaband, Wan Zah Wan Ali, S. L. Wong, and A. F. M. Ayub, &#8220;Experiences from a learning management system,&#8221; International Malaysian Educational Technology Convention, 2010.\r\n[3] Davis, B., Carmean, C. Wagner, E., &#8220;The Evolution of the LMS: From Management to Learning,&#8221; e-Learning Guild, vol. 3, p. 3, January 2009.\r\n[4] IBRAHIM ABOOD ALMARASHDEH, NORAIDAH SAHARI, MUTASEM ALSMADI, &#8220;THE SUCCESS OF LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM,&#8221; Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 2005 &#8211; 2010.\r\n[5] Ahmad FauziMohdAyub ,Rohani Ahmad Tarmizi, Wan Marzuki Wan Jaafar, Wan Zah Wan Ali, Wong Su Luan, &#8220;Factors influencing students&#8217; use a Learning,&#8221;\r\n[6] INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 2, 2010.\r\n[7] Sriwardiningsih, &#8220;Faktor &#8211; faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku belajar mahasiswa elearning,&#8221; BINUS BUSINESS REVIEW Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 564-570, 2014.\r\n[8] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21512\/bbr.v5i2.1027\r\n[9] C. Wang and Y. F. Chiu, &#8220;Assessing elearning 2.0 system success,&#8221; Computers and Education 57, pp. 1790-1800, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.0 3.009\r\n[10] K. Buckreus, Connectivism: Informing Distance Education Theory, Pedagogy and Research, Morinville, Alberta, Canada, 2020\r\n[11] Bricki N, Green J (2007) A guide to using qualitative research methodology. New York: Medicins Sans Frontieres.\r\n[12] Maree, J. G., &amp; Van der Westhuizen, C. (2009a). The scope of violence in some Gauteng schools. Gauteng Department of Education Inaugural Research Conference, 9 March.Maree, J. G., &amp; Van der Westhuizen, C. (2009b). Head start in designing research proposals. Cape Town: Juta.\r\n[13] B. Bolanos, Statistical concept and Procedure, Manila, 1999.\r\n[14] J. P. Estrellado, &#8220;statistical treatment,&#8221; Education, Technology, 2012.\r\n[15] Batilar, &#8220;Thesis percentage formula,&#8221; 23 October 2010.\r\n[16] Ford, K., &amp; Lott, L (2011). The impact of technology on constructivist pedagogies. Retrieved from\r\n[17] Fraenkel, J., R., &amp; Wallen, N., E. (2010). How to design and evaluate research in education. (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York: NY. Retrieved from\r\n[18] Gensburg, R., &amp; Herman, B. (2009). An analysis of the theory of constructivism as it relates to pre-service and in-service teachers and technology. Retrieved from\r\n[19] Grismore, B. A. (2012). Mini technology manual for schools: An introduction to technology integration. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED533378)\r\n[20] Courville, K. (2011). Technology and its use in education: Present roles and future prospects. Paper presented at the RecoverySchool District Technology Summit, Baton Rouge, LA.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Cent Kenneth T. Peria, Margie V. Candolita, Jedidiah A. Mahinay, Ellvan Campos, Mark Van M. Buladaco, &#8220;Impact of Learning Management System as a New Platform of Instruction towards Learning Satisfaction of BSED English Students of Davao del Norte State College .&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.79-88 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5205<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/79-88.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-learning-management-system-as-a-new-platform-of-instruction-towards-learning-satisfaction-of-bsed-english-students-of-davao-del-norte-state-college\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Learning Management System as a New Platform of Instruction towards Learning Satisfaction of BSED English Students of Davao del Norte State College .<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b73f0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0b73f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b74e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b74e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7684\" data-id=\"c0b7684\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b77bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b77bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7868 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b7868\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b79cc\" data-id=\"c0b79cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7adb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b7adb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7b85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b7b85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7cd0\" data-id=\"c0b7cd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7dee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b7dee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7e8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b7e8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b7fdf\" data-id=\"c0b7fdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b80f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b80f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b8190 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b8190\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b82f3\" data-id=\"c0b82f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b8406 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0b8406\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Nature of Administrative Process, Challenges and Possible Solutions in Waste Disposal and Pollution Prevention Policies in Eldoret Municipality-Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abel Cheruiyot, Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei- February 2021 Page No.: 89-96<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0b84a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0b84a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b860d\" data-id=\"c0b860d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0b873b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0b873b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">With the unexpected increase in population globally, especially in Sub Saharan Africa, waste management has been crucial for good health, good environment and aesthetics urban centers. This paper seeks to examine the nature of administrative processes, challenges and possible solutions to waste disposal management and pollution policies in Eldoret municipality in Kenya. The paper will be guided by the following objectives: To establish the nature of administrative process in waste disposal and pollution policy implementation and to find out the challenges and possible solutions facing waste disposal and pollution policy implementation. The paper will adopt a qualitative approach by getting response from the stakeholders through interviews and questionnaires, the respondents were chosen through purposive sapling technique. The geographical scope of the study was Eldoret municipality while the time scope covered the period 2012-2015. The findings were: Administrative process that exists in Eldoret includes both administrative politics such as mayoral office and councilors and administrative policy making such as rule-making and law enforcement. Challenges include: Waste from hospitals and industries are disposed of as untreated waste, the lack of adequate transport vessels and vehicles, low participation of households, management problems and operational problems. Possible solutions include: provision of large bins for all the residential areas and collection should be made compulsory, mass public emancipation, garbage pails should be provided and placed at strategic points open spaces, decentralize solid waste collection and disposal, necessity for a better solid waste management. This paper makes a conclusion that solid waste management is on decline due to inadequacy of modern equipment\u2019s, financial misappropriation and bribery and corruption among the municipal employees. In order to adequately solve these not only in Eldoret-Kenya but in all urban centers facing such problems, the strategies employed by private sectors should be adopted and all other stakeholders in the waste management so as to make the whole system more proactive.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 89-96\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abel Cheruiyot<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, Political Science and Public Administration, Moi University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, Political Science and Public Administration, Moi University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Akivaga, S.K. and Batonye, W. (1988). Local Authorities in Kenya, Nairobi: Hienemann Educational Books.\r\n[2] GOK (2010). The Kenya\u2019s Constitution.\r\n[3] GOK. (2009) Housing and population census\r\n[4] Kotz, N. (1969). Let Them eat Promises: The Politics Of Hunger in America. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.\r\n[5] Matrix, (1993). Report on Waste Treatment Options. Holawast Project: Stockholm.\r\n[6] McDougall, Forbes R. White, Peter R. Franke, Marina, Hindle,P., (2008). Integrate Solid Waste Management: A life cycle inventory. Chichester: Wiley.\r\n[7] Middleton, N.(1995). The Global Casino.An Introduction to Environmental Issues. London: Edward Arnold.\r\n[8] UNEP (2002). Industry as a partner for sustainable development: Waste Management. New York: UNEP.\r\n[9] Van Dijk, C. (2006). Integrated sustainable Waste management, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. http\/\/www.eldoretmuicipal.ac.ke\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abel Cheruiyot, Shadrack Kipkoech Sitienei, &#8220;The Nature of Administrative Process, Challenges and Possible Solutions in Waste Disposal and Pollution Prevention Policies in Eldoret Municipality-Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.89-96 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/89-96.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/89-96.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-nature-of-administrative-process-challenges-and-possible-solutions-in-waste-disposal-and-pollution-prevention-policies-in-eldoret-municipality-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Nature of Administrative Process, Challenges and Possible Solutions in Waste Disposal and Pollution Prevention Policies in Eldoret Municipality-Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0bcb0f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0bcb0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0bcfb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0bcfb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0bd12d\" data-id=\"c0bd12d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0bd250 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0bd250\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0bd2fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0bd2fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0bffe8\" data-id=\"c0bffe8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0253 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0c0253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0349 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0c0349\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0c04f0\" data-id=\"c0c04f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0648 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0c0648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0c06f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0c06f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0879\" data-id=\"c0c0879\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c098e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0c098e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Estimating the Demand for International Reserves Function in Nigeria: Evidence from Vector Auto-Regressions<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Blessing Ose Oligbi Ph D, Milton A. Iyoha Ph D &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 97-108<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0a3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0c0a3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0bc8\" data-id=\"c0c0bc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c0cfa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0c0cfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study estimates the demand for international reserves function in Nigeria using vector auto-regressions, and annual time-series data for 1980-2017. The result obtained indicates that there is a stable, long- run relationship between international reserves, exports, openness, interest rate and export earnings volatility. Variance decomposition analysis shows the main sources of economic growth variations in Nigeria are attributable to \u201cown shocks\u201d and only slightly to other variables, namely, exports and openness. Thus, the study recommends that the government should adopt trade and exchange rate policies to promote exports in order to increase international reserve holdings and accelerate economic growth in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 97-108\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5206<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Blessing Ose Oligbi Ph D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAg Head, Department of Economics &amp; Development Studies, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Milton A. Iyoha Ph D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor of Economics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdullateef, U. and I. Waheed (2010). External reserve holdings in Nigeria: implications for investment, inflation and exchange rate. Journal of Economics and International Finance Vol.2 No. 9 pp183-189.\r\n[2]. Aizenman, J., &amp; Lee, J. (2005). International reserves: precautionary vs. mercantilist views, theory and evidence. IMF Working Paper Working Paper \/05\/198.\r\n[3]. Akamobi, G.O &amp; Ugwunna, T.O. (2017). Determinants of Foreign Reserve in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Vol. 8(20)\r\n[4]. Akinwunmi, A.A &amp; Adekoya, R. B. (2016) Reserves Management and its Effect on Economic Growth of Nigeria. International Journal of Business &amp; Finance Management Research IJBFMR: 4, 36-46\r\n[5]. Akpansung, A. (2013). A Review of Empirical Literature on Balance of Payments as a Monetary Phenomenon. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS), 4(2), pp. 124-132.\r\n[6]. Bankole, A. S, et al (2011), Demand For International Reserves: A Case For Reserves Accumulation In Nigeria, Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review Volume 49\/3.\r\n[7]. Chinedu, N.G., &amp; Edet, A.S. (2019). Macroeconomic Implications of External Reserves Management in Nigeria: 1986\u20132016. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 24, Issue 10, 41-54\r\n[8]. Clark, P. B. (1970). The Demand for International Reserves: A Cross-Country Analysis. Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 3 (November), pp. 577-594.\r\n[9]. Cooper, R. N. (1968). \u201cThe Relevance of International Liquidity to Developed Countries\u201d. American Economic Review vol. 58 (May) pp. 625-636.\r\n[10]. Edwards, S., (1985). On the interest rate elasticity of the demand for international reserves: some evidence from developing countries, Journal of International Money and Finance, 4: 287-295.\r\n[11]. Ekpo, A. H. &amp; Omoruyi, S. (2011). Formulation and Implementation of Strategies for Effective Management of External Reserves: Country Experience. West African Financial and Economic Review, vol. 8, no. 2 (December), pp 1-26.\r\n[12]. Engle, R.F. and C.W.J. Granger. 1987. Cointegration and errorcorrection: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55:251-276.l\r\n[13]. Gonzalo, J. 1994. Five alternative methods of estimating long run equilibrium relationships. 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Linkages between External Reserves and Economic Performance in Nigeria, 1981-2018: Bounds Test and ARDL Approaches. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 6(1), 44-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/sajsse\/2020\/v6i130160\r\n[25]. Olomola, P. &amp; Ajayi, I. (2018). The determinants of international reserves in West African States. Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 18(4), 1-9.\r\n[26]. Osigwe, A. C., Okechukwu, A. I., &amp; Onoja, T. C. (2015). Modelling the determinants of foreign reserves in Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, 5 (19), 72-77.\r\n[27]. Oyeniran, I. W. &amp; Alamu, S. A. (2020). Determination of Optimal Level of Foreign Reserves in Nigeria. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, vol. 11, no. 1 (June), pp. 65-85.\r\n[28]. Phillips, P.C.B. 1991. &#8220;Optimal inference in cointegrated systems.&#8221; Econometrica, 59:283-306.\r\n[29]. Samuel, A.O., Omotayo, E., &amp; Olusegun, E.A. (2019). The Relationship between External Reserve and Trade: Evidence from Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF).Volume 10, Issue 5, 21-27\r\n[30]. Sanusi, K. A., Meyer, D. F. &amp; Hassan, A. S. (2019). An investigation of the determinants of foreign exchange reserves in Southern African Countries. Journal of International Studies, 12(2), 201-212.\r\n[31]. Shaibu, I. &amp; Izedonmi, F. I. O. (2020). An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modeling Approach to Nigeria\u2019s External Reserves Dynamics. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(2), 539\u2013557.\r\n[32]. Sehgal, S. &amp; C. Sharma (2008). A Study of Adequacy, Cost and Determinants of International Reserves in India. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 20. Retrieved Mar. 20, 2008, from http:\/\/www.eurojournals.com\/finance.htm.\r\n[33]. Sims, Christopher.A. (1986). \u2015Are Forecasting Models Usable for Policy Analysis?\u2016 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, vol. 10 (Winter 1986): 2\u201316.\r\n[34]. Tule M. K., Egbuna, E.N., Sagbamah, J.E.L., Abdusalam, S.A, Ogundele, O.S,. Oduyemi A.O, &amp; Oladunni, S.(2015). Determination of optimal foreign exchange reserves in Nigeria. Central Bank of Nigeria Working Paper Series CBN\/WPS\/01\/2015\/06\r\n[35]. Williamson, J. H. (1973). \u201cInternational Liquidity: A Survey\u201d. Economic Journal vol. 83 (September), pp. 685-746.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Blessing Ose Oligbi Ph D, Milton A. Iyoha Ph D &#8220;Estimating the Demand for International Reserves Function in Nigeria: Evidence from Vector Auto-Regressions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.97-108 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5206<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/97-108.pdf\" 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noreferrer\">Estimating the Demand for International Reserves Function in Nigeria: Evidence from Vector Auto-Regressions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c8052 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0c8052\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c8eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0c8eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Social Media in Disseminating Information to Small-Scale Businesses in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Enesiti Chirume- February 2021 Page No.: 109-118<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0c8fac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0c8fac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0c9142\" data-id=\"c0c9142\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c928b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0c928b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Many scholars and researchers have since established that social media usage by businesses is gaining prominence in the global markets. This current paper explores the impact of social media in disseminating information to small-scale businessesin the town of Chinhoyiin Zimbabwe. The central objective of the study is to identify the role of social media in the dissemination of information to small-scale businesses in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. Thestudy adopts qualitative research methodand uses purposive sampling to administer a questionnaire to educe responses from fifty-(50) small-scale business owners in Chinhoyi. The study provides insight into the advances in social media that are enabling social and cultural changes in business. The major findings of the study are that, social media may help in novel ways to congregate geographical markets for higher sales, transform traditional business approaches, and initiate the much needed and viable consumer-focused communication. The study contributes to the understanding of the impact of social media in disseminating information to small-scale businesses in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe. Owing to the increase in social media usage more than the traditional platforms, for information consumption, the study argues that. (i) Where clients frequent should naturally become important for business, since business is about clients. (ii) In addition, now that social media is so available to anyone with an internet connection and even more now for everyone with a smartphone, small-scalebusinesses should embrace it for information dissemination.Overall, the study recommends that social media should be a platform to increase business brand awareness and facilitate direct feedback from customers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 109-118\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Enesiti Chirume<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD Student, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Catholic University of Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Benkler, Y. et al. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.\r\n[7]. Brodie, R. J. (2013). Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Business Research, 66 (1), 105114.\r\n[8]. Bruhn, M. Schoenmueller V. and Sch\u00e4fer, D. B. (2012).\u201cAre Social Media Replacing Traditional Media in Terms of Brand Equity Creation?\u201d Management Research Review 35 (9), 770-790.\r\n[9]. Bryman, A. (1984). The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of Method or Epistemology? The British Journal of Sociology35 (1): 75-92.\r\n[10]. Canale, M. (1983). From Communicative Competence to Communicative language pedagogy. Longman: London.\r\n[11]. Cesaroni F.M, and Consoli, D. (2015). Are small businesses able to take advantage of social media? Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management13: 257-268.\r\n[12]. Cetin, I. 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Using cultivation strategies to manage public relationships: a content analysis of non-profit organizations.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Enesiti Chirume, &#8220;The Impact of Social Media in Disseminating Information to Small-Scale Businesses in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.109-118 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/109-118.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-social-media-in-disseminating-information-to-small-scale-businesses-in-chinhoyi-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Social Media in Disseminating Information to Small-Scale Businesses in Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ca29d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ca6e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ca867\" data-id=\"c0ca867\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ca980 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ca980\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0caa2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0caa2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0cab75\" data-id=\"c0cab75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0cac8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0cac8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0cad27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0cad27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0cae7b\" data-id=\"c0cae7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0dc5a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0dc5a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0dc6b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0dc6b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0dc887\" data-id=\"c0dc887\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0dc9bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0dc9bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A comparative analysis of the depiction of Socialisation of the girl child in the Ndebele plays.<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Netty Magura- February 2021 Page No.: 119-131<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0dca67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0dca67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0dcbf6\" data-id=\"c0dcbf6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0dcd54 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0dcd54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">Due to various political and economic factors, the Ndebele family institution has undergone tremendous changes. These changes have impacted the socialisation of the girl child within the family set-up. The girl child still faces socialisation problems due to the nature of the present-day family set up. Guided by the Social Learning Theory, the paper examines the family\u2019s role in the girl child\u2019s upbringing as depicted in Makhalisa and Ndlovu\u2019s plays. It is found that the environment in which a girl child grows up influences their behaviour. The study adopted a textual analysis method, and its primary aim was to carry out a comparative analysis of the depiction of the socialisation of the girl child in the Ndebele plays Umhlaba lo! (B.Makhalisa) and Lakanye Wangenza (T.P Ndlovu). The analysis revealed that both plays depict the Ndebele family set-up. Colonisation, Industrialisation and Urbanisation are presented in the plays as the factors contributing to the decline of the traditional Ndebele extended family whilst giving rise to the nuclear family set-up. Both plays present the socialisation of a girl child, with Makhalisa portraying the advantages of extended family in the upbringing of a girl child whilst bringing out the social and economic aspects encountered by a girl child. Ndlovu on the other hand is successful in capturing the contemporary urban family, characterised as the nuclear family and how it has a negatively impacted in the upbringing of a girl child. The study, therefore, concluded that the family stands out to be the core of every girl child\u2019s upbringing, and it determines an individual\u2019s future. Both playwrights successfully depict the girl child\u2019s socialisation in the family whilst bringing out the Ndebele people\u2019s lived experiences during the colonial era and post-colonial.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 119-131\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Netty Magura<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBA Hon. Linguistics and African Languages, University of Zimbabwe\r\nPan-African University of Governance, Humanities and Social Sciences (PAUGHSS) Yaounde, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Makhalisa, B. 1977. Umhlaba Lo!. Gweru:Mambo Press.\r\n[2] Ndlovu, T.P. 2000. Lakanye Wangenza. Gweru: Mambo Press.\r\nSECONDARY SOURCES\r\n[1] Appadurai, A., 1996. Modernity at large cultural dimensions of Globalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.\r\n[2] Armstrong, N., 2012. The importance of extended family in the African American Community: a qualitative analysis using social learning theory. Proceedings on the National Conference on Under Graduate Research. (NCUR) 2012. Weber State University, Ogden Utch. March 29-31 2012. Dept of Political Science. Howard University Washington DC 20059.\r\n[3] Aristotle, H.L., 1926. Aristotle. London: Heinemann\r\n[4] Bandura, A., 1977. Social Learning Theory. Eaglewood, N J: PRENTICE-HALL\r\n[5] Baoke-Boaten, A., 2010. Changes in the Concept of Childhood Implications on Children in Ghana. The journal of international research.\r\n[6] Bourdillion, M.F.C., 1993. Where are the ancestors? Changing culture in Zimbabwe. Harare. U.Z. Publishers.\r\n[7] Brown, C.K. and Thukur, A.P. 1997: Rural Sociology. A West African reader: Kinship, Marriage and family. Ghana University Press; Accra\r\n[8] Cook, T.D, Herman M, Philips M and Setterstone Jr, R.J., 2002. Some ways in which neighbourhoods, nuclear families, friendship groups and schools jointly affect changes in early adolescent development. Child development 73(4) : 283-309\r\n[9] Coontz, S., 1992. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. Basic Books. USA.\r\n[10] Chiwome, C.M., 1996. A Social History of the Shona novel. Kadoma: Juta Publishers.\r\n[11] Chiwome, C.M and Gambahaya, Z. 1998. Culture and Development: Perspectives from South. Harare: Mona books.\r\n[12] Demo, D.H. and Alan C. Acock (1996) \u201cFamily structure, family process, and adolescent well-being\u201d Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(4):457-488.\r\n[13] Dictionary of Business Management, 2003. Bloomsbury Publishing. London.\r\n[14] Fanon, F. 1952 Black Skin White Mask. (1967 translation by Charles Lam Markmann: New York Groove Press).\r\n[15] Edwards, J.O., 2009. The many kinds of family structure in our communities. Based on the author\u2019s works with L. D Sparks. In Anti-bias Education for children and ourselves.NAEYC 2009 https:\/\/www.scoe.org \/files\/ ccpc-family-structures PDF.\r\n[16] Gelles, J., 1999 Sociology: An Introduction. Boston McGraw-Hill College.\r\n[17] Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children.\r\n[18] (IAC), Report of the Regional Conference held in Addis Ababa, 19-24 November 1990.\r\n[19] Goode, W.J., 1963. World revolution and Family patterns. New York: the free Press.\r\n[20] Hill, R.B., and Billingsley, A. 1993. Research on the African-American Family: a Holistic Perspective. Westport, CT: Auburn House Print.\r\n[21] Hutter, M., 1988. The changing family: Comparative Perspectives 2nd edition. MacMillan Publishing Company. New York.\r\n[22] Hurlock, E.B., 1970. Child Growth and Development. Webster Division. McGrow-Hill Book Company.\r\n[23] Jewell, K.S. 1988 Survival of the Black Family: The Institutional Impact of American Social Policy. New York U.a.: Praeger Print.\r\n[24] Kasongo, K. 2010. Impact of globalisation on Traditional African Religion and Cultural Conflict. London, Harper Collins Publishers.\r\n[25] Mackay, R., 2005. The impact of Family Structure and Family Change on child outcomes: A personal Reading of the research Literature. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 24,111,133.\r\n[26] Matshakayile-Ndlovu, T. Ndlovu, D.N and Ncube B.S. 1995. Imikhuba Lamasiko AmaNdebele. Gweru: Mambo Press\r\n[27] Mbiti, J., 1969. African Religion and Philosophy. London: Heinemann.\r\n[28] McKee, A., 2003. Textual Analysis: A Beginner\u2019s Guide. Sage Publications.\r\n[29] Neale, W.C. 1959 Social effects of industrialisation. The economic weekly.\r\n[30] Neubeck, K.J., 1979. Social Problems: A Critical Approach. New York: Random house.\r\n[31] Ncube, B.S. 1998 Lokhu Akungeke Kwenzeke. Longman Zimbabwe.\r\n[32] Ndlovu, S. and Ndlovu, L. 2013. Mediation as a Conflict Resolution in Traditional Ndebele Society. http:\/\/africanajournal.org\/mediation as a conflict resolution in traditional Ndebele society. Africana. Vol6.no 1.\/\/\r\n[33] Nyathi, P. 2001. Traditional ceremonies of AmaNdebele. Gweru : Mambo Press.\r\n[34] O\u2019Connell, H., 1994. Women and the family. Zed Books Ltd. London and New Jersey.\r\n[35] Parson, T., 1943: American Anthropology. The Kinship System of the Contemporary United States. Harvard University. Cambridge Massachusetts.\r\n[36] Parsons, T. (1951) The Social System. Free Press, New York.\r\n[37] Peterson, K.H and Wasteberg, P. 1988 Criticism and Ideology. Second African Writers\u2019 Conference. Stockholm 1986. Scandinavian Institution of African Studies, Uppsala. Nordiska afrikainstitutet.\r\n[38] Rwebangira, M.K, Liljestrom, R. 1998. Haraka, Hraka. Look before you leap. Youth at the crossroads custom and modernity. The authors and the Nordiska afrikainstitutet, University of Dar es Salaam.\r\n[39] Shooter, A. 1998. African Culture: An overview. Nairobi Poulines Publications.\r\n[40] Sharper, S., 1994, fathers and daughters. British and Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. London and New York Routledge,\r\n[41] UNICEF, 1990. The girl child: an investment in the future, New York. P4.\r\n[42] Waugh, D., 1990. An integrated approach\r\n[43] Wilson, E., 1976. The Theatre Experiences 1st edition. London: McGraw Hill.\r\nUNPUBLISHED DISSERTATIONS\r\n[44] Sibanda, N.P. 2016. An analysis of tragedy as a literary device in T.P. Ndlovu\u2019s plays Lakanye Wangenza (2000) and Uchithwa Ngowakho (1989) (unpublished Honours Dissertation). University of Zimbabwe.\r\n[45] Nyoni, C., 2014. The impact of social change on Ndebele social values as portrayed in S.O. Mlilo\u2019s Lifile and B Makhalisa\u2019s Umhlaba lo!. (unpublished Honours Dissertation). University of Zimbabwe.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Netty Magura &#8220;A comparative analysis of the depiction of Socialisation of the girl child in the Ndebele plays.&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.119-131 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/119-131.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/119-131.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comparative-analysis-of-the-depiction-of-socialisation-of-the-girl-child-in-the-ndebele-plays\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A comparative analysis of the depiction of Socialisation of the girl child in the Ndebele plays.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ddbae elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0ddbae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0de130\" data-id=\"c0de130\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0de245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0de245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0de2e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0de2e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0de465\" data-id=\"c0de465\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0de580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0de580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0de61c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0de61c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0de774\" data-id=\"c0de774\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0de885 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0de885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0de91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0de91d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0dea69\" data-id=\"c0dea69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0deb6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0deb6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0dec05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0dec05\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ded4d\" data-id=\"c0ded4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0e7f9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0e7f9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0e811f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0e811f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0e8338\" data-id=\"c0e8338\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0e848f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0e848f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Farmer-grazier conflict resolution methods and mitigation mechanisms in Bui-Donga Mantung Divisions, North West Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kinsam James S, Tankou Christopher M, Nobert Tohnain Lengha- February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 139-147<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0e8545 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0e8545\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0e86e2\" data-id=\"c0e86e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0e887e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0e887e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article examines the general underlying crop farmer grazer conflict resolution methods\/mitigation mechanisms in the North West region of Cameroon and in Bui-Donga Mantung Divisions in particular. It argues that the recurrent conflict that has hit the crop farming and livestock sector for several decades still suffers from arriving at a lasting solution. Several strategies have been put in place to bring peace between the two land users, but the dialogue platform (66%) has been sorted out the most effective mechanism. It also argues that the agro-pastoral commission (9.5%) has lost its credibility as the legal forum of conflict resolution, for in several attempts, has never arrived at a lasting solution to the farmer-grazer squabbles. Its effects are devastative and are felt in sectors such as food crop production, peace and harmony, justice, and sustainable development that are needed in the area of study. Therefore, we recommend that different methods can provide solutions, but a well-publicized demarcation of stock routes is by far the best assurance of a sense of belonging that cattle herders can appreciate and adapt to protection of farmlands. The government should therefore make better legislation on the farmer-grazer problem and revise the old ones for their conditions do not satisfy the both the crop farmers and grazers. Both land users should focus on the use of the dialogue platform as the main medium of conflict resolution, for its outcomes are often lasting and satisfactory to both parties. .<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 139-147\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kinsam James S <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Tankou Christopher M <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of crop Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricuktural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Nobert Tohnain Lengha <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Manu I, Bime, Juliet, Fon. D, Ajaga N. (2014). Effects of Farmer-Grazer Conflicts on Rural development: a socio-economic analysis. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 4(3), pp.113-120http:\/\/www.scholarly-journals.com\/SJAS.ISSN2276-7118\r\n[2] Nji A (1995). Constraints to livestock development in the North-West Region of Cameroon. In: Livestock Development in developing countries: Development issues and research Needs, Germany Food and Agricultural Development Center pp75-85\r\n[3] Rashid Solagberu Adisa (2012). Land Use Conflict Between Farmers and Herdsmen \u2013 Implications for Agricultural and Rural Development in Nigeria, Rural Development &#8211; Contemporary Issues and Practices, Dr. Rashid SolagberuAdisa (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0461-2, InTech,\r\n[4] Kinsam James S, Tankou Christopher M, Nobert Tohnain Lengha , Augustine Toh Gam* Assessment of Grazing Characteristics and Effects on Livelihoods of Food Crop Farmers in Bui and Donga Mantung, North West Cameroon\r\n[5] BUCREP. (2005). R\u00e9pertoire Actualis\u00e9 des Villages du Cameroun. Volume IV-Tome 7\r\n[6] Ofem and Inyang, B. (2014). Livelihood and Conflict Dimension among Crop Farmers and Fulani Herdsmen in Yakurr Region of Cross River State. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, Vol 5 No 8\r\n[7] Adelakun O.E, Adurogbangba B and Akinbile L; A (2015). Socioeconomic Effects of Farmer-Pastoralist Conflict on Agricultural Extension Service Delivery in Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n[8] Nchinda, Che, Ijang, Shidiki and Chi (2014). Expert interview report for the project \u201cIn Search of Common Grounds for Farmer-Grazer conflicts in the North West Region of Cameroon\r\n[9] Pas, C.T and Tah, C.K. (2014). Food Security Programme of SNV Cameroon: Improving food Security for Maize, Livestock and Dairy producers in Cameroon. Yaounde, Cameroon: SNV Cameroon\r\n[10] Moritz M (2006). The politics of permanent conflict: Framer-Herder conflicts in Northern Cameroon. Canadian Journal of African Studies, pp101-126\r\n[11] Brockhaus, MariaTanja Pickard and Barbara Rischkowsky, (2005). Potentials and Obstacles in the Arena of Conflict and Natural Resource Management: A Case Study on Conflicts, Institutions, and Policy Networks in Burkina Faso. Gottingen, Germany: CuvillierVerlag\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kinsam James S, Tankou Christopher M, Nobert Tohnain Lengha &#8220;Farmer-grazier conflict resolution methods and mitigation mechanisms in Bui-Donga Mantung Divisions, North West Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.139-147 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/139-147.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/139-147.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/farmer-grazier-conflict-resolution-methods-and-mitigation-mechanisms-in-bui-donga-mantung-divisions-north-west-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Farmer-grazier conflict resolution methods and mitigation mechanisms in Bui-Donga Mantung Divisions, North West Cameroon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0e9a3e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0e9a3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0e9b20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0e9f96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea115\" data-id=\"c0ea115\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea23a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ea23a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea2de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ea2de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea43d\" data-id=\"c0ea43d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea552 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ea552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea5f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ea5f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea749\" data-id=\"c0ea749\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ea864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ea8ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ea8ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0eabea\" data-id=\"c0eabea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ead1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ead1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0eadcc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0eadcc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0eaf39\" data-id=\"c0eaf39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb05d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0eb05d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb0fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0eb0fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb24f\" data-id=\"c0eb24f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb35a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0eb35a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb406 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0eb406\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb59e\" data-id=\"c0eb59e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb6b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0eb6b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of the Factors Affecting Borno State Policy on Maternal Mortality Reduction<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Martins Ekunke Eniemeh, Professor Haruna Dantaro Dlakwa &#8211; February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 139-147<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb759 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0eb759\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0eb8ff\" data-id=\"c0eb8ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0eba77 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0eba77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nigeria has been mentioned by the United Nations as having one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world. Reducing high maternal mortality ratio is not just a technical and medical challenge but largely a political one which requires the attention and commitment of political leaders. This study brought together some of the determinants of maternal mortality mentioned in extant literature and used simultaneous multiple regression on fourteen variables for maternal mortality modelling in Nigeria. Stepwise regression was then applied to identify, from among the fourteen variables, the major determinant factors that appear to affect maternal mortality ratio more than the others. Narrowing down attention to a small number of the major determinants of high maternal mortality should help gain the focused attention of government since maternal mortality is just one among hundreds of issues competing for the attention of political leaders at any given time. Data on the 36 states of the federation and the FCT Abuja was obtained from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008, the Annual Abstract of Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics and the Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Nigeria. The study found that delivery by a skilled health professional and educational attainment of women had more effect on maternal mortality ratio than the other factors. The implication of this finding is that advocates of maternal mortality reduction in Nigeria will need to focus more attention on developments in the educational sector and not just on making direct improvements to the healthcare system.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 139-147\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martins Ekunke Eniemeh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Maiduguri, Department of Public Administration, Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Professor Haruna Dantaro Dlakwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adamu, Y. M. (2014). Chapter Twenty Two. KANO, 347.\r\n[2] Adamu, Y. M., Salihu, H. M., Sathiakumar, N., &amp; Alexander, G. R. (2003). Maternal mortality in Northern Nigeria: a population-based study. European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 109(2), 153-159.\r\n[3] Adesiji, G., Olujide, M., Bolarin, O., Sanusi, M., &amp; Komolafe, S. (2013). An assessment of date palm technologies utilized by the farmers in Dutse Local Government area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 15(8), 11-24.\r\n[4] Alkema, L., Chou, D., Hogan, D., Zhang, S., Moller, A.-B., Gemmill, A., . . . Mathers, C. (2016). Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. The Lancet, 387(10017), 462-474.\r\n[5] Anto, E. O. (2015). Angiogenic factors and oxidative stress biomarkers in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.\r\n[6] Ashimi, A. O., &amp; Amole, T. G. (2015). Prevalence, reasons and predictors for home births among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Birnin Kudu, North-west Nigeria. Sexual &amp; Reproductive Healthcare, 6(3), 119-125.\r\n[7] Bacci, M. L. (2017). A concise history of world population: John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[8] Berg, C. J., Callaghan, W. M., Syverson, C., &amp; Henderson, Z. (2010). Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1998 to 2005. Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, 116(6), 1302-1309.\r\n[9] Bhavin, P. S. (2018). A Mix Method Study on Utilization of Maternal Health Services and Barriers among Women of Reproductive Age in Selected Rural Areas of Anand District of Gujarat State-literature Review. International Journal of Nursing Education, 10(1).\r\n[10] Biggar, M., &amp; Lennard, T. (2013). Systematic review of phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy. British Journal of Surgery, 100(2), 182-190.\r\n[11] Commission, N. P. (2017). National and state population and housing tables: 2006 census priority tables (vol 1). Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission.\r\n[12] Daily Independent, Lagos (2010), Nigeria: Reducing the Country\u2019s High Maternal Mortality Rate. Federal Government of Nigeria, National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development 20 (2004).\r\n[13] Dogara, M. M., &amp; Ocheje, A. (2016). Prevalence of malaria and risk factors among patients attending Dutse General Hospital, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Int J Pub Environ Health, 11, 270-277.\r\n[14] Ebeniro, J. (2012). The geography of maternal mortality in Nigeria: University of North Texas.\r\n[15] El Shiekh, B., &amp; van der Kwaak, A. (2015). Factors influencing the utilization of maternal health care services by nomads in Sudan. Pastoralism, 5(1), 23.\r\n[16] Eneh, O. B. (2017). Maternal Mortality in Nigeria: Reducing through Policy Change: Western Illinois University.\r\n[17] Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja (2008), Interview with a senior government official of the Ministry, Feb.7, 2008\r\n[18] Galaa, S. Z., Haruna, U., &amp; Dandeebo, G. (2016). Trends and causes of maternal mortality at the Wa Regional Hospital, Ghana: 2005-2010. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 13(1), 80-96.\r\n[19] Howell, E. A., &amp; Zeitlin, J. (2017). Quality of care and disparities in obstetrics. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, 44(1), 13-25.\r\n[20] Ibeh,C,C., (2008), Is poor Maternal Mortality Index in Nigeria a Problem of Care Utilization? A case study of Anambra State African Journal of Reproductive Health\/ La Revue Africaine de la Sante Vol.12, No.2,pp.132-140\r\n[21] Jaro, I. M., &amp; Ibrahim, A. A. (2012). The accessibility problems of primary health care to rural people in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of Social Science (GARJSS), 1(4), 72-76.\r\n[22] Jonathan, M. and Goldberg, M.A.(2001). Multiple Regression Analysis and Mass Assessment: A Review of the Issues. The Appraisal Journal, Jan. pp. 89-109.\r\n[23] Kassas.M, Hefni M., Hanafi A,. Campbell O. (1995) The National maternal mortality study of Egypt International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics, Vol.50, No.2 pp. 101-108\r\n[24] Khoramabadi, M., Dolatian, M., Hajian, S., Zamanian, M., Taheripanah, R., Sheikhan, Seyedi-Moghadam, A. (2016). Effects of education based on health belief model on dietary behaviors of Iranian pregnant women. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(2), 230.\r\n[25] Kontoh, C. (2015). Availability and use of essential emergency obstetric care services in the Bosomtwe District in Ashanti Region.\r\n[26] Lamina, M. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in South-Western Nigeria. Ghana medical journal, 49(3), 187-194.\r\n[27] Lawoyin, T.O, Lawoyin O,O.C, Adewole D.A, (2007) Men\u2019s Perception of Maternal Mortality in Nigeria Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol.28, No.3, pp.299-318\r\n[28] Liljestrand,J., Pathmanathan,I,. (2004) Reducing Maternal Mortality: Can We Derive Policy Guidance from Developing Country Experiences? Critical Elements in Reducing Maternal Mortality Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 25, No.3\/4, pp. 299-314\r\n[29] Mairiga,A.M, Kawuwa,M.B., Kulima,A,. (2008) Community Perception of Maternal Mortality in Northeastern Nigeria African Journal of Reproductive Health Vol.12, No.3\r\n[30] Martney .J.O., Djan J.O., Twum S., Browne E.N.L., Opoku(1993) Maternal mortality due to hemorrhage in Ghana International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics, Vol. 42, No.3, pp.237-241\r\n[31] Mojekwu, J.N.(2005) Maternal Mortality: Natural Risk to Women, Ghana Journal of Development Studies, vol.2,No.1, pp 129-141.\r\n[32] Ni H., Rossignol,A.M,. (1994) Maternal Deaths among Women with Pregnancies outside of Family Planning in Sichuan, China Epidemiology, Vol.5, No.5, pp.490-494\r\n[33] O.A.U. Doc. CAB\/ LEG\/67\/3, rev.5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982) African Charter on Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights, art. 18(3), adopted June 27, 1981(entered into force Oct. 21, 1986) (ratified by Nigeria June 22, 1983), available at http:\/\/www.achpr.org\/english\/_info\/\r\n[34] Okereke, E., Tukur, J., Aminu, A., Butera, J., Mohammed, B., Tanko, M., . . . Egboh, M. (2015). An innovation for improving maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) service delivery in Jigawa State, northern Nigeria: a qualitative study of stakeholders\u2019 perceptions about clinical mentoring. BMC health services research, 15(1), 64.\r\n[35] Okereke, E., Tukur, J., Oginni, A. B., &amp; Obonyo, B. (2015). Evaluating Health Workers\u2019 Knowledge Following the Introduction of Clinical Mentoring in Jigawa State, Northern Nigeria. African journal of reproductive health, 19(3), 118-125.\r\n[36] Omo-Aghoja, L.O., Aisien, O.A., Akuse,J.T., Bergstrom, S., Okonofua, F.E(2010) Maternal Mortality and emergency obstetric care in Benin City, South-south Nigeria Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research Vol. 2, No.4, pp.55-60\r\n[37] Omoruyi, G. (2008), Causes of maternal mortality in Nigeria, Sunday Observer, Benin.\r\n[38] Oppong, J. R., &amp; Ebeniro, J. (2016). The Geography of Maternal Mortality in Nigeria Geographies of Health and Development (pp. 49-64): Routledge.\r\n[39] Organization, W. H. (2004). Beyond the numbers: reviewing maternal deaths and complications to make pregnancy safer: World Health Organization.\r\n[40] Organization, W. H. (2014). Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births). Health Statistics and Information Systems. WHO, Geneva.\r\n[41] Organization, W. H. (2016). World health statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs sustainable development goals: World Health Organization.\r\n[42] Organization, W. H. (2017). Progress in partnership: 2017 progress report on the Every woman every child global strategy for women\u2019s, children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 health. Retrieved from\r\n[43] Oyerinde, K. A. (2016). Developing measures of care coordination for maternal and newborn health services in developing countries: The Gambia as a test case. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.\r\n[44] Patel, S. B., Sharma, A., &amp; Vati, J. (2018). A mixed method study on utilization of maternal health services and barriers among women of reproductive age in Gujarat State-Pilot study. EXECUTIVE EDITOR, 9(11), 159.\r\n[45] Saka, M., Isiaka, S., Saka, A., Agbana, B., &amp; Bako, I. (2012). Health related policy reform in Nigeria: Empirical analysis of health policies developed and implemented between 2001 to 2010 for improved sustainable health and development. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 4(3), 50-55.\r\n[46] Shah, I.H., Say L,. (2007) Maternal Mortality and Maternity Care from 1990-2005: Uneven but Important Gains Reproductive Health Matters, Vol.15, No.30 Maternal Mortality and Morbidity: Is Pregnancy Getting Safer for Women?, pp.17-27\r\n[47] Sharma, V., Brown, W., Kainuwa, M. A., Leight, J., &amp; Nyqvist, M. B. (2017). High maternal mortality in Jigawa State, Northern Nigeria estimated using the sisterhood method. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 17(1), 163.\r\n[48] Shiffman,J., Okonofua F.E, (2007) The state of political priority for safe motherhood in Nigeria,BJOG Vol.114:127- 133\r\n[49] Sunday Punch (2011), Abiye Safe Delivery, December 25, 2011, Vol. 17, No. 19670, pp 18, 19.\r\n[50] Sunday Punch (2012), Surulere Gets Maternal and Child Care Centre, February 5, 2012, Vol. 18, No. 19676, p66.\r\n[51] Supply, W. U. J. W., &amp; Programme, S. M. (2014). Progress on drinking water and sanitation: 2014 Update: World Health Organization.\r\n[52] Toure B, Thonneau.P, Cantrelle.P, Barry T.M., Ngo-Khac.T, Papiernik E,. (1992) Level and causes of maternal mortality in Guinea (West Africa) International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp.89-95\r\n[53] Ujah IAO, Aisien OA, Mutihir JT, Vanderagt DJ, Glew RH, Uguru VE (2005) Factors Contributing to Maternal Mortality in North-Central Nigeria: A Seventeen-year Review African Journal Reproduction Health Vol.9, No3, pp 27-40.\r\n[54] Uzochukwu, B., Ughasoro, M., Etiaba, E., Okwuosa, C., Envuladu, E., &amp; Onwujekwe, O. (2015). Health care financing in Nigeria: Implications for achieving universal health coverage. Nigerian journal of clinical practice, 18(4), 437-444.\r\n[55] Villavicencio, M. (2012). Technical support on the elaboration of the rural electrification master plan of Jigawa State (Northern Nigeria). Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya.\r\n[56] Weis, J., &amp; Bedford, J. (2013). Quality care for mothers and babies at the time of birth and immediate post-partum period: National-and State-level barriers to scaling-up maternal and newborn care interventions in Nigeria.\r\n[57] Zozulya, M. (2010). Maternal mortality in Nigeria: An indicator of women&#8217;s status. A Consultancy Africa Intelligence Publication. Source: http:\/\/www. consultancyafrica. com. Retrieved August.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Martins Ekunke Eniemeh, Professor Haruna Dantaro Dlakwa &#8220;An Assessment of the Factors Affecting Borno State Policy on Maternal Mortality Reduction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.139-147 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/139-147.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-the-factors-affecting-borno-state-policy-on-maternal-mortality-reduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Assessment of the Factors Affecting Borno State Policy on Maternal Mortality Reduction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ec9e0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0ec9e0\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ecf50\" data-id=\"c0ecf50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ed075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed120 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ed120\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed276\" data-id=\"c0ed276\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed38b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ed38b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed427 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ed427\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed5a6\" data-id=\"c0ed5a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed6c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ed6c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Right of Women to Land and Housing in Cameroon\u2019s North West Region: A Legal and Socio-political Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lidwina Dope Nyadjroh Gabsa- February 2021 Page No.: 148-157<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed761 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ed761\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed8d6\" data-id=\"c0ed8d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ed9fd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0ed9fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study is a contribution to the literature on patterns of women empowerment within the framework of a legal and socio-political approach. It uses the women\u2019s right to ownership of land and housing property as a yardstick of effective women empowerment in the grasslands region of Western Cameroon, a region known to be dominated by patriarchal practices. It finds that women\u2019s right to ownership of property has been disproportionately shaped by legal and socio-political factors. From a legal point of view, women like men have the right to ownership of property but from a socio-political stand point, it is not always the case. There is a significant mismatch between women property rights and their effective ownership of property. Women in North West Cameroon make use of property but hardly secure it in their own names. The paper is inviting feminist stakeholders such as government and NGOs to effectively address implementation of ownership procedures and in particular those regarding ownership of land and housing.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 148-157\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>&gt;Lidwina Dope Nyadjroh Gabsa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of English Law, University of Yaounde II-Soa, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] African Development Bank (AfDB), (2009). \u201cCameroon \u2013 Diagnostic Study for Modernization of the Lands and Survey Sectors.\u201d Country Regional Department Center.\r\n[2] Bergstr\u00f6m, L. (2000). \u201cThe concept of ownership\u201d \u201cWho owns our genes?\u201dProceedings of an international conference, October 1999, Tallin, Estonia, The Nordic Committee on Bioethics.\r\n[3] Clarke, A. and Kohler, P (2005). Property law: Commentary and materials, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.\r\n[4] Deere, C., and Le\u00f3n, M. (2001). Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights In Latin America. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.\r\n[5] Dovring, F (1965). Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century: A comparative survey of recent agrarian history, Springer-science +Business media B.V.\r\n[6] Filipski, M., Seignobos, C., and J-P Colin, (2006). \u201cEmergence et \u00e9volution des droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 dans un contexte d\u2019abondance fonci\u00e8re : Le cas du pays Yambassa (Cameroun)\u201d, in Les Fronti\u00e8res de la Question Fonci\u00e8re : Ench\u00e2ssement Social des Droits et Politiques Publiques : Colloque International, Montpellier, France. 17-19 May.\r\n[7] Fisiy, C F.(1992). Power and Privilege in the Administration of the Law: Land Law Reforms and Social Differentiation in Cameroon, Research Report, African Studies Centre, Netherlands.\r\n[8] Goheen, M. (1996). Men Own the Fields and Women Own the Crops: Gender and Power in the Cameroon Grassfields. University Press of Wisconsin, Madison WI.\r\n[9] Jones, C. (1986). \u201cIntra-household bargaining in response to the introduction of new crops: A case study of northern Cameroon.\u201d In J.L. Moock (ed.), Understanding Africa\u2019s Rural Households and Farming Systems. Westview Press, Boulder CO.\r\n[10] Kaberry, P.M (1952). Women of the grassfields: A study of the economic position of women of Bamenda, British Cameroons, London and New York, Routlelegd.\r\n[11] Kimani, M. (2008). \u201cWomen struggle to secure land rights\u201d Africa Renewal Online Magazine, https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2008\/women-struggle-secure-land-rights, accessed December 12, 2019.\r\n[12] Malatesta, M. (2004). \u201cThe Landed Aristocracy during the nineteenth and early twentieth century\u201d in Kaelble Hartmut (Ed.) The European Way: European Societies during the 19th and 20th Centuries, Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford.\r\n[13] Mbile, P., et al. (2009). \u201cAchieving ownership compromises in the forest sector in Cameroon\u201d, Paper presented at the regional workshop \u201cBeyond Forestry laws, through collective learning and action\u201d in Bamako Mali 04-08 May,. World Agroforestry Center, Rights and Resources Initiative.\r\n[14] Nach Mback, Charles, (2000). \u201cLa chefferie traditionnelle au Cameroun: ambigu\u00eft\u00e9s juridiques et d\u00e9rives politiques\u201d in Africa Development, vol. 25 (3-4).\r\n[15] Nkwi, P.N and Warnier, J.P (1982). Elements for a History of the Western Grassfields, Yaounde, Publication of the Department of Sociology.\r\n[16] Perez, C C (2019). Invisible women: Data bias in a world designed for men, New York, Abrams Press.\r\n[17] Richardson, A. M. (2004). \u201cWomen\u2019s Inheritance Rights in Africa: The Need to Integrate Cultural Understanding and Legal Reform\u201d Human Rights Brief 11, no. 2: 19-22.\r\n[18] Seignobos, C, (2003). \u201cSortir de l\u2019oralit\u00e9 : un moyen de reconnaissance des droits fonciers au Nord-Cameroun\u201d in Jamin J.Y., Seiny Boukar L. and C. Floret, Savanes africaines : des espaces en mutation, des acteurs face \u00e0 de nouveaux d\u00e9fis. Actes du colloque, mai 2002, Garoua, Cameroun. Prasac, N\u2019Djamena, Tchad &#8211; Cirad, Montpellier, France.\r\n[19] Tadjudje, W (2005). \u201cLa d\u00e9concentration de la gestion fonci\u00e8re au Cameroun: une analyse du d\u00e9cret n\u00b02005\/481 du 16 d\u00e9cembre 2005\u201d, DEA thesis at Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 II, Cameroon.\r\n[20] Villa, M. (2020). Declaration at World Economic Forum, \u2018CEO: Thomson and Reuters Foundation\u2019 available at https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2017\/01\/women-own-less-than-20-of-the-worlds-land-its-time-to-give-them-equal-property-rights\/ accessed 27 March, 2020.\r\n[21] Watkins, G. (2000). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics, Cambridge, South End Press\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lidwina Dope Nyadjroh Gabsa, &#8220;The Right of Women to Land and Housing in Cameroon\u2019s North West Region: A Legal and Socio-political Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.148-157 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/148-157.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-right-of-women-to-land-and-housing-in-cameroons-north-west-region-a-legal-and-socio-political-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Right of Women to Land and Housing in Cameroon\u2019s North West Region: A Legal and Socio-political Analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ee89c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0ee89c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ee98c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ee98c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0eeb10\" data-id=\"c0eeb10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0eec3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0eec3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0eecdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0eecdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0eee31\" data-id=\"c0eee31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0eef39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0eef39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0eefdd 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elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef2da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ef2da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef428\" data-id=\"c0ef428\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef54e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ef54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef60a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ef60a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef76f\" data-id=\"c0ef76f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef88b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0ef88b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial Openness and Poverty Level: The Empirical Investigation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Oluwayemisi Kadijat ADELEKE &amp; Omowunmi Monisola AJEIGBE- February 2021 Page No.: 158-164<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0ef927 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0ef927\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0efa95\" data-id=\"c0efa95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0efbd4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0efbd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the effect of financial openness on poverty level in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018, using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique. The study found that the lagged value of poverty has a positive and significant relationship with itself. This buttresses the point that poverty in the previous period\u2019s filters directly into the present period. Again, the study found that financial deepening has an inverse and significant effect on poverty, while financial openness was found to have a positive and significant impact on poverty. Finally, the lagged value of growth rate, investment, inflation and institutional quality has an inverse and significant effect on poverty.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 158-164\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5206<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>&gt;Oluwayemisi Kadijat ADELEKE <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Redeemer\u2019s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>&gt;Omowunmi Monisola AJEIGBE <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Redeemer\u2019s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adam, A.M (2011). Financial openness induced growth and poverty reduction. The International journal of Applied Economics and Finance, 5 (1), 75-86.\r\n[2] Agenor P.R (2002). Does Globalization hurt the poor? The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2922.\r\n[3] Ajide, F. (2015). Financial inclusion and rural poverty reduction: Evidence from Nigeria. International journal of management sciences and humanities, 3(2).\r\n[4] Arestis, P. &amp; Caner, A (2005). Financial liberalization and poverty: Channels of influence. Palgrave Macmillian, a division of Macmillian Publishers Limited.\r\n[5] Arestis, P. &amp; Caner, A. (2009). Financial liberalization and the geography of poverty. Cambridge journal of Regions, Economy and society Advance, 43, 1-16.\r\n[6] CBN Annual Statistical Bulletin (2018)\r\n[7] Dandume M.Y &amp; Malarvizhi A.C. (2014). Does financial liberalization spur economic growth and poverty reduction in six Sub-Saharan African countries; Panel unit root and panel vector error correction tests. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), 52419.\r\n[8] DFID (2004). The importance of financial sector development for growth and poverty reduction: Policy Division Working Paper, Department for international development, London, UK.\r\n[9] Dhrifi, A &amp; Maktouf, S. (2013). Financial liberalization and poverty: The Threshold effect of financial development. International journal of business and management invention, 2(11), 01-10.\r\n[10] Figini, P. &amp; Santarelli, E. (2006). Openness, Economic reforms and Poverty: Globalization in developing countries. The journal of Developing Areas, 39(2).\r\n[11] Galindo, A., Micco, A., &amp; Ordonez, G. (2002). Financial liberalization and growth: Empirical Evidence. Inter- American Development Bank.\r\n[12] Goff, M. &amp; Singh, R. (2012). Does Trade reduce Poverty? A view from Africa center for the study of African economies conference, march 18-20, 2012.\r\n[13] Jeanneney, S.G &amp; Kpodar, K. (2008). Financial development and poverty reduction: Can there be a benefit without a cost? International monetary fund (IMF), 8 (62).\r\n[14] Keho, Y. (2017). Financial development and poverty reduction: Evidence from selected African countries. International journal of financial research, 8(4).\r\n[15] Lassoued, T. (2018). The effect of financial liberalization and inflation on poverty. International Research Journal of finance and Economics, 170, 77-91.\r\n[16] McKinnon, R.I. (1973). Money and Capital in Economic Development. 1st Edn., Brookings Institution, Washington DC., USA., ISBN-10: 0815756135, 177.\r\n[17] Ogbuaku, H.N., Adebisi, A., &amp; Feridun, M. (2006). Does globalization lead to increased poverty in africa? Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. International Economics, camera di commercio industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Geneva, 59(1).\r\n[18] Ogwuma, P.A. (1993). Recent Developments in the Nigerian Financial Services Industry: Problems and Challenges. An Address at Annual Dinner of the Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, Lagos.\r\n[19] Ojo, M.O. (1993). A review and appraisal of Nigerias experience with financial sector reform. Occasional Paper 8 (CBN), August, Lagos.\r\n[20] Okungbowa, F.O., Ewerere, E., &amp; Ose, C. (2014). Globalization and poverty rate in nigeria: An empirical Analysis. International journal of humanities and social science, 4(11).\r\n[21] Serdaroglu, T. (2015). Financial Openness and Total factor productivity in Turkey. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 848-862\r\n[22] Shaw, E.S. (1973). Financial Deepening in Economic Development. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. 39.\r\n[23] Townsend .P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth Penguin.\r\n[24] World Bank Development Indicator (2018)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Oluwayemisi Kadijat ADELEKE &amp; Omowunmi Monisola AJEIGBE, &#8220;Financial Openness and Poverty Level: The Empirical Investigation in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.158-164 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5207<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/158-164.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-openness-and-poverty-level-the-empirical-investigation-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Financial Openness and Poverty Level: The Empirical Investigation in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f0aa6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0f0aa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0f0b97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f0b97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0f0d2c\" data-id=\"c0f0d2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f0e5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0f0e5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0f0ef9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f0ef9\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f1530\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0f16a4\" data-id=\"c0f16a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f17c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0f17c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0f1860 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f1860\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0f19cb\" data-id=\"c0f19cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f1ae6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0f1ae6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Orphans Rights in Accessing the Educational Support in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Lusaka, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Melody Ziile, Gistered Muleya and Francis Simui- February 2021 Page No.: 165-171<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0f1b88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f1b88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0f1cf8\" data-id=\"c0f1cf8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f1e2e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c0f1e2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study explored Orphans Rights in accessing the educational support in selected public secondary schools in Lusaka district. The study was guided by qualitative research methodology and case study design under pinned by three objectives namely: (i) describe the awareness of the rights on Educational support by the orphans and teachers, (ii) explore challenges faced by orphans\u2019 in accessing education and (iii) explore strategies that should be put in place in order to allow them have access to education. .Emergent findings indicated that very feel learners were knowledgeable about the support system existing for them as orphans. Some teachers were aware of the educational support to be given to orphans but they were not sure if there was a policy in Zambia supporting such rights. The study revealed that orphans faced a lot of challenges in accessing education such as lack of sponsorship, Social stigma and Corruption in sponsorship awards. Among the measure to ensure that the orphans have access to education included, increased financial support system, enhancing collaboration among stakeholders, empowering orphans with diverse skills, and motivation ventures for well performing orphans. Thus, there is need for the relevant authority to coordinate organizations that look into the plight of orphans to come on board for support.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 165-171\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5208\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5208<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Melody Ziile<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gistered Muleya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francis Simui<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Bergersen, A. and Muleya, G. (2019). \u201eZambian Civic Education Teacher Students in Norway for a Year- How DoThey Describe Their Transformative Learning?\u201f Sustainability 2019, 11 (24), 7143; doi: 10.3390\/su11247143, pp 1-17 www.mdpi.com\/journal\/sustainability\r\n[2] Coombe C, (2002). Mitigating the Impact of HIV\/AIDS on Education Supply, Demand and Quality. In Cornia GA, AIDS, Public policy and child well\u2010being. Italy: UNICEF.\r\n[3] Habanyati, H., Simui, F., Kanyamuna, V., &amp; Muleya, G. (2020) Lived Experiences of Multi-Banked Bank Account Holders with a focus on Banks at Manda Hill Mall Lusaka, Zambia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(6) 208-223.\r\n[4] Heath, M. A, Donald, D.R, Theron, L.C &amp; Lyon, L. C (2014). AIDS in South Africa: Therapeutic interventions to strengthen resilience among orphans and vulnerable children. School Psychology International, 35(3):309-337. doi: 10.1177\/0143034314529912.\r\n[5] Kombo, D.K., &amp;Tromp,D.L.A. (2006). Proposal and thesis writing. An Introduction. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.\r\n[6] Machila,N, Sompa, M, Muleya, G and Pitsoe, V.J (2018). \u2018Teachers\u2019 Understanding and Attitudes Towards Inductive and Deductive Approaches to Teaching Social Sciences,\u201d Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education, (2), 120-137. 2018\r\n[7] Magasu, O., Muleya, G. &amp; Mweemba, L. (2020). Pedagogical Challenges in Teaching Civic Education in Secondary Schools in Zambia. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp. 1483-1488. DOI: 10:21274\/SR 20327121153.\r\n[8] Ministry of Education (1996). Educating Our Future. Lusaka: Government printers.\r\n[9] Mondal, A. &amp; Mete, J. (2015). Education of Children with Disabilities in India: Concern and Policy Perspective Accessed on 18th July 2015 from http:\/\/www.caluniv.ac.in\/academic\/education_journal\/7%20Education%20of%20Children%20with%20Disabilities%20in%20India%20Concern%20and%20Policy%20Perpective.pdf.\r\n[10] Msabila, D.T., &amp; Nalaila, S.G. (2013).Research Proposal and Dissertation Writing: Principles and Practice. Dar es Salaam: Nyambari Nyamgwine Publishers.\r\n[11] Muleya, G. (2017a). \u2018The Conceptual Challenges in the Conceptualization of Civic Education\u2019. In Journal of Lexicography and Terminology. Vol 1, Issue 1, pp 59-81\r\n[12] Muleya, G. (2017b). \u2018Civic education and Civics: Where do we draw the line?\u2019 In Journal of Lexicography and Terminology. Vol 1, Issue 2, pp 125-148.\r\n[13] Muleya, G. (2018b). \u2018Civic Education Versus Citizenship Education? Where is the point of Convergence?\u2019 Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Vol 2, Issue No. 1, pp 109-130.\r\n[14] Muleya, G. (2018a). Civic education in Zambia before and beyond the Golden Jubilee. In G. Masaiti (Ed.), Education at fifty years of Independence and beyond. Lusaka: Unza Press.\r\n[15] Muleya, G.(2018c). Re-Examining the Concept of Civic Education. Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Vol 2, Issue No. 2, pp 25- 42.\r\n[16] Mupeta, S and Muleya, G. (2019). Challenges and Strategies in the Implementation of Civic Entrepreneurship in the Governance of the University of Zambia, In International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue VII, July 2019|ISSN 2454-6186, pp 94 -100\r\n[17] Muleya, G. (2019). Curriculum Policy and Practice of Civic Education in Zambia: A Reflective Perspective, In A.Petersen et al. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education. https:\/\/doi\/10.007\/978-3-319-67905-153-1\r\n[18] Mupeta, S., Muleya, G., Kanyamuna, V., &amp; Simui, F. (2020). Civic Entrepreneurship: The Implementation of Civic Innovations in the Governance of the University of Zambia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(7) 674-685.\r\n[19] Mwanangombe, C. Mundende, K. Muzata, K.K. Muleya, G. Kanyamuna, V &amp; Simui, F. (2020), Peeping into the Pot of Contraceptives Utilization among Adolescents within a Conservative Culture Zambia American Journal of Educational Research, 2020, Vol. 8, No. 8, 513-523 Available online at http:\/\/pubs.sciepub.com\/education\/8\/8\/1 Published by Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691\/education-8-8-1\r\n[20] Mwoma, T. &amp; Pillay, J. (2015). Psychosocial support for orphans and vulnerable children in public primary schools: Challenges and intervention strategies. South African Journal of Education, 35(3), 1-9. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15700\/saje.v35n3a1092.\r\n[21] Simui, F. (2018). Lived Experiences of Students with Visual Impairments at Sim University in Zambia: A Hermeneutic Phenomelogical Approach. Lusaka: University of Zambia. Unpublished PhD Thesis.\r\n[22] Simui, F., Kasonde-Ngandu, S. Cheyeka, A.M., Simwinga, J., and Ndhlovu, D. (2018). Enablers and disablers to academic success of students with visual impairment: A 10-year literature disclosure, 2007\u2013201. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 36 (2), 163-174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0264619617739932.\r\n[23] Simui, F., Kasonde-Ngandu, S., and Nyaruwata, L.T. (2017). ICT as an Enabler to Academic Success of Students with Visually Impaired at Sim University: Hermeneutics Approach,\u201d Zambia Information Communication Technology (ICT) Journal, 1 (1), 5- 9. http:\/\/ictjournal.icict.org.zm\/index.php\/zictjournal\/article\/view\/9\/4\r\n[24] Simui, F. Mhone, M., and Nkhuwa, A., (2011). A Baseline Study on the Effectiveness of the Head Teachers&#8217; Education Leadership and Management Course on Learner Performance. Lusaka: Ministry of Education. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/329555611_A_Baseline_Study_on_the_Effectiveness_of_the_Head_Teachers%27_Education_Leadership_and_Management_Course_on_Learner_Performance_Ministry_of_Education_LUSAKA-ZAMBIA\r\n[25] UNAIDS. (1999). Reducing Girls\u2019 Vulnerability to HIV\/AIDS: The Thai Approach. Geneva, Switzerland.\r\n[26] UNAIDS. (2002). Implementation of the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV\/AIDS: Core Indicators. Geneva, Switzerland.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Melody Ziile, Gistered Muleya and Francis Simui, &#8220;Orphans Rights in Accessing the Educational Support in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Lusaka, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.165-171 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5208<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/165-171.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/orphans-rights-in-accessing-the-educational-support-in-selected-public-secondary-schools-in-lusaka-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Orphans Rights in Accessing the Educational Support in Selected Public Secondary Schools in Lusaka, Zambia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f2dd6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c0f2dd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"c0f3793\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0f38f6\" data-id=\"c0f38f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f3a11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0f3a11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0f3ac4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f3ac4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0f3cdb\" data-id=\"c0f3cdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f3e3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0f3e3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0f3ef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f3ef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0f408f\" data-id=\"c0f408f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0f41a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0f41a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Educating Adolescents in Life Skills for Achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohammed Garba, Azizatu Aliyu, Abdu Alhaji Garba, Surajo Muhammad- February 2021 Page No.: 172-176<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c100021 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c100021\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c100197\" data-id=\"c100197\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1002d2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1002d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education was recognized globally as the key to overall development. The understanding of the value of education in human life and with the change in policies of recruitment materialisms which demand employable youth especially in Nigeria, it become necessary to provide youth with life skills education. This disquisition focus on ways forward in educating adolescence on life skills for achieving sustainable development in Nigeria. Been adolescence are the most powerful, active, diligent, creative, contributive, innovative and energetic people. Life skills education is essential tool for empowering those adolescent to act responsible, increase civil capacity by enhancing and improving the workforce, social tolerance and less likely to resort to anti-social behaviour for achieving sustainable development. It is said to be recommended among others that government should provide adequate provision of social services that are beneficial to the poor masses, fostering economic growth, empowerment of youth to boast business in different dimension toward achieving sustainable development goals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 172-176\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5209<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammed Garba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, School of Education, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Azizatu Aliyu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Educational Services, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdu Alhaji Garba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, School of Education, Federal College of Education, Okene, Kogi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Surajo Muhammad<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, School of Arts and Social Sciences , Jigawa State College of Education, Gumel, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aboluwodi, A. and Owolewa, O. O (2018). Repositioning Education to Achieve Sustainable Development Goal in Nigeria. International Journal of Advance Research in Public, Social Development and Enterprise Studies. 3(1): 68 \u2013 76.\r\n[2]. Bonnie, A. C and Neeta (2014). Educating Adolescents in Life Skills for Human Resource Development in India. International Journal of Education and Humanities. 1(2): 36 \u2013 42.\r\n[3]. Federal Bureau of Statics (2020). Nigeria Population. National Bureau of Statistics Bulletin, 2020.\r\n[4]. Garima, S. (2015). The Importance of Life Skills for Adolescents. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.whiteswanfoundation.org\/life-stages\/adolescence\/the-importance-of-teaching-your-adolescent-life-skill . Accessed 02\/12\/2020.\r\n[5]. John and Locke (1632\u20131704). Historical Views of Child and Adolescent Development. Retrieved from https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-childpsychology\/chapter\/historical-views-of-child-and-adolescent-development\/ on 03\/12\/2020.\r\n[6]. Nasiru, G. (2019). Education and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Issues, Challenges and the Way Forward. Paper Presented at National Conference, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare.\r\n[7]. Ndubuisi, O. P. and Anekwe, R. I (2018). Strategies for Achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria: The Nexus. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 6(8): 168 \u2013 180.\r\n[8]. NIT (2018). Sustainable Development Project Workshop Manual for Primary School Teachers, First Edition, NTA Publishers.\r\n[9]. The United Nations Global Programme against Corruption (UNGPAC, 2012). UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005 \u2013 2014). https:\/\/leading_the_international_agenda\/education_for_sustainable_development. Accessed 14th November, 2020.\r\n[10]. UNDP (2017). Working with Adolescents and Youth to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.\r\n[11]. UNESCO (2014). Contributing to a more Sustainable Feature: Quality Education, Life Skills and Education for Sustainable Development.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohammed Garba, Azizatu Aliyu, Abdu Alhaji Garba, Surajo Muhammad, &#8220;Educating Adolescents in Life Skills for Achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.172-176 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5209<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/172-176.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/educating-adolescents-in-life-skills-for-achieving-sustainable-development-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Educating Adolescents in Life Skills for Achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c101147 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-id=\"c101904\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c101a7f\" data-id=\"c101a7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c101ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c101ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c101c49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c101c49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c101da1\" data-id=\"c101da1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c101eaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c101eaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c101f5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c101f5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1020ad\" data-id=\"c1020ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1021bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1021bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c102259 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c102259\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1023c5\" data-id=\"c1023c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1024cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1024cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ethnic Politics and Nigerian Democracy: The Way Forward<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Martins Ekunke Eniemeh, Prof. Sale Y. Ibrahim- February 2021 Page No.: 177-186<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c102572 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c102572\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1026f3\" data-id=\"c1026f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10283d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c10283d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Ethnic politics in Nigeria\u2019s political system have come to be a tragic and constant in Nigeria\u2019s political system; where one must belong to the mainstream of ethnic politics for political relevance. Without any form of prejudice, it is a fact that Nigeria is a multi-ethnic state with differences in its socio-political and economic development all of which have resulted in conflicts and counter conflicts. It depicts attachments to the sub-national ethnic groups which threaten to undermine national integration and therefore divide the nation. Significantly, ethnicity in Nigeria was orchestrated by a long period of colonialism, a period which witnessed the ascendancy of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria to the socio-political domination of other ethnic groups. It was a period when the three major ethnic groups were used by the colonialist as a pedestal for the distribution of socio-political and economic goods. Using a mixed method, this work argues that Nigeria\u2019s political problem hinges on the negative consequences of ethnic politics. The paper concludes that if Nigeria\u2019s political system must progress, it must be anchored on the need for the review of the constitutional and political structure of Nigeria to restore healthy political competition as opposed to the existing outdated political mechanism imposed on Nigeria by the military under the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 177-186\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5210<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martins Ekunke Eniemeh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Maiduguri, Department of Public Administration, Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Azizatu Aliyu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Maiduguri, Department of Public Administration, Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adejuyigbe, O. 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Beyond Intractability: Ethnic Identity and Political Conflicts in Africa. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(6), 242-248.\r\n[42] Onwe, O. J. (2019). Historicism of Ohanaeze Ndigbo political endorsements Guardian online. https:\/\/guardian.ng\/politics\/historicism-of-ohanaeze-ndigbo-political-endorsements\/ Accessed 17 February 2019.\r\n[43] Osadolor, B. O. (1998). The Development of the Federal Idea and the Federal Framework, 1914-1960. In Amuwo, K. Agbaje, A. Suberu, T. R., &amp; Heraul, G. (Eds). Federalism and Political Restructuring in Nigeria (14-34). Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.\r\n[44] Osaghae, E. (2003). Explaining the changing patterns of ethnic politics in Nigeria. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 9(3), 54-73.\r\n[45] Otite, O. (2002). Perspectives on National Integration in Multicultural Societies: A Nigerian View. In Isiugo, A. Charlie, U. Isamah, A. N. &amp; Adesina, O. J. (Eds). Currents and Perspectives in Sociology, Ibadan; Malthouse.\r\n[46] Peel, J. D. Y. (1989). The cultural work of Yoruba ethnogenesis. In Tonkin, E. (Ed). History and Ethnicity (198 -200) London; Routledge.\r\n[47] Posner, N. D. (2004). Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 849-863.\r\n[48] Reilly, B. (2000). Democracy, Ethnic Fragmentation, and Internal Conflict Confused Theories, Faulty Data, and the &#8220;Crucial Case&#8221; of Papua New Guinea. International Security, 25(3), 162-185.\r\n[49] Ross, M. H. (1993). The Management of Conflict: Interpretations and Interest in Comparative Perspective . New Heaven: Yale UNiveristy Press .\r\n[50] Rothbarth, D. &amp; Cherubin, R. (2009). Causation as a Core Concept in Conflict Analysis. In Sandole, J. D. Dennis, B. Sean, S. Sandole-Staroste, I. &amp; Senehi, J. (Eds). Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution (9-70). London and New York; Routledge.\r\n[51] Salawu, B. &amp; Hassan, A. O. (2011). Ethnic politics and its implications for the survival of democracy in Nigeria. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 3(2), 28-33.\r\n[52] Scandura, T. A. &amp; Williams, E. (2000). Research Methodology in Management the Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1248-1264.\r\n[53] Shakir, M. (1982). On national integration. Social scientist, 10(4), 36-45.\r\n[54] Snodgrass, D. R. (1995). Successful Economic Development in a Multi-Ethnic Society: The Malaysian Case (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Studies in International Development).\r\n[55] Sriskandarajah, D. (2005). Development, Inequality and Ethnic Accommodation: Clues from Malaysia, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago, Oxford Development Studies, 33(1), 63-79.\r\n[56] The Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2018). The 1999 Constitution http:\/\/www. icnl.org\/research\/library\/files\/Nigeria\/constitution2.pdf Accessed October 22 2018.\r\n[57] Wimmer, A., Cederman, L. &amp; Min, B. (2009). Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict: A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Data Set. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 316-337.\r\n[58] Worldometers. (2019). http:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/nigeria-popu -lation \/ Accessed 22 February 2019.\r\n[59] Yin, R. K. (2003). Applications of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Martins Ekunke Eniemeh, Prof. Sale Y. Ibrahim, &#8220;Ethnic Politics and Nigerian Democracy: The Way Forward&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.177-186 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5210<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/177-186.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ethnic-politics-and-nigerian-democracy-the-way-forward\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ethnic Politics and Nigerian Democracy: The Way Forward<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c103739 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c103739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10430e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1043b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1043b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c104516\" data-id=\"c104516\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c104639 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c104639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1046ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1046ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10485b\" data-id=\"c10485b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10496f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10496f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Post-Election Litigation and Socio-Economic Underdevelopment in Nigeria: The Nexus and Effectual Exposition<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>OGBE Henry Ejotubu, Onyemekihian Jude (Ph. D)- February 2021 Page No.: 187-191<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c104a16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c104a16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c104b77\" data-id=\"c104b77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c104ca9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c104ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study focuses on post- election litigations as it has become a norm in the conduct of election in Nigeria and its effects on socio- economic development. Through secondary and primary data particularly observation methods of injury, the study reveal that reign of systemic corruption in Nigeria has negative effects on the electoral ecosystem which equally affects the genuine operations of the judiciary over true verdicts of post-election litigations. The paper also reveal that diversion of public funds meant for developments in pretext into elephant (big and unending) projects but financial conduit for financing post-election litigations depicts the nexus between post-election litigation and socio-economic underdevelopment in Nigeria. Besides, the paper establish that the role of godfatherism in Nigeria politics, appointment of incompetent hands in government at the expense of technocrats, enthronement of nurtured fraudulent politicians as leaders and fear of uncertainty which deters investors among others are effects of post-election litigations on socio-economic development in Nigeria. Political education, life imprisonment for corrupt electoral staff, Judges and Justices, stoppage of money politics which fuels the role of godfatherism and its related illegality are among others are recommended herein by this paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 187-191\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>&gt;OGBE Henry Ejotubu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, College of Education, Agbor Delta State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>&gt;OGBE Henry Ejotubu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, College of Education, Agbor Delta State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ahon, F and Nnochiri, I. (2016, February 3rd). \u201cS-court upholds Okowa\u2019s eletion: Apologise to Deltans Okowa tells Ogboru, Emerhor\u201d Vanguard. P.12.\r\n[2] Babatope, O. A and Oladipupo, A.K (2010) Electoral Transparency, Legitimate Governance and National Development in Development Perspective in Arts and Social Sciences Education, Ibadan; Bookwright. Vol. 1. P.189\r\n[3] Daniel, S. (2016, October 8th). \u201cAlleged corruption: 7 judges arrested, two supreme court judges inclusive\u201d. Vanguard. P.3\r\n[4] Igwe, S.C. (2012) How Africa Underdeveloped Africa (Revised ed.), Port-Harcourt: Prime print technologies Ltd. P. 80\r\n[5] Ikehi, A and Onyolu, J. (2016, February 7th) \u201cSupreme Court victory: why I\u2019m sad \u2013 Mrakpor\u201d.The pointer Sunday, P.2.\r\n[6] Nnochiri, I. (2016, October 1st). \u201cBribery: NJC sacks 3 judges, orders their prosecution\u201d. Vanguard, P.53.\r\n[7] Nwaze, C. (2012) Corruption in Nigeria: Exposed \u2026 with cases, sams, laws and preventive measures (Revised ed.), Lagos: control &amp; surveillance Associates Ltd.P.117\r\n[8] Obi E.A. (2005) Political economy of Nigeria, Onitsha: Bookpoint Ltd. P.53\r\n[9] Ogbe, E.H (2015) Democracy in elements of Political Science; Otite, A.A (ed): a publication of department of Political Science, College of Education, Agbor, Benin City: Allen publications.P.16- 22.\r\n[10] Ogbe, E.H., Mgboneybi V.C. &amp; Ejovi, A. (2015) Leadership recruitment and democratic governance in Nigeria. Journal of Political inquiry of department of political science, Nigeria phones academy. Wudil. Vol. 1, April 2015. P.198\r\n[11] Okereka, O.P and Ogbe, E.H (2016) Electoral malfeasance and the impact on political reengineering in Nigeria: Understanding the correlate in Ewhrudjakpor,\r\n[12] C. Sanubi; F.A.and Ogege, S.O (ed) Town and Gown: The Reciprocal linkage for Nigeria development, Abraka: faculty of the social sciences, Delta State University, Abraka. P.77.\r\n[13] Omoregbe, J (2010) Socio-political philosophy: A systematic and historical study. Volume two,Lagos: Joja educational research and publishers Ltd. P.84\r\n[14] Oyeneye, I., Onyenwenu, M and Olusunde, E.B (2006). Round-up Government: a complete Guide. 2nd edition, Lagos: Longman Nigeria P.L.C . P.96\r\n[15] PremiumTimes (2016) \u201cShocking: Rickey Tarfa Bribed Justice Yunusa with N225,000, habitually manipulates judges-EFCC\u201d. Retrieved on 27\/06\/2016 from www. premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlin\u2026\r\n[16] The Pointer Sunday. (2016, February 7th). \u201cOgor Hails supreme court judgment on Okowa\u201d. The pointer Sunday, P3.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">OGBE Henry Ejotubu, Onyemekihian Jude (Ph. D), &#8220;Post-Election Litigation and Socio-Economic Underdevelopment in Nigeria: The Nexus and Effectual Exposition&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.187-191 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/187-191.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/187-191.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/post-election-litigation-and-socio-economic-underdevelopment-in-nigeria-the-nexus-and-effectual-exposition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Post-Election Litigation and Socio-Economic Underdevelopment in Nigeria: The Nexus and Effectual Exposition<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c105a90 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c105a90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c105b75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c105b75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c105cee\" data-id=\"c105cee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c105e17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c105e17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c105eb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c105eb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c106009\" data-id=\"c106009\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c106110 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c106110\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1061bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1061bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c106301\" data-id=\"c106301\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10640e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10640e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1064a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1064a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10676e\" data-id=\"c10676e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10689e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10689e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c106948 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c106948\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c106aab\" data-id=\"c106aab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c106bbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c106bbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tulembang Community Order: Have the Form, Structure, Oral and Value Context<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sumarlin Rengko HR, Tadjuddin Maknun, Inriati Lewa, Lukman- February 2021 Page No.: 192-197<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c106c59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c106c59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c106dc3\" data-id=\"c106dc3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c106eea elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c106eea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to obtain the structure of the text, the form of the text, the context of the narrative and the values contained in the speech texts in the Tulembang community, Gowa Regency. Broadly speaking, the speech in the Tulembang akulty community consists of two parts, namely mantra and kelong. The division is differentiated based on the shape and structure. The method used is descriptive qualitative method which means describing in general the contents of the text, namely describing the form of the text, the structure of the text and revealing the values contained in the text of the tulembang community&#8217;s speech. The analysis was carried out on the text using the theory of the combination of language and society. The theory referred to by the researcher is the anthropological linguistic theory which is directly related to language and its society. Through speeches in the Tulembang community, this research produces several important parts related to language and society in the Tulembang community. From the results of the research conducted, through the anthropological linguistic approach, the researcher got several important parts related to the speeches of the Tulembang community in Gowa Regency, namely; (1) the form of language in the speech text in the Tulembang community is in the form of literary text, (2) the speech in the Tulembang community has its own language structure, which contains the pattern of arranging stanzas, lines or paragraphs, (3) there are several values contained in the the text of Tulembang&#8217;s utterances, namely: religious values, work ethic values, positive thinking values, the value of cooperation, and the value of the human relationship with God, the value of the relationship between humans and other humans, and the relationship between humans and nature.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 192-197\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sumarlin Rengko HR<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCultural Sciences Faculty, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tadjuddin Maknun<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCultural Sciences Faculty, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Inriati Lewa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCultural Sciences Faculty, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lukman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCultural Sciences Faculty, Hasanuddin University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Arafah , B., Hasyim, M. 2020. Covid-19 Mythology And Netizens Parrhesia Ideological Effects Of Coronavirus Myths On Social Media Users. Palarch\u2019s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt\/Egyptology, 7 (4), 1398-1409\r\n[2]. Basang, Djirong. 1997. Taman Sastra Makassar. Ujung Pandang: CV. Natural.\r\n[3]. Endaswara, Suwardi. 2003. Literary Research Methodology. Yogyakarta: Widyatama Library.\r\n[4]. Endaswara, Suwardi. 2010. Cultural Research Methodology. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada UniversityPress.\r\n[5]. Hasyim, M., Nursidah, Hasjim, Munirah. 2019. Online advertising: how the consumer goods speaks to women, Opci\u00f3n, 35 (89), 826-845.\r\n[6]. Kaharuddin, K., Rahmadana, A. 2020. Problem-Based Group Discussion: An Effective Elt Technique To Improve Vocational High School Students\u2019 Transactional Speaking Skills. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 8 (2), 247-258\r\n[7]. Kaharuddin and Hasyim, Muhammad. 2019. The Speech Act of Complaint: Socio-Cultural Competence Used by Native Speakers of English and Indonesian. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24 (06), 1475-7192\r\n[8]. Mbete, Aron Meko, et al. 2004. Khasana Lio-Ende Language. Ende: Education and Culture Office of Ende Regency.\r\n[9]. Moleong, L.J. 2000. Qualitative Research Methodology. Bandung: Youth Rosdakarya. Priyadi, Sugeng, 2017. Oral history. Ombak Publisher. Yogyakarta.\r\n[10]. Pudentia, 2008. Methodology of Study of Oral Traditions. Association of Oral Traditions. Jakarta.\r\n[11]. Rahman, Fathu. 2017. Cyber Literature: A Reader \u2013Writer Interactivity. International Journal of Social Sciences &amp;Educational Studies.), Vol.3, (4), 156-164.\r\n[12]. Rawe, B.T. 2020. Makna Dan Nilai Pappaseng Dalam Lontara\u2019 Latoa Kajao Laliddong Dengan Arummpone: Analisis Hermeneutika. Jurnal Ilmu Budaya, 8 (1), 15-23\r\n[13]. Sibarani, Robert, 2004. Anthropo Linguistics, Anthropology Linguistics Linguistics Anthropology. Poda Publishers.Field.\r\n[14]. Sibarani. 2012. Local Wisdom, Nature, Role and Methods of Oral Traditions. Jakarta: Association of Oral Traditions(ATL).\r\n[15]. Sobur, Alex, 2003. &#8220;Communication Semiotics&#8221;. Bandung: PT. Rosdakarya youth.\r\n[16]. Sudaryanto, 2015. Methods and Various Techniques for Language Analysis, An Introduction to Research on Wahana Budaya Linguistically. Sanata Dharma University Perss.Yogyakarta.\r\n[17]. Teng, M.B.A., Hasyim., M. 2020. The philosophy of kajaolaliddong: A basic pattern of life and culture in bugis and makassar, Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2020, 11(12), 1548\u20131552\r\n[18]. Wellek, Rene and A. Warren. 1990. Literary Theory. Jakarta, Gramedia.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sumarlin Rengko HR, Tadjuddin Maknun, Inriati Lewa, Lukman, &#8220;Tulembang Community Order: Have the Form, Structure, Oral and Value Context&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.192-197 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/192-197.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/192-197.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/tulembang-community-order-have-the-form-structure-oral-and-value-context\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tulembang Community Order: Have the Form, Structure, Oral and Value Context<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c107ce8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c107ce8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"c1083ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c108552\" data-id=\"c108552\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c108658 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c108658\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1086fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1086fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10884b\" data-id=\"c10884b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c108950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c108950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1089e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1089e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c108b50\" data-id=\"c108b50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c108c63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c108c63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Household Factors as Predictors of Pupils\u2019 Competency in Mathematics in universal Primary Education (UPE) Schools in Luweero District, Uganda<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asmaa Elsayed Emara, Sofia Sole Gaite, Kayindu Vincent- February 2021 Page No.: 198-204<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c108d01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c108d01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c108e65\" data-id=\"c108e65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c108f89 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c108f89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out in Luweero district, Uganda with three objectives namely: to establish how parents\u2019 provision of mid-day meals affects Universal Primary Education (UPE) children\u2019s competency in Mathematics in Luweero district, Uganda; to examine how parents\u2019 visiting of the schools to talk about their children\u2019s learning affects their children\u2019s competency in Mathematics in Universal Primary Education (UPE) primary schools in Luweero district, Uganda; and to assess how parents\u2019 level of education affects their children\u2019s competency in Mathematics in Universal Primary Education (UPE) schools in Luweero district, Uganda. A total of 500 pupils from ten primary schools participated in the study. The findings of the study were that the provision of mid-day meals had a positive influence on pupils\u2019 competency in mathematics; parents\u2019 visiting the school to talk about their children\u2019s learning had a relatively positive influence on their children\u2019s competency in mathematics; and parents\u2019 level of education had minimal influence on their children\u2019s competency in mathematics. Based on these findings, it was recommended that parents in Luweero district, Uganda should put in more effort to provide all their children with meals for lunch; there is need for parents to regularly visit schools where their children are studying from to discuss with teachers their children\u2019s progress and to forge the way forward; and that all parents, educated or not, should support and urge their children to study very hard so as to excel academically.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 198-204\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asmaa Elsayed Emara<\/strong><\/span>\r\n(Kampala International University, Uganda)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sofia Sole Gaite<\/strong><\/span>\r\n(Kampala International University, Uganda)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kayindu Vincent<\/strong><\/span>\r\n(Kampala International University, Uganda)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abeya Degefe (2018). The Relationship Between Parental Education and Children\u2019s Academic Performance: The Case of Genda Tesfa Primary School, Dire Dawa. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol.8, No.5.\r\n[2]. Ayatollah and Venkatesan (2017). Mathematics anxiety, Mathematics performance and academic hardness in high school students. International Journal of Educational Sciences, Vol. 1, pages 33-37.\r\n[3]. Opolot-Okurut (2008). Teachers\u2019 Practices in teaching mathematics in high and low performing secondary schools in Uganda. In Owolabi, S. O &amp; Sempebwa, J. (ed). Research digest. Kampala International University, 1,2,108-113.\r\n[4]. Starn, C. (2008). Benefits of an Integrated Curriculum. University of La Verne. Retrieved Technologies. Issue 4, Volume 2, 226 \u2013 237.\r\n[5]. UWEZO (2011). Are our children learning? Annual learning assessment report. Kampala, Uganda.\r\n[6]. Farzana, A. (2011). The impact of school meals on school participation: Evidence from rural India. Journal of Development Studies, Vol.47, issue 11, pg 1636-1656.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asmaa Elsayed Emara, Sofia Sole Gaite, Kayindu Vincent, &#8220;Household Factors as Predictors of Pupils\u2019 Competency in Mathematics in universal Primary Education (UPE) Schools in Luweero District, Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.198-204 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/198-204.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/198-204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/household-factors-as-predictors-of-pupils-competency-in-mathematics-in-universal-primary-education-upe-schools-in-luweero-district-uganda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Household Factors as Predictors of Pupils\u2019 Competency in Mathematics in universal Primary Education (UPE) Schools in Luweero District, Uganda<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c109e4b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c109e4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c109f30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c109f30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10a0ae\" data-id=\"c10a0ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10a1dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10a1dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c10a280 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c10a280\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10a3dc\" data-id=\"c10a3dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10a4e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10a4e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c10a583 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c10a583\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10a6d6\" data-id=\"c10a6d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10a7e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10a7e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c10a889 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c10a889\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10a9e1\" data-id=\"c10a9e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10aae7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10aae7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c10ab86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c10ab86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10ace6\" data-id=\"c10ace6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10adfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10adfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Internet-Based Tools on Students\u2019 Performance in Biology in Public Secondary Schools in Likuyani, Kakamega County Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kiyeng Edwin, Dr. Kimamo Githui, Dr. Benson Njoroge- February 2021 Page No.: 205-210<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c10ae95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c10ae95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10afff\" data-id=\"c10afff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10b11c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c10b11c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Candidates have been scoring low grades in Biology Likuyani sub-county. Therefore, the research sought to assess the influence of internet-based tools on students\u2019 performance in Biology in public secondary schools in Likuyani, Kakamega County. The objective of the study was; to find out the Influence of Internet-based tools. The study assumed that the target groups are readily available within the study area. This study employed mixed methodology and descriptive survey were used to generate both qualitative and quantitative data from public secondary schools in Likuyani Sub-County based on study objectives. The sample size for this study was 321 respondents. The instruments which were used include; questionnaires, interview schedule, observation check list and document analysis. Content validity was determined using constructive criticism by professionals from department of Educational Psychology and Technology of Mount Kenya University. Piloted data were used to test for reliability using Split half type of reliability test. The test questions were divided into two parts using odd numbers and even numbers. The divided questions were administered to respondents and score of each half were correlated using Cronbarch Alpha. Collected data were coded into SPSS software version 24 and cleaned and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.The study findings showed that internet-based tools were statistically significant with a positive influence on students\u2019 performance in Biology. The study findings concluded that that Internet problem solving in ICT, Internet search and Teaching machines integration in ICT enhances student\u2019s performance. From the findings of the study, it was recommended that; teachers to be given sufficient training on how to use ICT in teaching and learning processes to acquire the requisite knowledge and skills in integrating the technology in classrooms.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 205-210\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 February 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5211<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kiyeng Edwin <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Education Degree in Instructional Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Kimamo Githui<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer Mount Kenya University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Benson Njoroge<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer Mount Kenya University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Bumia, W. (2018). Emerging technologies for 21st century education\u2500 strategies for the use of video mediated instruction. International Journal for Innovative Technology Integration in Education, 1(2), 47-56.\r\n[2]. Castro-Faix, M., Todd, A., Romine, W., &amp; Duncan, R. (2018). Do Alternative Instructional Approaches Result in Different Learning Progressions?. International Society of the Learning Sciences, Inc.[ISLS].\r\n[3]. Delaney, K., O\u2019Keeffe, M., &amp; Fragou, O. (2017). A Design Framework for Interdisciplinary Communities of Practice towards STEM Learning in 2 nd Level Education. In International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (pp. 739-750). Springer, Cham.\r\n[4]. Mandinach, E., &amp; Gummer, E. (2016). What does it mean for teachers to be data literate: Laying out the skills, knowledge, and dispositions? Teaching and Teacher Education, 60, 366-376.\r\n[5]. Rajaonah, B. (2017). A view of trust and information system security under the perspective of critical infrastructure protection. Revue des Sciences et Technologies de l&#8217;Information-S\u00e9rie ISI: Ing\u00e9nierie des Syst\u00e8mesd&#8217;Information, 22(1), 109.\r\n[6]. Schneider, M., &amp; Preckel, F. (2017). Variables associated with achievement in higher education: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 143(6), 565.\r\n[7]. Silberschatz, A., Gagne, G., &amp; Galvin, P. (2018). Operating system concepts. Wiley. Bazhal, I. (2017). The Political Economy of Innovation Development: Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Economic Theory. Springer.\r\n[8]. Sorokin, P. (2017). Social and cultural dynamics: A study of change in major systems of art, truth, ethics, law and social relationships. Routledge.\r\n[9]. Strogatz, S. (2018). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos: with applications to physics, Biology, chemistry, and engineering. CRC Press.\r\n[10]. Sumich, J., &amp; Pinkard-Meier, D. (2016). Introduction to the Biology of marine life. Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning.\r\n[11]. Van Wormer, K., &amp;Besthorn, F. (2017). Human behavior and the social environment, macro level: Groups, communities, and organizations. Oxford University Press.\r\n[12]. Witten, I., Frank, E., Hall, M., &amp; Pal, C. (2016). Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kiyeng Edwin, Dr. Kimamo Githui, Dr. Benson Njoroge, &#8220;Influence of Internet-Based Tools on Students\u2019 Performance in Biology in Public Secondary Schools in Likuyani, Kakamega County Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.205-210 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5211<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/205-210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-internet-based-tools-on-students-performance-in-biology-in-public-secondary-schools-in-likuyani-kakamega-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Internet-Based Tools on Students\u2019 Performance in Biology in Public Secondary Schools in Likuyani, Kakamega County Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10bf80 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c10bf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c10c060 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c10c060\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10c1fe\" data-id=\"c10c1fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10c322 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10c322\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c10c3c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c10c3c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c10c520\" data-id=\"c10c520\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c10c62d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c10c62d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1185a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1185a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c11885f\" data-id=\"c11885f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1189bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1189bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c118a87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c118a87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c118bf2\" data-id=\"c118bf2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c118d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c118d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c118db4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c118db4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c118f2c\" data-id=\"c118f2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c119043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exams Past, God Forgotten :(Ir) religiousness In Algerian Tertiary Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kassim Boudjelal Safir- February 2021 Page No.: 211-215<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1190e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1190e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c11924c\" data-id=\"c11924c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119371 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c119371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201cI am spiritual, but I am not religious\u201d. This is the confession of one of the students when asked about his religiousness. The students \u2018(ir) religiousness seems to be a deserted issue in the sociological studies about tertiary schools. In this study context, irreligiousness should not be understood as the absence of religion only, but the indifference towards it as well. Contexts, situations, and mood may affect students\u2019 attitudes about religion. Despite the over-mediatisation of religious content in the Arab TV channels and social media, the Algerian society witnesses an unprecedented \u201closs of faith\u201d. Has the rise of youth irreligiousness coincided with the rise of the technological revolution, social media and rationalism? This paper tries to identify the main reasons that are leading to this hypothesized \u201closs of faith\u201d in religion. A semi-structured interview with ten schooled participants has been conducted to scrutinize their perception of religion. The results of the study yielded surprising ambivalent facts about the psycho-social profile of the modern Algerian young Muslim who acknowledged the presence of God. Religiousness can attain an unprecedented peak in exams time and tend to disappear as soon as far as exams finished. Exams Past, God forgotten?<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 211-215\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>&gt;Kassim Boudjelal Safir<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMustapha Stanbouli University- Mascara, Algeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Brenner P. S. (2016). Cross-National Trends in Religious Service Attendance. Public opinion quarterly, 80(2), 563\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/poq\/nfw016\r\n[2] Downey, A. (2017). College Freshmen Are Less Religious Than Ever. Retrieved from https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/observations\/college-freshmen-are-less-religious-than-ever\/\r\n[3] Dunkels, E., Fra\u030anberg, G., &amp; Hallgren, C. (2011). Interactive Media use and youth: Learning, knowledge exchange and behavior. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.Glatzer, W. (2003). Rich and Poor: Disparities, Perceptions, Concomitants. London: Kluwer Academic.\r\n[4] Groth, H., &amp; Sousa-Poza, A. (2014). Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries Assembling the Jigsaw. Berlin:Springer Berlin.\r\n[5] Kpodar, K. (2007). Why has Unemployment in Algeria been higher than in MENA and Transition Countries. Washington: International Monetary Fund.\r\n[6] Marnia Lazreg, (2016). Torture and the Twilight of Empire: From Algiers to Baghdad: Princeton University Press\r\n[7] Mooney, M. (2010, July 01). Religion, College Grades, and Satisfaction among Students at Elite Colleges and Universities*. Retrieved December 17, 2020, from https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/socrel\/article\/71\/2\/197\/1 673303\r\n[8] Obaid,N.E. (2020). The failure of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Arab Word. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC.\r\n[9] Ortlieb, E., Cheek, E. H., &amp; Semingson, P. (2018). Best practices in teaching digital literacies. Wagon Lane, Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald Publishing.\r\n[10] Pelton, J. N., Oslund, R. J., &amp; Marshall, P. (2004). Communications satellites: Global change agents. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\r\n[11] Seidman, Irvin. (1998). Interviewing as qualitative research: a guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. New York: Teachers College Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kassim Boudjelal Safir, &#8220;Exams Past, God Forgotten :(Ir) religiousness In Algerian Tertiary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.211-215 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/211-215.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/211-215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exams-past-god-forgotten-ir-religiousness-in-algerian-tertiary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exams Past, God Forgotten :(Ir) religiousness In Algerian Tertiary Schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c11a1f0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c11a1f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c11a2d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c11a2d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c11a454\" data-id=\"c11a454\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c11a574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c11a574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c11a618 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c11a618\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c11a770\" data-id=\"c11a770\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c11a886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c11a886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c11a923 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c11a923\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c11aa79\" data-id=\"c11aa79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c11ab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c11ab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c11ac2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c11ac2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1269c4\" data-id=\"c1269c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c126b7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c126b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c126c41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c126c41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c126de1\" data-id=\"c126de1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c126f06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c126f06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Internationalisation of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC): A comparative content analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mashombotwa Mukwena- February 2021 Page No.: 216-222<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c126fac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c126fac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c127135\" data-id=\"c127135\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c127274 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c127274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the thrust to achieve the goal of internationalisation, the mission statements of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) serve as a standard to guide the translation of policy into practice. Since the first organisational guide by Drucker in 1974, mission statements have become normative in all sectors including education. Pedagogical challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in education sectors the world over has led to immense discourse regarding internationalisation, a concept substantially debated even before the pandemic. This study takes stock of the current standing of 127 mission statements from HEIs in Southern Africa. Additionally, a comparative analysis between the SADC mission statements and 164 HEIs from the world\u2019s Top 200 Universities in 2020. A quantitative content analysis approach utilising Voyant Tools \u00a9 software allowed for a large volume of text (corpus) to be analysed and meaningful aggregates produced. This approach does not utilise hypotheses or pre-set taxonomies allowing for exploratory inductive data analysis. Previous studies have been restricted to country contexts with no open access data and based on small samples. This study established that both datasets (SADC and Top 200) exhibited similar global tenets of mission statement components. However, notable differences exist with SADC mission statements attempting to align themselves with the goal of contributing to their respective nations\u2019 economic development. The global (Top 200) dataset\u2019s international orientation focused on student exchanges and collaborative research while in SADC provision of high-quality education meeting international standards is the focus. The study recommends that post pandemic realignment of mission statements in accordance to the intended internationalisation goal is required to ensure policy to practice harmonisation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 216-222\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5212<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mashombotwa Mukwena <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of University (UNILUS), Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Alegre, I., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., Guerrero, A., &amp; Mas-Machuca, M. (2018). The real mission of the mission statement: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Management &amp; Organization, 24(4), 456-473.\r\n[2] Alemu, S. K. (2014). An appraisal of the internationalisation of higher education in sub-Saharan Africa. CEPS Journal, 4(2), 71-90.\r\n[3] Altbach, P. G., &amp; Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 290-305.\r\n[4] Cort\u00e9s S\u00e1nchez, J. D. (2018). Mission statements of universities worldwide: Text mining and visualization. Intangible Capital, 14(4), 584.\r\n[5] Drucker, P. F. (1974). Management: Tasks, responsibilities, practices. Heinemann.\r\n[6] Dumanig, F. P., &amp; Symaco, L. P. (2020). Internationalisation of higher education in Malaysia and the Philippines: A comparative analysis of mission and vision statements of selected universities. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-13.\r\n[7] Efe, I., &amp; Ozer, O. (2015). A corpus-based discourse analysis of the vision and mission statements of universities in turkey. Higher Education Research and Development, 34(6), 1110-1122.\r\n[8] Farrant, J., &amp; Fielden, J. (1996). Strategic planning in African universities. New Papers on Higher Education, 2\r\n[9] Ganu, J. (2013). Institutional mission statements and attitudinal outcomes of selected faith-based tertiary institutions in Ghana. The Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 14(2), 20.\r\n[10] Gimenez, T. N. (2020). Scholars speak out rethinking the internationalization of higher education in the global south in the wake of a pandemic. Journal of Language and Literacy Education.\r\n[11] Guimar\u00e3es, F. F., Finardi, K. R., El Kadri, M. S., &amp; Taquini, R. (2020). The mission statements of the federal universities and the projection of internationalization in brazil. System (Link\u00f6ping), 94, 102331.\r\n[12] Gyamera, G. O. (2019). The internationalisation agenda: A critical look at the conceptualisation and rationalisation of internationalisation in public universities in Ghana. Compare, 49(6), 924-942.\r\n[13] Hladchenko, M. (2016). The organizational identity of Ukrainian universities as claimed through their mission statements. Tertiary Education and Management, 22(4), 376-389.\r\n[14] Jung, H., &amp; Lee, B. G. (2020). Research trends in text mining: Semantic network and main path analysis of selected journals. Expert Systems with Applications, 162, 113851.\r\n[15] Kehm, B. M., &amp; Teichler, U. (2007). Research on internationalisation in higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 260-273.\r\n[16] Ketterer, M. (2015). Analysis of university mission statements and the missions and strategic plans of athletic departments\r\n[17] Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodelled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(1), 5-31.\r\n[18] Knight, J. (2013). The changing landscape of higher education internationalisation &#8211; for better or worse? Perspectives (Association of University Administrators (U.K.)), 17(3), 84-90.\r\n[19] Kosm\u00fctzky, A., &amp; Kr\u00fccken, G. (2015). Sameness and difference analysing institutional and organizational specificities of universities through mission statements. International Studies of Management &amp; Organization, 45(2), 137-149.\r\n[20] Majee, U. S. (2020). Beyond the Local\u2013Global binaries of higher education internationalization in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Studies in International Education, 24(1), 131-147.\r\n[21] Masaiti, G., &amp; Mwale, N. (2020). The drive and nature of internationalization of higher education in Zambia. International Journal of African Higher Education, 7(3), 43-51.\r\n[22] Mukwena, M. (2020). Words matter: Content analysis of higher education mission statements in Zambia. International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 1(4)\r\n[23] Oleksiyenko, A., Blanco, G., Hayhoe, R., Jackson, L., Lee, J., Metcalfe, A., Sivasubramaniam, M., &amp; Zha, Q. (2020). Comparative and international higher education in a new key? thoughts on the post-pandemic prospects of scholarship., 1-17.\r\n[24] Peters, M. A., Rizvi, F., McCulloch, G., Gibbs, P., Gorur, R., Hong, M., Hwang, Y., Zipin, L., Brennan, M., Robertson, S., Quay, J., Malbon, J., Taglietti, D., Barnett, R., Chengbing, W., McLaren, P., Apple, R., Papastephanou, M., Burbules, N., Misiaszek, L. (2020). Reimagining the new pedagogical possibilities for universities post-covid-19: An EPAT collective project. Educational Philosophy and Theory, , 1-44.\r\n[25] Salgado de Oliveira Gomes, Ver\u00f3nica. (2020). The internationalisation of higher education institutions &#8211; an analysis of the Portuguese case\r\n[26] Scott, J. C. (2006). The mission of the university: Medieval to postmodern transformations. The Journal of Higher Education: Moving into the Next 75 Years, 77(1), 1-39.\r\n[27] Seeber, M., Barberio, V., Huisman, J., &amp; Mampaey, J. (2019). Factors affecting the content of universities&#8217; mission statements: An analysis of the United Kingdom higher education system. Studies in Higher Education (Dorchester-on-Thames), 44(2), 230-244.\r\n[28] Sehoole, C., &amp; De Wit, H. (2014). The regionalisation, internationalisation, and globalisation of African higher education. International Journal of African Higher Education, 1(1)\r\n[29] Sridhar, S., &amp; Sequeira, A. H. (2007). Content analysis of mission statements of engineering colleges. Management &amp; Change, 11(1)\r\n[30] Tamrat, W., &amp; Teferra, D. (2018). Internationalization of Ethiopian higher education institutions: Manifestations of a nascent system. Journal of Studies in International Education, 22(5), 434-453.\r\n[31] Teichler, U. (2004). The changing debate on internationalisation of higher education. Higher Education, 48(1), 5-26.\r\n[32] Teichler, U. (2017). Internationalisation trends in higher education and the changing role of international student mobility. Journal of International Mobility, (1), 177-216.\r\n[33] Vasudeva, S., &amp; Mogaji, E. (2020). Paving the way for world domination: Analysis of African universities&#8217; mission statement. In Maringe Felix, Hinson Robert Ebo &amp; Mogaji Emmanuel (Eds.), Understanding the market in higher education in Africa (2020). Abingdon Oxfordshire: Routledge.\r\n[34] Yu, C. H., Jannasch-Pennell, A., &amp; DiGangi, S. (2011). Compatibility between text mining and qualitative research in the perspectives of grounded theory, content analysis, and reliability. Qualitative Report, 16(3), 730-744.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mashombotwa Mukwena, &#8220;The Internationalisation of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC): A comparative content analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.216-222 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5212<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/216-222.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-internationalisation-of-higher-education-institutes-heis-in-the-southern-africa-development-community-sadc-a-comparative-content-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Internationalisation of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC): A comparative content analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c132755 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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data-id=\"c1328ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c132a7d\" data-id=\"c132a7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c132baa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c132baa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c132c5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c132c5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c132db3\" data-id=\"c132db3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c132ec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c132ec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c132f68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c132f68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1330c2\" data-id=\"c1330c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1331d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1331d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c133278 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c133278\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1333c5\" data-id=\"c1333c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1334d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1334d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c133577 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c133577\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1336f0\" data-id=\"c1336f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c13380d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c13380d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Role of DESC (District e-Service Centre) in Promoting e-Governance in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Netrokona District e-Service Centre<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nefertum Mursheda, Mujahidul Islam- February 2021 Page No.: 223-227<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1338b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1338b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c133a28\" data-id=\"c133a28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c133b5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c133b5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The core objective of e-governance is to provide services to people in a less time consuming, easily accessible and corruption free process using internet based platforms. Considering its positive aspects, the government of Bangladesh is trying to assure best possible use of modern technologies in rendering government services to the people which also resembles their commitment in upgrading the country as a digital one. Establishment of District e-Service Centers (DESCs) across the country is among the major steps towards promoting e-governance. The DESCs of Bangladesh are using modern information technology for service delivery and information dissemination. Introduction of an e-service center in Netrokona made some government services easily accessible and cost effective for the recipients in addition to that, the system reduced discrepancies and assured more accountability in service delivery process. Lack of updated data base for service recipients, lack of proper tracking system and lack of feedback receiving option are some of the major limitations existing at current DESCs. Moreover, some services like bill payment, telemedicine, e-education, etc. were expected to be there but not available at the moment. Interruption in power supply, poor coverage of internet, insufficient manpower and equipments and poor literacy on information technology are some of the major challenges faced by DESC of Netrokona. Initiatives to fulfill the lacking and assistance to overcome the challenges are need of time for a more effective district e-service center. Continuous research by service providers and academicians are necessary for better e-service delivery.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 223-227\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nefertum Mursheda <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHonors and Master\u2019s in Development Studies from University of Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mujahidul Islam<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer of Development Studies, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Al-Khouri, A.M. (March, 2011). An innovative approach for e-government transformation. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains, 2(1), 22-24.\r\n[2] Access to information program. (2009). Digital Bangladesh Concept Note, Dhaka: Prime Minister Office\r\n[3] Access to Information Program. (January, 2014). District e-Service Centres (DESCs). Prime Minister\u2019s Office.\r\n[4] Alam, M. J. (2012). E-Governance in Bangladesh: Present Problems and Possible Suggestions for Future Development. International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS), 4(8).\r\n[5] Asgarkhani, M. (2005). The Effectiveness of e-Service in Local Government: A Case Study. The Electronic Journal of e-Government, 3(4), 157-158\r\n[6] Bacus,M. (2001). E-governance and developing countries: introductions and examples. International Institute for Communication and Development, Research Report No.3, Netharlands.\r\n[7] Bwalya, k. J. and Healy, M., (2010). \u201cHarnessing e-Government Adoption in the SADC Region: a Conceptual Underpinning\u201d. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 8(1), 24.\r\n[8] Bhuiyan, M.S.H. (2011). \u201cPublic Sector eService Development in Bangladesh: Status, Prospects and Challenges\u201d. Electronic Journal of e-Government\u201d 9(1), 15-16.\r\n[9] CHOI. D. J. (2013). A Comparative Analysis Of Gender Equality And E-Government: Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. Sookmyung Women\u2019s University and United Nations.\r\n[10] Fath-Allah, A., Cheikhi, L., Al-Qutaish, E. R. and Idri, A. (May, 2014). E-Government Maturity Models: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Software Engineering &amp; Applications, 5(3), 74.\r\n[11] Gr\u00f6nlund, A. and T.A. Horan. (2004). Introducing e-GOV: History, Definitions, and Issues. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol. 15, 718-720.\r\n[12] Grag, S., Kapil, M. and Pandey, M.R. (April, 2012). Conversions of citizens into e-citizens: An approach to make e-governance more effective. International journal of engineering and advanced technology, 1(4), 73-74.\r\n[13] Hasnayen, M. and Sultana, S. (2016). Development of a2i Access Information: A Study on Digital Bangladesh. International Institute of Academic Research and Development, 2(2): 32-33.\r\n[14] Heeks, R. (2001). Understanding e-governance for development, i-government working paper series. Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, No 11, 12-15\r\n[15] Ho, A. (July\/August, 2002). Reinventing Local Government and the E-Government Initiative. Public Administration Review, 62(4), 434-444.\r\n[16] Kashem, M. A., Akhtar, N. and Rahman A. (November, 2014). An Information System Model for e-Government of Digital Bangladesh. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 14(11), 62-65.\r\n[17] Ka\u0161ubien\u0117, L. and Vanagas, P. (2007). Assumptions of e-government services quality evaluation. 5(55), 69-71\r\n[18] Kettani, D., Moulin, B., Gurstein, M. and Mahdi, A.E., (2008). E-government and local good governance: A pilot project in FEZ, Morocco, The electronic journal on information systems in developing countries, 35(1), 4-9.\r\n[19] Kumar, V., Mukerji, B., Butt, I. and Persaud, A. (2007). \u201cFactors for Successful e-Government Adoption: a Conceptual Framework\u201d The Electronic Journal of e-Government , 5(1), 64\r\n[20] Mistry,J. and Jalal,A. (2012). An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between e-government and Corruption. The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 12(6), 153.\r\n[21] Nath, V. (n.d). Digital Governance Models: moving towards good governance in developing countries. Retrieved from (http:\/\/www.amarc.org\/documents\/articles\/nath-digital.pdf).\r\n[22] Nogra\u0161ek,J. (2011). Change Management as a Critical Success Factor in e-Government Implementation. BUSINESS SYSTEMS RESEARCH, 2(2), 13-15.\r\n[23] Nkwe,N. (September, 2012). E-government: Challenges and opportunities in Bostwana. International journal of humanities and social science, 2(17), 39-41.\r\n[24] Salam, M.A. and Islam Z. M., (2013). E-government Service Delivery: An Assessment of District E-Service Centers in Bangladsh, JU Journal of Information Technology (JIT). Vol. 2, 33-40.\r\n[25] Salam, M. A. (February, 2013). E-Governance For Good Governance Through Public Service Delivery: An Assessment of District E-Service Centres In Bangladesh. Institute of Governance Studies, BRAC University, Dhaka.\r\n[26] Savic, D. (July, 2006). E-Governance: Theoretical foundations and practical implications, Montreal.\r\n[27] Shin, S., Song, H. and Kang, M. (August, 2008). Implementing e-government in developing countries: its unique and common success factors. Department of Public Administration, Ewha Women\u2019s University.\r\n[28] Uddin, G. (2012). E-governance of Bangladesh: Present Scenario, Expectation, Ultimate Target and Recommendation. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3(11).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nefertum Mursheda, Mujahidul Islam, &#8220;Role of DESC (District e-Service Centre) in Promoting e-Governance in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Netrokona District e-Service Centre&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.223-227 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/223-227.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/223-227.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/role-of-desc-district-e-service-centre-in-promoting-e-governance-in-bangladesh-a-case-study-of-netrokona-district-e-service-centre\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Role of DESC (District e-Service Centre) in Promoting e-Governance in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Netrokona District e-Service Centre<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c148e14 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c148e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c148f09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c148f09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1490d6\" data-id=\"c1490d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c14920a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c14920a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1492b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1492b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c14941b\" data-id=\"c14941b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c149529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c149529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1495d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1495d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c14971c\" data-id=\"c14971c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c14982b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c14982b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1498c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1498c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c149a0e\" data-id=\"c149a0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c149b11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c149b11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c149bb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c149bb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c149d12\" data-id=\"c149d12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c149e2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c149e2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Decision-Making Quality towards Effectiveness of Conciliation Process of Lupong Tagapamayapa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jan Fritz M. Villamor, Ronel G. Dagohoy &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 228-236<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c149ed3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c149ed3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c14a04b\" data-id=\"c14a04b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c14a182 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c14a182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed the decision making quality towards the effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa. The main purpose and objective of this study is to determine which domain of decision making quality significantly influences the effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa. This study used the descriptive-correlational method of research. This study was conducted in Barangay Tibal-og, Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte, Philippines and it has 100 respondents through quota sampling, who are the constituents of the barangay who availed the services of the lupong tagapamayapa. The researchers adopted two questionnaires from online sources, which were validated through pilot testing. The results have shown that the level of the decision making quality of lupong tagapamayapa is very high, additionally the results also revealed that the level of the effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa is very high. The study also resulted that decision making quality and effectiveness of conciliation process of lupong tagapamayapa has a positive high significant correlation and lastly, it was found out that evaluation is the domain of the decision making quality that significantly influences effectiveness of conciliation process of Lupong Tagapamayapa.The result of the study will be used to make interventions and programs to maintain and continue the efficiency and effectiveness of lupong tagapamayapa.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 228-236\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5213\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5213<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jan Fritz M. Villamor <\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent, Bachelor of Arts in Psychology, Ateneo de Davao University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ronel G. Dagohoy <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProgram Chairperson, Bachelor of Public Administration at Institute of Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Good Governance, Davao del Norte State College\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Agustin, C. P. (2018). THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONCILIATION PROCESS: A PRACTICAL WAY OF DELIVERING JUSTICE. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.garph.co.uk\/IJARMSS\/Feb2018\/12.pdf\r\n[2] Mohammed, M. P., &amp; Caingat, N. C. (2017). Barangay Justice System In Barangay Matatalaib, Tarlac City: An Evaluation (No. 2017-03-21). Retrievedfrom:http:\/\/www.voiceofresearch.org\/Doc\/Mar-2017\/Mar- 2017_21.pdf\r\n[3] Local Government Academy (2019,June 03). LGA, OADR partner for basic ADR Training.. Retrieved from https:\/\/lga.gov.ph\/article\/lga- oadr-partnerforbasicadrtraining?fbclid=IwAR1rsxVlIRuFMhEXK7ZI9orEXIw F5I 9D8R7FG3XxqBqgD8zs9JLsHumLGPA#\r\n[4] Booth, C., Clemence, M., &amp; Gariban, S. (2016). ACAS collective conciliation evaluation 2016. Acas Research Paper, 6, 16. Retrieved from: https:\/\/archive.acas.org.uk\/media\/4631\/Acas-Collective-Conciliation- Evaluation-2016\/pdf\/Acas-collective-conciliation-evaluation-2016.pdf\r\n[5] Blignaut, C. (2018). Effectiveness of conciliation as an alternative dispute resolution process in unfair dismissal disputes (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria). Retrieved from: https:\/\/repository.up.ac.za\/handle\/2263\/65692\r\n[6] Sam, R. A., Usop, A. M., &amp; Abubakar\u2013Sam, S. (2013). \u201cBarangay Justice Service System (BJSS) Project as an Alternative Mechanism in Dispute Resolution in Maguindanao, Southern Philippines: A Content Analysis\u201d. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 193- 199. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/257840924_Barangay_Justice_Service_System_BJSS_Project_as_an_Alternative_Mechanism_in_Dispute_Resolution_in_Maguindanao_Southern_Philippines_A_Conte nt_Analysis\r\n[7] Shinde, U. (2012). Conciliation as an Effective Mode of Alternative Dispute Resolving System. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (JHSS) ISSN, 22790837, 2279-0845. Retrieved from: http:\/\/iosrjournals.org\/iosr-jhss\/papers\/Vol4-issue3\/A0430107.pdf\r\n[8] Sourdin, T. (2012). Decision making in ADR: science, sense and sensibility. Sense and Sensibility (January 25, 2012). Retrieved from: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/63bc\/fbda8a743706c938043b8965acbfa3 f14817.pdf\r\n[9] Foley, K., &amp; Cronin, M. (2015). Professional conciliation in collective labour disputes. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/&#8212;europe\/&#8212;ro-geneva\/&#8212;sro- budapest\/documents\/publication\/wcms_486213.pdf\r\n[10] Local Government Code of 1991 (PHI). Available from: https:\/\/www.officialgazette.gov.ph\/downloads\/1991\/10oct\/19911010-RA- 7160-CCA.pdf\r\n[11] Hansson, S. O. (1994). Decision theory. A brief introduction. Department of Philosophy and the History of technology. Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/210642121_Decision_Theory A_Brief_Introduction\r\n[12] Bennett, S., Hine, L., &amp; Mazerolle, L. (2018). Procedural justice.[Weblog post]. doi: 10.1093\/OBO\/9780195396607 Table III. Level of Decision-Making Quality of Lupong Tagapamayapa-0241. Retrieved on: November 15, 2019.\r\n[13] Bujar, M., McAuslane, N., Walker, S. R., &amp; Salek, S. (2017). Evaluating quality of decision-making processes in medicines&#8217; development, regulatory review, and health technology assessment: A systematic review of the literature. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 189.\r\n[14] Chambers, R. (2009). Consistent Decision Making by Regulators. Council on Licensure, Enforcement and Regulation. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.clearhq.org\/resources\/09consistent.pdf\r\n[15] Dietrich, C. (2010). Decision making: Factors that influence decision making, heuristics used, and decision outcomes, Student Pulse, 2 (2), 1-7. Retirado de http:\/\/www. studentpulse. com\/a. Retrieved from:\r\n[16] Boyle, I. M., Duffy, A. H., Whitfield, R. I., &amp; Liu, S. (2012). The impact of resources on decision making. AI EDAM, 26(4), 407-423.Retrieved from:https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/ai- edam\/article\/impact-of-resources-on-decisionmaking\/48F56ED447EF3071EF112B06B89DD2FB\r\n[17] OBI, J. N., &amp; Agwu, M. E. (2017). EFFECTIVE DECISION-MAKING AND ORGANIZATIONAL GOAL ACHIEVEMENT IN A DEPRESSED ECONOMY. International Journal of research and Development Studies, 8(1).\r\n[18] Stangor, C., &amp; Walinga, J. (2019). 3.5 Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand Behaviour. Introduction to Psychology. Retrieved from: https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/2-2-psychologists-use-descriptive-correlational-and-experimental-research-designs-to-understand-behavior\/\r\n[19] Quaranta, J. (2017). Descriptive Correlational Research: Asthma Management by School Nurses. SAGE Publications Ltd.Retrieved from: https:\/\/methods.sagepub.com\/case\/descriptive-correlational research- asthma-management-school-nurses\r\n[20] Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., &amp; Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research, 42(5), 533-544. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24193818\r\n[21] Tavakol, M., &amp; Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach&#8217;s alpha. International journal of medical education, 2, 53. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ijme.net\/archive\/2\/cronbachs-alpha.pdf\r\n[22] Cox, K., Strang, L., Sondergaard, S., &amp; Monsalve, C. G. (2017). Understanding how organisations ensure that their decision making is fair. RAND.\r\n[23] Bryson, D. (2017, February 11). Conciliation. [Web log post]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.adrac.org.au\/conciliation\r\n[24] Steptoe-Warren, G., Howat, D., &amp; Hume, I. (2011). Strategic thinking and decision making: literature review. Journal of Strategy and Management, 4(3), 238-250.\r\n[25] Nikoli\u0107, J. (2018). Biases in the decision-making process and possibilities of overcoming them. Ekonomski horizonti, 20(1), 45-59.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jan Fritz M. Villamor, Ronel G. Dagohoy, &#8220;Decision-Making Quality towards Effectiveness of Conciliation Process of Lupong Tagapamayapa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.228-236 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5213<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/228-236.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/decision-making-quality-towards-effectiveness-of-conciliation-process-of-lupong-tagapamayapa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Decision-Making Quality towards Effectiveness of Conciliation Process of Lupong Tagapamayapa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15a914 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c15a914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c15ad79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c15ad79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c15aed6\" data-id=\"c15aed6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15afe9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c15afe9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c15b08a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c15b08a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c15b1df\" data-id=\"c15b1df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15b2f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c15b2f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c15b391 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c15b391\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c15b4e1\" data-id=\"c15b4e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15b5fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c15b5fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c15b694 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c15b694\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c15b7ff\" data-id=\"c15b7ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15b91d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c15b91d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Reflective Practices to Student Teachers on Internship Programme in Ghana: Effectiveness and Challenges<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nana Asimah Adam-Yawson, Victoria Aba Mensah &amp; Asihene Kwaku Oppong-Masu- February 2021 Page No.: 237-242<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c15b9be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c15b9be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c15bb31\" data-id=\"c15bb31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15bc5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c15bc5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The research was undertaking at Komenda College of Education to consider the effectiveness of reflective practices used as a means of recapping student teachers (STs) classroom teaching and learning. Reflective Practices are ways of equipping STs with core competencies, confidence experiences as professional teachers to mitigate complexities and challenges of becoming a teacher: the population for the study were all the three hundred and eighty (380) final year STs who completed their internship during 2018\/2019 academic year. The researchers used both quota and random sample techniques to sample one hundred and sixty (160) final year student teachers as prerequisite for becoming professional teachers. STs were selected from our partnership schools. The researchers used quantitative method for the study. The instruments used to collect data for the study was questionnaire. The researchers used the questionnaire to collect the initial data. This means were used to check the consistencies of the responses that the STs gave. The questionnaire was offer comprehensive data for explanation to the issue at stake. The findings were that reflective practices help equip the STs with important skills and competencies that will strengthen the STs Competencies and to enhance their confidence.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 237-242\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nana Asimah Adam-Yawson<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education, Komenda College of Education &#8211; Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Victoria Aba Mensah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education, Komenda College of Education &#8211; Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asihene Kwaku Oppong-Masu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education, Komenda College of Education &#8211; Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Amapdu, C &amp;Ofosu, S. (2007). Principles and methods of early childhood education. Kumasi: Cita Printing Press Ltd.\r\n[2] Bharagava, V., (2009). Teaching practice for students-teachers of B.Ed. programme: Issues, predicament and suggestions. Turkish online journal of Distance Education. 10 (2): 1-7 (8\/4\/2020).\r\n[3] Brashier, A., &amp; Norris, E. (2008). Breaking down barriers for 1st-year teachers: What teacher preparation programs can do? Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 29(1), 35-40. (Retrieved 8\/4\/2020)\r\n[4] Castle, K., (2010) Study skills for Your Masters in Teaching and Learning Bell &amp; Bain Ltd. Glasgow.\r\n[5] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Creswell, J. D., (2018) Research Design, qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed) SAGE Publications, Inc. U.S\r\n[6] Dampson, D. G., (2019) Educational Leadership Theory and Practice Prince Appau Ent. Ghana-Kumasi\r\n[7] Darling-Hammond, L., Furger, R., Shields, P. M., &amp; Sutcher, L. (2016). Addressing California\u2019s emerging teacher shortage: An analysis of sources and solutions. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute.(retrieved 10\/10\/2019)\r\n[8] Davis, M. D. (2003). Public policy aside: Everyone can\u2019t teach. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 24, 99-102. (retrieved 20\/10\/2019)\r\n[9] Leavy, P., (2017), Research Design, Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, arts-Based and Community-Based Participatory Research Approach, Guilford Press, New York\r\n[10] Le Maistre, C., &amp; Pare, A. (2008). Whatever it takes: How beginning teachers learn to survive. Teaching and Teacher Education, 559-564. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com (Retrieved 12\/10\/2019)\r\n[11] NCFTE (2010) National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education: Towards Preparing Professional and Humane Teacher. Document Press HS-14, Kailash Colony Market, New Delhi-110048\r\n[12] Nimbalkar, S.J.(2015). 20 Weeks Internship: opportunities, Challenges and Measures, pp.72-74, National Conference on Teacher Education: Changing Scenario proceeding. Sangli: SPS College of Education.\r\n[13] Nolan, J. (2008). The Seychelles education &amp; training system\u2014Does it have the capacity to provide the human resources to achieve the objectives of Seychelles strategy 2017? Victoria: Author. [Google Scholar] retrieved 10\/4\/2020\r\n[14] Panda, S., &amp; Nayak, R. N., (2014) Best International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Science (Best: IJHAMS) ISSN 233348, August 2014 61-66 (Retrieved 14\/ 5\/2020)\r\n[15] Pelham, B. W., &amp; Blanton, H. (2007) conducting Research in Psychology: measuring the weight of smoke, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, USA\r\n[16] Routman, R. (2000). Conversations: Strategies for Teaching, Learning, and Evaluating. Heinemann, 361 Hanover Street, Portsmouth, NH 03801-3912\r\n[17] Sidhu, S., K., (2012) Methodology of Research in Education. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India.\r\n[18] T-TEL (2018) Professional Development Programme: Four-Year Bachelor of Education Degree Supported Teaching in Schools (School Placement Handbook) Ministry of Education \u2013Ghana.\r\n[19] T-TEL (2016) Teaching Practice: School Partnership Programme, Mentors Handbook. Ministry of Education-Ghana.\r\n[20] T-TEL (2016) School Partnership Programme, Teaching Practice. Tutors Handbook, Ministry of Education-Ghana.\r\n[21] Wanzare, Z. O. (2007). The transition process: The early years of being a teacher.In T. Townsend &amp; R. Bates (Eds.), Handbook of teacher education (pp. 343 \u2013364). Dordrecht: Springer. [Crossref], [Google Scholar] retrieved 10\/4\/200\r\n[22] Wittrock, M. C., (2006). Handbook of resear6ch on teaching (3rd ed) New York: Macmillan.\r\n[23] Yu-chu, Y, (2019) Nurturing reflective teaching during critical-thinking instruction in a computer simulation program (pdf) (retrieved 16\/10\/2019)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nana Asimah Adam-Yawson, Victoria Aba Mensah &amp; Asihene Kwaku Oppong-Masu, &#8220;Reflective Practices to Student Teachers on Internship Programme in Ghana: Effectiveness and Challenges&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.237-242 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/237-242.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/237-242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/reflective-practices-to-student-teachers-on-internship-programme-in-ghana-effectiveness-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reflective Practices to Student Teachers on Internship Programme in Ghana: Effectiveness and Challenges<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c15cab1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c15cab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c16e2ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c16e2ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c16e46a\" data-id=\"c16e46a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16e583 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c16e583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c16e626 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c16e626\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c16e775\" data-id=\"c16e775\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16e880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c16e880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c16e924 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c16e924\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c16eac1\" data-id=\"c16eac1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16ebe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c16ebe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Availability and Utilization of ICT in Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>THANKGOD James Nwuke, INNOCENT Onyelachika Ucheju- February 2021 Page No.: 243-250<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c16ec8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c16ec8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c16ee26\" data-id=\"c16ee26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c16ef95 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c16ef95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined availability and utilization of ICT in Secondary Schools in Rivers State. The study adopted the descriptive research design. Three research questions guided the study, while three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study comprised of all the 455 secondary schools both public and private schools in Rivers State. The sample size of the study was 136 respondents. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 10 schools using 30% of the study. The reliability of the instrument was ascertained using Cronbach Alpha method. The overall reliability was 0.73 indexes. The availability and utilization of Information and Communication Technology Questionnaire. (AUICTQ) was used for data collection. Data were collected through the researcher with the help of two research assistants. Means, standard deviation and rank order were used to answer the research questions, while Z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. It was found that the extents of ICT accessibility are not available in secondary schools in Rivers State.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 243-250\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>THANKGOD James Nwuke<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>INNOCENT Onyelachika Ucheju<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Achuonye, K. 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D Dissertation), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.\r\n[10] Ayeni,A.O.(eds).Managing Technical and Vocational Education in the Era of Globalization. Awemark Industrial Prints.\r\n[11] Bolaji Bello, O., &amp;Adeoye, A. O. (2018). Organizational learning, organizational innovation and organizational performance: Empirical evidence among selected manufacturing companies in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Economics &amp; Management, 33, 25-38.\r\n[12] Collis, B. (2002). Information technologies for education and training. In Handbook on information technologies for education and training (pp. 1-20). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.\r\n[13] Egboka, P. N. (2007). Appraisal of job design and assignment by secondary school administrators in Anambra State. Nigerian Journal of Educational Management, 6, 173-182.\r\n[14] Ezziane, Z. (2007). Information technology literacy: Implications on teaching and learning. 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S., Wehmeier, S., &amp; Ashby, M. (2000). Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary: Oxford University Press. NewYork City, US A.\r\n[21] Ibadin, M. O., &amp;Oviawe, O. (2001). Trend in childhood tuberculosis in Benin City, Nigeria. Annals of tropical paediatrics, 21(2), 141-145.\r\n[22] Ikonne, C. (2005). Integrated approach to contemporary issues in Nigerian education. The Ideal Educator, 1(2), 99-103.\r\n[23] Ilogu, G. C. (2007). The effect of students&#8217; achievement motivation on their cognitive performance behaviour. International Journal of Educational Research, 3(1), 105-113.\r\n[24] James, T. (2001). An information policy handbook for Southern Africa. CD ROM. IDRC.\r\n[25] Kirsch, I., Lennon, M., Murray, S., Clermont, Y., &amp; Binkley, M. (2005). The ICT literacy framework. Measuring adult literacy and life skills: New frameworks for assessment.\r\n[26] Krishnaveni, R., &amp;Meenakumari, J. (2010). Usage of ICT for Information Administration in Higher education Institutions\u2013A study. International Journal of environmental science and development, 1(3), 282-286.\r\n[27] Kwache, P. Z. (2007). The imperatives of information and communication technology for teachers in Nigeria higher education. MERLOT Journal of Online learning and Teaching, 3(4), 359-399.\r\n[28] Makhanu, E., &amp;Kamper, G. D. (2010). Principals\u2019 literacy in ICT: towards improving secondary school performance in Kenya. Unpublished Doctor of Education Thesis, University of South Africa.\r\n[29] Maki, C. (2008). Information and Communication Technology for Administration and Management for secondary schools in Cyprus. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 4(3), 18-20.\r\n[30] Mangal, S. K., &amp;Mangal, U. (2009). Essentials of educational technology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.\r\n[31] Markauskaite, L. Exploring Differences in Trainee Teachers\u2019 ICT Literacy: Does Gender Matter? from21\/01\/2020http:\/\/www.ascilite.org.au\/confrences\/brisbane\/blogs\/proceedings\/markauskaite.\r\n[32] Mgbodile, T. O. (1997). The nature and scope of educational administration and management. Dynamics of educational administration &amp; management, The Nigerian perspective, 48-52.\r\n[33] Mgbodile, T. O. (2004). Fundamentals in educational administration and planning. Enugu: Magnet business enterprises.\r\n[34] Nwachukwu, E. I. (2007). Information and communication Technology: A tool for the administration of Eboyi State college of Education, IkwoBabalola, J. B., Akpa, G. O., Ayeni, A. O., &amp;Adedeji, S. O. (2007). Access, equity and quality in higher education. NAEAP Publication.\r\n[35] Nwankwundo, C., Oguejiofor, U., &amp;Nwankwo, C. (2006). NUC Executive Secretary Commission ICT Centre. Unizik Comment, 8(3), 6.\r\n[36] Nwite, O. (2007). Utilization of information and communication technology in schools: problem and suggestions. Access, equity and quality in higher education. National Association for Educational Administration and Planning (NAEAP) Publications. Ibadan: Awemark Printers, 487-496.\r\n[37] Nwosu, P. O. (2009). Understanding Africans\u2019 conceptualizations of intercultural competence. The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence, 158-178.\r\n[38] Obanya, P. (2003). Contemporary world concerns and the African school curriculum. In Keynote address at the 16th Annual Conference of the Curriculum Organization of Nigeria, University of Port-Harcourt 26th-29th November.\r\n[39] Ogunsola, L. A. (2005). Information and communication technologies and the effects of globalization: twenty-first century&#8221; digital slavery&#8221; for developing countries&#8211;myth or reality. Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship, 6(1-2), 1-10.\r\n[40] Ogunsola, L.A., Aboyade, W.A. (2005) Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria: revolution or Evolution. Journal of Social science, 11 (1); 7-14\r\n[41] Okebukola, P. (1997). Old, new and current technology in education. UNESCO Africa, 14(15), 7-18.\r\n[42] Okebukola, P. (2004). Strategies for stimulating research and development in Nigerian universities. Nigerian University Chronicle, 12(2), 17-18.\r\n[43] Okorie, N. C. (2009). Organizational setting of leadership: theory into practice in educational organizations (Revised Ed.).\r\n[44] OkoromaNnamdi, S. (2000). Perspective of educational, management, planning and policy analysis Port Harcourt. Edwinson printers.\r\n[45] Okwuedei, C. A. (2011). Enhancing the Quality of Teaching and Learning in Nigerian Schools through the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). . International Journal of Research in Education, 8(1)\r\n[46] Ola, V. (2004). Embrace new technology trends. The Punch, 47.\r\n[47] Olaniyan, D. A., &amp; Obadara, O. E. (2009). 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IGI Global.\r\n[62] Wali, W. I. (2007). A handbook of Contemporary Issues on education in Nigeria. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers.\r\n[63] Weihrich, H., &amp; Koontz, H. (2005). Management: A global perspective. Tata McGraw-Hill.\r\n[64] Woreta, S. A., Kebede, Y., &amp;Zegeye, D. T. (2013). Knowledge and utilization of information communication technology (ICT) among health science students at the University of Gondar, North Western Ethiopia. BMC medical informatics and decision making, 13(1), 31.\r\n[65] Yusuf, M. O. (1998). A study of the dimensions of teachers\u2019 attitude toward computer education in Nigerian secondary schools. Nigeria Journal of computer literacy, 2(1), 47-58.\r\n[66] Yusuf, M. O. (2005). An investigation into teachers\u2019 self-efficacy in implementing computer education in Nigerian secondary schools. Meridian: A Middle School Computer Technologies Journal, 8(2), 4.\r\n[67] Yusuf, M. O. (2007). Trends and barriers on the integration of information and communication technology in the Nigerian school system. Journal of Curriculum Studies and Development, 2 (2), 56-63.\r\n[68] Zuppo, C. M. (2012). Defining ICT in a boundary less world: The development of a working hierarchy. International journal of managing information technology, 4(3), 13.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">THANKGOD James Nwuke, INNOCENT Onyelachika Ucheju, &#8220;Availability and Utilization of ICT in Secondary Schools in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.243-250 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/243-250.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c17b3ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c17b557\" data-id=\"c17b557\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c17b66d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c17b66d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c17b711 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c17b711\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c17e440\" data-id=\"c17e440\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c17e5f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c17e5f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Political Model of the Prophet Muhammad and His Rightly Guided Caliphs: An Overview<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bashir Malam, PhD- February 2021 Page No.: 251-259<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c17e6bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c17e6bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c17e865\" data-id=\"c17e865\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c17e9a6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c17e9a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Never before was exemplary leadership demonstrated as was the period of the prophet Muhammad. In him was seen a social leader, a noble character with an outstanding sense of morality and extraordinary self-sacrifice. He was an exemplary spiritual and state leader who was adjudged the best role model in ethical leadership. The Medinan State was described as the best, just, and civilized society. The legacies of the Medinan state, would ever remain a role model for generations yet unborn. These paper using mainly secondary sources of data, and content analysis in its assessment. Examines the Islamic model of the prophet Muhammad (SAW), which was widely known as the \u201cMedinan State\u201d his life and leadership was exemplary worthy of emulation, likewise the event that took place during and after his departure are full of lessons that has become a reference point that guides our lives today and will continue to do so till the end.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 251-259\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashir Malam, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science Gombe State University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdul, R. M. (1996): Political Science; Islamic Perspectives. St. Martin\u2019s Press. Inc.\r\n[2] Akbar S. N (2000): The History of Islam: Vol. 1 Darul Salam International Publishers Ltd.\r\n[3] El-Awa, M. (1980): On the Political System of Islam. The America Trust Publication Bin Hisham Siratal Nabi Beirut\r\n[4] Lemu A. B. (1989), Islamic Studies for Senior Secondary School Book1. Islamic Education Trust Division, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.\r\n[5] Lewis Bernarld, (1970), \u201cThe Arabs in History\u201d London\r\n[6] Musa A. (1998): The Classical Caliphate Islamic Institution. Islamic Publication Bureau 136 A Isolo Road, Mushin P.O. Box 3881, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n[7] Rahim A. (1981): Islamic History: Islamic Publication Bureau 136 A. Isola Road Mushin, Lagos\r\n[8] Siddiqi A. H Islamic State: A Historical Survey\r\n[9] Siddiqi A. H (1967), Studies in Islamic History Karachi, India\r\n[10] Theories of State, (2001) Unknown accessed November.\r\n[11] Vongrunebaun G. C. (1950), Classical Islam, London,\r\n[12] Watt, W. M. (1956), Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford\r\n[13] Hitti, P.K. (1950), \u201cThe History of the Arabs. London\r\n[14] Rosenthal E. I. J. (1962), Political Thought in Medieval Islam. Cambridge\r\n[15] Sharif M. M. (1963), \u201cA History of Muslim Philosophy. Wiesbaden\r\n[16] Vane Grunebaum, G. C. (1970), \u201cClassical Islam\u201d London\r\n[17] Walt, W.M. (1953), \u201cMuhammad at Mecca\u201d, Oxford University\r\n[18] Walt, W.M. (1956), Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bashir Malam, PhD, &#8220;The Political Model of the Prophet Muhammad and His Rightly Guided Caliphs: An Overview&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.251-259 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/251-259.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/251-259.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-political-model-of-the-prophet-muhammad-and-his-rightly-guided-caliphs-an-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Political Model of the Prophet Muhammad and His Rightly Guided Caliphs: An Overview<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c17f7ea elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c17f7ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c17f908 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c17f908\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c17fdcc\" data-id=\"c17fdcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c17fee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c17fee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c17ff82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c17ff82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1800ce\" data-id=\"c1800ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1801d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1801d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c180277 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c180277\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1803bd\" data-id=\"c1803bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1804ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1804ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c18056c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c18056c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1806d6\" data-id=\"c1806d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1807e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1807e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Structural Dysfunction in the Era of COVID19; An Assessment of the Effects on Christian Churches in Ghana: A case of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Felicia Esinam Pufaa (PhD), Felicia S. Odame (PhD), Stephen Ameyaw- February 2021 Page No.: 260-268<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c180884 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c180884\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c180a04\" data-id=\"c180a04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c180b5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c180b5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Globally, the outbreak of an acute respiratory disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely impacted on economies of countries and religious bodies. The emergence of the pandemic led to the interruption of most public socio-economic activities including religious gatherings, local and international flights, borders, road transportation, large commercial activities, public and private schools, among others worldwide, including Ghana. These measures sought to forestall a further spread of the disease. Suspension of religious gatherings foists considerable consequences on religious activities, especially in the developing world. In the mainstream academic discourse, scholars contended that the novel pandemic adversely affected economies of countries, but there is paucity of empirical evidence on how the pandemic has affected Christian Spirituality and religious socialization in Ghana. This study however fills this knowledge gap and unveils the possible effects of COVID-19 on Christian Spirituality in Ghana by using the Presbyterian Church of Ghana as a case. Qualitative approach was employed using data from in-depth interviews from eight (8) purposively selected respondents and four (4) regions in Ghana. The analysis revealed that, the pandemic disrupted the annual plans of churches and compelled them to alter their 2019\/2020 annual plans. This affected spiritual activities like baptisms, holy matrimony and communion services, among others. It was also found that Church members had to significantly revoke their wedding schedules leading to premarital sex among especially young people. The study argues that the pandemic is a spirit-lice infestation depriving Christians of active spiritual operations. It was recommended that Church policy planners ought to broaden the scope of their programmes to accommodate supplementary programmes and activities for tackling future emergency situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 260-268\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5214<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Felicia Esinam Pufaa (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSDD University of Business and Integrated Development Studies,School of Education and Life Long Learning\r\nWa-Upper West Region, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Felicia S. Odame (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSDD University of Business and Integrated Development Studies, Department of Social, Political and Historical Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Stephen Ameyaw <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSDD University of Business and Integrated Development Studies, Department of Social, Political and Historical Studies\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Alexander, J. C. (2014). 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Nature Reviews Cardiology, 17(5),259-260. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41569-020-0360-5 on 15th January, 2020.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Felicia Esinam Pufaa (PhD), Felicia S. Odame (PhD), Stephen Ameyaw, &#8220;Social Structural Dysfunction in the Era of COVID19; An Assessment of the Effects on Christian Churches in Ghana: A case of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.260-268 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5214<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/260-268.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-structural-dysfunction-in-the-era-of-covid19-an-assessment-of-the-effects-on-christian-churches-in-ghana-a-case-of-the-presbyterian-church-of-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Social Structural Dysfunction in the Era of COVID19; An Assessment of the Effects on Christian Churches in Ghana: A case of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1954b3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c1954b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: 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data-id=\"c195a81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c195b91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c195b91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c195c6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c195c6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c195dd2\" data-id=\"c195dd2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c195eef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c195eef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c195f91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c195f91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1960e0\" data-id=\"c1960e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1961f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1961f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c196292 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c196292\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1963f8\" data-id=\"c1963f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c196512 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c196512\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Interrogating Civic Education Pedagogies that Stimulate Political Participation in Selected Secondary Schools in Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Davy Mainde, Daniel Katongo Chola, Daniel L. Mpolomoka &#8211; February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 269-279<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1965b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1965b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c19674e\" data-id=\"c19674e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1968bc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1968bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2021\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2021\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">: The core focus of this study was to investigate the teaching pedagogies used in Civic Education in Zambian secondary schools and how they promote effective political participation. This study used a qualitative case study. 20 Civic Education teachers and 35 learners in Civic Education classes from 5 selected secondary schools in Lusaka District were purposively selected through homogenous sampling. One \u2013 on \u2013 one interview were used to collect data from teachers while focus group discussions were used to collected data from learners in Civic Education classes. Thematic data analysis method was used in this study. Findings established that teachers use lecture, debate, discussion, community engagement, education tour, and pupils\u2019 management boards in teaching Civic Education in secondary schools. Apart from the lecture method which depends on the teacher as the sole source of knowledge, the other methods are incorporated well in teaching Civic Education and have potential to promote effective political participation among secondary school learners. The study recommends that schools should strengthen Continuous Professional Development (CPD) activities such as Lesson Study Circle, Cluster Meetings and Professional Subject Association Workshops to reinvigorate pedagogies of Civic Education and spur innovative pedagogical approaches that promote effective political participation; The Ministry of General Education should constantly hold educational conferences to sensitise Civic Education teachers on pedagogies that help to prepare learners for political participation as outline in the 2013 Zambia Education Curriculum Framework; The Ministry of General Education and the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) should consider introducing community based assessment in Civic Education as part of final examination grading than current theoretical based approaches.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 269-279\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5215<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2022\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2022\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Davy Mainde<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Daniel Katongo Chola<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMulungushi University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Daniel L. Mpolomoka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nZambian Open University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2023\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2023\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdelmalak, M. and Trespalacios, J. (2013). Using a Learner-Centered Approach to Develop an Educational Technology Course. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. 25(3), pp. 324-332.\r\n[2] ACARA (2016). The Australian Curriculum. http:\/\/www.australiancurriculum.edu.au\/copyright.\r\n[3] Branson, M. S. and Quigley, C. N. (1998). The Role of Civic Education. New York.\r\n[4] Chola, D.K. (2016). Assessment of Service Learning In the Teaching of Civic Education in Selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka Province, Zambia. MA Thesis. Lusaka: UNZA.\r\n[5] Ciobanu, N. R. (2018). Active and Participatory Teaching Methods. European Journal of Education. 1(2), pp. 69-72.\r\n[6] Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry &amp; research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.\r\n[7] Creswell, J. W. (2014). Qualitative Inquiry &amp; Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.\r\n[8] Cuenca, A. (2010). Self-Study Research: Surfacing the Art of Pedagogy in Teacher Education. Journal of Inquiry &amp; Action in Education. 3(2), pp. 15-29.ticle\r\n[9] Eurydice Report (2017). Citizenship Education at School in Europe. Brussels.\r\n[10] Fouka G. &amp; Mantzorou M. (2011). What are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? 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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. 2(9), pp. 29-35.\r\n[36] Musonda, C., Masaiti, G., Mwila, K. and &amp; Njobvu, T. (2020). The Use of Active Teaching Pedagogical Approaches in Teaching Civic Education in Secondary Schools in Kasama and Luwingu District of Zambia. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education. 3(3), pp, 1-17.\r\n[37] Omona, J. (2013). Sampling in Qualitative Research: Improving the Quality of Research Outcomes in Higher Education. Makerere Journal of Higher Education. 4(2), pp.169 \u2013 185.\r\n[38] Pepper, K., Burroughs, S. and Groce, E. (2003). Teaching Civic Education in a Democratic Society: A Comparison of Civic Education in Hungary and the United States. University of Mississippi.\r\n[39] Pi\u00f1gul, F. S. (2015). Measuring the Impact of a Supplemental Civic Education Program on Students\u201f Civic Attitude and Efficacy Beliefs. Journal of Education and Training Studies. 3(2), pp. 61- 69.\r\n[40] Raja, U. F., and Najmonnisa (2018). Comparing Traditional Teaching Method and Experiential Teaching Method using Experimental Research. Journal of Education and Educational Development. 5(2), pp 277-288.\r\n[41] Ranjit, K. (2005). Research Methodology-A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, (2nd ed.). Singapore: Pearson Education.\r\n[42] Salleha, I, S., Mohamad Alia, N,. S., Mohd-Yusof, K. and Jamaluddinc, H. (2017). Analysing Qualitative Data Systematically using Thematic Analysis for Deodoriser Troubleshooting in Palm Oil Refining. A publication of The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering, Online at www.aidic.it\/cet. 56, pp. 1315-1320.\r\n[43] Shakouri, N. (2014). Qualitative Research: Incredulity toward Metanarrativeness. Journal of Education and Human Development. 3(2), pp. 672-680\r\n[44] Shinn, Y. H. (1997). Teaching strategies, their use and effectiveness as perceived by teachers of agriculture: A national study. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. https:\/\/lib.dr.iastate.edu\/rtd\/12244\r\n[45] Tokarcikova, E and Kucharcikova, A. (2016). Use of Participatory Methods in Teaching at the University. The Online Journal of Science and Technology. 6(1), pp. 82-90.\r\n[46] Vasiljevic, B. (2009). Civic Education as a Potential for Developing Civil Society and Democracy. Troms\u00f8: University of Troms\u00f8.\r\n[47] Zainal, Z. (2007). Case study as a research method. Jurnal Kemanusiaan. 9, pp. 1-6.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2024\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2024\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Davy Mainde, Daniel Katongo Chola, Daniel L. Mpolomoka &#8220;Interrogating Civic Education Pedagogies that Stimulate Political Participation in Selected Secondary Schools in Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.269-279 February 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5215<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2025\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2025\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/269-279.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2026\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2026\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/interrogating-civic-education-pedagogies-that-stimulate-political-participation-in-selected-secondary-schools-in-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Interrogating Civic Education Pedagogies that Stimulate Political Participation in Selected Secondary Schools in Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1a6723 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c1a6723\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1abe80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1abe80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac0ad\" data-id=\"c1ac0ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac1fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ac1fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac2b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ac2b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac41d\" data-id=\"c1ac41d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac536 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ac536\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac5e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ac5e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac743\" data-id=\"c1ac743\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac860 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ac860\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ac8ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ac8ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1aca73\" data-id=\"c1aca73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1acb91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1acb91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between Sports and Quality Education among Secondary School Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alade, T. T. Ph D, Bamidele, T. O, Owoeye, S. T &#8211; February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 280-282<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1acc33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1acc33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1acdb1\" data-id=\"c1acdb1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1aced5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1aced5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated relationship between sports and quality education among secondary school students. The researchers used survey design of the descriptive type of research for the study, the research instrument used for this study was a self-structured closed ended questionnaire designed by the researchers. Inferential statistics of Pearson\u2019s Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to test the hypotheses postulated at 0.05 level of significance. The researchers affirmed that there was a significant relationship between sports and class attendance, also it was established that there was a significant relationship between sports and educational aspiration among secondary school students\u2019 in Ondo State. The researchers recommended that, there should be orientation programme organized for secondary school students in order to make them understand the benefits of participating in sports, state government should give scholarship to students who participate in sports so as to motivate and encourage them for better and greater educational aspiration.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 280-282\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5216<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alade, T. T. Ph D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics and Health Education,Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti (BOUESTI)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bamidele, T. O<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics and Health Education,Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti (BOUESTI)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Owoeye, S. T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics and Health Education,Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti (BOUESTI)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Bamidele, T. O. (2016). Influence of sports on the academic performance of secondary school students in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. Unpublished Dissertation University of Nigeria Nsukka, Faculty of Education.\r\n[2] Dyer, A. M., Kristjansson, A. L., Mann, M. J., Smith, M. L., &amp;Allegrante, J. P. (2017). Sport Participation and Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Study. American Journal ofHealth Behavior, 41(2), 179\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5993\/AJHB.41.2.9\r\n[3] Elaine, N. (2008) &#8216;Education and sustainable development&#8217;, Policy &amp; Practice: A Development Education Review, (6), 49-62.\r\n[4] Haroona, Q., Hassan, S., Jin W. &amp; Tony, M. (2018). The Relation between Sports Participation and Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Parental Support and Self-Esteem .Journal of Human Psychology &#8211; 1(1), 29-42.\r\n[5] Lemke, W. (2016).The Role of Sport in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.UN chronicle Vol. LIII No. 2\r\n[6] Peter-Ajayi, O. M; Alade, T. T; Bamidele, T. O. &amp; Ariyo, A. O. (2019). Sports as a correlate of quality education and sustainable national development. Ikere Journal of Education. 19 (1). 29-34\r\n[7] Stucko, M. A. (2018). Sport Participation and Academic Achievement in High School Athletes. Kinesiology, Sport Studies, and Physical Education SynthesisProjects.58.https:\/\/digitalcommons.brockport.edu\/pes_synthesis\/58\r\n[8] UNESCO, (2017). Promoting the Role of Sport in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alade, T. T. Ph D, Bamidele, T. O, Owoeye, S. T &#8220;Relationship between Sports and Quality Education among Secondary School Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.280-282 February 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5216<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/280-282.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-sports-and-quality-education-among-secondary-school-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relationship between Sports and Quality Education among Secondary School Students<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1add51 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c1add51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ade2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ade2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1adfc1\" data-id=\"c1adfc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ae0ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ae0ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ae192 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ae192\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1ae310\" data-id=\"c1ae310\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ae43b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ae43b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ae4e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ae4e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1ae63b\" data-id=\"c1ae63b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ae764 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ba8a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ba8a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ba96d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ba96d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1baaf9\" data-id=\"c1baaf9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1bac1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1bac1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1baccd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1baccd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1bae58\" data-id=\"c1bae58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1baf6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1baf6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1bb01a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1bb01a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1bb182\" data-id=\"c1bb182\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1bb299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1bb299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Developing Countries\u2019 Underdeveloped Institutional Settings: Can the Evidence-based Policy Approach be an Effective Tool in the Effort at Reducing Poverty? A Study of the MASLOC Program of Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Charles Amoyea Atogenzoya- February 2021 Page No.: 284-290<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1bb339 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1bb339\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1bb4ad\" data-id=\"c1bb4ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1bb5ee elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1bb5ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Never before was exemplary leadership demonstrated as was the period of the prophet Muhammad. In him was seen a social leader, a noble character with an outstanding sense of morality and extraordinary self-sacrifice. He was an exemplary spiritual and state leader who was adjudged the best role model in ethical leadership. The Medinan State was described as the best, just, and civilized society. The legacies of the Medinan state, would ever remain a role model for generations yet unborn. These paper using mainly secondary sources of data, and content analysis in its assessment. Examines the Islamic model of the prophet Muhammad (SAW), which was widely known as the \u201cMedinan State\u201d his life and leadership was exemplary worthy of emulation, likewise the event that took place during and after his departure are full of lessons that has become a reference point that guides our lives today and will continue to do so till the end.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 284-290\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Amoyea Atogenzoya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Building Technology and Estate Management, Dr. Hilla Limann Technical University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Davies, P. (2004). Is evidence-based government possible. Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Campbell Collaboration Colloquium.\r\n[2] Diala, C., Pennas, T., Choi, P., &amp; Rogers, S. (2012). Barriers to uptake of malaria prevention and treatment during pregnancy in Cross River and Nasawara States, Nigeria. Washington (District of Columbia): C-Change\/FHI, 360.\r\n[3] Doherty, D. (1990). Understanding new markets for new products. Strategic Management Journal, 11(No. SI): 59-78.\r\n[4] Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532-550.\r\n[5] Eisenhardt, K. M., and Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 25-32.\r\n[6] Ekeledo, I. and Bewayo, E. D. (2009). Challenges and opportunities facing African entrepreneurs and their small firms. International Journal of Business Research, 9(3): 52-59.\r\n[7] Hoffman, A.J. (1999). Institutional evolution and change: Environmentalism and the US chemical industry. Academy of Management Journal, 42(4): 351-371.\r\n[8] Howlet, M., (2009). Policy analytical capacity and evidence-based policymaking: Lessons from Canada. Canadian Public Administration, 52(2): 153-175.\r\n[9] Iliyasu, Z., Gajida, A. U., Galadanci, H. S., Abubakar, I. S., Baba, A. S., Jibo, A. M., &amp; Aliyu, M. H. (2012). Adherence to intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in urban Kano, northern Nigeria. Pathogens and global health, 106(6): 323-329.\r\n[10] International Labour Organisation, (2016). World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2016. International Labour Office. Geneva.\r\n[11] Jick, T. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4): 602-611.\r\n[12] Khanna, T. and Palepu, K. (1997). Why focused strategies may be wrong for emerging markets. Harvard Business Review 75(4): 41-48.\r\n[13] Khanna, T. and Palepu, K. G. (2010). Winning in emerging markets: A roadmap for strategy and execution. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard Business Press.\r\n[14] Klein, J. (2010). A taxonomy of interdisciplinarity, in R. Frodeman, J. Klein and C. Mitcham (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.15-30.\r\n[15] Montuschi, E. (2017). Application of models from social science to social policy. In:Magnani, L. and Bertolotti, T. (eds.) Springer Handbook of Model-Based Science. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland, pp, 1103-1116.\r\n[16] Mutagonda, R., Kamuhabwa, A. A., Massawe, S., &amp; Mpembeni, R. (2013). Intermittent preventive therapy and treatment of malaria during pregnancy: a study of knowledge among pregnant women in Rufiji District, Southern Tanzania. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(5): 835-845.\r\n[17] North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance: Cambridge university press.\r\n[18] Nutley, S., Walter, I., &amp; Davies, H. T. (2003). From knowing to doing a framework for understanding the evidence-into-practice agenda. Evaluation, 9(2): 125-148.\r\n[19] Oduro-Ofori, E., Anokye, P.A., and Edetor, M. (2014). Microfinance and Small Loans Centre (MASLOC) as a Model for Promoting Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE\u2019s) in the Ashiaman Municipality of Ghana. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(28).\r\n[20] Peng, M. W., Sun, S. L., Pinkham, B., and Chen, H. 2009. The institution-based view as a third leg for a strategy trypod. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 34(3): 441-467.\r\n[21] Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The fortune of the bottom of the pyramid: Eradication poverty through profits. Philadelphia, PA: Wharton School Publishing, University of Pensylvania.\r\n[22] Puffer, S.M., McCarthy, D. J. and Boisot, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship in Russia and China: The impact of formal institutional voids. Entrepreneurship History and Practice, 34(3): 441-467.\r\n[23] Quansah, P., Emmanuel, A., and Emmanuel, A. (2012). Influence of Microfinance and Small Loans Centre (MASLOC) on the Development of Small Scale Enterprises in the Wa Municipality. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(1).\r\n[24] Transparency International (2018). Millennium Development Goals are Unreachable without Commitment to Fighting Corruption: Corruption a Ket Obstacle to Development, Undermining Material Well-being and Social Justice. https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/news\/pressrelease\/millennium_development_goals_are_unreachable_without_commitment_to_fighting (Accessed 7\/12\/2020).\r\n[25] UNICEF (2016). The Ghana Povert and Inequality Report: Using the 6th Ghana Living StandarsSurvey. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/ghana\/Ghana_Poverty_and_Inequality_Analysis_FINAL_Match_2016(1).pdf (Accessed 22\/11\/2020)\r\n[26] Yin, R. K. (2008). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). London: Sage Publications.\r\nLIST OF WEBSITES\r\n[27] Cityfmonline (2017). MASLOC Chases MPs, Actors for Non-payment of Car Loans. https:\/\/citifmonline.com\/2017\/10\/04\/masloc-chases-mps-actors-for-non-payment-of-car-loans\/ (Accessed 7\/01\/2021).\r\n[28] Cityfmonline (2017). MASLOC to publish names of defaulting MPs, celebrities. http:\/\/citifmonline.com\/2017\/10\/06\/masloc-to-publish-names-of-defaulting-mps-celebrities\/\r\n(Accessed 7\/01\/2021).\r\n[29] Cityfmonline (2017). MASLOC is nearly a scam: Close it down-IMANI Ghana. http:\/\/citifmonline.com\/2017\/10\/07\/masloc-is-nearly-a-scam-close-it-down-imani-ghana\/\r\n(Accessed 7\/01\/2021).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Amoyea Atogenzoya, &#8220;Developing Countries\u2019 Underdeveloped Institutional Settings: Can the Evidence-based Policy Approach be an Effective Tool in the Effort at Reducing Poverty? A Study of the MASLOC Program of Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.284-290 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/284-290.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/284-290.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/developing-countries-underdeveloped-institutional-settings-can-the-evidence-based-policy-approach-be-an-effective-tool-in-the-effort-at-reducing-poverty-a-study-of-the-masloc-program-of-gha-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Developing Countries\u2019 Underdeveloped Institutional Settings: Can the Evidence-based Policy Approach be an Effective Tool in the Effort at Reducing Poverty? A Study of the MASLOC Program of Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1bc43e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c1bc43e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1bcb8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1bcb8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1bccd7\" data-id=\"c1bccd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1bcdf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1bcdf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1bce96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1bce96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1cb751\" data-id=\"c1cb751\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cb8b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cb8b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1cb980 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1cb980\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1cbb0a\" data-id=\"c1cbb0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cbc28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cbc28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Why Bangladeshi Higher Educational Institutions Should Introduce Community Economic Development as a New Field of Study: Some Suggestions<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohamed K Haq, Saleh Md Arman, Farzana Nazera- February 2021 Page No.: 291-299<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1cbccd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1cbccd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1cbe8e\" data-id=\"c1cbe8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cc01f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1cc01f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Community Economic Development (CED) is a popular field of study in the top North American universities. But, this field of study is completely absent in Bangladesh, even not a single course has been found in their course curricula based on their websites. Some courses are under development studies but those are insufficient compared to the required courses offered in foreign universities. Interestingly, CED approach is a countrywide approach practiced by NGOs, specialized bank and corporate houses of Bangladesh. CED approach is highly associated with sustainable development by fulfilling numerous goals successfully. The study aims at to develop urgency of the concerned stakeholders of the higher educational institutions of Bangladesh to design, implement and execute program and courses on CED in order to make the country sustainable and in doing so the paper showed CED professions in Bangladesh and in the world, which considered pragmatic in CED course at the university level. The study considered different CED study programs and courses offered by reputed universities of the world including reasons behind introducing the program in their course curriculum and expected benefits derived from the courses. The paper finally suggests ways of implementing it at the university level of Bangladesh. The study makes the concerned stakeholders aware about CED programs and courses for successful development, implementation and execution.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 291-299\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5217<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed K Haq <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D. Student in Management, Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Malaysia\r\nFormer Lecturer, Department of Management, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Saleh Md Arman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMSc in Sustainable Development, Uppsala University\r\nResearcher in Circular Economy and Community Economic Development\r\nAssistant Professor (on leave), RP Shaha University, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Farzana Nazera <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D. Student in Management, Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Acalog ACMSTM 2021. APEC 6700 &#8211; Regional and Community Economic Development &#8211; Acalog ACMSTM. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/catalog.usu.edu\/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=12&amp;coid=87757&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[2] BachelorsPortal.com. 2021. Search Bachelor\u2019s Programmes Worldwide &#8211; BachelorsPortal.com. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.bachelorsportal.com\/search\/#q=kw-Community%20economic%20development|lv-bachelor?section=recommendations&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[3] Boothroyd and Davis &#8211; 1993 &#8211; Community Economic Development Three Approaches.pdf. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.webpages.uidaho.edu\/class-biop\/pdf\/tammi10\/Boothroyd&amp;Davis_CommEconDev.pdf&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[4] Cape Breton University ,2021. Master of Business Administration in Community Economic Development (MBA in CED), Cape Breton University. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.educations.com:0\/study-abroad\/cape-breton-university\/master-of-business-administration-in-community-economic-development-mba-in-ced-1296551&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[5] Cape Breton University, 2021. Master of Business Administration in Community Economic Development. [online] Cape Breton University. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.cbu.ca\/academics\/programs\/mba-in-community-economic-development\/&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[6] Concordia University, 2021a. Community Economic Development. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.concordia.ca\/content\/concordia\/en\/artsci\/scpa\/programs\/ced-graduate-diploma.html&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[7] Dhaka Tribune, 2021. Universities to reopen in May. [online] Dhaka Tribune. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/bangladesh\/education\/2021\/02\/22\/public-universities-to-reopen-in-may&gt; [Accessed 2 Mar. 2021].\r\n[8] Gazi, M.A., 2007. The role of technical and vocational education in the national development of Bangladesh. [online] . Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.ijwil.org\/files\/APJCE_09_1_25_44.pdf&gt;.\r\n[9] Great Plains College n.d. MBA CED_WarmanBookletSEP2020.pdf. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.greatplainscollege.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-11\/MBA%20CED_WarmanBookletSEP2020.pdf&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[10] Great Plains College, 2016. Master of Business Administration in Community Economic Development. [online] Great Plains College. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.greatplainscollege.ca\/programs-courses\/college-trades-university\/master-business-administration-community-economic&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[11] Haq, M. K., Arman, S.M., and Nazera, F., 2021. How Contract Farming in Poultry Industry Contribute to the Sustainable Community Economic Development of Bangladesh: A Literature Review. Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 23(1).\r\n[12] Harvard University, 2021. Economic Development Certificate. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/educational-programs\/executive-education\/admissions-fees\/executive-certificates\/economic&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[13] Hassan, M.K. and Renteria-Guerrero, L., 1997. The Experience of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh in Community Development. International Journal of Social Economics, 24, pp.1488\u20131523.\r\n[14] Hossain, B., Bhuiyan, A.H., Darda, A. and Siwar, C., 2015. Prospects of Community Economy Development in Bangladesh: Experiences from Rural Communities. p.5.\r\n[15] Illinois Institute for Rural Affairs, n.d. Comm and Econ Develop.pdf. Available at: &lt;http:\/\/wiu.edu\/graduate_studies\/flatsheets\/Comm%20and%20Econ%20Develop.pdf&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[16] Illinois Institute of Technology 2021. Bachelor of Science in Social and Economic Development Policy &lt; Illinois Institute of Technology. [online] Available at: &lt;http:\/\/bulletin.iit.edu\/undergraduate\/colleges\/science-letters\/social-sciences\/bs-social-economic-development-policy\/#programrequirementstext&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[17] Illinois State University, 2021b. 2020-2021 Graduate Catalog &#8211; Economics | Illinois State. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/illinoisstate.edu\/catalog\/graduate\/economics\/&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[18] Illinois State University, 2021a. 2020-2021 Graduate Catalog &#8211; Economics | Illinois State. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/illinoisstate.edu\/catalog\/graduate\/economics\/&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[19] Islam, M., 2015. Non-governmental organizations and community development in Bangladesh. International Social Work, 60.\r\n[20] Kansas State University, 2021. Community Development Master\u2019s Degree. 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Master of Science in Community and Economic Development Akamai University. p.19.\r\n[29] Phillips and Pittman &#8211; 2009 &#8211; An introduction to community development.pdf. Available at: &lt;http:\/\/www.lcwu.edu.pk\/ocd\/cfiles\/Home%20Economics\/Maj\/H.Eco-204\/Book-An-Introduction-to-Community-Development.pdf#page=32&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[30] Postgrad.com 2021. 68 Postgraduate Courses for Community Development in Europe | Postgrad.com. [online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.postgrad.com\/courses\/community-development\/europe\/&gt; [Accessed 5 Feb. 2021].\r\n[31] Ritsumeikan University, 2021. Program Structure | Master\u2019s Program in Economic Development | Graduate School of Economics | Ritsumeikan University. [online] Available at: &lt;http:\/\/www.ritsumei.ac.jp\/gsec\/mped\/program\/&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[32] Rottinghaus, P.J., Day, S.X. and Borgen, F.H., 2005. The Career Futures Inventory: A Measure of Career-Related Adaptability and Optimism. 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[online] The Borgen Project. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/borgenproject.org\/10-facts-about-brac\/&gt; [Accessed 5 Feb. 2021].\r\n[40] The Open University Of Tanzania n.d. Bachelor of Community Economic Development (BCED) \u2013 The Open University Of Tanzania. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.out.ac.tz\/bced\/&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[41] The Pennsylvania State University 2021. Curriculum and Course Requirements. [online] Plone site. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/aese.psu.edu\/graduate\/cedev\/masters\/curriculum&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[42] The Pennsylvania State University 2021. Graduate Certificate Requirements. [online] Plone site. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/aese.psu.edu\/graduate\/cedev\/graduate-certificate-program\/graduate-certificate-requirements&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[43] The Pennsylvania State University 2021. Graduate Certificate. [online] Plone site. 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[online] Available at: &lt;https:\/\/catalog.unh.edu\/graduate\/programs-study\/community-development-policy-practice\/community-development-policy-practice-ma\/&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[52] University of Waterloo, 2016. Certificate in Economic Development. [online] Economic Development Program. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/uwaterloo.ca\/economic-development\/certificate-economic-development&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[53] Victoria University, 2021. Master of International Community Development. [online] Victoria University | Melbourne Australia. Available at: &lt;https:\/\/www.vu.edu.au\/courses\/international\/AMCD&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[54] Weissbourd et al. &#8211; MARKET-BASED COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.pdf. Available at: &lt;http:\/\/rw-ventures.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Market-Based-Development.pdf&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n[55] Western Illinois University, 2021. Core Courses &#8211; Western Illinois University. [online] Available at: &lt;http:\/\/wiu.edu\/IIRA\/community_and_economic_development\/courses.php&gt; [Accessed 6 Feb. 2021].\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohamed K Haq, Saleh Md Arman, Farzana Nazera, &#8220;Why Bangladeshi Higher Educational Institutions Should Introduce Community Economic Development as a New Field of Study: Some Suggestions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.291-299 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5217<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/291-299.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/why-bangladeshi-higher-educational-institutions-should-introduce-community-economic-development-as-a-new-field-of-study-some-suggestions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Why Bangladeshi Higher Educational Institutions Should Introduce Community Economic Development as a New Field of Study: Some Suggestions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ccfb7 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elementor-element-c1cd3f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1cd3f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1cd555\" data-id=\"c1cd555\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cd661 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cd661\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1cd707 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1cd707\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1cd84c\" data-id=\"c1cd84c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cd966 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cd966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1cda02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1cda02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1cdb4f\" data-id=\"c1cdb4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cdc54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cdc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1cdcf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1cdcf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1cde57\" data-id=\"c1cde57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cdf72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cdf72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Healthcare Providers and Outpatients Relationship: A Study of Three Selected Public Hospitals in Sokoto Metropolis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bello Almu, Dankani Ibrahim Mustapha &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 300-306<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ce012 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ce012\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1dc96f\" data-id=\"c1dc96f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1dcb05 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1dcb05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines healthcare providers and outpatients relationships in three selected public hospitals in Sokoto metropolis. It is the contention of this paper that good interpersonal relationship is the key to the health and wellbeing of patients. In fact the professional ethics of healthcare givers revolves around promotion of human dignity; observation of professional ethics and respect; orientation for quality services; patients centered management; and possession of good interpersonal relationship. Data for the study was collected via administration of structured questionnaire at three public health facilities ranging from primary health care facility (Kofar Rini PHC), secondary health facility (Specialist Hospitals) and a tertiary health facility (Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto). A total of 450 respondents were selected purposively for the study. Major findings of study reveals that there seems to be a cordial relationship between healthcare givers and their patients and the management of the hospital provided an effective and efficient ways a lodging complaints or displeasure with service delivery. The study concludes by recommending ways to reduce long queues and waiting time by employment of more staffs and also the hospital management needs to be organizing regular training for staff on ethics, rules and regulations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 300-306\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5218<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bello Almu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMedical Social Services Department, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dankani Ibrahim Mustapha <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adejumo, O. and Oluseyi A. (2020) Legal Perspective on Liability for Medical Negligence and Malpractice in Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal (issn: 1937-8688). Volume 35 (44) at http:\/\/www.panafrican-med-journal.com\/content\/article\/35\/44\/full accessed on 3\/3\/21\r\n[2] Akunne, M. Okuntu, M. Ekkwwunife (2019) Satisfaction of Nigerian Ptients with Health Services: A Protocol for a Systematic Review. BMC systematic Reviews 8 (256)\r\n[3] Asakitikpi, A. (2019) Healthcare Coverage and Affordability in Nigeria: An Alternative Model to Equitable Healthcare Delivery. London, Universal Health Coverage. IntechOpen Publishers. Doi: 10.5.5772\/intechopen.85978\r\n[4] Anastasia, P. Pavlos, S. Maliarom, M. Andreas, T. (2014). Assessment of Patient satisfaction of the quality of healthcare provided by outpatient services of an oncology hospital; global journal of health science. Vol 6(5).\r\n[5] Bamidele, P. Hogue, H. Vander (2011). Patients\u2019 satisfaction with the quality of care in a Primary healthcare setting in Bostwan; journal of American colleage heath Assr home page\r\n[6] Bergenner M, Nylein U, Lidbunk E. (2006). Improvements in Patient Satisfaction at an outpatient clinic for Patient clinic for breast cancer. International Journal of Healthcare, 7:167-170.\r\n[7] Berger, R. Bulmas, B. Drori, N. Ben-Assuli, O. Herstein, R. (2020)The Patients-Physician Relationship: An account of the Physician\u2019s Perspective. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research 9 (33). Bio Med Central ltd ISSN:2045-4015\r\n[8] Bernhart M, Wiadyana I, Wihar H. (1999). Patient satisfaction in developing countries; Social Science medicine, 48:98 9-996\r\n[9] Gerteis, M., Edgman, L., Daley, D. (1993). Through the patient\u2019s eyes: understanding and promoting patient centered care- Jossey- bass, San Francisco\r\n[10] Ibrahim, A. (2008). Patients Satisfaction with Health Services at the Outpatient Department of Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male\u2019 Maldives: A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Primary Health Care Management, Mahidol University.\r\n[11] Macdonal, M. (2017). What does Patient centered care means and how might\/do leaders work with Patients to help shape our health.\r\n[12] Musinguzi, C. (2015). Paitient waiting time and associated factors at the assessment centre, general outpatient department, Mulago hospital, Uganda.\r\n[13] Nabbuye, J. Fredrick, E. Kasangaki, A. Betty I. Tugumisirize, J. Nshimye, E. Mbabali, S. and Peter, D. (2011). Patient satisfaction with services in outpatient\u2019s clinics at mulago hospital, Uganda; International journal for quality in Healthcare, volume 23. P516-523\r\n[14] Neill, O. Edim, M. Obarein, B. (2014). Causes of prolong waiting time in Public Health Facilities among Health Care Seekers in Calabar Municipal Council of Cross River State, Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (paper) 2224-5766.\r\n[15] Oladipo, O. Iyanimna, C. Sule, A. (2008). Quality of Antenatal Services at the Primary Care Level in Southwest Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. Vol 12 (3). Accessed on 26\/12\/2017\r\n[16] Pelzang, R. (2010). Time to learn: understanding Patient centered care; British journal of Nursing, Mark Allen Publishing Ltd\r\n[17] Picker institute and Hervard medical school (2015). The eight principle of patient centered care; overview healthcare.com at www.oneviewhealthcare.com&gt; the eight. Accessed on 26\/12\/17\r\n[18] Robinson, J., Callister, L., Berry, J., Deaving, K. (2008). Patient centered care and adherence: definitions and application to improve outcomes. Journal of AM Acad nurse pract 20 (12) 29-34\r\n[19] Umar, I., Oche, M.O. and Umar, A.S. (2011). Patient Waiting Time in a Tertiary Health Institution in Northern Nigeria. Journal of public Health and Epidemiology, 3 (2):78-82\r\n[20] Wafula, R.B. (2016). Factors Associated with Patient Waiting Time at Medical Outpatient Clinic: a Case Study of University of Nairobi Health Service. A Project Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of Masters of Science in Health Systems Management in the School of Public Health, University of Nairobi.\r\n[21] Whyte, E. and Goodcare, S. (2016). Patient expected of emergency hospital admission: a cross sectional questionnaire survey. European journal of emergency medicine 23 (3) p203-207\r\n[22] Zineldin, M. (2011). Measuring, evaluating and improving hospital quality Parameters \/ dimension an integrated healthcare quality approach; international journal healthcare.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmid: 22204269\/indexed for Medlined\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bello Almu, Dankani Ibrahim Mustapha, &#8220;Healthcare Providers and Outpatients Relationship: A Study of Three Selected Public Hospitals in Sokoto Metropolis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.300-306 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5218<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/300-306.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/healthcare-providers-and-outpatients-relationship-a-study-of-three-selected-public-hospitals-in-sokoto-metropolis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Healthcare Providers and Outpatients Relationship: A Study of Three Selected Public Hospitals in Sokoto Metropolis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1dd9c0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c1dd9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1ddab9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1ddab9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1ddc45\" data-id=\"c1ddc45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ddd6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1ddd6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1dde0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1dde0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1ddf65\" data-id=\"c1ddf65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1de07a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1de07a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1de11b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1de11b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1de269\" data-id=\"c1de269\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1de380 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1de380\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1de41c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1de41c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1de56d\" data-id=\"c1de56d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1de683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1de683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1de722 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1de722\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1de88d\" data-id=\"c1de88d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1de999 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1de999\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The benefits of a shared language among informal cross-border traders at Chirundu one-stop border post between Zambia and Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Netty Magura &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 307-314<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1dea4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1dea4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1debd0\" data-id=\"c1debd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1ded18 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1ded18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Trade is identified as one of the main drivers of economic growth. It sets the basis for economic, political and social growth. In order for Informal Cross Border Trade to be achieved, language plays a pivotal role in negotiating trade transactions. Language is used to mitigate trade forms such as transportation costs, currency costs, customs costs, information acquisition and communication costs. Therefore, it is crucial to have a shared language in executing informal cross border trade. A shared culture is also identified as a communication tool since culture is engraved in language. The paper\u2019s primary objective was to investigate the benefits of a shared language in Informal Cross border trade at Chirundu. The study employed three primary research methods, namely interviews, questionnaires, and secondary sources. Findings revealed that a shared language has many benefits that include increased bilateral transactions costs; it becomes easy to convey transaction costs; it reduces communication barriers and increases the accessibility of product information. Cultural heritage is also communicated through shared language. It was concluded that the border lacks a shared language, and Informal Cross Border Traders are experiencing communication barriers, miscommunication of business transactions, fraud, a decrease in sales rates, inaccessibility of product information, and difficulties in advertising products.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 307-314\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Netty Magura <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMsc. Governance and Regional Integration\r\nPan African University\r\nInstitute of Governance, Humanities and Social Sciences (PAUGHSS), Yaounde, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abbas, MA (2019) Informal Economy in Egypt problems and solutions. Egyptian Institute for Studies. www.eipss-eg.org\r\n[2] Alesina A, Devleeschauwer A, Easterly W, Kurlat S, Wacziarg R (2003) Fractionalisation. J Econ Growth 8:155\u2013194\r\n[3] Anderson, J. E., &amp; Van Wincoop, E. (2004). Trade costs. 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AUDRI, Vol. 11, no 1\/2018, pp. 126-140.\r\n[38] Nardo, M., Ndacyayisenga, N., Pagano, A. &amp; Zeugner, S. (2017). \u201cFinflows: a database 20 for bilateral financial investment stocks and flows.\u201d European Commission JRC Technical Reports.\r\n[39] Nshimbi, C. C. (2017): The Human Side of Regions: Informal Cross-border Traders in the Zambia\u2013Malawi\u2013Mozambique Growth Triangle and Prospects for Integrating Southern Africa, Journal of Borderlands Studies, DOI: 10.1080\/08865655.2017.1390689.\r\n[40] OECD, (2003b), Trade Facilitation Reforms in the Service of Development, TD\/TD\/WP(2003)11\/FINAL, OECD, Paris.\r\n[41] OECD (2007), 2006\/7 African Economic Outlook, OECD, Paris.\r\n[42] Ogalo, V. (2010). Informal Cross Border Trade In East Africa: Issues for EAC Regional Integration and Economic Growth. CUTS-CITEE.\r\n[43] Peberdy, S. (2002). Hurdles to Trade? South Africa\u2019s Immigration Policy and Informal Sector Cross-Border Traders in the SADC.\r\n[44] Perbedy, S. &amp; Crush, J. (2015) Calibrating informal cross border trade in Southern Africa. Oxford: African Book\r\n[45] Plonski, P. Teferra, A. and Brady, R. (2013). Why Are More African Countries Adopting English as an Official Language? African Studies Association Annual Conference Proceeding.\r\n[46] Rose, A. K. (2000). One money, one market: the effect of common currencies on trade. Econ Policy 15(30):7\u201346 Socio-economic Impacts. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accra, Ghana\r\n[47] SADC (2010). \u201cSADC advocacy strategy on informal cross border trade (ICBT).\u201d Harare, Zimbabwe: SADC High Level Policy Meeting on ICBTs, November 1\u20133.\r\n[48] Schneider, F. (2006), \u201cSize and Measurement of the Informal Economy in 110 Countries around the World\u201d, paper presented at a Workshop of Australian National Tax Centre, Canberra, Australia.\r\n[49] Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions, Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association 8(4), 677\u2013716.\r\n[50] Tevera, D. &amp; Zinyama, L. (2002). Zimbabweans who Move: Perspectives on International Migration in Zimbabwe. Migration Policy Series, No. 25. www.queensu.co\/samp. (Accessed 18 October 2014).\r\n[51] UN Women (2010). Unleashing the Potential of Women Informal Cross Border Traders to Transform Intra-African Trade. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. New York.\r\n[52] UNCTAD (2013a). Economic Development in Africa Report 2012 &#8211; Intra-African Trade: Unlocking Private Sector Dynamism. Geneva.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Netty Magura , &#8220;The benefits of a shared language among informal cross-border traders at Chirundu one-stop border post between Zambia and Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.307-314 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/307-314.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-benefits-of-a-shared-language-among-informal-cross-border-traders-at-chirundu-one-stop-border-post-between-zambia-and-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The benefits of a shared language among informal cross-border traders at Chirundu one-stop border post between Zambia and Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f2701 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1f2b9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1f2d0f\" data-id=\"c1f2d0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f2e2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1f2e2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1f2ed7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1f2ed7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1f302d\" data-id=\"c1f302d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f3158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1f3158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1f31fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1f31fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1f334e\" data-id=\"c1f334e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f3463 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1f3463\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1f350a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1f350a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1f37ac\" data-id=\"c1f37ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f396a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1f396a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Can Risk Taking Strategies Lead To Survival of Manufacturing Firms Operating in an Economic Crisis? Lesson from the Zimbabwean Economic Crisis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nyoni Josphat, Dandira Martin, Kandjinga Elias, Matowanyika Kudzanai, Mapanga Arthur- February 2021 Page No.: 315-319<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c1f3a6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c1f3a6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1f3c5a\" data-id=\"c1f3c5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f3dd3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c1f3dd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Firms may use several strategies to survive in periods of economic crisis. The effectiveness of these strategies however varies with the nature and scope of the economic crisis. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the risk-taking strategies on the performance of manufacturing firms during the period of the economic crisis in Zimbabwe. In addition, the study examined how the risk-taking strategies influenced profitability and growth of manufacturing firms during the period of the economic crisis. Data was collected from 86 manufacturing firms that exercised risk taking strategies to survive. The study used a survey data collection method based on the positivism research philosophy. The study revealed that while risk taking strategies may be effective in some economic crisis context, they all proved to be less effective in improving performance in periods of economic crisis experienced in the Zimbabwean context. The study indicated that firms that take on high risk business operations and ventures in periods of economic crisis experience negative profit margins and negative growth. It was noted that the adoption of limited conservative approach in major business decisions in periods of economic crisis leads to negative profit margins and negative growth. The study noted that firms that the adoption of new projects without due diligence in terms of the return and sustainability of such projects in periods of economic crisis will lead to negative profit margins and negative growth. Firms that make use of new and less &#8220;tried and tested production, marketing and operations experience negative profit margins and negative growth in periods of economic crisis. The study recommends that firms must not use risk taking strategies to survive in economic crisis like the one experienced in Zimbabwe from 1996 to 2014. In addition, where firms decided to use risk taking strategies to survive in economic crisis, it is recommended that that adopt risk management approaches. It is also recommended that manufacturing firms operating in economic crisis must use other strategies which are analysis oriented to reduce exposure of their firms to risks. Firms may also adopt other strategies that pro-active, defensive, or innovative oriented.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 315-319\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyoni Josphat <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dandira Martin <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kandjinga Elias <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Matowanyika Kudzanai <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mapanga Arthur <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWalter Sisulu University, South Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Arisi-Nwugballa A, E., elom, E, M., &amp; Onyeizugbe, C, U. (2016). Evaluating the relevance of Entrepreneurial Orientation to the Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences. Vol. 6, (3), 221\u2013230\r\n[2] Arshad,A, S.,Rasli, A., Arshad, A, A., &amp; Zain,Z, M. (2013). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of Technology-based SMEs in Malaysia. Social and Behavioral Sciences 130 (2014) 46 \u2013 53\r\n[3] Basu, S &amp; Gupta, R., (2013). \u2018Explorations of strategic orientation (SO) dimensions on small firm growth and the challenge of resources\u2019. European Journal of Business &amp; Management, Vol. 5, No. 20, pp. 242\u2013247.\r\n[4] Dandira, M., (2012). Strategy in crisis: knowledge vacuum in practitioners. Business strategy series j vol. 13 NO. 3, pp. 128-135\r\n[5] Dube, C &amp; Chipumho, E., (2016). \u2018Response of the Manufacturing sector to the Zimbabwe\r\n[6] Economic crisis\u2019.10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198747505.001.0001.\r\n[7] Fiegenbaum, A., (1990). \u201cProspect Theory and the Risk-Return Association \u2013 An Empirical\r\n[8] Examination in 85 Industries\u201d, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, Vol. 14, pp. 187-203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-2681(90)90074-N\r\n[9] Hadziahmetovic, A., Halebic, J. and Colakovic\u2013Prguda, N., (2018). Economic crisis: Challenge for economic theory and policy. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(4), 48-55\r\n[10] Juha. S., Kaisu, P., Helena, S., and Pasi S., (2012). The impact of global economic crisis on SMEs \u2013 does entrepreneurial orientation mat-ter?. Management Research Review \u2022 September\r\n[11] Kanyenze, G., Kondo, T., Chitambira, P. &amp; Martens, J., (2011). Towards a Pro-Poor and Inclusive Development Strategy for Zimbabwe. Weaver Press, Harare.\r\n[12] Nyoni. J., (2019). The relationship between strategies and performance in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe during the economic crisis. Thesis submitted for the Doctor of Business Leadership. UNISA\r\n[13] Nyoni,J. and Mago, S., (2020). Strategies and Performance Nexus in the Zimbabwean Manufacturing Sector during the Economic Crisis. Global Conference on Business and Social Sciences Proceeding. 11. 165-165. 10.35609\/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(165).\r\n[14] Ogbari, ME., Ibidunni, AS., Ogunnaike, OO., Olokundun, MA. &amp; Amaihian, AB., (2018). \u2018Comparative analysis of small business strategic orientation: implications for performance\u2019, Academy of Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, No.1.\r\n[15] Ondoro, CO., (2015). \u2018Measuring organization performance\u201d from Balanced Scorecard to balanced esg framework\u2019. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom, Vol. III, No. 11.\r\n[16] Opoku B. F. &amp; Li, C. (2018). Entrepreneurial Innovation and Risk Taking On Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from Entrepreneurial Enterprises in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) ISSN (Online): 2319 \u2013 8028, Volume 7 Issue 12 Ver. 1 65-77.\r\n[17] Ranjan, D., (2017). Behavioral Implications of Risk-Return Associations: An Application of Prospect. Theory on CNX NIFTY Companies. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 11(3), 103-126. doi:10.14453\/aabfj.v11i3.8\r\n[18] Santos, J.B. and Brito, L.L., (2012). \u201cToward a subjective measurement model for firm performance\u201d. Braz. Adm. Rev., 9, Rio de Janeiro.\r\n[19] Schepers, J., Voordeckers, W., Steijvers, &amp; T., Laveren E. (2014). The entrepreneurial orientation \u2013 performance relationship in private family firms: The moderating role of socio-emotional wealth. Small Business Economics, 43, 39-55.\r\n[20] Stephen, IA. &amp; Olubusayo, H., (2016). \u2018Impact of Strategic Orientation Dimensions on New Product Development in Agro-based Nigerian Firms, Economics and Management Research Projects\u2019. Economics and Management Research Projects: An International Journal, Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 1-8.\r\n[21] Suwachananont P., Apibunyopas P (2016). Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance in Small and Medium Restaurants. International Journal of Management and Applied Science Vol 2(8)\r\n[22] Yuliansyah, Y. &amp; Razimi, MSA., (2015). \u2018Non-financial performance measures and managerial performance: the mediation of innovation in an Indonesian stock exchange listed organisation\u2019. Malaysia Problems and Perspectives in Management, Vol. 13, No.4.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nyoni Josphat, Dandira Martin, Kandjinga Elias, Matowanyika Kudzanai, Mapanga Arthur, &#8220;Can Risk Taking Strategies Lead To Survival of Manufacturing Firms Operating in an Economic Crisis? Lesson from the Zimbabwean Economic Crisis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.315-319 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/315-319.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/315-319.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/can-risk-taking-strategies-lead-to-survival-of-manufacturing-firms-operating-in-an-economic-crisis-lesson-from-the-zimbabwean-economic-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Can Risk Taking Strategies Lead To Survival of Manufacturing Firms Operating in an Economic Crisis? Lesson from the Zimbabwean Economic Crisis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2102ea elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2102ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c210d40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c210de3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c210de3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c210f38\" data-id=\"c210f38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c211042 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c211042\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2110e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2110e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c211252\" data-id=\"c211252\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c211365 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c211365\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Local Government and The Politics of Decentralization In Cameroon: The Case of Elak-Oku Municipality, 2007-2017<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ren\u00e9 Ngek Monteh, PhD. &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 320-333<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c211402 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c211402\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c21156f\" data-id=\"c21156f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c211694 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c211694\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Government authorities owe their populations the responsibility to plan, facilitate and sustain the provision of communal services. This is usually achieved through several methods, one of which is decentralization. The concept of decentralization consists in breaking down heavy government machinery into smaller administrative units down at local levels. In Africa, some states are in the process of decentralizing the central government decision-making process to offer more acceptable local services. Though some states are engaged in the decentralisation process, their programs are far from being effective. The design of the decentralization process in Cameroon, an ethnically diverse country, constitutes a major challenge for state power and government. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery, Cameroon\u2019s state administration has, in the last decade, resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. In Cameroon, the reorientation of the Local Governments (LGs) system towards decentralization has been a major preoccupation since the advent of democracy. This paper adopts a historical approach to provide an account of why and how the Elak-Oku Council Area via the system of Local Governments has considerably achieved in terms of economic and social development during recent times despite the difficulties faced in the decentralization process in Cameroon. This work equally highlights the historical background, difficulties faced and the way forward for Local Governments to meet the Council\u2019s objectives.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 320-333\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ren\u00e9 Ngek Monteh, PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHTTC\/University of Yaounde 1 , P.O. Box 47 Yaounde\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Chem-Langh\u00eb\u00eb Bongfen, \u201cThe road to the unitary state of Cameroon 1959-1972\u201d, in Fowler, Ian and Zeitlyn, David (eds), Perspectives on the State: From Political History to Ethnography in Cameroon, Essays for Sally Chilver, First Published in Paideuma, 1995.\r\n[2] Decentralization and Democratic Local Governance Programming Handbook, Centre for Democracy and Governance, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research, U.S. Agency for International Development. Technical Publication Series, May 2000.\r\n[3] E. Eyong Manyi, \u201cLocal Governments and Rural Development: A Case Study of Buea in Cameroon\u201d, Master of Philosophy in Culture, Environment and Sustainability, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway, 2007.\r\n[4] Elak Council Baseline Data Report, Updated with the support of the National Community Driven Development Program, PNDP, June 2017.\r\n[5] Elak Council Development Plan (CDP), 2017.\r\n[6] Elak Council Urban Space Diagnosis June 2017, Updated with the support of the National Community Driven Development Program (PNDP), http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sirdepcameroon.\r\n[7] Eyiomen Yosimbom R., \u201cBreaking to Build: Decentralization as an efficient mechanism for achieving National Unity in Cameroon\u201d, Degree Magister Legum-LLM (Good Governance and Decentralisation), University of the Western Cape, South Africa, 2010.\r\n[8] Fai Cassian Ndi, \u201c2014 Annual Weblog Awards Finalist, 2015 2degrees Champions Awards Winner, 2017 Public Peace Prize Finalist\u201d, in The Eye Newspaper, April 2017.\r\n[9] Gohnchu Cuba Haman, \u201cResource Mobilization by Local Councils in Cameroon: A Case Study of Local Councils in the Fako Division, South West Region\u201d, Master Dissertation in Regional Planning and Project Management, Pan African Institute for Development, Buea, 2015.\r\n[10] Implementation of Decentralisation in Cameroon: Problems, Challenges and Strategies, Policy Paper by the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization, in charge of Local Councils, Republic of Cameroon, 2007.\r\n[11] Kauzya J. Mary, \u201cPolitical Decentralization in Africa: Experiences of Uganda, Rwanda and South Africa\u201d, Discussion Paper by Division for Public Administration and Development Management Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations New York. December 2007.\r\n[12] Koloss Hans-Joachim, World-view and Society in Oku (Cameroon), Berlin, Verlag Von Dietrich Reimer, 2000.\r\n[13] Litvack J., et al, \u201cRethinking Decentralisation in Developing Countries\u201d, Sector Studies Series, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ World Bank, 1998.\r\n[14] Lonsdale John, \u201cAfrican Pasts in Africa&#8217;s Future\u201d, in Canadian Journal of African Studies, 23(1) 1989: 26-146.\r\n[15] Ngek Monteh R., \u201cOku and her Neighbours in Conflicts, 1982-2002\u201d, Master Dissertation in History, University of Yaounde 1, 2004.\r\n[16] Rondinelli D., Government Decentralization in Comparative Perspective: Theory and Practice in Developing Countries. International Review of Administrative Sciences 47 (2): 1989, pp.133-45.\r\n[17] Touo Herman, \u201cDecentralization, crises of governance and citizens\u2019 participation in Cameroon\u201d, in PSA World Congress, Montr\u00e9al Canada, 2014.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ren\u00e9 Ngek Monteh, PhD., &#8220;Local Government and The Politics of Decentralization In Cameroon: The Case of Elak-Oku Municipality, 2007-2017&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.320-333 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/320-333.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/320-333.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/local-government-and-the-politics-of-decentralization-in-cameroon-the-case-of-elak-oku-municipality-2007-2017\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Local Government and The Politics of Decentralization In Cameroon: The Case of Elak-Oku Municipality, 2007-2017<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2125e6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2125e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2126d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2126d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c212852\" data-id=\"c212852\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c212981 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c212981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c212a1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c212a1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c212b72\" data-id=\"c212b72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c212c88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c212c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c212d26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c212d26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c212e79\" data-id=\"c212e79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c212f80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c212f80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c21301a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c21301a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c213186\" data-id=\"c213186\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c21329c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c21329c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c213341 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c213341\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2134ab\" data-id=\"c2134ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2135ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2135ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Utilising a life course perspective to explain women over 55 being the fastest growing group of homeless people in Australia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nicole Cullinan- February 2021 Page No.: 334-338<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c213661 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c213661\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2137f6\" data-id=\"c2137f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c213941 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c213941\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This paper analyses that homeless women over the age of 55 are a product of a modern institutionalised life that is highly segmented and individualised. Life course theory forms the foundation of discussion for exploring understanding of this phenomenon. This paper acknowledges that life always takes place within a bounded agency that is subject to the social conditions of that time<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 334-338\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nicole Cullinan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe University of Melbourne\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anderson, A. (2019). Understanding the Life Course &#8211; Seminar Week four.\r\n[2] Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2019). Divorce in Australia source data. [online]Available at: https:\/\/aifs.gov.au\/facts-and-figures\/divorce-australia\/divorce-australia-source-data [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019].\r\n[3] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020). Homelessness in Australia source data. [online]Available at: https:\/\/aifs.gov.au\/facts-and-figures\/homeless-australia\/homeless-australia-source-data [Accessed 10 Feb. 2021].\r\n[4] Bauman, Z. (2013). The Individualized Society. Cambridge: Polity.\r\n[5] Beck, U. (1992b). Individualisation, Institutionalisation and Standardization: Life Situations and Biographical Patterns. In Risk society: towards a new modernity (pp. 1\u20137). Sage.\r\n[6] Blatterer, H. (2007). Adulthood: The Contemporary Redefinition of a Social Category. Sociological Research Online, 12(4), p.31.\r\n[7] Dewilde, C. (2003). A life-course perspective on social exclusion and poverty. British Journal of Sociology, 54(1), pp.109-128.\r\n[8] Glenn, N. D. (2003). Distinguishing Age, Period, and Cohort Effects. In J. T. Mortimer &amp; M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 465\u2013476). Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers.\r\n[9] Humanservices.gov.au. (2019). Centrelink payments and services &#8211; Australian Government Department of Human Services. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.humanservices.gov.au\/individuals\/services\/centrelink [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019].\r\n[10] Leisering, L. and Leibfried, S. (2000). Lutz Leisering and Stefan Leibfried, Time and Poverty in Western Welfare States, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, xiv + 390 pp. (trans. John Veit Wilson and Lutz Leisering), \u00a345.00. Journal of Social Policy, 29(1), pp.147-179.\r\n[11] Merton, R. (1968). The Matthew Effect in Science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science, 159(3810), pp.56-63.\r\n[12] O&#8217;Rand, A. (1988). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility: A Research Annual, Vol. 5. Contemporary Sociology, 17(3), p.299.\r\n[13] O&#8217;Rand, A. (2001). Age and Inequality: Diverse Pathways through Later Life. Contemporary Sociology, 30(3), p.244.\r\n[14] Pradolin, R. (2018). Women over 55 years now the fastest growing homeless people in Australia. [online] Australian Financial Review. Available at: https:\/\/www.afr.com\/property\/women-over-55-years-now-the-fastest-growing-homeless-people-in-australia-20180820-h146r2 [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019].\r\n[15] Ryan, S. (2019). Older women \u2013 the new homeless. | John Menadue \u2013 Pearls and Irritations. [online] Johnmenadue.com. Available at: https:\/\/johnmenadue.com\/susan-ryan-older-women-the-new-homeless\/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019].\r\n[16] Ryder, N. B. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30(6), 843\u2013861. ISSN: 00031224\r\n[17] Setterson, R. (2003). Handbook of the Life Course. 1st ed. Cleveland: Plenum Publishers, Chapter Four Age structuring and the rhythm of the life course.\r\n[18] Walsh, D. Lecture October 20, 2016\r\nhttps:\/\/www.vinnies.org.au\/page\/News\/NSW\/Media_Releases_2016\/Homelessness_for_Older_Women_-_the_Hidden_Crisis\/\r\n[19] Superannuation.asn.au. (2019). Super Statistics &#8211; ASFA. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.superannuation.asn.au\/resources\/superannuation-statistics [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019].\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nicole Cullinan &#8220;Utilising a life course perspective to explain women over 55 being the fastest growing group of homeless people in Australia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.334-338 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/334-338.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/334-338.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/utilising-a-life-course-perspective-to-explain-women-over-55-being-the-fastest-growing-group-of-homeless-people-in-australia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Utilising a life course perspective to explain women over 55 being the fastest growing group of homeless people in 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c225bd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c225bd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c225c74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c225c74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c225e00\" data-id=\"c225e00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c225f3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c225f3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Influence of Organizational Culture and Work Motivation on Employee Performance<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yenni Mariani Sinurat, Christin Natalia Sianipar- February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 346-353<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c225fe1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c225fe1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c226175\" data-id=\"c226175\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2262bc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2262bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to determine the effect of organizational culture and work motivation on employee performance (a case study on employees of Metro Cash &amp; Credit Tebing Tinggi). The results of hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis with two independent variables and one dependent variable. The results showed that: The first hypothesis proposed states that: Organizational Culture has an effect on Employee Performance, from table 4.12 it is obtained that the tcount value is 13.878 with \u03b1 = 5%, t table (5%; 40-2 = 38) obtained a t-table value of 2, 02439. From this description it can be seen that tcount (13.838)&gt; ttable (2.02439), as well as the significance value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Organizational Culture Variable (X1) affects the Employee Performance Variable (Y ). The second hypothesis proposed states that: Work Motivation has an effect on Employee Performance, from table 4:12 it is obtained that the t-count value is 2,150. With \u03b1 = 5%, t table (5%; 40-2 = 38) obtained t table value of 2.02439. From this description it can be seen that tcount (2.150)&gt; ttable (2.02439), and the significance value is 0.038 &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that the second hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Work Motivation Variable (X2) has an effect on the Employee Performance Variable (Y). The third hypothesis proposed states that: Organizational Culture and Work Motivation simultaneously influence employee performance. Table 4.13 shows that the Fcount value is 166.004. With \u03b1 = 5%, dk numerator: 2, dk denominator: n-k-1 (5%; 2; 37) obtained Ftable value of 3.25. From this description it can be seen that Fcount (166.004)&gt; Ftable (3.25), and a significance value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that the third hypothesis is accepted, meaning that the Organizational Culture Variable (X1) and Work Motivation Variable (X2) have a significant effect together (simultaneously) on Employee Performance Variables (Y).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 346-353\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yenni Mariani Sinurat <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBina Karya Institute of Economics and Business, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Christin Natalia Sianipar <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBina Karya Institute of Economics and Business, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] A A. Anwar Prabu Mangkunegara. 2010. Company Human Resource Management. PT Remaja Rosda Karya, Bandung\r\n[2] Get up, Wilson. 2012. Human Resource Management. Erlangga, Jakarta\r\n[3] Bianca, Okky Camilla. 2017. The Effect of Leadership Style and Work Motivation on Employee Performance at CV. Karya Hidup Sentosa, DI Yogyakarta. Student Thesis, Faculty of Economics, Yogyakarta State University\r\n[4] Edison, Emron. Anwar, Yohnidan Komariyah, Imas. 2018. Human Resource Management: Strategies And Changes In Order To Improve Employee and Organizational Performance. Alfabeta, Bandung\r\n[5] Dawn, Mifta. 2018. The Influence of Organizational Culture, Motivation, and Work Environment on Employee Performance (Study at PT BRI Syariah Surakarta). Student Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business, State Islamic Institute of Salatiga\r\n[6] Fauzi and Irviani, Rita. 2018. Introduction to Management. Revised Edition. Andi, Yogyakarta\r\n[7] Ferreira, Flavia Isabel Martins and Luturlean, Bachruddin Saleh. 2018. The Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance at Wong Solo Restaurant, Bandung. Journal of E-Proceedings Of Management. Vol 5 No.1 March 2018, Page 980\r\n[8] Ghozali, Imam. 2013. Application of Multivariate Analysis with IMB SPSS 21 Update PLS Regression. Publishing Agency of Diponegoro University, Semarang\r\n[9] Hanantoko, DestuAji. 2017. Analysis of the Influence of Work Motivation, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance (Study of employees of the sales department at PT Perindustrian Mr. Djenggot Bergas Semarang). Student Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Business, Diponegoro University, Semarang\r\n[10] Hasibuan, Malayu S.P. 2011. Human Resource Management. PT Bumi Aksara, Jakarta\r\n[11] Haqq, Najmy. 2016. Analysis of the Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance through Motivation as an Intervening Study Variable at PT Rahmat Jaya Perkasa Sidoarjo. BISMA Journal &#8211; Business and Management. Vol 9 No. 1 October 2016. Page 58\r\n[12] Kadarisman, M. 2012. Compensation Management. Rajawali Press, Jakarta\r\n[13] Kurnianto, Arif. 2016. The Influence of Motivation and Organizational Culture on Employee Performance of PT MaduBaru PG \/ PS Madukismo. Student Thesis, Faculty of Economics, Yogyakarta State University\r\n[14] Muis, Muhammad Ras. 2018. The Influence of Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance. Journal of Sharia Economics &amp; Economics. Vol 1 No. January 1, 2018\r\n[15] Pujiastuti, Endah Aprilia. 2018. The Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Performance with Work Motivation Mediasai Variables in Accurate CV Garment. Student Thesis of the Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business, Surakarta State Islamic Institute\r\n[16] Princess, Sun Zuhaira. 2016. The Influence of Organizational Culture and Career Paths on Employee Performance of PT PP London Sumatra Indonesia TBK Fifty. Student Thesis of the Bina Karya Tebing Tinggi College of Economics\r\n[17] Sagita, Alinvia Ayu. Susilo, Heru and Cahyo, Muhammad. 2018. Factors Influencing Organizational Culture on Employee Performance with Work Motivation as a Mediataor Variable (Study at PT Astra International, Tbk &#8211; Toyota (Auto 2000), Sutoyo Malang Branch). Journal of Business Administration (JAB). Vol 57 No 1 April 2018. Page 75\r\n[18] Sopiah and Sangadji, Etta Mamang. 2018. Strategic Human Resource Management. Andi, Yogyakarta\r\n[19] Sugiyono. 2013. Educational Research Methodology, Quantitative Approaches, Qualitative, and R &amp; D. Alfabeta, Bandung\r\n[20] &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;, 2015. Combination Research Methodology (Mix Methods). Alfabeta, Bandung\r\n[21] &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;, 2017. Research Methodology Quantitative Approaches, Qualitative, and R &amp; D. Alfabeta CV, Bandung\r\n[22] Sule, Erni Tisnawati and Priansa, Donni Juni. 2018. Leadership &amp; Organizational Behavior.\r\n[23] Refika Aditama, Bandung Yusniar. Hermanto, Bambang and Edison, Emron. 2018. Human Resource Management and Research. Alfabeta, Bandung\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yenni Mariani Sinurat, Christin Natalia Sianipar &#8220;The Influence of Organizational Culture and Work Motivation on Employee Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.346-353 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/346-353.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-influence-of-organizational-culture-and-work-motivation-on-employee-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Influence of Organizational Culture and Work Motivation on Employee Performance<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22b94f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c22b94f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"c22c206\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22c361\" data-id=\"c22c361\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22c513 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22c513\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22c671\" data-id=\"c22c671\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22c78d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22c78d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22cb76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22cb76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22cccb\" data-id=\"c22cccb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22cded elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22cded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22d18b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22d18b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22d2fd\" data-id=\"c22d2fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22d406 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22d406\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Peace and Stability in Somalia: Kenya\u2019s National Prospects<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>John Kisilu Reuben, Dr. Susan Namaemba Kimokoti (PhD), Dr. George Akolo Lutomia (PhD) &#8211; February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 346-353<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22d4c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22d4c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22d682\" data-id=\"c22d682\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22d7f6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c22d7f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper article reviews Somalia reaction towards Kenya before and after the collapse of the Somalia Government, effects of State Collapse, efforts made to restore peace and opportunities for Kenya within the context of stabilizing Somalia. The researcher used both primary and secondary data collection techniques to gather data. Under primary, the researcher used qualitative techniques by using interview schedules and FGDs. The population comprised key informants from both Kenya and Somalia governments and opinion shapers in Somalia. The study found that the \u201cbad neighborhood\u201d, between Kenya and Somalia had existed since independence. Kenya had experienced cross border influenced insecurity on its Northern Frontier Districts emanating from Somalia, even before the collapse of the Somalia State in 1991 and this was manifested in form of irredentism and border contestations. Generally, the Horn of Africa(HoA), including Kenya, had been faced with threat of increase of illicit firearms, cross border criminality, terrorism, conflict spill-over and refugee crises arising from Somalia\u2019s statelessness. The ripple effects of Somalia State failure had been witnessed through the regional insecurity perpetuated by Al Shabaab. The Somalia conflict ailed from the spoiler effect from within and without Somalia who wanted to influence the outcome of any political process. Kenya\u2019s bitter relationship with Somalia was compounded by the formation of the Horn of Africa Cooperation (HoAC) between Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia, a unified entity that could reduce the Kenyan influence in the regional politics. This notwithstanding, Kenya continued to foster its support for Somalia\u2019s peace process and creating a positive business environment, despite the outstanding maritime dispute. The study concluded that a stable relationship between Kenya and Somalia would result in an expanded economic partnership and stable borders, which will reduce the influence of Al-Shabaab in the region.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 346-353\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Kisilu Reuben<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science &amp; Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega-Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Susan Namaemba Kimokoti (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science &amp; Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega-Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. George Akolo Lutomia (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science &amp; Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega-Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Abdullahi, A. (2021, January 11). Somalia and Kenya still have a road to neighbourly cooperation. Aljazeera.\r\n[2] AFP. (2021, January 28). Somalia threatens to leave bloc over Kenya dispute. Daily Monitor.\r\n[3] Africa, S. (2019). Al Shabaab as a Transnational Security Threat. In M. W. Michael Ketting, War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al Shabaab (pp. 401-413). New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[4] Ahmed, I., &amp; Green, R. (1999). 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New York: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.\r\n[71] UN-Somalia, T. U. (2018). Neither Inevitable nor Accidental: The Impact of Marginalization in Somalia. In M. K. Waldman, War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al Shabaab (pp. 41-48). New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[72] Watch, H. R. (2007). \u201cShell-Shocked\u201d: Civilians under Siege in Mogadishu. Human Right Watch, 19(2).\r\n[73] Wetangula, J. (2013). The Effect of Somali Piracy on Kenya&#8217;s Maritime Sector. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.\r\n[74] Whittaker, H. (2015). Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Kenya: a social history of the shifta conflict, c.1963-1968. Netherlands: Brill.\r\n[75] Williams, P. D. (2013). The African Union Mission in Somalia and Civilian Protection Challenges. Stability: International Journal of Security &amp; Development, 39.\r\n[76] WorldBank. (2019). Informing Durable Solutions for Internal Displacement in Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan : Overview. Washington,DC: World Bank.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Kisilu Reuben, Dr. Susan Namaemba Kimokoti (PhD), Dr. George Akolo Lutomia (PhD) &#8220;Peace and Stability in Somalia: Kenya\u2019s National Prospects&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.346-353 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/346-353.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/peace-and-stability-in-somalia-kenyas-national-prospects\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Peace and Stability in Somalia: Kenya\u2019s National Prospects<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22e89c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c22e89c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22f311\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22f46e\" data-id=\"c22f46e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22f58a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22f58a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22f62a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22f62a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22f776\" data-id=\"c22f776\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22f8a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22f8a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22f94f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22f94f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22fa9c\" data-id=\"c22fa9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22fbac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22fbac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22fc67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22fc67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c22fddf\" data-id=\"c22fddf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c22feeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c22feeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Financial Performance on Capital Structure of Listed Manufacturing Companies in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olanrewaju Isola Fatoki, Fredrick Wafula, Gabriel Waweru- February 2021 Page No.: 354-360<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c22ff91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c22ff91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2300f2\" data-id=\"c2300f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c23022e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c23022e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This paper examines the portability of the reverse causality hypothesis between financial performance and capital structure of listed manufacturing firms in Kenya. Most research carried out in East Africa, Kenya inclusive shunned the likely effect of performance on capital therefore, to achieve this objective, financial performance was proxy by return on assets and return on equity while the capital structure was measured by total debt ratio and debt to equity ratios.  The data employed covered 7 companies for the period from 2010 to 2016. While the Panel Vector Auto regression was applied and analysed using EVIEWS 10, the Wald granger causality test was carried out to determine the possibility of causality between the variables. The result reveals that past performance does not have a significant effect on the capital structure as measure by total debt ratio while it was established that capital structure composition of the firms affects their financial performance as measured by return on assets and return on equity. However, employing the debt-equity ratio as a measure of capital structure, it was established that a bi-directional relationship exists between DER and ROA while it was the opposite in the case of ROE. The study, therefore, concludes that the behaviour of the listed manufacturing firms in their choice of capital structure composition reflects both the efficiency risk and franchise value hypotheses. It, therefore, recommends that firms should strive more for returns to enhance the value of the firm to maximize the wealth of the shareholders.\r\n\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 354-360\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5219<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olanrewaju Isola Fatoki <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Business,  KCA University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Fredrick Wafula<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Business,  KCA University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gabriel Waweru<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Business,  KCA University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdhari, R., &#038;Viverita (2015). 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(2018).Effect of financial performance on capital structure choice of listed non-\tfinancial firms in Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Department of Economics, Accounting and Finance.\r\n[6]\tFatoki, O. I. &#038; Olweny, T. (2017).Effect of earnings per shares on capital structure choice of \tlisted \tnon-financial firms in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal. 13(34): 1857 \u2013 7881. Doi:10.19044\/esj.2017.v13n34p230\r\n[7]\tFatoki, O. I. &#038; Nasieku, T. (2017).The influence of market to book value of equity on capital \tstructure choice in Nigeria.Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), 5(11), 18 &#8211; 23\r\n[8]\tFazle, R., Tahir, A., Ahmad, Z. &#038; Mohammed A. T. (2016). Capital structure and \tfirm efficiency: Case of Pakistan. Indian Journal of Finance, 10(2), 50-66.\r\n[9]\tGithire, C. &#038; Muturi, W. (2015). Effects of Capital Structure on Financial Performance of Firms \tin Kenya: Evidence from Firms Listed at The Nairobi Securities Exchange. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management. 3(4), 1-10. https:\/\/ijecm.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/3427.pdf\r\n[10]\tGranger, C. W. J. (1969). &#8220;Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-\tspectral methods&#8221;. Econometrica. 37(3),424\u2013438.  :10.2307\/1912791. JSTOR 1912791.  \r\n[11]\tJensen, M. C, &#038; Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency \tcosts and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305 &#8211; 360.\r\n[12]\tKraus, A., &#038; Litzenberger, R.H. (1973). A state preference model of optimal financial leverage.\tJournal of Finance, 28, 911\u2013922\r\n[13]\tMaina, L., &#038; Mwasa, I. (2014). Capital structure and financial performance in Kenya: evidence from firms listed at the Nairobi securities exchange. International Journal of \tSocial Science and Entrepreneurship. 1(11), 209-223.\r\n[14]\tMargaritis, D., &#038; Psillaki, M. (2007). Capital structure and firm efficiency. Journal of Business \tFinance and Accounting, 34(9-10), 1447-1469.\r\n[15]\tMargaritis, D., &#038; Psillaki, M. (2010). Capital structure, equity ownership and firm \tperformance. \tJournal of Banking and Finance, 34(3), 621-632.\r\n[16]\tModigliani, F. &#038; Miller, H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporate finance and the \ttheory \tof investment. The American Economic Review, 48 (3), 261-297. \r\n[17]\tModigliani, F. &#038; Miller, M. H. (1963). Corporate income taxes and the cost of capital: A correction. American Economic Review, 53(3), 433-443.\r\n[18]\tMwambuli, E. L. (2016). Does corporate capital structure influence corporate financial \tperformance in developing economies? Evidence from East African Stock Markets. International Finance and Banking,3(1) 98-123.\r\n[19]\tMyers, S. C., &#038; Majluf, N. (1984). \u201cCorporate Financing and investment decisions when firms\thave information that investors do not have\u201d. Journal of Financial Economics, 13(2), 187-\t221.\r\n[20]\tMyers, S.C. (1984). Finance Theory and financial strategy. Interfaces, 14(1), 126-137.\r\n[21]\tObonyo, R. O. (2017). The impact of capital structure on financial performance of companies \tlisted at the Nairobi securities exchange in Kenya. International Journal of Economics, \tCommerce and Management United Kingdom. 5(6), Pp 185-198. http:\/\/ijecm.co.uk\/ ISSN \t2348 0386 \r\n[22]\tOngombe, K. O. &#038; Mungai, J. (2018). Examine Capital structure decisions and financial performance of sugar manufacturing firms in Kisumu County, Kenya. International \tAcademic Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(2), 336-356\r\n[23]\tOtieno, O. L. &#038; Ngwenya, S. (2015). Bi-directional relationship between capital \tstructure and \tfinancial performance of firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Corporate Ownership and Control, 12(4), 103 &#8211; 116.\r\n[24]\tRajan, R. G., &#038; Zingales, L. (1995). What do we know about capital structure? Some evidence \tfrom international data. The Journal of Finance, 50(5), 1421-1460. \r\n[25]\tRonoh, C. (2015). Effect of capital structure on financial performance of listed commercial banks \tin Kenya. A case study of Kenya commercial bank limited. Strategic Journal of Business &#038; Change Management. 2(2)\r\n[26]\tStudenmund, A. H. (2017). Using econometrics: A practical guide (7thed). Boston: \tPearson\r\n[27]\tYinusa, O. G., Russell, O., Somoye, C., Alimi, O. Y. &#038; Ilo, B. M. (2016).Firm performance and capital structure choice of firms: Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Knowledge Globalization, 9(1), 1-16.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olanrewaju Isola Fatoki , Fredrick Wafula, Gabriel Waweru &#8220;Effect of Financial Performance on Capital Structure of Listed Manufacturing Companies in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.354-360 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5219<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/354-360.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-financial-performance-on-capital-structure-of-listed-manufacturing-companies-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Financial Performance on Capital Structure of Listed Manufacturing Companies in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c231198 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c231198\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c240d97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c240f47\" data-id=\"c240f47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c241090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c241090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c24114e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c24114e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2412b6\" data-id=\"c2412b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2413cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2413cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c241470 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c241470\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2415c6\" data-id=\"c2415c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2416d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2416d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c241777 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c241777\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2418c3\" data-id=\"c2418c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2419cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2419cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c241a72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c241a72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c241bdf\" data-id=\"c241bdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c241cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c241cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Phenomenological Study of Face to Face Teaching and Learning in the Context of Social Distancing Principle in Bulawayo Central District Private Primary Schools during COVID 19 Pandemic<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Benny Chitsa PhD- February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 361-367<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c241d92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c241d92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c241f28\" data-id=\"c241f28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2420a1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2420a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This qualitative study employed hermeneutical phenomenological method with snowball sampling technique, guided by the theoretical framework of Levy Vygotsky\u2019s sociocultural theory, to explore the teachers\u2019 lived experiences on the face to face teaching and learning in the context of social distancing principle in private primary schools during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic. In-depth interviews and open-ended questionnaires in conjunction with participant observations were used to generate data from 16 participants. Thematic data analysis was used to present participants\u2019 (primary school teachers and Heads) lived experiences on the phenomenon under the study. The study revealed that primary schools sternly paid attention to physical guides like tape marking on floors or signs on walls, directing young learners to remain at least 2 metres apart from each other during the lesson. It also disclosed that primary school learners fiercely concentrated on maintaining space or distance apart at all times during lessons to avoid the spread of corona virus on the expense of effective teaching and learning. The findings reveals that face to face teaching and learning in the context of social distancing principle during COVID 19 pandemic was not significantly effective due to some difficulties in implementing learner-centred teaching techniques; social distancing settings when teaching young children with varied learning disabilities such as fidgeting, attention deficit and autism spectrum disorders; and challenges in maintaining a safe distance between desks due to large number of learners per class and scarcity of classrooms. The results also revealed that social distancing principle affected primary school learners\u2019 morale and relationship; and increased fear and stigma among young children during the lesson due to false information and dangerous myths about corona virus.The study recommended that there is need for educational psychologists to use resilience dynamics during their young children\u2019s lessons that can serve as a crucial context where learners can make sense of their real life through narrative thoughts, recognizing and sharing their emotions hence minimizing the risk of long-lasting trauma hence promoting effective learning in the context of social distancing principle during COVID 19 pandemic. There is need for primary school teachers to assist learners to adapt to social distancing principle during the lesson. There is need for primary school teachers to provide opportunities for learners to reconnect socially within the social distancing principle of COVID 19 pandemic learning based environment through speaking up, reading aloud, and use of gestures since the mouth is covered by the face mask. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 361-367\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benny Chitsa PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology; Department of Education, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAnderson (2009). The Effects of Seating Arrangement on Students\u2019 on-task Behavior, The Capella University\r\n[2].\tAmerican Academy of Pediatrics (2020). COVID-19 Planning Considerations: Guidance for School Re-entry. https:\/\/services.aap.org\/en\/pages\/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections\/clinical-guidance\/ Accessed 6\/10\/20\r\n[3].\tAdam, D. (2020). The Effects of Physical Isolation on the Pandemic Quantified. https:\/\/www.the-scientist.com\/news-opinion\/the-effects-of-physical-isolation-on-the-pandemic-quantified-67407 Accessed 10\/10 \/20\r\n[4].\tAtherton, J. S. (2005). Teaching in learning: Physical layout. http:\/\/www.learningandteaching.info\/\r\n[5].\tBarrow, D. M. (2017) A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Parents of Young Children with Autism Receiving Special Education Services. Dissertations. 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Research methods, design and analysis (11th Ed.) Boston.MA: Allyn &#038; Bacon \r\n[12].\tCompas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Dunn, M. J., &#038; Rodriguez, E. M. (2012). Coping with chronic illness in childhood and adolescence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 455\u2013480. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143108  Accessed 5\/10\/20\r\n[13].\tColorado Department of Education (2020) Encourage Safe Physical Distancing During Activities and Limit Sharing. https:\/\/www.cde.state.co.us\/planning20-21\/physicaldistancing Accessed 16\/10\/20\r\n[14].\tCreswell, J. W. (2013) Qualitative enquiry and research design: choosing among five Approaches 4th Ed.  London: Sage\r\n[15].\tCreswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. \r\n[16].\tDepartment for Education (2020) Coronavirus (COVID-19): Implementing protective measures in education and childcare settings, GOV.UK website, https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/ Accessed 11\/10\/20\r\n[17].\tEducation Business (2020) Explore the Opportunities and Challenges facing Higher Education facilities Re-opening post COVID 19; Social Distancing in Schools. https:\/\/educationbusinessuk.net\/features\/social-distancing-schools Accessed 9\/10\/20\r\n[18].\tFani, T &#038; Ghaemi, F (2011) Implications of Vygotsky\u2019s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Teacher Education: ZPTD and Self-scaffolding. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences 29. 1549 \u2013 1554\r\n[19].\tGindis, B. (1999) \u201cVygotsky\u2019s vision: Reshaping the practice of special Education for the 21st   Century\u201d. Remedial and special education journal vol 20, no 6, 32-64.  \r\n[20].\tGlozman J. M. (2011) \u201cRemediation of Learning Disable Children Following L.S. Vygotsky&#8217;s   Approach\u201d. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 4, 268-278\r\n[21].\tJarrar, E. T. M (2014) \u201cImpact of Remedial classes on the Performance of the Fourth Grade Low Achievers in English in Public schools in Ramallah District\u201d. Thesis. An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.  \r\n[22].\tJohnson, R. B. &#038; Christensen, L. (2014) Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. 5 th Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage\r\n[23].\tKen, R. (2006) \u201cEffective teaching practices for students with and without learning difficulties. Constructivism as a Legitimate theory of learning and learning\u201d. Australian council for educational research. http:\/\/research.acer.edu.au\/learningprocess\/10\r\n[24].\tLederman, D (2020) Can Active Learning Co-Exist With Physically Distanced Classrooms? https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/digital-learning\/article\/2020\/05\/27\/will-active-learning-be-possible-if-colleges-have-physically Accessed 16\/10\/20\r\n[25].\tInter Press Service-IPS (2020) Education Post-COVID-19: Customised Blended Learning is urgently needed. http:\/\/www.ipsnews.net\/2020\/05\/education-post-covid-19-customised-blended-learning-urgently-needed Accessed 18\/10\/20\r\n[26].\tLyst, C (2020) Coronavirus: What is a blended model of learning? BBC Scotland news website. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-scotland-52412171 Accessed 9\/10\/20 \r\n[27].\tMacKenzie, D. (2020). Covid-19 goes global. New Scientist, 245(3271), 7. https :\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0262 -4079(20)30424- 3.\r\n[28].\tMcLeod, S. A. (2019). What Is the zone of proximal development?. Simply psychology. https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html Accessed 06\/10\/20\r\n[29].\tMEXT (2020) COVID-19 hygiene management at schools &#8211; New lifestyle at schools, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/content\/20200522_mxt_kouhou02_mext_00029_01.pdf Accessed 10\/10\/20.\r\n[30].\tMohammad, M. H. &#038; Mahmud, M. J. (2012) Exploring Students Behavior on Seating Arrangements in Learning Environment: A Review. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 )  287 \u2013 294\r\n[31].\tMoll, L. C. (1990) \u201cVygotsky\u2019s Zone of proximal development: Rethinking its instructional   Implications\u201d, Infasncia y Aprendizaje, 51-52, 157-168.  \r\n[32].\tMuraya, J (2020) UNICEF Lauds Kenya For Reopening Schools After Closure Over COVID-19. Capita news; Kenya. https:\/\/www.capitalfm.co.ke\/ Accessed 9\/10\/20\r\n[33].\tMutsaka, F (2020) Zimbabwe begins Gradual Re-opening of Schools amid Virus. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/virus-outbreak-harare-archive-zimbabwe Accessed 5\/10\/20\r\n[34].\tNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases \u2013 NCIRD (2020a) Social Distancing. Keep a Safe Distance to Slow the Spread. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/social-distancing.html. Accessed 10\/10\/20\r\n[35].\tNCIRD (2020b) Operational Considerations for Schools https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/global-covid-19\/schools.html Accessed 16\/10\/20\r\n[36].\tPadilla-D\u00edaz, M. (2015). Phenomenology in Educational Qualitative research: Philosophy as science or philosophical science? International Journal of Educational Excellence. (1)2, 101-110. \r\n[37].\tPathak, V. C (2017) Phenomenological Research: A Study of Lived Experiences. IJARIIE.  Vol-3 Issue-1 \u2013ISSN (O)-2395-4396\r\n[38].\tPenley, J. (2018) A Phenomenological Study on Teacher Perception of Change in School Culture as a Result of the Implementation of Mindfulness. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3366. https:\/\/dc.etsu.edu\/etd\/3366\r\n[39].\tPhillips, M. (2014) Student engagement.  A Place for Learning: The Physical Environment of Classrooms. George Lucas educational foundation. https:\/\/www.edutopia.org\/ Accessed 6\/10\/20\r\n[40].\tRichards, J. (2006). Setting the stage for student engagement. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 42(2), 92\u201394.\r\n[41].\tRooselvelt, F. D. (2008) \u201cZone of Proximal Development: Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology\u201d. Sage.  \r\n[42].\tSchleicher, A (2020) The Impact of COVID-19 on Education &#8211; insights from Education at a glance 2020 @OECD https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-education-at-a-glance-2020.pdf Accessed 11\/10\/20\r\n[43].\tSchleicher, A. &#038; F. Reimers (2020), Schooling Disrupted, Schooling Rethought: How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Changing Education, OECD, https:\/\/read.oecdilibrary.org\/view\/?ref=133_133390-1rtuknc0hi&#038;title=Schooling-disrupted- Accessed 10\/10\/20\r\n[44].\tShabani, K., Khatib, M. &#038; Ebadi, S. (2010) \u201cVygotsky\u2019s zone of proximal Development: Instructional implications and teachers professional development\u201d. Journa;l of English language teaching vol 34 no 4 www.ccsenet.org\/elt \r\n[45].\tSilver, D. (2011). Using the \u2018Zone\u2019 Help Reach Every Learner. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47(sup1), 28-31\r\n[46].\tUNESCO (2020a) Coronavirus Impacts Educationhttps:\/\/en.unesco.org\/themes\/education-emergencies\/coronavirus-school-closures  Accessed 6\/10\/20\r\n[47].\tUNESCO (2020b) COVID-19 educational disruption and response, UNESCO website, https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/covid19\/ Accessed 8\/10\/20\r\n[48].\tUNICEF (2020) Classroom precautions during COVID-19. Tips for teachers to protect themselves and their students. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/coronavirus\/teacher-tips-classroom-precautions-covid-19.   Accessed 16\/10\/20\r\n[49].\tVygotsky, L. S. (1978) Mind in Society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA; Harvard University. \r\n \r\n  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Benny Chitsa PhD  &#8220;A Phenomenological Study of Face to Face Teaching and Learning in the Context of Social Distancing Principle in Bulawayo Central District Private Primary Schools during COVID 19 Pandemic&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.361-367 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/361-367.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/361-367.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-phenomenological-study-of-face-to-face-teaching-and-learning-in-the-context-of-social-distancing-principle-in-bulawayo-central-district-private-primary-schools-during-covid-19-pandemic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Phenomenological Study of Face to Face Teaching and Learning in the Context of Social Distancing Principle in Bulawayo Central District Private Primary Schools during COVID 19 Pandemic<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c242ff5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c242ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2430d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2430d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c243255\" data-id=\"c243255\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c243376 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c243376\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"c2444e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2445ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2445ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c244687 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c244687\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2447ea\" data-id=\"c2447ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2448f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2448f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Comparative Study of Canadian Immigration Trends between 2000-2019<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tariq Sardar  &#8211; February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 368-376<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c244993 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c244993\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c244b07\" data-id=\"c244b07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c244c53 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c244c53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Canada is a country in North American continent, known as a \u201cLand of Immigrants\u201d where an averagely 252,962 immigrants since 2000 arrive to live permanently from worldwide every year. Canadian Immigration system is more than 200 years old. The two neighboring countries in South Asian region, India and Pakistan also participate in the immigration program equally however the percentage of migrants is not equal. Some community groups and individuals from Pakistan criticize on Canadian immigration selection policies. The descriptive-comparative research study was designed to understand the gender-wise percentage of worldwide immigration, people from India and Pakistan according to the total population and what contribution the immigrants of both countries make in the growth of overall Canadian population. The study findings are based on previous twenty years\u2019 data from 2000 to 2019.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 368-376\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5220<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\u00a0\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tariq Sardar <\/strong><\/span> \r\nResearch Alumnus, Universidad Azteca Mexico and PRC- Pilot Research Foundation Toronto (ON) Canada       \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkbari, A. 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The Rural Mosaic: Building on Strengths &#038; Seizing Opportunities. Pembrooke, Ontario\r\n[24]\tMeraj, N. (2015) Settlement Experiences of Professional Immigrant Women in Canada, USA, UK and Australia, Master Thesis, The University of Western Ontario, Canada\r\n[25]\tMofina Rick (2002). \u201cCanada Becoming a Nation of Asians.\u201d Ottawa Citizen. 03 July 2002. Toronto, Canada: Post Media Network Inc. \r\n[26]\tMother Earth Travel (2020) Map of Canada, Retrieved 12 February 2021 from Map of Canada (motherearthtravel.com)\r\n[27]\tMunroe, S. (2019) What Was Canadian Confederation? Understand the Formation of Canada, ThoughtCo. Retrieved 16 October 2019 from What Was Canadian Confederation? (thoughtco.com)\r\n[28]\tOreopoulos, P. (2011) Why Do Skilled Immigrants Struggle in the Labor Market? A Field Experiment with Thirteen Thousand Resumes, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3 (November 2011): 148\u2013171 http:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/articles.php?doi=10.1257\/pol.3.4.148\r\n[29]\tRavenstein, E. G (1885) \u201cThe Law of Migration\u201d Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, XLVIII, Part 2 (June 1885) 167-227, also Reprint No. S-482 Bobbs-Merrill Series in the Social Science\r\n[30]\tSeidle, F. L. (2013) Canada\u2019s Provincial Nominee Immigration Programs Securing Greater Policy Alignment, Montreal, Canada: IRPP Studies Number 43, December 2013\r\n[31]\tStatista (2020) Number of Permanent Residents admitted to Canada in 2019, by status, statista.com, Retrieved 25 November 2020 from \u2022 Number of permanent residents admitted to Canada, by status 2019\/Statista\r\n[32]\tStatistics Canada (2018) Linguistic Characteristic of Canadians, statcan.gc.ca, Retrieved 31 February 2021 from Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians (statcan.gc.ca)\r\n[33]\tVariyam, M. N. (2007) Canada &#8216;s Skilled Worker Immigration Regulation and Its Impact on the Canadian Economy, Laws and Business Reviews of Americas, Volume 3, November 2, Article 11\r\n[34]\tWiginton, L. K. (2013) Canada\u2019s Decentralised Immigration Policy through a local Lens: How Small Communities Are Attracting and Welcoming Immigrants, Montreal, Canada: School of Urban Planning McGill University \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tariq Sardar   &#8220;A Comparative Study of Canadian Immigration Trends between 2000-2019&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.368-376 February 2021 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5220<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/368-376.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comparative-study-of-canadian-immigration-trends-between-2000-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Comparative Study of Canadian Immigration Trends between 2000-2019<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25ccf8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c25ccf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25cdf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c25cdf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c25cfbb\" data-id=\"c25cfbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25d11b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25d11b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25d1cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c25d1cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c25d36c\" data-id=\"c25d36c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25d4af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25d4af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Women Community Based Self-help Groups, Access to Credit and the Effect on the Wellbeing: A Case of Kiambu Sub-County<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Anne Muthoni Kinyua, Maurice M. Sakwa -February 2021 Page No.: 377-385<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25d55a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c25d55a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c25d6f6\" data-id=\"c25d6f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25d835 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c25d835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Women play a key role in the development of their households because of their day to interaction with issues, needs, and emergencies. Relying on men as sole bread winner for married women, or acting as sole bread winner for single winner may be difficult, if the women do not take action. Through collective agency, many women especially in informal urban settings and rural set-ups are joining self-help groups to enhance their collective capabilities. This study sought to establish the effect of women self-help group credit access on the member\u2019s wellbeing. The study was undertaken as quantitative survey where a targeted 135 members of the 8 different women Self-Help Groups were interviewed. The study happened during COVID-19 disease period and therefore the questionnaires were sent to the women via a mobile-based online questionnaire. The study received 130 questionnaires representing 96.3% response rate. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study utilised both descriptive and inferential statistics to generate results. Findings indicate that credit access have a positive effect on family wellbeing. It is recommended that banking solutions be tailored to suit women in self-help groups. Secondly, there is need to mobilise more women to participate in SHGs within their locality.  <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 377-385\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anne Muthoni Kinyua<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Development Studies, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maurice M. Sakwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Development Studies, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBineta, B. S. C. &#038; J. D. (2013). Women\u2019s role in economic development: Overcoming the constraints Background paper for the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Sustainable Development Solutions Network, (May 2013), 1. Retrieved from http:\/\/unsdsn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/130520-Women-Economic-Development-Paper-for-HLP.pdf\r\n[2]\tBlackstone, A. M. (2003). Human Ecology: An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, and Environments. Gender Roles and Society, 335\u2013338. Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/soc_facpub\r\n[3]\tCh.Pavani, C. P., &#038; V.Chandrika, V. C. (2014). Rural Women Empowerment and Development. Global Journal For Research Analysis, 3(8), 1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15373\/22778160\/august2014\/89\r\n[4]\tEkpe, I., Mat, N., Mamun, A. Al, &#038; Nik Mahdi, N. M. B. (2015). Enhancing the Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Malaysian Local Women through Social Capital and Micro-Enterprise Performance. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 3(2), 13\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17687\/jeb.0302.02\r\n[5]\tKesanta, J., &#038; Andre, B. (2015). Impact of Women Empowered through Community Savings Groups on the Wellbeing of their Families\u202f: A Study from Mgubwe , Tanzania. Interdisciplinary Journal of Best Practices in Global Development, 1(1). Retrieved from http:\/\/knowledge.e.southern.edu\/ijbpgd\/vol1\/iss1\/4\r\n[6]\tKiruja, K. B. (2014). procurement methods and procurement performance amongst state corporations under the national treasury of kenya karani benson kiruja a research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of master in business .\r\n[7]\tKirton, R. M. (2013). Gender, trade and public procurement policy: Kenya, India, Australia, Jamaica. Retrieved from http:\/\/thecommonwealth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/news-items\/documents\/Gender, Trade and Public Procurement Policy.pdf\r\n[8]\tKyuvi, S. N. (2017). Women Self-Help Groups as Vehicles to Women Empowerment in Kenya: A Case Study of WomenSelf-Help Groups in Mathare Valley, Nairobi Kenya, (November).\r\n[9]\tMakena, P., Kubaison, S. T., &#038; Njati, C. I. (2014). Challenges facing women entrepreneurs in accessing business finance in Kenya\u202f: Case of Ruiru Township , Kiambu County. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 16(4), 83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevB.68.233303\r\n[10]\tMandal, K. C. (2013). Concept and Types of Women Empowerment. International Forum of Teaching and Studies, 9(2), 17\u201330. Retrieved from http:\/\/scholarspress.us\/journals\/IFST\/pdf\/IFOTS-2-2013\/IFOTS_v9_n2_art3.pdf\r\n[11]\tMwakumanya, M. A., Maghenda, M., &#038; Juma, H. (2016). Socio-economic and environmental impact of mining on women in Kasigau mining zone in Taita Taveta County. Journal of Sustainable Mining. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsm.2017.04.001\r\n[12]\tNarang, U. (2012). Self Help Group\u202f: an Effective Approach To Women. International Journal of Social Science % Interdisciplinary Research, 1(8).\r\n[13]\tPackson, N., &#038; Wleh, N. (2015). Factors Influencing Youth Access to Public Procurement Opportunities in the Government Ministries in Kenya. Journal of Procurement and Policies, 2(3), 56\u201377.\r\n[14]\tSaul, C., Pamela, A., Nyaboke, G., Osoro, A., Mburu, N., &#038; Students, P. (2015). Challenges Affecting Public Procurement Performance Process in Kenya. European Journal of Business and ManagementOnline), 7(7), 2222\u20132839.\r\n[15]\tUN-Women. (2017). Facts and Figures: Economic Empowerment | UN Women \u2013 Headquarters. UN-Women. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/economic-empowerment\/facts-and-figures\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anne Muthoni Kinyua, Maurice M. Sakwa, &#8220;Women Community Based Self-help Groups, Access to Credit and the Effect on the Wellbeing: A Case of Kiambu Sub-County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.377-385 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/377-385.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/377-385.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/women-community-based-self-help-groups-access-to-credit-and-the-effect-on-the-wellbeing-a-case-of-kiambu-sub-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women Community Based Self-help Groups, Access to Credit and the Effect on the Wellbeing: A Case of Kiambu Sub-County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25e7e9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c25e7e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25e8df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c25e8df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c25ec4a\" data-id=\"c25ec4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25ef29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25ef29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25eff2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c25eff2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c25f4d3\" data-id=\"c25f4d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25f771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25f771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25f832 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c25f832\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c25faaa\" data-id=\"c25faaa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25fcb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25fcb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25fd7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c25fd7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c25ff0f\" data-id=\"c25ff0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c26002b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c26002b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2600c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2600c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c260222\" data-id=\"c260222\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c260336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c260336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2603d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2603d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c260540\" data-id=\"c260540\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c260668 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c260668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of Grapevine as a Communication Strategy in Tertiary Administration in the dynamic world of social media: COVID-19 PANDEMIC<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Noreen Sarai, Tatenda Trust Gotora &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 386-392<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c26074f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c26074f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2608dc\" data-id=\"c2608dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c260a31 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c260a31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nowadays, technology has led to cheap and easy communication through use of various social media platforms. Traditionally grapevine was communicated from one person to another directly without any media in between. The rate of transmission of information by grapevine has increased significantly due to social media. This paper seeks to find the effectiveness of grapevine as a communication strategy in tertiary administration operating during the COVID-19 pandemic. A case study was done within the department of Computer Science at a state university in Zimbabwe. Information which got to employees and students from management in a structured manner was compared to that which got to employees and students through grapevine. The information was obtained through document analysis and interviews. This information was analysed and the effectiveness of grapevine was deduced.\r\nThe effectiveness of communicating through grapevine was measured in terms of the information being able to be accessed, its clarity level, the level of distortion, rate of transmission from sender to receiver and whether there was a two way communication.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 386-392\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5221<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Noreen Sarai<\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tatenda Trust Gotora <\/strong><\/span>\r\nComputer Science, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCohen, J. (2003). Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioural sciences. London, England: Lawrence Erlbaum.\r\n[2]\tCreswell (2017), Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage, Los Angeles.\r\n[3]\tGarrett ( 2016), Critiquing Quantitative Research Reports: Key Points for the Beginner, international journal of faith community\r\n[4]\tGrapevine Communication. (2017, Feb 20). Retrieved May 8, 2020, from https:\/\/phdessay.com\/grapvinecommunication\/\r\n[5]\tKukreja, S. (2017).Types of Communication in Organization. Management Study HQ\r\n[6]\tPapa, Michael J., Tom D. Daniels, and Barry K. Spiker (1997). Organizational Communication Perspectives and Trends (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 1-4129-1684-4.\r\n[7]\tPatil Sandeep. (2017) Advantages and Disadvantages of Grapevine Communication, Articles Junction Blog\r\n[8]\tSaunders M, (2009) Research Methods for Business Students. Pearson, New York.\r\n[9]\tHutton, G. &#038; Fosdick, M. (2019). The globalization of Social Media, Consumer Relationships with Brands Evolve in the Digital Space. Journal of Advertising Research\r\n[10]\tToppr, 2019. Internal and External Communication, Business Communication Blog\r\n[11]\tKaplan A. &#038;Haenlein M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons 53, 59-68.\r\n[12]\tZohrabi, (2015), Reliability &#038; Validity of Research Instruments, Researchgate\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Noreen Sarai, Tatenda Trust Gotora &#8220;Effectiveness of Grapevine as a Communication Strategy in Tertiary Administration in the dynamic world of social media: COVID-19 PANDEMIC&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.386-392 February 2021\u00a0DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5221 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/386-392.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-grapevine-as-a-communication-strategy-in-tertiary-administration-in-the-dynamic-world-of-social-media-covid-19-pandemic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effectiveness of Grapevine as a Communication Strategy in Tertiary Administration in the dynamic world of social media: COVID-19 PANDEMIC<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c268601 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c268601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c26870b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c26870b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2688f4\" data-id=\"c2688f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c268a5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c268a5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c268b10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c268b10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c268c7a\" data-id=\"c268c7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c268d98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c268d98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c268e3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c268e3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c268f99\" data-id=\"c268f99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2690c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2690c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c269176 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c269176\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c26939b\" data-id=\"c26939b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c269511 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c269511\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2695e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2695e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c269799\" data-id=\"c269799\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2698c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2698c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of the Business Environment in Supporting the Implementation of Public-Private Partnership Policies in Tanzania\u2019s Education sector<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Robert Mukasa, Cosmas Mnyanyi and Coletha Ngirwa &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 393-400<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c269978 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c269978\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c269b38\" data-id=\"c269b38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c269c88 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c269c88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study investigated whether the Business Environment is effective in supporting the implementation of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) policies in Education in Tanzania.  The study adopted the qualitative research technique whose data collection process included: documentary reviews and interviews. Three (3) semi-structured interviews were conducted involving five (5) officials from the Tanzania National Business Council (TBNC) and Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF) officials. Findings indicated TNBC plays a leading Public-Private sector intermediary with the responsibility of coordinating and promoting the Public\u2013Private Dialogue.  Based on the TNBC experience, outstanding challenges were related to the negative mindsets on both sides of the Public-Private Dialogue (PPD), the uncoordinated approaches by the major players, and limited advocacy for PPP investment in education. It is therefore recommended that institutions like the TNBC need to increase their advocacy for the PPP policies in education in several ways including increasing the awareness of the PPP policies; increased training and capacity building for the various stakeholders before and after entering their respective PPP contractual obligations; establish information desks to serve as regular and sustainable contact points for the dissemination PPP policy guidelines and protocol.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 393-400\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Robert Mukasa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe Open University of Tanzania, Faculty of Education,  P.O. Box 23409, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Cosmas Mnyanyi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe Open University of Tanzania, Faculty of Education,  P.O. Box 23409, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Coletha Ngirwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe Open University of Tanzania, Faculty of Education,  P.O. Box 23409, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCreswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[2]\tDCED &#8211; Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (2008).Supporting Business Environment Reforms: Practical Guidance for Development Agencies. www.Business-Environment.org\r\n[3]\tDenzin, N. K., and Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications\r\n[4]\tMnenwa R. and Maliti E. (2009). \u2018Tanzania, poverty reduction, macroeconomic, institutional framework, regulation enforcement, economic reforms, growth, development, micro and small enterprises\u2019 Research Report 08.6, Dar es Salaam, \u00a9 REPOA, ISBN: 978-9987-615-39-1\r\n[5]\tMwapachu, Juma (2005) Confronting New Realities: Reflections on Tanzania\u2019s Radical Transformation. Dar es Salaam: E and D Ltd.\r\n[6]\tNgowi, H., P., (2005). Public-Private Partnership (PPPs) in the Management of Municipalities in Tanzania \u2013 Issues and Lessons of Experience; Economics Department, Mzumbe University\r\n[7]\tOECD (2013), \u201cOverview of Progress and Policy Challenges In Tanzania\u201d, in OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Tanzania 2013, OECD Publishing. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264204348-6-en [8.1.2018] \r\n[8]\tPricewaterhouseCoopers (2019).Sustaining the Momentum National Budget Bulletin 2019\/20\u201cPwC\u201d refers to PricewaterhouseCoopers Limited \r\n[9]\tTwaakyondo H., M., Bhalalusesa E., P., &#038;Ndalichako L., (2002). Factors Shaping Successful Public Private Partnership in the ICT Sector in Developing Countries, the Case of Tanzania (2002)\r\n[10]\tUNCTAD (2011). Report on the Implementation of the Investment Policy Review United Republic of Tanzania. New York and Geneva, \r\n[11]\tURT (2001) Presidential Circular number 1 of 2001 \r\n[12]\t(URT 2009). The National Public Private Partnership Policy 2009 \r\n[13]\t(URT 2011). The Public Procurement Act 2011; \r\n[14]\t(URT 2014). The Public Private Partnership regulations Act CAP 103 of 2014 (and revised 2017) (URT 2017). \r\n[15]\t(URT 2017). The Blueprint for Regulatory Reforms to Improve the Business Environment \r\n[16]\tURT (2016). National Five Year Development Plan 2016\/17 \u2013 2020\/21 \u201cNurturing Industrialization for Economic Transformation and Human Development\u201d Ministry of Finance and Planning\r\n[17]\tUSAID (2018). Tanzania Investment Policy Assessment; East Africa Trade and Investment Hub. Velma Law\r\n[18]\tWangwe, S M (1999). Micro and Small Enterprises Development and Implications: Review of Current Status and Prospects; ESRF, Dar-es-Salaam.\r\n[19]\tWhite S. (2010). Synthesis Report of Key Investment Climate and Business Environment assessments in Tanzania. Southern African IDEAS (Pty.) Ltd. www.saideas.com\r\n[20]\tWhite, J., O\u2018Hanlon, B, Chee, G., Malangalila E.,Kimambo, A., Coarasa, J., Callahan, S., Levey I., and McKeon K.  (2013). Tanzania Private Health Sector Assessment. Strengthening Health outcomes through the Private sector.\r\n[21]\tWorld Bank (2010). Implementation Completion and Results Report to The United Republic of Tanzania for a Privatization and Private Sector Development Project. Report No: ICR00001459\r\n[22]\tWorld Bank (2018). Tanzania &#8211; Country partnership framework for the period FY18-FY22 (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.  http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/669801521338458808\/Tanzania-Country-partnership-framework-for-the-period-FY18-FY22\r\n[23]\tWorld Bank Group. 2019. Economy Profile of Tanzania. Doing Business 2020;. World Bank, Washington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank https:\/\/openknowledge. Worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/32847 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Robert Mukasa, Cosmas Mnyanyi and Coletha Ngirwa &#8220;Effectiveness of the Business Environment in Supporting the Implementation of Public-Private Partnership Policies in Tanzania\u2019s Education sector&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.393-400 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/393-400.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2035\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/393-400.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2036\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2036\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-the-business-environment-in-supporting-the-implementation-of-public-private-partnership-policies-in-tanzanias-education-sector\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effectiveness of the Business Environment in Supporting the Implementation of Public-Private Partnership Policies in Tanzania\u2019s Education sector<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c295803 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c295803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c295901 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c295901\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c295aa5\" data-id=\"c295aa5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c295bd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c295bd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c295c8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c295c8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c295de7\" data-id=\"c295de7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c295f03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c295f03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Admission Policies and Quality Teaching in Universities in Lagos State, Nigeria: Implications for Educational Planners and Policy Maker<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gbesoevi Emmanuel Semako- February 2021 Page No.: 401-407<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c295fcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c295fcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c29615d\" data-id=\"c29615d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c29629d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c29629d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined admission policies and quality teaching in universities in Lagos State, Nigeria. Two research hypotheses were formulated and the study adopted descriptive survey and correlational designs. The population of the study comprised of all the 2623 academic staff and all 400 level students from three universities in used, public and private each in Lagos State, Nigeria with a sample size of 1187 using the simple random, multistage, stratify, disproportionate and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through the structured rating scale, Admission Policy Scale (APS) and Quality Teaching Questionnaire (QTQ). The instruments were validated through face, content and construct validity and were found reliable at 0.75 and 0.78 coefficient of test-retest method for each item respectively. The data collected were analysed using Pearson\u2019s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The hypotheses formulated were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The test of the first hypotheses showed a non-significant relationship between admission policies and quality teaching in universities in Lagos State, Nigeria(r=.024, p >.05), while the second hypothesis showed a no statistical significant difference in the admission policies(F (2, 584) = .989, p>.05) amongst universities in Lagos State. The study concluded that admission policies may not necessarily guarantee quality teaching in the universities. The study, therefore, recommends, among others that educational planner and policy makers in education that includes: university managements, National Universities Commission, Federal and State Ministry of Education, Joint Admission and Matriculation Board should ensure that admission into universities should be based purely on merit. The quota system of admission which constitutes catchment area and educationally less developed area for instance, which has its root in the federal character policy, negates the principle of equity and should be abolished. Also to improve quality teaching, teaching and non-teaching staff should be motivated with educational grants for further research by government, university management to make them more dedicated, devoted, committed and effective in their jobs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 401-407\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbesoevi Emmanuel Semako<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdeniyi T. A. and Ladanu, W, K. (2016) Teaching Quality In Higher Education: Implications On \tEntrepreneurship in Nigeria: International Journal of Advanced Research 2 (2), 198 \u2013 209\r\n[2]\tAgboola, B., Adeyemi, J. K., &#038; Ogbodo, C. M. (2014) Academic Achievement and Admission \tPolicy asCorrelate of Student Retention in Nigerian Federal Universities. Journal of \tEducaon, 1(8), 324-335\r\n[3]\tAjayi, I. A and Ekundayo, H. T. (2008) Funding Initiatives in University Education in Nigeria. \tBeing a paper presented at the National Conference of Nigeria Association for \tEducational Administration and Planning (NAEAP). Enugu State University of \tScience and Technology, Enugu State\r\n[4]\tAkintayo, M.O. (2014) Public Finance and The Problems of Access to University Education. \tInternationalJournal of Literacy Education (UNESCO Chair). 2(1), 1-23\r\n[5]\tAkpotu, N. E. (2006) \u2018Deregulating the Nigerian university system: implications for equity and \taccess&#8217;, in G. O. Akpan, S. U. Udoh and E. O. Fagbamiye (eds), Deregulating the \tProvision and Managementof Education in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Association of \tEducational Administration and Planning (NAEAP), pp. 57-62.\r\n[6]\tASUU-LASU (2019) Academic Staff Union Career Structure Hand Book.\r\n[7]\tBabalola et (2007) Access, Equity and Quality in Higher Education. NAEP Publication\r\n[8]\tBiggs, J. &#038; Tang, C. (2011). Teaching for Quality Learning at University: What the Student \tdoes, Maidenhead: Society for Research into Higher Education &#038; Open \tUniversity \tPress. \r\n[9]\tBlackmore, J. (2009). \u2018Academic pedagogies, quality logics and performative universities: \tevaluating teaching and what student wants\u2019, Studies in Higher Education,34(8), 857-\t872. \r\n[10]\tChukwurah, C. C. (2011) \u2018Access to higher education in Nigeria: the University of Calabar at a \tglance&#8217;,Canadian Social Science, 7 (3): 108-13. College of Engineering and \tEnvironmental Studies Sokoto state Polytechnic Nigeria\r\n[11]\tDada, J. A. (2004). Access to Education in Democratic Nigeria: Issues and Problems. In O. E. \tUya, D. I. Denga, J. Emeh and J. Okoro (Eds.). Education for Sustainable Democracy: \tThe Nigerian Experience. Calabar: University of Calabar. Press: (1) 44-54.\r\n[12]\tEluemunor, T. (2005, November 13) Post UME test: Education Minister Versus Representatives. \tSunday Independent Newspaper, pp.13\u201316.)\r\n[13]\tFederal Government of Nigeria (2004). National policy on education. Lagos: NERDC Press\r\n[14]\tFransisca O and Terfa S. (2016) Nigerian University Quota Admission System and Quality of \tEducation in Universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of \tScientific Research in Education, Vol. 9(4), 325-332. \r\n[15]\tGbenu, J.P (2012), State of Nigerian Secondary Education and the Need for Quality Sustenance:\tGreener Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 2 (1) 007-012\r\n[16]\tGhebregiorgis, F. &#038; Karsen, L. (2006). Human Resource Management Practices in Eritrea: \tChallenges and Prospects. Employee Relations, 28(2), 144-163 Greener Journal of \tEducational Research, Vol. 2 (1) 007-012\r\n[17]\tImhanlahimi, E. O. and Maduewesi, B. U. (2006) \u2018Implementing panacea for admission crisis \tinto Nigerian universities: an innovation diffusion plan&#8217;, College Student Journal, 40 (3): \t12-21. journal of education and review. Vol. 3(2). Pp.115-118. Joint Admission \tMatriculation Board (JAMB) Bulleting May edition, 2019\r\n[18]\tInternational Management in Higher Education (2012), Learning our lesson; Review of Quality \tTeaching in Higher Education\r\n[19]\tJAMB (2016). Joint Admission and Matriculation Board. Brochure, JAMB Publication, Lagos\r\n[20]\tKember, D. &#038; Mcnaught, C. (2007). Enhancing University Teaching: Lessons from research into \taward-winning teachers, Oxon: Rout ledge\r\n[21]\tMoon, J. (2008). Critical Thinking: An Exploration of Theory and Practice, London: Rout ledge. \r\n[22]\tMoti, U.G. (2010). The challenges of access to university education in Nigeria. Retrieved on \t26th may, 2019 from dsmbusinessreview.com\/pdf\/vol2no2\/di-v2n2nc.pdf.\r\n[23]\tObasi, I. N., Akuchie, R. C. &#038; Obasi, S. N. (2010). Expansion of Higher Education Access through Private Universities in Nigeria (1999-2009): A Decade of Public Policy \tFailure? Paper presented at a National Conference on Education for Nation Building and \tGlobal Competitiveness, organized by NERDC at the International Conference Centre, \tAbuja\r\n[24]\tOdekule, K. S. (2011). Access to University Education under Democratic Rule in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Proceedings of the 21St General Assembly of SSAN.\r\n[25]\tOECD (2012), Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives: A Strategic Approach to Skills Policies, \tOECD Publishing. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264177338-en\r\n[26]\tOgundare, S. F. (2009). Teacher Education and the challenges of Global Economic meltdown, lead paper presented at the second National Conference of Emmanuel Alayamde college \tof Education, Oyo, July, 2009. P. S\r\n[27]\tOkebukola, P. A. O. (2012). Education reform imperative for achieving vision 20-2020. National \tsummit on education on repositioning Nigeria\u2019s educational system for the achievement \tof the national 20-2020 vision organized by senate committee on education, December \t10-11\r\n[28]\tOkoli, N.J. (2015). Impact of fees increase on university students\u2019 education in Nigeria. MeritProblems and prospects. Proceedings of the 21st general assembly of SSAN\r\n[29]\tRowland, S. (2006). The Enquiring University: Compliance and contestation in higher education, \tMaidenhead: Society for Research into Higher Education &#038; Open University Press\r\n[30]\tSalim B. A. (2003) Problems of Assessment and Selection into Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria. 21st Annual Conference of AEAA, CapeTown, South Africa; 2003\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbesoevi Emmanuel Semako, &#8220;Admission Policies and Quality Teaching in Universities in Lagos State, Nigeria: Implications for Educational Planners and Policy Maker&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.401-407 February 2021\u00a0 https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/401-407.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/401-407.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/admission-policies-and-quality-teaching-in-universities-in-lagos-state-nigeria-implications-for-educational-planners-and-policy-maker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Admission Policies and Quality Teaching in Universities in Lagos State, Nigeria: Implications for Educational Planners and Policy Maker<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c297103 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c297103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c29f4da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c29f4da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c29f6dd\" data-id=\"c29f6dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c29f815 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c29f815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c29f8dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c29f8dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c29fa82\" data-id=\"c29fa82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c29fb9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c29fb9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Utilizations\u2019 of ICT Resources among Tertiary Institutions in Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Shehu Attahiru Jabo, Muhammad Idris, Isah Yahaya &#038; Bashar Ibrahim- February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 408-410<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c29fc43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c29fc43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c29fde1\" data-id=\"c29fde1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c29ff30 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c29ff30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper investigated ICT resources utilization among students of tertiary institutions for sustainable development in Sokoto metropolis. Survey research designed was used in this study, simple random sampling procedure was used in selecting the sample size of 300 students  from sscoe, polytechnics and state university The instrument employed in this study was \u201cICT utilization Checklist\u201d adapted from the work of Abubakar (2016). The checklists design for the study was validated by expert in the department of education. The reliability of the instruments was determined by the use of test re-test method and reliability index of 0.8 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using simple frequencies count and percentages. The finding of the study show that majority of the institutions have ICT facilities. But the performance of ICT training to student is negligible. It was recommended that proper training and constant power supply should be provided in order to enhance ICT utilization among students and manifested the learning among students of tertiary institutions. Audio-visual aids and computers should be provided to the tertiary institutions for effective teaching of the ICTs oriented subjects. The available ICT tools should be effectively utilized by both lecturers and students. Training and retraining of the lecturers in ICTs should be of paramount importance to stakeholders in education. Both lecturers and student should effectively utilize the ICT tools. There is need for training and retraining of ICT personnel\u2019s at every sector of learning for effective learning outcome. Provision of ICT tools such as Audio-visual aids in educational institutions should be adopted for effective teachings.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 408-410\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shehu Attahiru Jabo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Idris<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Curriculum, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isah Yahaya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of General Studies, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashar Ibrahim<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAguolu, C. C., &#038;Aguolu, I. E., (2002).Libraries and Information ManagementMaiduguri: Ed-Linform Services.\r\n[2].\tAkanbi A.O. (2009). Trend in physics education in secondary school in Kwara Stale Journal of science education, 5(1 &#038; 2), 69-75.\r\n[3].\tFederal Ministry of Education, (FME): (2009). Secondary school physics curriculum. Lagos NERDC Press,\r\n[4].\tGambari, I. A. (2010).Effect of computer-supported cooperative learning strategies on the performance of senior secondary students in physics, in Minna, Nigeria (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis).University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.\r\n[5].\tLuambano, I. &#038;Nawe, J. (2004).Internet use by students of the University of Dares Salaam.Library Hi Tech News, 10(1), 13-17.\r\n[6].\tMankilik, M. &#038;Ofodile, U. C. (2015).Effects of hybrid active learning strategy on secondary school students\u2019 understanding of direct current electricity concepts in Nigeria.International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 3(2), 77-87.\r\n[7].\tOmosewo, E. O. (2009). Views of Physics teachers on the need to train and retrain Physics teachers in Nigeria. An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, 3(1), 313-324.\r\n[8].\tYusuf, M.O. (2005). Information and communication technology (ICT) and education: Analyzing the Nigerian national policy for information technology. International Educational Journal 6 (3) 316-321.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shehu Attahiru Jabo, Muhammad Idris, Isah Yahaya &#038; Bashar Ibrahim &#8220;Utilizations\u2019 of ICT Resources among Tertiary Institutions in Sokoto State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.408-410 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/408-410.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/408-410.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/utilizations-of-ict-resources-among-tertiary-institutions-in-sokoto-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Utilizations\u2019 of ICT Resources among Tertiary Institutions in Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a0d23 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2a0d23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2a0e2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2a0e2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2a0fa7\" data-id=\"c2a0fa7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a10cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2a10cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2a1172 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2a1172\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2a12cb\" data-id=\"c2a12cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a13dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2a13dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2a147c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2a147c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2a15cd\" data-id=\"c2a15cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a16da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2a16da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2a1774 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2a1774\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2a18bf\" data-id=\"c2a18bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a19cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2a19cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2a1a68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2a1a68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2a1bb0\" data-id=\"c2a1bb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2a1cb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2a1cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2a1d4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2a1d4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b0a13\" data-id=\"c2b0a13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b0b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b0b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b0c40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b0c40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b0ddd\" data-id=\"c2b0ddd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b0f04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b0f04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rethinking the Herdsmen-Land Cultivators Crises in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kenneth Chidi Oforji, Mmanti Monday Benjamin Akpan, Ph. D- February 2021 Page No.: 411-418<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b0fdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b0fdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b115f\" data-id=\"c2b115f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b12b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2b12b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Peaceful coexistence is crucial to socio-economic development. In a country like Nigeria where political, ethnic and religious crises are the order of the day, economic development becomes slow, at best, and elusive at worst. Herdsmen and land cultivators clashes have cost the country so much in terms of finance and loss of lives. Consequently, if nothing tangible is done to ameliorate the situation, more finance and human lives would go down the drain. The study takes a historical perspective on the clashes between herdsmen and land cultivators with the aim of identifying the causes and effects, as well as projecting possible solution. Textual analysis of existing literatures was carried to boost hindsight on previous researches on the subject. Also, face-to-face interviews with some resource persons were also conducted to ensure that historical methodology was adhered to. The study shows that the crises have assumed ethno-religious dimension among other findings. Consequently, deliberate, concerted and sincere effort by the different tiers of government is recommended to resolve the psychological impact of the crises.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 411-418\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 March 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kenneth Chidi Oforji<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History and International Studies, Ritman University, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mmanti Monday Benjamin Akpan, Ph. D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Study Centre, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAchebe, C. (1958). Things fall apart. Portsmouth: Heinemann.\r\n[2]\tAdeyeye, T. (2013). Death toll in Tiv and Agatu crisis hits 60: 81 houses burnt. The Herald. www.theheraldng.com. Accessed 19 October, 2019.\r\n[3]\tAkpaki, A. Z. (2002). Ackerbauern and mobile tierhatter in Zentral &#038; Nord- \tBenin. Berlin: Dietrich Reiner Verlag.\r\n[4]\tAlaribe, U. (2016). Herdsmen\/Farmers\u2019 Clashes: Abia Police set up Conflict resolution\t\t committees. Retrieved 5\/01\/2018 from https:\/\/.www.vanguardngr.com\/2016\/11\/ \therdsmen-farmers-Clashes-\tAbia-\tpolice \u2013set-Conflict-resolution-committees;\r\n[5]\tBello, A. U. (2013). Herdsmen and farmers conflicts in North-Eastern Nigeria: Causes,\t repercussions and resolution. In: MCSER-CEMAS-Sapienza, University of Rome. 2(5)\r\n[6]\tDuru, P. (2014). Fulani herdsmen rated fourth global terrorists. Vanguard\tNewspaper. April 27, 2014.\r\n[7]\tErim, P. O. (2006). Notes on aspects of African history: From earliest times to \tthe nineteenth century. Makurdi, Aboki Publishers\r\n[8]\tGodwin, A.C. (20 November 2017).Why we won\u2019t accept ranching in Nigeria \u2013Fulaniherdsmen Dailypost.ng>News why-we-wont\r\n[9]\tHankuyi, M.I. (24 July 2017). Miyetti Allah to Challenge Taraba grazing Ban in Court.\t Retrieved 06\/08\/2017 from https:\/\/www.dailytrust.com.ng\/news\/ general\/miyetti-allahto-challenge-taraba-grazing-ban-in-court\/206774Html.http:\/\/www.nairaland.com\/ahmadu-bell&#8230;)\r\n[10]\tIro, I. (1994). Grazing reserve development: A panacea to the intractable strife \tbetween farmers and herders. File: localhost:conflicts-%20fulani-\tfarmers%20 Fulani 8htm J. Isawa Eliagwu and R. A. Akindele-1996, foundations of Nigerian federalism\r\n[11]\tNzeh, E. (2015). The effects of migration by nomadic farmers in the livelihoods of rural crop farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: Agriculture and Veterinary, 15(3).\r\n[12]\tOfem, O. O. &#038; Inyang, B. (2014). Livelihood and conflict dimension among \tcrop farmers and Fulani herdsmen in Yakurr region of Cross River State. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, MCSER Publishing, \tRome-Italy, 5(8).\r\n[13]\tOrugbani, A. (2005). Nigeria since the twentieth century. Port Harcourt: Paragraphics.\r\n[14]\tThe Land and native right law, No.9 of 1910\r\n[15]\tTonah, S. (2006). Managing farmer-herder conflicts in Ghana\u2018s Volta Basin. Ibadan Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1): 33-45. \r\n[16]\tUgwu, E. (23 September 2017). Tension in Abia Community as Herdsmen insist on choosing grazing Area. https:\/\/www.thisday.com\/index.php\/2017\/09\/23\/tension-in-abiacommunity-as-herdsmen-insist-on-choosing -grazing-area\/\r\n                         NEWSPAPERS\r\n[1]\tBusiness Day Newspaper, June 26, 2018, www.businessday.ng\r\n[2]\tNational Pilot, January 27, 2020\r\n[3]\tPunch Newspaper, September 8, 2016\r\n[4]\tThe Cable, http:\/\/www.thecable.ng>ortom&#8230; Retrieved December 31, 2020.\r\n[5]\tThe Guardian Newspaper, October 9, 2019\r\n[6]\tThe Sun Newspaper, January 24, 2020\r\n[7]\tVanguard Newspaper, August 26, 2016\r\n[8]\tVanguard Newspaper, September 29, 2016\r\n[9]\tVanguard Newspaper, June 26, 2018, in Headlines News Trending, Vanguard newsonline.ng\r\n[10]\tVanguard Newspaper, March 24, 2018\r\n[11]\tVanguard Newspaper, May 2, 2019\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kenneth Chidi Oforji, Mmanti Monday Benjamin Akpan, Ph. D, &#8220;Rethinking the Herdsmen-Land Cultivators Crises in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.411-418 February 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/411-418.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/411-418.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rethinking-the-herdsmen-land-cultivators-crises-in-nigeria-a-historical-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rethinking the Herdsmen-Land Cultivators Crises in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b2127 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2b2127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b221d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b221d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b23d3\" data-id=\"c2b23d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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data-id=\"c2b2d12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b2e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b2e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b2eb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b2eb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b3027\" data-id=\"c2b3027\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b313b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b313b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers challenge of physical facilities on curriculum implementation in public day secondary schools in Hamisi Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mr. Maluha Dennis Ndori &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 419-426<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b31d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b31d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b75f2\" data-id=\"c2b75f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b77a8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2b77a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The main objective of this study was to investigate teachers\u2019 challenge of physical facilities on curriculum implementation in day secondary schools in Hamisi Sub County, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design and the systems theory (Ludwing Von Bertalanffy, 1968). The study had a sample of 12 principals and 108 teachers selected through stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaire, interview and observation guides. The study tested for face and content validity. Test-retest technique enhanced instruments reliability. A pilot study was conducted IN TWO schools. Descriptive data was analysed in form of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation and presented in pie charts and tables. The inferential statistics t-test was used to test relationship of variables at 0.05 significant levels. The qualitative data was analysed in form of narratives and excerpts form. The findings established that most teachers in in day secondary schools in Hamisi Sub County had a challenge of inadequate physical facilities that limited effective curriculum implementation. The study recommended that the government should increase secondary school capitation and provide adequate physical facilities aimed at improving teacher efficiency during teaching and learning process and also ensure promote female gender in school leadership position.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 419-426\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 March 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Maluha Dennis Ndori<\/strong><\/span>\r\nIshiru Secondary School, Kaimosi, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdegbesan, S. O. (2007). Adequacy of school facilities in Nigerian vocational and technical colleges: An empirical study. Nigerian Journal of Educational Administration and Planning (NAEAP), 7(2), 169-177\r\n[2]\tBadri, M., Mohaidat, J., Ferrandino, V. &#038; El Mourad, T. (2013) The social cognitive model of job satisfaction among teachers: Testing and validation. International Journal of Educational Research 57(1) pp.12-24\r\n[3]\tBandele, S., &#038; Faremi, Y. (2012). An investigation into the challenges facing the implementation of technical college curriculum in South West, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(12), 8\u201313.\r\n[4]\tBukola, A. B. &#038;Alonge, B. D. (2011). Teachers\u2019 work environment as correlate of classroom management in Ekiti State government secondary schools. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS). 2, (4), 234-238).\t\r\n[5]\tCrawford, L. &#038; Tindal, G. (2006). Policy and Practice: Knowledge and Beliefs of Education Professionals Related to the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in a State Assessment. Remedial and Special Education, 27, 208-217.\r\n[6]\tHiggins, S., Hall, E., Wall, K., Woolner, P. and McCaughey, C. (2005). The Impact of School Environments: A literature review, The Centre for Learning and Teaching, School of Education, Communication and Language Science, University of Newcastle.\r\n[7]\tKyongo, J. K. (2006). Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Public Health Employees of Local Authorities in Kenya: Case of the City council of Nairobi. Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis Kenyatta university.\r\n[8]\tLumuli, N. C. (2009). An investigation into Internal Efficiency measures in Promotion of Access and completion Rates in Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma South District. Unpublished M. Ed Thesis, University of Nairobi.\r\n[9]\tLyons, J. B. (2001). Do school facilities really impact a child\u2019s education. CEFPI Brief Issue \tTrak, 1\u20136.\r\n[10]\tMOEST, (2010). Sectional Paper No 1 2005 Policy Framework for Education, Training and Research. Meeting the Challenges of Education Training And Research In Kenya In The 21st Century, Nairobi.\r\n[11]\tMugenda, O. &#038; Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.\r\n[12]\tOkongo, R.B., Ngao, G., Rop, N.K. &#038; Wesonga, J.N. (2015). Effect of Availability of Teaching and Learning Resources on the Implementation of Inclusive Education in Pre-School Centers in Nyamira North Sub-County, Nyamira County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice Vol.6, No.35.\r\n[13]\tUkpong, N.N. &#038; Okon, J.E. (2020). physical work environment and job satisfaction of secondary \r\n[14]\tschool teachers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Administration, Planning and Research, 6(1), 36-43.\r\n[15]\tOlolube, N. (2006). Teacher Job Satisfaction and Motivation for School Effectiveness. An Assesment Retrived from ERIC .\r\n[16]\tOrodho, A.J., Waweru, P.N., Getange, K.N &#038; Miriti, J.M.(2013).Progress towards attainment of education for All (EFA) among nomadic pastoralists : Do home-based variables make a difference in Kenya? Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol3.No.21, 2013 pp54-67.\r\n[17]\tOtube, N. (2004). Job Motivation of Teachers Educating Learners with Special needs in Four \tProvinces in Kenya. Unpublished Phd Thesis: Hamburg University.\r\n[18]\tPatton, J. E., Snell, J., Knight, W., Willis, R., &#038; Gerken, K. (2001). A survey study of elementary \tclassroom seating designs. (ERIC Document 454-194).\r\n[19]\tRaziq, A. &#038; Maulabakhsh, R. (2015) Impact of working environment on job satisfaction. \tProcedia Economics and Finance 23(1) pp.717-725.\r\n[20]\tSelina, (2012). Impact of IGAs on students Retention Rates in Public Secondary Schools Vihiga \tDistrict. Unpublished project.\r\n[21]\tShiundu J.S. &#038; S.J. Omulando (1992). Curriculum theory and practice in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.\r\n[22]\tSinger, J., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J., Chambers, J. C., Singer, J., Marx, R. W., &#038; Krajcik, J. \r\n[23]\t(2000). Constructing extended inquiry projects : Curriculum materials for science education reform. Educational Psychologist, 35 (3), 165-178.\r\n[24]\tSuleman, Q. &#038; Hussain, I. (2014).  Effects of Classroom Physical Environment on the Academic Achievement Scores of Secondary School Students in Kohat Division, Pakistan. International Journal of Learning &#038; Development Vol. 4, No. 1 PP 71-82.\r\n[25]\tTodaro, M. A., &#038; Rocha,C.E.F. (2004). Diversity and distribution of marine Gastrotricha along the northern beaches of the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil),  with description of a new species of Macrodasys (Macrodasyida, Macrodasyidae). J.Nat.Hist. 38, 1605 &#8211; 1634.\r\n[26]\tUNESCO, (2010). Reaching the marginalized: EFA global monitoring report 2010. Paris and \tLondon: UNESCO Publishing and Oxford University Press.\r\n[27]\tVSO Ethiopia (2010). How much is A Good Teacher Worth? A Report on the Motivation and the \tMorale of Teachers in Ethiopia. Addis-Ababa: Ethiopia.\r\n[28]\tWamukuru, D.K., Kamau, C.W., &#038; Ochola, F. (2006). Challenges facing the Implementation of Free Primary Education (FPE) in Kenya: A teacher\u2019s perspective. Afr. J. Qual. Edu., 3: 1-15.\r\n[29]\tTaylor, A. and Vlastos (2009). Linking Architecture and Education: Sustainable Design for learning Environments. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.\r\n[30]\tWorld Bank (2005). Expanding Opportunities and Building competencies for young people. A new Agenda for secondary Education, Washington DC: World Bank.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mr. Maluha Dennis Ndori, &#8220;Teachers challenge of physical facilities on curriculum implementation in public day secondary schools in Hamisi Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.419-426 February 2021\u00a0 URL : https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/419-426.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/419-426.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-challenge-of-physical-facilities-on-curriculum-implementation-in-public-day-secondary-schools-in-hamisi-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teachers challenge of physical facilities on curriculum implementation in public day secondary schools in Hamisi Sub-County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b866a 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b8e41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b8e41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b8f9e\" data-id=\"c2b8f9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b90b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b90b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b9155 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b9155\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b92a6\" data-id=\"c2b92a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b9511 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b9511\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b95cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b95cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b974d\" data-id=\"c2b974d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b986f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2b986f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of teacher\u2019s characteristics on child friendly school initiative in public pre-schools in Mombasa County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Josphine Logedi, Mary Jebii Chemagosi and Sellah Lusweti &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 427-433<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b9a3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b9a3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2b9c31\" data-id=\"c2b9c31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2b9d8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2b9d8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated effect of teachers\u2019 characteristic on child friendly school initiative in public pre-schools in Mombasa County, Kenya. The study was premised on descriptive research design. A sample of 145 that included 29 head teachers and 116 teachers were drawn from a stratified target population of 97 public pre-primary schools using purposive and simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire and observation guides were the instruments adapted to collect data. The responses were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings concluded that there is a statistical difference between schools with effective teacher characteristics and child friendly school initiatives. The study also concluded that teachers\u2019 age and gender do not influence child friendly initiative. The study recommend that the Ministry of education and County government should motivate the pre-school teachers to improve by improving their performances with provision of work environment, increased remunerations and other privileges as compared to their professional in other levels of learning.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 427-433\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josphine Logedi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPwani University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Jebii Chemagosi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPwani University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sellah Lusweti<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPwani University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgbo-Egwu,A, O., Adadu, C., A, Nwokolo-Ojo, J. &#038;Enaboifo, M. A. (2017) Teachers\u2019 teaching experience and students\u2019 academic performance in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (Stem) programs in secondary schools in Benue State, Nigeria. World Educators Forum, Vol. 9 No. 1, July, 2017.\r\n[2]\tAdesoji, F.A. &#038;Olatunbosun, S.M. (2008) Student, Teacher and School Environment Factors As Determinants of Achievement in Senior Secondary School Chemistry in Oyo State, Nigeria.The Journal Of International SocialResearch Volume 1\/2 pp 13-34\r\n[3]\tAkinsolu, A.O. (2010). Teachers and students\u201f academic performance in Nigerian secondary Schools: Implications for planning. Florida Journal of EducationalAdministration and Policy, 3(2), 86-103.\r\n[4]\tAkpo, S.E. (2012). The impact of teacher-related variables on students\u201f junior secondary Certificate mathematics results in Namibia, Ph.D Thesis, University of South Africa, School of Education.\r\n[5]\tAmerican Institute for Research (2009). UNICEF\u2019S Child-Friendly schools programming: Global evaluation final report. New York.\r\n[6]\tAnderson, J.B. (2000). Factors affecting learning of Mexican primary school children.EstudiosEconomicos. 15(1):117-152.\r\n[7]\tAnderson, L. M., Evertson, C. M., &#038; Brophy, J. E. (1979).An experimental study of effective teaching in first-grade reading groups.The Elementary School Journal,79, 193-222.\r\n[8]\tAyodele, J.B., &#038;Ige, M.A. (2012). Teachers\u2019 utilization as correlate of students\u2019 academic performance i n senior secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Educational Studies, 4(2), 281-287.\r\n[9]\tChistopher, J. (2011). Inclusive education and child-friendly schools, Miske: Witt and Associates.\r\n[10]\tDaso, P.O. (2013). Teacher variables and senior secondary students\u201f achievement in Mathematics in Rivers State, Nigeria.European Scientific Journal, 9 (10), 271- 289.\r\n[11]\tEmmer, E. T., Evertson, C. M., &#038; Anderson, L. M. (1980).Effectiveness classroom management at the beginning of the school year.The Elementary SchoolJournal, 80, 219-231.\r\n[12]\tEvertson, C. M., Emmer, E. T., Sanford, J. P., &#038; Clements, B. S. (1983).Improving classroom management: An experiment in elementary classrooms.TheElementary School Journal, 84, 173-188.\r\n[13]\tEwetan, O. O. (2010). Influence of teachers\u201f teaching experience and school facilities on the academic performance of senior secondary school students in Ado- Odo\/Ota and Ifo Local Government Areas of Ogun State. M.ED Research Project, Lagos State University, Department of Educational Management.\r\n[14]\tEwetan, O. E. and Ewetan, O. O. (2015). Teachers\u2019 Teaching Experience and Academic Performance in Mathematics and English Language in Public Secondary Schools in Ogun State.International Journal of Humanities, SocialSciences and Education, 2(1), 123-134.\r\n[15]\tEtkina, E. (2015). Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Preparation of High School  Teachers. Journal of Physics Education Research, 6 (6): 20-27.\r\n[16]\tFrost, J. (2010). A history of children\u2019s play and play environments: Toward a contemporary Child saving movement. London: Routledge.\r\n[17]\tIndimuli, J., Mushira, N., Kuria, P., Ndung\u2019u, R., &#038;Waichanguru, S. (2009), Teachingprimary mathematics. Jomo Kenyatta Foundation, Enterprise Road, Nairobi.\r\n[18]\tOdiri, O.E. (2011). The influence of teachers\u2019 attitude on students\u2019 learning of Mathematics in Nigerian secondary schools.Journal of Research in Education, 2(1).\r\n[19]\tOsman.(1989). Poor performance in KCPE in North Eastern Province. A case study based on some schools in Wajir and Garissa Districts. Nairobi.Kenyatta University.\r\n[20]\tOstrosky, M., &#038;Meadan, H. (2010). Helping children play and learn together:.National Association for the education of young children.\r\n[21]\tRaudenbush, S., Rowen, B., &#038; Cheong, Y., (1993).Contextual effects on the self-perceived efficacy of high school teachers.Sociology of Education, 65, 150-167.\r\n[22]\tReche, N. G., Bundi, K. T., Riungu, N. J., Mbugua, K. Z. (2012). Factors contributing to poor performance in Kenya certificate of primary education in public primary schools in Kenya. International Journal ofEducation and Research: Vol 2 No. 5.\r\n[23]\tSchneider, M. (2002).Do school facilities affect academic outcomes? National Clearing House for educational facilities. Washington D.C. Retrievedfrom ERIC database (ED470979).\r\n[24]\tSlater, H., Davies, N. &#038; Burgess, S. (2009). Do teachers matter? Measuring thevariation in teacher effectiveness in England. (Centre for Market and PublicOrganisation (CMPO) Working Paper Series; number 09\/212). Bristol:CMPO.\r\n[25]\tUbogu, R. E, (2004). The causes of absenteeism and dropout among secondary school students in Delta Central Senatorial District of Delta State.Abraka.Delta State University.\r\n[26]\tUNESCO. (1991). Strengthening educational research in developing countries: Stockholm University. Paris: Institute of International Education.\r\n[27]\tUnited Nations Development Program. (2003). Human development report: millennium development goals; A compact among nations to end poverty. New York. Oxford University Press.\r\n[28]\tUNICEF (2009) (2009). Child Friendly Schools Programming Global Evaluation Report. Evaluation Office, Division of Communication, New York www.unicef.org.\r\n[29]\tWammula, A. J. (2013). factors influencing academic performance in Kenya certificate of secondary education examinations in private schools in Kenya: Nairobi. University of Nairobi.\r\n[30]\tWirth, K.R. &#038; Perkins, D. (2013) Learning to learn www .macal e s te r . e d u \/ aca d e m i c s \/ g e o l og y \/ w i r t h \/ l e a r n i ng . doc\r\n[31]\tWong, H. K., &#038; Wong, R. T. (1998).The first days of school. Sunnyvale, CA: Harry K. Wong.\r\n[32]\tYara, P.O., &#038;Surumo, T.N. (2012). Performance indicators of secondary school mathematics in Nyimira south district of Kenya.British Journal of Arts andSocial Sciences, 8(2), 230-240.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Josphine Logedi, Mary Jebii Chemagosi and Sellah Lusweti, &#8220;Effect of teacher\u2019s characteristics on child friendly school initiative in public pre-schools in Mombasa County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.427-433 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/427-433.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/427-433.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-teachers-characteristics-on-child-friendly-school-initiative-in-public-pre-schools-in-mombasa-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of teacher\u2019s characteristics on child friendly school initiative in public pre-schools in Mombasa County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2cb94a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2cb94a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2cbdf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2cbdf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2cbf6d\" data-id=\"c2cbf6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2cc081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2cc081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of   Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Irish Potato Producers in Nyanga District of Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ruvaraishe Tapera, Dube Phamela and Nyasha Chipunza- February 2021 Page No.: 434-444<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2cc123 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2cc123\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2cc2a5\" data-id=\"c2cc2a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2cc3df elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2cc3df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to analyse the technical and resource use efficiency of the smallholder potato farmers in Nyanga District. Measuring the efficiency levels at farm level will help inform whether farmers are using the production resources to full potential given that efficiency can be used as an indication of performance A purposive sampling method was employed in selecting 10 villages with Irish potato producers, 180 respondents were selected using the systematic random sampling method. The Stochastic Frontier Approach with the application of the Cobb Douglas function and inefficiency was used to analyse technical efficiency while allocative efficiency of the production inputs was measured using Marginal Productivity Analysis. The results show that the mean technical efficiency is estimated at 55.5% with a minimum of 4.6% and a maximum of 84.2%. Seed, labour and fertilizers positively contributed towards the improvement in the level of efficiency. The analysis further revealed that age of the farmer negatively influenced technical efficiency and experience positively influenced efficiency.  The results also show that the farmers are operating at increasing returns to scale with returns to scale coefficient of 1.131. Computed allocative efficiency indices of the inputs showed that seed (0.305) was over utilized while fertilizer (1.207) and labour (5.833) were underutilized. The analysis shows that 79% of the variation in the Irish potato output is as a result of technical inefficiency. In order to enhance technical efficiency levels of the farmers the government and stakeholders in the potato sector should facilitate training and support programmes targeted for younger farmers to encourage them to engage in production of the crop. Improved farmer\u2019s education will help farmers to allocate their production resources more efficiently. Use of improved quality seed reduces the replanting and overutilization of seed in potato production. Adherence to recommended production practices can also ensure that fertilizers are used at economic rates.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 434-444\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5222<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ruvaraishe Tapera<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Development, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dube Phamela<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Development, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Nyasha Chipunza<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Development, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbedullah, Khuda, B. and Ahmad, B. (2006) \u2018Technical Efficiency and its Determinants in Potato Production, Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan\u2019, The Lahore Journal of Economics, 11(2), pp. 1\u201322.\r\n[2]\tAheisibwe, A.R., Lokina, R.B. &#038; Hepelwa, A.S., (2018). Technical Efficiency in Seed Potato Production Systems in Uganda. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 10(3(J)), pp.122\u2013140. Available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.22610\/jebs.v10i3.2322.\r\n[3]\tAndaregie, A., &#038; Astatkie, T. (2020). Determinants of technical efficiency of potato farmers and effects of constraints on potato production in Northern Ethiopia. Experimental Agriculture, 56(5), 699-709. doi:10.1017\/S0014479720000253\r\n[4]\tAigner, D., Lovell, C. A. K. and Schmidt, P. (1977) \u2018Formulation And estimation Of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models\u2019, Journal of Econometrics, 6(1), pp. 21\u201337. doi: 10.1016\/0304-4076(77)90052-5.\r\n[5]\tBattese, G. E. and Coelli, T. J. (1992) \u2018Frontier Production-Functions and technical efficiency &#8211; A Survey of empirical applications in agricultural-economics\u2019, Agricultural economics, 7, pp. 185\u2013208. doi: 10.1016\/0169-5150(92)90049-5.\r\n[6]\tBattese, G. E. and Coelli, T. J. (1995) \u2018A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data\u2019, Empirical Economics, 20, pp. 325\u2013332. doi: 10.1007\/BF01205442.\r\n[7]\tEllis, F. (1988) Peasant economics: farm households and agrarian development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[8]\tEsobhawan, A. (2010) Economic Efficiency of Aquaculture Production in Edo State , Nigeria, IIFET 2010 Montpellier Proceedings.\r\n[9]\tHerald, 2020 Food security \u2013 Government embarks on potato seed production. Available at: https:\/\/www.herald.co.zw\/just-in-food-security-government-embarks-on-potato-seed-production\/\r\n[10]\t[10] Herald (2012) \u2018Potato deared strategic food security crop\u2019. Available at: http:\/\/www.herald.co.zw\/potato-declared-strategic-food-security-crop\/\r\n[11]\t[11] Inoni, O. E. (2007) \u2018Allocative efficiency in pond fish production in Delta State, Nigeria: a production function approach\u2019, Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 40(4), pp. 127\u2013134. Available at: agriculturaits.czu.cz\/pdf_files\/vol_40_4_pdf\/1Inonix.pdf.\r\n[12]       Jwanya, B.A., Dawang, N.C., Mashat I.M., B.S Gojing (2014) Technical Efficiency of Rain-Fed Irish Potato Farmers in Plateau State, Nigeria: A Stochastic Frontier Approach. Developing Country Studies Vol.4, No.22.  ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online). www.iiste.org\r\n[12]\tKamau, P.N., Gathungu, G.K. &#038; Mwirigi, R.N., (2020). Technical Efficiency of Irish Potato  (Solanum tuberosum L.) Production in  Molo Sub County, Kenya. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, pp.1\u20139. Available at: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.9734\/ajaar\/2020\/v13i330104.\r\n[13]\tKibaara, B. W.(2005) Technical Efficiency in Kenyan\u2019s Maize Production: An Application of the Stochastic Frontier Approach. Colorado State University.\r\n[14]\tKing, B. B. and Stark, J. C. (2009) Potato Irrigation Management.\r\n[15]\tMaganga, A. M. (2012) \u2018Technical efficiency and its determinants in Irish potato production: Evidence from Dedza District, Central Malawi\u2019, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(12), pp. 192\u2013197. doi: 10.5897\/AJAR11.1463.\r\n[16]\tMakhura, L. M. (2001) Overcoming transaction costs barriers to market participation of smallholder farmers in the Northern Province of South Africa. Pretoria.\r\n[17]\tMkodzongi, G., &#038; Lawrence, P. (2019). The fast-track land reform and agrarian change in Zimbabwe. Review of African Political Economy, 46, 159, 1-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03056244.2019.1622210 \r\n[18]\tMpande, R. and Madziwa, B. (2011) Policy and advocacy issues: Developing the organic agriculture sector in Zimbabwe: The case study of Mashonaland East Province. Available at: www.zoppa.org.zw\/index.php\/organic-farming\/downloads?download=1&#8230;\r\n[19]\tMpemba, T. R. (2016). Evaluation of new Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties for Yield Potential in  Zimbabwe. Department of Agronomy Faculty of Natural resources Management and Agriculture Midlands State University, Zimbabwe\r\n[20]\tMuthoni, K &#038; Nyamongo, D.O (2009). A Review of Constraints To Ware Irish Potatoes Production In Kenya.Journal Of Horticulture And Forestry 1(7);98-102. Retrieved 18 September 2013 from http:\/\/www.acedemicjournal.org\/jhf\r\n[21]\tOgundari, K. and Ojo, S. O. (2006) \u2018An Examination of Technical, Economic and Allocative Efficiency of Small Farms: The Case Study of Cassava Farmers in Osun State of Nigeria\u2019, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(3), pp. 185\u2013195.\r\n[22]\tOhajianya, D. O., Onu, P. N., Ugwu, J. N., Osuji, M. N., Nwaiwu, I. U., Orebiyi, J, S., Godson-Ibeji, C, C. and Enyia, C, O. (2013) \u2018Technical Efficiency of Table Egg Producers in Imo State , Nigeria\u2019, Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology, 2(2), pp. 118\u2013127.\r\n[23]\tSakadzo, N., Mavugara, J and Musara, A. (2020), Critical Review of Value Chain for Irish Potato in Zimbabwe with Specific Regards to the Economic Policy: A Review}, Agriculture Sciences, Vol 2., doi 10.30560\/2n2p42.\r\n[24]\tSvubure, O., Struik, P. C., Haverkort, A. J., &#038; Steyn, J. M. (2017). Analysis of the Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Value Chain in Zimbabwe. Outlook on Agriculture Journal, 46(1), 49-46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0030727017690655\r\n[25]\tSvubure, O., Struik, P. C., Haverkort, A. J. and Steyn, J. M. (2015) \u2018Yield gap analysis and resource footprints of Irish potato production systems in Zimbabwe\u2019, Field Crops Research. Elsevier B.V., 178, pp. 77\u201390. doi: 10.1016\/j.fcr.2015.04.002.\r\n[26]\tUgwumba, C. O. A. (2010) \u2018Allocative Efficiency of \u201cEgusi\u201d Melon (Colocynthis citrullus lanatus) Production Inputs in Owerri West Local Government Area of Imo State , Nigeria\u2019, 1(2), pp. 95\u2013100.\r\n[27]\tWassihun, A.N., Koye, T.D. &#038; Koye, A.D. (2019) Analysis of technical efficiency of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Chilga District, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Economic Structures 8, (34). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40008-019-0166-y\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ruvaraishe Tapera, Dube Phamela and Nyasha Chipunza, &#8220;An Assessment of   Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Irish Potato Producers in Nyanga District of Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.434-444 February 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5222<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/434-444.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-economic-efficiency-of-smallholder-irish-potato-producers-in-nyanga-district-of-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Assessment of   Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Irish Potato Producers in Nyanga District of Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2cd27b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-id=\"c2cd70c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2cd86c\" data-id=\"c2cd86c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2cd984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2cd984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2cda21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2cda21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2cdb7b\" data-id=\"c2cdb7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2cdc92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2cdc92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2cdd32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2cdd32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2cde7f\" data-id=\"c2cde7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2cdf90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2cdf90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2ce02b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2ce02b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2d8400\" data-id=\"c2d8400\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2d85ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2d85ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Application of Internet Services for Effective Service Delivery in University Libraries in Plateau State, Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Martyns Eric Godwin &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 445-450<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2d8670 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2d8670\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2d8803\" data-id=\"c2d8803\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2d8943 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2d8943\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the application of Internet services for effective service delivery in university libraries in Plateau State. Three specific objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study. The study adopted a survey research design. The population for the study was the entire 285 library staff made up of professional and nonprofessionals in the university libraries in Plateau State which include: University of Jos and Plateau State University. Since the population was not large, the study made use of all the 285 staff in the universities. The instrument for data collection for this study was a structured questionnaire titled \u201cInternet Services and Library Service Delivery Questionnaire\u201d (ISLSDQ). The questionnaire was validated by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was established using Cronbach Alpha method and a reliability coefficient of 0.75 was obtained. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of Frequency Counts, Percentages, Mean and Standard Deviation to answer the research questions. Findings of the study revealed that, the kinds of internet services applied for effective services delivery in university libraries in Plateau State include: Electronic Mail (email), World Wide Web (www), Internet Chat, Internet Telephone, Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), Electronic Library (e-library), Own Website, Web 2.0, Archie and Mailing list. The areas of application of internet services for effective library service delivery in university libraries in Plateau State include: acquisition services, cataloguing\/classification services, awareness services, reference services, selective dissemination of information services, inter-library loan services, documentary services, circulation services, bibliographic services and resource sharing. The findings also revealed that, these internet services were applied to a high extent for library services delivery.  The study concluded that, Internet services are to a high extent applied for effective library services delivery in university libraries in Plateau State. Recommendations were made that, Network and related internet services should be provided in university libraries to enhance library services delivery since the need for connectivity can no longer be ignored in this era of information and communication technology and management of university libraries should ensure that adequate hardware support facilities are provided that can enhance effective library services delivery in university libraries<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 445-450\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martyns Eric Godwin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLibrary Department, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBrinley, F. (2010). Measuring the impact of Networked Electronic Services (MINES): The North American.\r\n[2]\tButt, K., Qutab, S. &#038; Mahmood, K. (2011). Access and use of the Internet in the Libraries of Lahore, Pakistan. Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal, 31. Retrieved September 15, 2012 from http:\/\/www.iclc.us\/cliej\/pdf\r\n[3]\tEbunuwele, E. G, Ola, O. S.  &#038; Uduebor, E. A. (2014). Application of information Communication Technology in academic libraries in Nigeria. International Journal of Education and Research 2(12), 423-436\r\n[4]\tEchezona, R.I., Ibegbulem, I.J. &#038; Nwegbu, M. U. (2015), \u201cBring back the users in academic libraries in the digital age\u201d, paper presented at the 53rd National Conference and Annual General Meeting of Nigeria Library Association (NLA), Oshogbo, Ogun State of Nigeria, 26-31 July. \r\n[5]\tGbaje, E. S. (2007). Provision of online Information services in Nigeria Academic Libraries: Journal of Nigeria Library Association, 40 (5), 34-43\r\n[6]\tHamidu, C. A &#038; Hauwa A. (2015). Availability and Utilization of Internet Facilities by Users in Federal Colleges of Education Libraries in North Eastern, Nigeria. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 6(2), 1-14\r\n[7]\tIslam, A &#038; Panda, K.C. (2009). Information Technology in special Libraries in Bangladesh: a case study. The Electronic Library, 27(1),142-161\r\n[8]\tIslam, M. D. M. &#038; Umme, H. (2015). Using pattern of Internet and E-resources by the students and faculty members of private University in Bangladesh. American Journal of Educational Research, 3(5), 541-546\r\n[9]\tOkafor, V. N. (2011) Access to Research Information in Cybercafes. The challenges to Academic Libraries. Library Philosophy and Practice 2011. http:\/\/www.webpages.uidaho.edu\/mbolin\/okafor2.htm\r\n[10]\tOnwubiko, C.P.C. (2011). Use of information and communication technology as research tool in university libraries. The Librarian and Information Manager, 4 (1), 27 -44\r\n[11]\tOso, S. O. &#038; Adesua V. O. (2017). Availability And Utilization Of Internet Facilities Among Undergraduate Students Of Colleges Of Education Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 5,(9), 100-107\r\n[12]\tOsuala, E.C. (2007). Introduction to Research Methodology. Onitsha: African Publishers\r\n[13]\tSaeed, H., Asghar, M., Anwar, M. &#038; Ranzam, M. (2000). Internet use in University Libraries of Pakistan. Online Information Review, 24(2), 154 \u2013 160\r\n[14]\tUloaku, I. P. (2017). Application of Internet for Service Delivery in Selected Special Libraries in Kaduna Metropolis. European Scientific Journal, 13(7), 411-429. ISSN: 1857 \u2013 7881 (Print) e &#8211; ISSN 1857- 7431\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Martyns Eric Godwin, &#8220;Application of Internet Services for Effective Service Delivery in University Libraries in Plateau State, Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.445-450 February 2021\u00a0 URL : https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/445-450.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/445-450.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/application-of-internet-services-for-effective-service-delivery-in-university-libraries-in-plateau-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Application of Internet Services for Effective Service Delivery in University Libraries in Plateau State, Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2d9c5b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2d9c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2d9d65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2d9d65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2d9f28\" data-id=\"c2d9f28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2da091 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2da091\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2da15b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2da15b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2da2cb\" data-id=\"c2da2cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2da41e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2da41e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2da4d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2da4d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2da650\" data-id=\"c2da650\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2da770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2da770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2da82f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2da82f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2da996\" data-id=\"c2da996\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2daac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2daac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2dab6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2dab6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2dad25\" data-id=\"c2dad25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2dae46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2dae46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effectiveness of SBIRT Training for Online RN to BSN Nursing Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Melissa Myers, DNP, RN, CNE, Lisa A. Pardi, DNP, RN, CPNP-BC, FNAP, Muder Alkrisat PhD., RN,CPHQ, FISQua, Elizabeth Eugenio Fildes, EdD, RN, CNE, FIAAN, FAAN &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 451-457<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2daef1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2daef1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2db095\" data-id=\"c2db095\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2db1fe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2db1fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Substance abuse is a significant problem in the United States. More than half of Americans ages 12 and older are current drinkers of alcohol; Over a quarter report current use of a tobacco product and 10.2% report use of illicit drugs. Substance abuse is a significant threat to the health of our American citizens as statistics reveal it as a major cause of preventable deaths. Addressing the substance abuse crisis merits attention and skills training for our healthcare professionals. Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based simple screening tool that nurses can use to identify those at risk for substance abuse and provide brief intervention and referral to treatment. Purpose: This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of an online SBIRT training in RN to BSN nursing students by assessing the change in knowledge, readiness to perform, attitudes, and confidence related to the use of SBIRT in practice. Method: An interventional comparative method was used. The participants were asked to complete a pre and post intervention survey following a SBIRT training. The survey research design was used for gathering information from RN to BSN nursing students (n = 162) from a large private online university in the U.S. Participants were ages 18 and above, and mainly ages 45-54 (35%). Findings: The majority of the RN-BSN student nurse participants were between 45-54 years old (34.6%); 74.4%, worked in acute settings, 11 % identified as African American and 75% identified as White. A t-test was conducted, and results showed a statistically significant improvement in knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and readiness to perform SBIRT. Conclusion: This study supports the growing evidence that online SBIRT delivery is a viable tool for increasing student nurses&#8217; knowledge, confidence in performing SBIRT, and changing students&#8217; attitudes toward patients with substance use disorder (SUD). Nursing students who understand substance use disorder&#8217;s etiology, treatment, and rehabilitation, may treat patients with SUD, just like they treat patients with chronic diseases. Their positive attitudes toward these patients may influence their degrees of encouragement and support, which are essential to treatment and recovery. Nursing students who are confident in performing SBIRT will most likely use this tool in their routine patient care if their practice environment supports it. This study shows the utility of online SBIRT education as a tool to empower nurses to help decrease substance use disorder in the population(s) they serve.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 451-457\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Melissa Myers, DNP, RN, CNE<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lisa A. Pardi, DNP, RN, CPNP-BC, FNAP<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muder Alkrisat PhD., RN,CPHQ, FISQua<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elizabeth Eugenio Fildes, EdD, RN, CNE, FIAAN, FAAN<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAgley, J., McNelis A.M., Carlson, J.M.  Schwindt R, Clark, C.A., Kent, K.A. Lay, K., Gassman, R.A., &#038;Crabb, D.W. (2016). 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Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) curriculum integration and sustainability: Social work and nursing faculty perspectives. Substance Abuse, 39(2), 255\u2013261. \r\n[6].\tBenda, W. G. G., &#038; Engels, T. C. (2011).  The predictive validity of peer review: A selective review of the judgmental forecasting qualities of peers, and implications for innovation in science. International Journal of Forecasting, 27(1), 166-182.\r\n[7].\tBrener, L., Von Hippel, W.,Kippaz, S., &#038; Preacher, K.J. (2010). The role of physician and nurse attitudes in the health care of injecting drug users. Substance Use and Misuse. 45(7-8), 1007-1018.\r\n[8].\tCalculator.net. (2020). Sample Size Calculator.https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/sample-size-calculator.html\r\n[9].\tCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2018a). 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Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer\r\n[27].\tRassool, G. H. (2007). Some considerations on attitudes to addictions: Waiting for the tide to change. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 18(2), 61\u201363.\r\n[28].\tRittle, C., Santa, H., &#038; Falk, A. (2019). Screening, brief intervention, and referral totreatment: Implementation into an RN-BSN curriculum. Workplace Health and Safety.67(11):537-542. https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.1177\/2165079919874796. \r\n[29].\tRobert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2018). Nurses and nursing. https:\/\/www.rwjf.org\/en\/our-focus-areas\/topics\/nurses-and-nursing.html\r\n[30].\tRudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., &#038; Gladden, R. M. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths \u2013 United States, 2000-2014. MMWR, 64(50); 1378-82.\r\n[31].\tSmothers, Z., Reynolds, V., McEachern, M., Derouin, A. L., Carter, B. M., &#038;Muzyk, A. (2018). Substance use education in schools of nursing: A systematic review of the literature. Nurse Educator. 43(3):136\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NNE.0000000000000449\r\n[32].\tSTAND, (2020). Facts about smoking and using tobacco.  http:\/\/www.standaz.com\/tobacco-facts\/\r\n[33].\tStuart, G. W. (2014). Can nurses be the cornerstone of integrated care? Colorado Nurse, 114(3), 16. \r\n[34].\tSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 national survey on drug use and health.  https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2017-nsduh-annual-national-report\r\n[35].\tSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). SBIRT: Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment.https:\/\/www.integration.samhsa.gov\/clinical-practice\/sbirt\r\n[36].\tWells, G. K., Moonie, S., &#038; Pharr, J. (2018). Association between alcohol screening and brief intervention during routine check-ups and alcohol consumption among adults living in California. Psychiatric Nursing,32(6); pp 872-877.  https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0883941717303692\r\n[37].\tWorld Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Substance abuse.https:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/substance_abuse\/en\/ \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Melissa Myers, DNP, RN, CNE, Lisa A. Pardi, DNP, RN, CPNP-BC, FNAP, Muder Alkrisat PhD., RN,CPHQ, FISQua, Elizabeth Eugenio Fildes, EdD, RN, CNE, FIAAN, FAAN, &#8220;The Effectiveness of SBIRT Training for Online RN to BSN Nursing Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.451-457 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/451-457.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/451-457.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effectiveness-of-sbirt-training-for-online-rn-to-bsn-nursing-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effectiveness of SBIRT Training for Online RN to BSN Nursing Students<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2dc161 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2dc161\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2dc277 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2dc277\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2dc503\" data-id=\"c2dc503\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2dc700 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2dc700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2dc80d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2dc80d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2dca61\" data-id=\"c2dca61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2dcc4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2dcc4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of the Impact of Innovation on Insurance Fraud Management in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Maryliene Chipo Mujakachi, MBA, Dr Fainos Chinjova Ph.D &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 458-469<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2dcd84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2dcd84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2dd059\" data-id=\"c2dd059\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2dd289 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2dd289\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to assess the impact of innovation on insurance fraud management in Zimbabwe. The study used a pragmatic philosophy because the explanatory variables chosen by the researchers are best explained using the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative approaches with the use of statistical inferences. The population of this study consisted of all the employees of insurance companies in Zimbabwe and the population size was estimated to be around 3000. The sampling method used in this study was purposive sampling since the researchers used subjective judgment drawn from practice to come up with a sample size of 180. The sample size was considered enough to make inferences about the population. The study found out that block chain creates interlinked and independent information, its information is true, it validates transactions and the information stored in it is irreversible. Moreover, it was found out that the adoption of artificial intelligence was going to be a critical move towards the reduction of the rate of over exaggerated claims. The study also found out that insurance companies\u2019 mobile application would be highly effective because mobile technologies ensure that customers have factual and reliable information, they ensure an effective collection of customer data, they are helpful in educating customers about insurance fraud and they notify clients of their deadline. The study recommends that insurance companies take a leading role in educating its clients about insurance fraud and its implications. Moreover, insurance companies should train and develop their employees on fraud management and deploy a variety of technologies to reduce the incidence of fraud<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 458-469\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Maryliene Chipo Mujakachi, MBA<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology; Corner Gwanda Road and Cecil Avenue; Bulawayo; Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Fainos Chinjova Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology; Corner Gwanda Road and Cecil Avenue; Bulawayo; Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCressey, D.R. (1971): Other Peoples\u2019 Money: A Study in the Social Psychology of Embezzlement, Free Press, Glencoe.\r\n[2]\tCreswell, J.,W. (2014). Research design. Qualitative and mixed methods approaches. 4th Edition. Sage Publications.\r\n[3]\tCrocker, K.J. and Tennyson, S. (2002): Insurance fraud and optimal claims settlement strategies.  Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 469-507. \r\n[4]\tDaniela, P. and Attila, T. (2013): Internal audit versus internal control and coaching. Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 6, pp. 694-702. \r\n[5]\tDean, D.H. (2004): Perceptions of the ethicality of consumer insurance claim fraud. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 67-79. \r\n[6]\tDenzin, S. and Lincoln, P., (2000): Qualitative and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks Calif Publications.\r\n[7]\tIansiti, A. and Lakhani, I. (2017): Insurance fraud.  Journal of Risk and Insurance, Vol. 69 No. 3, pp. 271-287. \r\n[8]\tDionne, G. and Gagne, R. (2002): Replacement cost endorsement and opportunistic fraud in automobile insurance. The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 213-230. \r\n[9]\tDixit, A. and Nalebuff, B. (1960): Game Theory, Sweet &#038; Maxwell, London. \r\n[10]\tDonegan, J.J. and Ganon, M.W. (2008): Strain differential association and coercion: insights or the criminology literature on causes of accountant\u2019s misconduct.  Accounting and the Public Interest, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 1-20. \r\n[11]\tFCA. (2016): Insurance fraud, available at: www.counter-fraud.com\/fraud-typesa-m\/insurance-fraud\/ (Accessed 24 June 2020).\r\n[12]\tGreggs, P. (2019): Fraud in the Markets: Why It Happens and How to Fight It. Hoboken. NJ: Wiley\r\n[13]\tKhacef, K. &#038; Pujolle, G. (2019): Secure Peer-to-Peer communication based on Blockchain. 33rd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA-2019), Matsue, Japan. pp.662-672, ff10.1007\/978-3-030-15035-8_64ff. \r\n[14]\tLeeds, D. (2018): Application of machine learning techniques for supply chain demand forecasting. European Journal of Operational Research, 184(3), pp.1140-1154.\r\n[15]\tPorter, M. (2012): Competitive advantage. Harvard Business School. \r\n[16]\tRejeb A, Keogh J. G. &#038; Treiblmaier H. (2020): How Blockchain Technology Can Benefit Marketing: Six Pending Research Areas. Frontiers in Blockchain. Vol 3 (1).     \r\n[17]\tRoberts, A. (2019): Fraud and the insurance industry: Why don\u2019t they do something about it, then? International Journal of Risk Security and Crime Prevention. \r\n[18]\tSanders, M., Lewis, P., &#038; Thornhill, A. (2009): Research Methods For Business Students Fifth Edition. England: Pitman Publishing Imprint.\r\n[19]\tOECD. (2017): Distributed ledger technology for the financial industry. White Paper, OECD\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Maryliene Chipo Mujakachi, MBA, Dr Fainos Chinjova Ph.D &#8220;An Assessment of the Impact of Innovation on Insurance Fraud Management in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.458-469 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/458-469.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/458-469.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-the-impact-of-innovation-on-insurance-fraud-management-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> An Assessment of the Impact of Innovation on Insurance Fraud Management in Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ded01 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2ded01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2df126\" data-id=\"c2df126\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2df33b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2df33b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2df46b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2df46b\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2dffe5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e024d\" data-id=\"c2e024d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e041e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e041e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e0535 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e0535\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e0733\" data-id=\"c2e0733\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e08fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e08fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e0a0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e0a0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e0c87\" data-id=\"c2e0c87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e0ead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e0ead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Business Performance of Small and Medium Industries In Bojonegoro Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nur Laily, Dewi Urip Wahyuni, Eka Yuliati &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 470-475<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e1000 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e1000\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e12d7\" data-id=\"c2e12d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e1526 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2e1526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The purpose of this research is to find out the influence of entrepreneurial orientation toward market orientation and business performance of SMIs in Bojonegoro, and the indirect influence of entrepreneurial orientation towards business performance through the market orientation as the mediator. This research uses descriptive and quantitative analytical research design. The population is Small Medium Industries (SMIs) in Bojonegoro Indonesia, the sample collection technique has been carried out by using non probability sampling technique in which the sample is determined based on certain criteria which is compatible with the purpose of the research. The numbers of samples which are compatible with the research criteria are 100 respondents. The data collection technique has been conducted by issuing questionnaires and performing interviews. The obtained data has been analyzed by using Partial Least Square (PLS) which is a model of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) which is component based or variant. The result of the research shows that, entrepreneurial orientation gives influence toward market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation gives influence and business performance, Market Orientation gives influence toward Business Performance of SMIs. The entrepreneurial orientation gives indirect influence toward business performance through mediation of market orientation, is not accepted<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 470-475\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5223<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nur Laily <\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndonesia School of Economics (STIESIA) Surabaya, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dewi Urip Wahyuni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndonesia School of Economics (STIESIA) Surabaya, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Eka Yuliati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndonesia School of Economics (STIESIA) Surabaya, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAffendy, A. 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Marketing Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, And Managerial Implications. Journal of Marketing, 54.\r\n[15]\tKuncoro, M. (2006). Strategi Bagaimana Meraih Keunggulan Kompetitif. Jakarta: Erlangga.\r\n[16]\tLi, Y., Zhao, Y., Tan, J., &#038; Liu, Y. (2008). Moderating Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Market Orientation Performance Linkage: Evidence from Chenese Small Firms. Journal of Small Business, 46(1), 113133.\r\n[17]\tLumpkin, G. T., &#038; Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking Two Dimension of Entrepreneurial Orientation to Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment and Industry Life Cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 429\u2013451.\r\n[18]\tMatsuno, K., Mentzer, J. T., &#038; Ozsomer, A. (2002). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Proclivity and Market Orientation on Business Performance. Journal of Marketing, 66(3), 18\u201333.\r\n[19]\tMiller, D. (1983). The Relationship Between Marketing Orientation and Entrepreneurship Orientation. 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Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 32(12), 1\u201315.\r\n[25]\tProtco, E., &#038; Domberger, U. (2014). The Impact of Market Orientation on Business Performance The Case of Tatarstan Knowledge \u2013Intensive Companies (Rusia). Problem and Perspective in Management, 12(4).\r\n[26]\tSpillan, J., &#038; Parnell, J. (2006). Marketing Resources and Firm Performance Among SME. European Management Journal, 24(2\u20133).\r\n[27]\tTaleghani, M., Gilaninia, S., &#038; Talab, S. M. (2013). Relationship between Market Orientation Culture and Business Performance. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(1), 949\u2013954.\r\n[28]\tTaylor, P. (2013). The Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation on The Internationalization of SMEs in Developing Countries. African Journal of Business Management, 7(19), 1927\u20131937.\r\n[29]\tWalker, R. M., Brewer, G. A., Boyne, G. A., &#038; Avellaneda. (2011). 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Journal of Business Research, 62, 1063\u20131070.\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nur Laily, Dewi Urip Wahyuni, Eka Yuliati, &#8220;Business Performance of Small and Medium Industries In Bojonegoro Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.470-475 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5223<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/470-475.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/business-performance-of-small-and-medium-industries-in-bojonegoro-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Business Performance of Small and Medium Industries In Bojonegoro Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e31f0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2e31f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e4440\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e46a7\" data-id=\"c2e46a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e485b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e485b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4914 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e4914\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4a76\" data-id=\"c2e4a76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4b88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e4b88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4c32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e4c32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4d9a\" data-id=\"c2e4d9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4eb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e4eb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Micro-credit on Income of Poor Women involving in self-employment activities in Jaffna District: A Discriminant Analysis <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rathiranee, Y- February 2021 Page No.: 476-482<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e4f55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e4f55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e50b9\" data-id=\"c2e50b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e51e0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2e51e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study dealt with the impact of the Learning Management System (LMS) as a new platform of Instruction towards learning satisfaction of BSEd English students; also, the primary objective of this study was to determine the level of student learning satisfaction in education towards the use of LMS as a learning tool and to find out if there would be a significant relationship between LMS as a learning tool and its impact to the students&#8217; learning satisfaction among BSEd English students. Utilizing correlational research method with a total of (160) enrolled BSEd English Students of Davao del Norte State College from 1st year to 4th-year level as selected participants. Data gathering was done through the use of questionnaires via an online survey; the questionnaire was divided into three parts, namely: demographic roles students; focus on the factors of Learning Management System (LMS) and as a learning tool. Tested at 0.05 level of significance Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient was utilized resulting in rejection of the null hypothesis. There is a significant relationship in Student Learning Satisfaction to Learning Management System as a new Platform of Instruction.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 476-482\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rathiranee, Y<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor in Financial Management, Department of Financial Management, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAyadurai,S. (2010). Report On Field Trip To Foster Collaborative Partnerships With Local Ngos, National Ngos And Ingos, to Assess and Identify Immediate and Mid-Term Needs of Returnees and Displaced Communities in North East Sri Lanka, Field Trip From 30th June 2010, To 10th July 2010 Facilitating Partner: The Green Movement of Sri Lanka.\r\n[2]\tAsian Development Bank Report, 2018.\r\n[3]\tDatta, S., &#038; Sahu, T. N. (2020). Impact of Microcredit on Employment Generation and Empowerment of Rural Women in India. International Journal of Rural Management.\r\n[4]\tDiana Barrowclough. (2018). The Ins and outs of inclusive Finance, Some lessons from micro finance and basic income, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD. \r\n[5]\tFernando, N. (2004). \u201cMicrofinance Industry in Asia: Current Status, Recent Trends and Some Thoughts on the Future\u201d. \r\n[6]\tGordon, D. (2000) \u2018Inequalities in income, wealth and standard of living\u2019, in C. Pantazis and D. Gordon(eds) Tackling inequalities: Where are we now and what can be done? Bristol: \r\n[7]\tHaileselassie, M. (2007). The Role of Micro Finance in Empowering Women in Addis Ababa, Thesis submitted to the Institute of Gender Studies of Addis Ababa University, in Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies.  \r\n[8]\tHudu, Z. (2009).  Socio Economic Analysis of Livelihood Strategies of Rural Women Beneficiaries of Micro credit in the Tolon \/ Kumbungu District of the Northern Region of Ghana, Department of Agricultural Extension College of Agriculture and Consumer Science, University of Ghana.  \r\n[9]\tMaheswaranathan,S., Kenedy, F, B.(2010).  Impact of Micro Credit Programs on Eliminating Economic Hardship of Women, ICBI 2010, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.\r\n[10]\tMorduch, Jl, and Haley. B. (2001). Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction, Working Paper Series, Canadian International Development Agency, Canada. \r\n[11]\tPerah, A, J. (2008). Linking Microfinance, poverty and HIV\/AIDS:  Theoretical and Empirical Review. Presented at International Microfinance Conference, Elmina Beach Resort, Elmina.\r\n[12]\tPrasansha, K. (2018). Facors Affecting for Deposit Mobilization in Sri Lanka, International Review of Managmeent and Marketing 8 (5).  \r\n[13]\tPushpakumara, W, P, N. (2011). Impact of Gender on Effect Utilization of the microfinance credit facilities in Sri Lanka. ICBI, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.\r\n[14]\tRemenyi, J. (1991). Where credit is due. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.\r\n[15]\t Teng, S.,  Prien, S., Mao, N., Leng, B. (2011).  \u201cImpact of Micro Credit on Household Economies\u201d,  International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, 2 \u2013 1.\r\n[16]\tWahiduddin Mahumud, S.R.Osmani. (2019). The Theory and Practice of Microcredit, Published by Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.   \r\n[17]\tZohir, S. and  Matin.I.  (2004). &#8220;Wider impacts of microfinance institutions: issues and concepts.&#8221; Journal of International Development 16.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rathiranee, Y, &#8220;Impact of Micro-credit on Income of Poor Women involving in self-employment activities in Jaffna District: A Discriminant Analysis .&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.476-482 February 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/476-482.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/476-482.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-micro-credit-on-income-of-poor-women-involving-in-self-employment-activities-in-jaffna-district-a-discriminant-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Micro-credit on Income of Poor Women involving in self-employment activities in Jaffna District: A Discriminant Analysis .<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e6280 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2e6280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e6bdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e6bdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e6d55\" data-id=\"c2e6d55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e6e6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e6e6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e6f1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e6f1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e70a0\" data-id=\"c2e70a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e71ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e71ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e7258 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e7258\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e73d3\" data-id=\"c2e73d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e7504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e7504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Examining the Roles of Traditional Guidance and Counselling Among the People of Sefwi- Bekwai in the Western- North Region of Ghana, Africa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rabbi Darko, Joseph Asamoah \u2013 Gyawu, Gilbert Konwie Langu- February 2021 Page No.: 483-490<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e75ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e75ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e771e\" data-id=\"c2e771e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e784e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2e784e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the roles of traditional guidance and counselling among the people of Sefwi-Bekwai in the Western-North Region of Ghana, Africa. The study followed a qualitative case study design utilizing interviews to collect data. Using purposive sampling, data was collected from four natives of Sefwi-Bekwai who have lived in the traditional area for more than 50 years and are well respected. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that taboos, folktales and traditional music are some of the tools used in practicing traditional guidance and counselling in Sefwi-Bekwai. The study also discovered that occasions like marriage ceremonies, funeral, puberty, during unwanted pregnancies and travelling are some of the precipitating factors that trigger guidance and counselling. The study recommends that there should be training courses in counselling for traditional leaders. Such training can assist these counsellors to beef up their counselling services delivery. Furthermore, the study recommends that to maintain the African philosophy, the people need to go back to their roots to reclaim from their past practices that are wholesome and best, merge it with best western practices and use it to rebuild African guidance and counselling with modernity. This would enable them to render a more satisfying and effective assistance to their clients.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 483-490\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5224\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5224<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rabbi Darko<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKnust Counselling Center, Kwame Nkurmah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Asamoah \u2013 Gyawu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKnust Counselling Center, Kwame Nkurmah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gilbert Konwie Langu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKnust Counselling Center, Kwame Nkurmah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAchebe, C. C. (1988). Theories of Individual Counselling: Relevance to the Nigerian Situation.  Five colleges Black Studies Press Amherst, Massachusetts.\r\n[2]\tAffum, P. K., Kuranchie, A., &#038; Mensah, M. K. (2016). The place of theory in traditional guidance and counselling in modern Ghanaian cultures. African Educational Research Journal, 4(3): 131-139.\r\n[3]\tBedu-Addo, P.K.A. (2000). Guidance and Counselling \u2018unmasked\u2019. (3rd Ed.). Accra. Type Company Limited.\r\n[4]\tEgbochuku, E. O. (2008). Guidance and counselling: A comprehensive text.  UNIBEN Press  \r\n[5]\tHoitsbaum, H. P. (1925) &#8220;Sefwi and Its Peoples&#8221; The Gold Coast Review, 1, p.76-9^.\r\n[6]\tDaaku, K. Y. (1970). Oral Traditions of Sefwi-Wiawso and Bekwai.\r\n[7]\tFortes M.&#038; Evans-Pritchard E.E. (1987). African Political Systems. KPI. Social Science.\r\n[8]\tKeulder, C. 1997b. Traditional Authorities and Regional Councils in southern Na- mibia. Windhoek: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.\r\n[9]\tLogie P. (2009). A History of the Akan People. Published.\r\n[10]\tMunikwa J, Mutopa S, Maphosa C (2012). The nature and causes of parasuicide cases handled by tradi- tional leaders in Hurungwe District in Zimbabwe. Journal of Human Ecology, 3(2): 93-102\r\n[11]\tNukunya G.K. (2003). Introduction to Sociology. University Press: Social Science\r\n[12]\tOdebunmi,A (1992).Understanding Guidance and Counselling. Printed by Gbemi Sopipo Press LTD Abeokuta.\r\n[13]\tPeople, James, Bailey, Garrick (2010). Humanity: an introduction to cultural Anthropology (9th edition). Wadsworth Cengage learning. Page 389.\r\n[14]\tSarpong P. (1974) Ghana in Retrospect, Some Aspects of Ghanaian Culture. Ghana Publishing. Corporation (Printing Division) Accra \u2013 Tema.\r\n[15]\tStewart, J. M. (1966) Akan History: Some Linguistic Evidence, Ghana Notes and Queries,  Accra: Historical Society.  \r\n[16]\tTony and Pool (2013) African tradition: Victoria falls home page.\r\n[17]\tWorld Health Organisation (2006). Preventing Suicide: A Resource Guide for Counsellors. WHO: Geneva.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rabbi Darko, Joseph Asamoah \u2013 Gyawu, Gilbert Konwie Langu, &#8220;Examining the Roles of Traditional Guidance and Counselling Among the People of Sefwi- Bekwai in the Western- North Region of Ghana, Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.483-490 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5224<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/483-490.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-the-roles-of-traditional-guidance-and-counselling-among-the-people-of-sefwi-bekwai-in-the-western-north-region-of-ghana-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Examining the Roles of Traditional Guidance and Counselling Among the People of Sefwi- Bekwai in the Western- North Region of Ghana, Africa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e8749 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2e8749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e8830 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e8c2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e8d9c\" data-id=\"c2e8d9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e8ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e8ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e8f5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e8f5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e90b2\" data-id=\"c2e90b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e91d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e91d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e927e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e927e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e93ce\" data-id=\"c2e93ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e9508 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e9508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e95ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e95ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e9736\" data-id=\"c2e9736\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e9849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2e9849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Teaching Resources in Chemistry Practicals on Performance in Chemistry Subject<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ronoh Obadiah Cheruiyot, Peter Waswa Nyongesa, Lusweti Kituyi &#8211; February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 491-496<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2e9903 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2e9903\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2e9a90\" data-id=\"c2e9a90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e9bc2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2e9bc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Experimental practices in Chemistry are vital as an instructional method for better understanding of concepts.  The study was done to determine the influence of teaching resources in chemistry practicals on performance in chemistry subject. The objective of the study was to ascertain definitely how teaching resources in chemistry practicals influenced performance in the entire subject. Methodology: A survey design was adopted where a sample size of three hundred and seventy seven respondents were selected in a random manner from teachers who instructed chemistry and a cohort of students in the third year from secondary schools  sponsored by the Kenyan government in Narok County. The instruments for data collection were questionnaire, interview and observation schedule. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using SPSS software and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: The findings indicated that majority of laboratories were not equipped with apparatus and reagents for conducting practical. Time allocation was somehow sufficient for handling practicals but inadequate for individualized activities. Teaching resources contributed significantly to performance in chemistry subject (P<0.05). Conclusion\/Recommendation: Majority of laboratories were not well equipped with apparatus and reagents. Time was inadequate for individualized practices. The government should provide adequate funding of science laboratories to enhance practical instruction in secondary schools<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 491-496\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5225<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ronoh Obadiah Cheruiyot<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Center for Teacher Education, University of Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Peter Waswa Nyongesa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Center for Teacher Education, University of Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Lusweti Kituyi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry &#038; Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAchimugu, L. (2012). Strategies for Effective Conduct of Practical Chemistry Works in Senior Secondary Schools in Nigeria. Retrieved 22 August, 2014, 1:32 pm, Adobe Acrobat Document.\r\n[2]\tAdalikwu, S. and Iorkpilgh, I. (2013). The influence of instructional material on academic performance of senior secondary school students in Chemistry in Cross River State. Global Journal of Educational Research Vol 12, 2013: pp 39-45\r\n[3]\tBest, J. W. and Khan, J. V. (1993) Research Methodology. 5th Edition, New Delhi, India.\r\n[4]\tChen, B. and Wei, B. (2015). Investigating the Factors that Influence Chemistry Teachers\u2019 Use of Curriculum Materials: The Case of China. Science Education International, 26(2), 195-216.\r\n[5]\tEdomwonyi-Otu, L. (2011). The Challenge of Effective Teaching of Chemistry. Bello University: Zaria.\r\n[6]\tGutierrez, R. (2014). Determinants of Chemistry Performance of Teacher Education Students of State Colleges and Universities in Cagayan Valley. International Conference on Economics, Education and Humanities. No. 14. Indonesia.\r\n[7]\tKenya National Examination Council, (2009). Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination Annual report. Nairobi.\r\n[8]\tKenya National Examination Council, (2013). Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination Annual Report. Nairobi.\r\n[9]\tMinistry of Education, (2019). Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Chemistry results Analysis. Narok.\r\n[10]\tNAYS, (2015). Kenya National Adolescents and Youth Survey, Nairobi, Kenya: NCPD\r\n[11]\tNeville, H. and Sidney, T. (2013). Stratified Sampling. Webpage at Coventry University. Retrieved on 3th March 2020.\r\n[12]\tOdum, J. (2013). Assessment of Secondary School Chemistry Teachers\u2019 Quality Through Identification and use of Laboratory Apparatus\u2019 Journal of Education and Practice, ISSN 2222-1735 vol. 4, No 5,\r\n[13]\tSaunders,M., Lewis, P and Thornhill, A. (2012) \u201cResearch Methods for Business Students\u201d  6th edition, Pearson Edition Limited.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ronoh Obadiah Cheruiyot, Peter Waswa Nyongesa, Lusweti Kituyi &#8220;Influence of Teaching Resources in Chemistry Practicals on Performance in Chemistry Subject&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.491-496 February 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5225<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/491-496.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-teaching-resources-in-chemistry-practicals-on-performance-in-chemistry-subject\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Teaching Resources in Chemistry Practicals on Performance in Chemistry Subject<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2eaa35 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2eaa35\" 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data-id=\"c2eb18d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2eb308\" data-id=\"c2eb308\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2eb433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2eb433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2eb4dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2eb4dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2ebafe\" data-id=\"c2ebafe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ebc52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ebc52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Postpartum cultural practices contributing to maternal deaths in Lundazi district- Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jordan Tembo, Patricia Mambwe- February 2021 Page No.: 497-501<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2ebd13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2ebd13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2ebe9a\" data-id=\"c2ebe9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ebfdc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2ebfdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The problem of maternal deaths affects all nations. This study explored postpartum cultural practices surrounding deaths associated with post childbirth in Lundazi district \u2013Zambia. The study used a cross-sectional study design with a qualitative approach. The study used 30 Small Motherhood Action Group members (SMAGs) as study units. Three Focus Group Discussions were conducted during the month of May 2018. This study found that some postpartum women in Lundazi district- Zambia used dirty, contaminated cloths as sanitary pads. The study also found that women who sustained tears, bruises or lacerations during childbirth treated their childbirth wounds by padding or inserting into their birth canals, herbal medicines prepared under unhygienic conditions. The reality of the existence of unsafe postpartum cultural practices should never be ignored or minimized as this borders on complications and death of women after childbirth. Despite the existence of a vibrant modern health care system, women slide into harmful cultural practices post childbirth which endanger their health and their lives. The cultural practice of inserting traditional herbal medicines prepared under unhygienic conditions into the vagina for treatment of bruises, cuts and lacerations exposes women to large concentrations of harmful micro-organisms placing them in the red zone of developing complicated ascending infection with consequent death in case of delay to access health care services.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 497-501\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5226\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5226<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jordan Tembo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKalindawalo General Hospital, Petauke, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jordan Tembo<\/strong><\/span>\r\n Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Rusangu University, Monze, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbuidhail, J. 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Report of a Technical Working Group Geneva, 20-22 May 1992\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jordan Tembo, Patricia Mambwe, &#8220;Postpartum cultural practices contributing to maternal deaths in Lundazi district- Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.497-501 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5226<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/497-501.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/postpartum-cultural-practices-contributing-to-maternal-deaths-in-lundazi-district-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Postpartum cultural practices contributing to maternal deaths in Lundazi district- Zambia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ecea3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2ecea3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed106\" data-id=\"c2ed106\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed246 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ed246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed2f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2ed2f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed457\" data-id=\"c2ed457\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed597 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ed597\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed63a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2ed63a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed796\" data-id=\"c2ed796\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed8a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ed8a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2ed943 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2ed943\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2edaba\" data-id=\"c2edaba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2edbcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2edbcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2edc74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2edc74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2eddd3\" data-id=\"c2eddd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2edee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2edee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Family Process on Academic Educational Achievements in the United States: Evidence from a longitudinal study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ali Roghani- February 2021 Page No.: 502-506<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2edf84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2edf84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2ee0eb\" data-id=\"c2ee0eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ee20f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2ee20f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper&#8217;s main objective is to understand how the family process affects youth&#8217;s educational outcomes in the U.S. Previous research does not have a conclusive understanding regarding parental influence and educational achievement.  Some studies determine that some parental influence is connected with positive academic achievement, while others conclude that it is not associated with young adults&#8217; academic achievement.  Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, an event history analysis was conducted to address how family process measures (family routines and parental monitoring) during adolescence change the rates and timing of the completion of a bachelor&#8217;s degree. Although mothers&#8217; monitoring does not have a significant relationship with having an academic degree, higher father monitoring was positively associated with having the degree. Family routines provide a complex result. Average family routines are associated with a higher likelihood of academic achievements, while low and high family routines have the same outcomes. The research&#8217;s findings imply the role of fathers and the multidimensional nature of the family process, suggesting that the family process is essential in determining rates and timing of academic achievements in the U.S.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 502-506\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5227\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5227<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ali Roghani<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Texas at San Antonio\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBoonk, L., Gijselaers, H. J., Ritzen, H., &#038; Brand-Gruwel, S. (2018). A review of the relationship between parental involvement indicators and academic achievement. Educational Research Review, 24, 10-30.\r\n[2]\tBushnik, T., Tjepkema, M., &#038; Martel, L. (2020). Socioeconomic disparities in life and health expectancy among the household population in Canada. Health Rep, 31(1), 3-14.\r\n[3]\tCastro, M.J., Exp\u00f3sito-Casas, E., Lopez-Martin, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E., &#038; Gaviria, J.L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 14, 33-46.\r\n[4]\tChild Trends &#038; Center for Human Resource Research. 1999. NLSY97 Codebook Supplement Main File Round 1. Appendix 9: Family Process and Adolescent Outcome Measures. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Labor.\r\n[5]\tGutvajn, N. M., &#038; Lepojevi\u0107, M. M. K. (2020). Parental Monitoring, Behavioral Problems, and School Achievement of Belgrade Secondary School Students2.\r\n[6]\tHogan, Dennis P. and Nan Marie Astone. 1986. \u201cThe Transition to Adulthood.\u201d Annual Review\r\n[7]\tHolmes E, Jones-Sanpei H, Day R (2009) Adolescent outcome measures in the NLSY97 family process data set: Variation by race and socioeconomic conditions. Marriage Fam Rev 45(4): 374-391. \r\n[8]\tJensen, E. W., James, S. A., Bryce, W. T., &#038; Hartnett, S. A. (1983). The family routines inventory: Development and validation. Social Science &#038; Medicine, 17, 201\u2013211.\r\n[9]\tJeynes, W. H. (2015). A meta-analysis: The relationship between father involvement and student academic achievement. Urban Education, 50(4), 387-423.\r\n[10]\tMaccoby, E. E., &#038; Mnookin, R. H. (1992). Dividing the child: Social and legal dilemmas of custody. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\r\n[11]\tMayberry, L., Shinn, M., Benton, J., &#038; Wise, J. (2014). Families experiencing housing instability: The effects of housing programs on family routines and rituals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 95-109. doi: 10.1037\/h0098946\r\n[12]\tMelby, J. N., Conger, R. D., Fang, S. A., Wickrama, K. A. S., &#038; Conger, K. J. (2008). Adolescent family experiences and educational attainment during early adulthood. Developmental psychology, 44(6), 1519.\r\n[13]\tMoon, S. S., Kim, Y. J., &#038; Parrish, D. (2020, December). Understanding the linkages between parental monitoring, school academic engagement, substance use, and suicide among adolescents in US. In Child &#038; Youth Care Forum (Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 953-968). Springer US.of Sociology 12:109\u201330.\r\n[14]\tPayne, K. K. (2012). Young Adults in the Parental Home, 1940-2010 (FP12-22). National Center for Family &#038; Marriage Research. Retrieved from http:\/\/ncfmr. bgsu.edu\/pdf\/ family_profiles\/ file122548.pdf\r\n[15]\tRoghani, A., Nyarko, S., &#038; Sparks, C. (2021). The first family formation among young Americans: the role of family process. SN Social Sciences, 1(2). doi: 10.1007\/s43545-020-00045-x\r\n[16]\tSheridan, S. M., Witte, A. L., Holmes, S. R., Wu, C., Bhatia, S. A., &#038; Angell, S. R. (2017). The efficacy of conjoint behavioral consultation in the home setting: Outcomes and mechanisms in rural communities. Journal of school psychology, 62, 81\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2017.03.005\r\n[17]\tSmith, T., Sheridan, S., Kim, E., Park, S., &#038; Beretvas, S. (2019). The Effects of Family-School Partnership Interventions on Academic and Social-Emotional Functioning: a Meta-Analysis Exploring What Works for Whom. Educational Psychology Review, 32(2), 511-544. doi: 10.1007\/s10648-019-09509-w\r\n.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ali Roghani, &#8220;The Role of Family Process on Academic Educational Achievements in the United States: Evidence from a longitudinal study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.502-506 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5227<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/502-506.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-family-process-on-academic-educational-achievements-in-the-united-states-evidence-from-a-longitudinal-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Role of Family Process on Academic Educational Achievements in the United States: Evidence from a longitudinal study<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ef428 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2f26e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2f294d\" data-id=\"c2f294d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f2b5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2f2b5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2f2cb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2f2cb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2f2f4b\" data-id=\"c2f2f4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f3165 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2f3165\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2f329c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2f329c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2f353d\" data-id=\"c2f353d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f374a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2f374a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Local Revenue Deficit on Gross County Product of Devolved Governments in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Habil O. Onyango, Evans O. Kiganda, Scholastica A. Odhiambo- February 2021 Page No.: 507-511<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2f387d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2f387d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2f3b18\" data-id=\"c2f3b18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f3d37 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c2f3d37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The performance of any economy is determined by resources available to support its needs. Low resource base, which cannot adequately meet the needs of any economy, contribute to economic instability. This is a major concern for economists and policy makers in many countries. Since Kenya established devolved governments in 2013, there has been a worrying trend on how local revenue deficits and Gross County Product have been interacting. From 2013 to 2017 the average local revenue deficits decreased from 593.86 million shillings to 349.52 million shillings. Over the same period, despite the average Gross County Product increasing from 90.721 billion shillings to 163.259 billion shillings, the increase has not been as much in some devolved governments. Literature shows no consensus whether local revenue deficits have negative, positive or neutral effect on economic growth, with most studies being limited to use of national level data set. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of local revenue deficit on Gross County Product of devolved governments in Kenya. The study was modelled on Solow-Swan\u2019s Neoclassical Economic Growth Theory and used secondary panel data set from 2013 to 2017 for all the 47 devolved governments. The data was sourced from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and Controller of Budget Reports. Random Effects model was used to estimate and interpret results of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Findings revealed that local revenue deficit had a coefficient of -0.45 with a p-value of 0.013, while its lagged value had the coefficient of -1.03 with a p-value of 0.003. This means that growth of local revenue deficit in the past as well as in the present period had a negative effect on Gross County Product. These findings led to the conclusion that growth of local revenue deficit both in the past and present period was detrimental to the economies of devolved governments in Kenya. As such, the study recommended for an improvement in local revenue collection to reduce local revenue deficit. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 507-511\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Habil O. Onyango<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evans O. Kiganda <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Kaimosi Friends University, P.O. Box 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Scholastica A. Odhiambo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Kaimosi Friends University, P.O. Box 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCinar, M., Ero\u011flu, I. and Demirel, B. (2014). The role of budget deficit policies in economic growth from a Keynesian perspective. International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 6, No. 10; 2014\r\n[2]\tController of Budget. (2018). Annual county governments budget implementation review report for FY 2017\/18, Nairobi \r\n[3]\tChoi, I. (2001) Testing for stationarity in heterogenous panel data. Econometrics Journal 3:148-161\r\n[4]\tEli, R. H. (2010). Financing the budget deficit in the Philippines, Philippines Institute for Development Studies, pp 37-40.  \r\n[5]\tEminer, F. (2015). The impact of budget deficit on economic growth in North Cyprus. West East Institute International Academic Conference Proceedings, Vienna, Austria. \r\n[6]\tFischer, S. (1993). The role of macroeconomic factors in growth. NBER Working Papers No 4565\r\n[7]\tGujarati, D.N. (2004) Basic Econometrics, 4th ed. New Delhi, India: The McGraw-Hill\r\n[8]\tHausman, J. A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, Vol. 46, No. 6 (Nov. 1978), pp. 1251-1271\r\n[9]\tKarnik, A. (2002). Fiscal policy and growth. Economic and Political Weekly, 37, 829- 831.\r\n[10]\tKenya National Bureau of Statistics (2019). Gross county product, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n[11]\tKurt, S, et.al. (2012). The effect of global financial crisis on budget deficits in European Countries: Panel data analysis. Econometrics and Statistics Issue no 17 of 2012 pp 1-22\r\n[12]\tMoraa, W. (2014). Relationship between budget deficit financing and economic growth in Kenya.  Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis. University of Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[13]\tOdhiambo, S.O., Momanyi, G., Othuon L. and Aila, F.O. (2013). The relationship between fiscal deficits and economic growth in Kenya: an empirical investigation. Greener Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 3 (6), pp. 306-323, July 2013.\r\n[14]\tOlubiyi, E.A. and Bolarinwa, M. A. (2018). Fiscal deficit and inflation rate in selected African Regional Blocs: A comparative analysis, Turkish Economic Review, Issue 1, vol 5 p89-101 \r\n[15]\tOsoro, S. (2016). Effects of budget deficit on economic growth in Kenya. Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya. \r\n[16]\tPesaran, et. al. (1999) \u201cAn Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis\u201d in Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, ed. S. Strom, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. \r\n[17]\tRamu, A. M. R. and Gayithri, K. (2016). Fiscal deficit composition and economic growth relation in India: A time series econometric analysis, Munich Personal RePEc Archive\r\n[18]\tRangarajan, C. and Srivastava, D.K. (2005). Fiscal deficits and government debt: implications for growth and stabilisation. Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 40, No. 27 (Jul. 2-8, 2005), pp. 2919-2934, \r\n[19]\tRazali, N. M. and Wah Y. B. (2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modelling and Analysis, 2(1): 21-33  \r\n[20]\tSimon, M.K. and Goes, J. (2011). Correlational Research, Dissertation and Scholarly Research: Recipes for Success. Seattle, WA\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Habil O. Onyango, Evans O. Kiganda, Scholastica A. Odhiambo, &#8220;Effect of Local Revenue Deficit on Gross County Product of Devolved Governments in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.507-511 February 2021\u00a0 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5209<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/507-511.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-local-revenue-deficit-on-gross-county-product-of-devolved-governments-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Local Revenue Deficit on Gross County Product of Devolved Governments in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c30239c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c30239c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c302d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c302df7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c302df7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c302f97\" data-id=\"c302f97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3030c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3030c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c303165 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c303165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3032db\" data-id=\"c3032db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3033ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3033ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of the Zambia Education Curriculum Framework &#8211; 2013 at Early Childhood Education: A case of selected Primary Schools in Western Province, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mushinga Kapelwa Mooto- February 2021 Page No.: 512-520<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c303497 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c303497\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c303601\" data-id=\"c303601\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c303769 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c303769\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the implementation of the Zambia Education Curriculum Framework (ZECF) &#8211; 2013 at Early Childhood Education (ECE) level in selected primary schools of Western Province, Zambia. The Objectives were to explore how the ZECF &#8211; 2013 was being implemented at ECE level and to identify the challenges faced by teachers in implementing the ZECF &#8211; 2013 at ECE level in the Primary Schools. The study was a descriptive case study within qualitative school of thought. It targeted the ECE teachers, Head teachers and Education Standards Officers. Sampling was done purposively. The type of purposive sampling used for all the target population was stakeholder sampling. The sample size was 61. The distribution of the sample was 26 ECE teachers, 26 head teachers and 09 Education Standard Officers. Semi structured interviews were used to collect data from Head teachers and Education Standards Officers. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the ECE teachers. Document analysis used teachers teaching files, school time tables, learner assessment records, classroom inventories etc. Data analysis made use of themes arising from the data. Findings were that few teachers had minimum qualifications for ECE teachers. Implementation was in situation of inadequate classroom space, teaching staff and teaching and learning materials. The recommended Assessment tool was not used. The use of the familiar language as medium of instruction was adhered to. Child Play was not emphasized. Integrated approach to teaching and planning to teach was not familiar to teachers and not used. Conclusion was that demands of ZECF 2013 were not fully adhered to.  Inadequate classroom space meant that aspects of ECE learning and routine suffered. Areas of child development and establishment of development patterns in children suffered due to improper assessment. Language development &#038; Primary Literacy Program is bound to succeed. Holistic Child development was undermined. The study recommends that satellite ECE centers under the management of the nearest primary schools be constituted using cheap and local materials so as to decongest the primary schools grappling with inadequate resources. Rigorous CPD programs should be instituted to align the teachers with the demands of ECE teaching and the ZECF \u2013 2013.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 512-520\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mushinga Kapelwa Mooto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education &#038; Professional Studies, Mongu College of Education Mongu, Zambia \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBrynard, A. P and Netshkhopani, A. F. 2011. Educator Training Challenges in Implementing the National Curriculum Statement Policy, African Journal of Public Affairs, 4 (3): 60 \u2013 71.\r\n[2]\tFleer, M. (2000). An Early Education Research Agenda: Voices from the field. Canberra: Department of Education, Training and Youths Affairs.\r\n[3]\tGeyser, H. (2000). Outcome Based Education: a critical Perspective, in Mda, T and Mothatha, S (eds.), Critical Issues in South African Education after 1994. Cape Town: Juta and Company\r\n[4]\tGross, N. (1971). Implementing Organizational Innovation: A Sociological Analysis of Planned Education Changes. New York: Basic Book Inc. \r\n[5]\tKalimaposo, K and Mulubale, S. (2015). Factors Affecting the Implementation of Localized Curriculum (Community Studies) in Selected Basic Schools in Zambia, DETA 2015, Mauritius. \r\n[6]\tKilgallon, P., Maloney, C &#038; Lock, G. (2008). \u2018Early Childhood Teachers\u2019 Sustainment in the classroom\u2019, Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 33, (2), 3, Pp. 41 \u2013 54\r\n[7]\tKirkgoz, Y. (2008). A Case Study of Teachers Implementation of Curriculum Innovation in English Language Teaching in Turkish Primary School Education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24, 1859 \u2013 1875\r\n[8]\tMafora, P and Phorabatho, T. (2013). Curriculum Change Implementation: Do Secondary School Principals Manage? Anthropologist, 15 (2): 117 \u2013 124\r\n[9]\tMaree, K. (2003). First Steps in Research. Pretoria: Van Schalk Publishers.  \r\n[10]\tMinistry of Education. (2013). Zambia Education Curriculum Framework \u2013 2013. Lusaka: Curriculum Development Center  \r\n[11]\tMinistry of Education. (1996). Educating Our Future: National Policy on Education. Lusaka: Zambia Education Publishing House. \r\n[12]\tMinistry of Education. (1977). Educational Reform: Proposals and Recommendations. Lusaka: MOE\r\n[13]\tMolapo, M. R. and Pillay, V. (2018). Politicizing Curriculum Implementation: the case of Primary Schools, South African Journal of Education, 38 (1), February 2018, Pp. 1 \u2013 9\r\n[14]\tMukoboto, S. 1982. \u2018Development of a curriculum planning model for Zambian secondary schools.\u2019 Doctoral Dissertations 1896, February 2014. 2120. http:\/\/scholaworks.umass.edu\/dissertations_1\/2120 Accessed on18\/07\/2018\r\n[15]\tMunsaka, E., and Matafwali, B. (2011). Programmes in Zambia: A Cases of four selected Districts, Journal of Early Childhood Development, 5, 109 \u2013 131\r\n[16]\tMatafwali, B., Munsaka, E., Mweemba, L., and Muleya, G. 2013. A Draft Report on the mapping of Early Childhood Care, Development and Education (ECCDE) in Zambia.\r\n[17]\tMulenga, C. L. (2016). The Implementation of Computer Studies Curriculum in selected Primary Schools in Ndola District of Zambia: Failure or Success, Master of Education in Education Management submitted to University of Zambia\/ Zimbabwe Open University. \r\n[18]\tNational Association for the Education of Young Children. (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children f from birth through age 8. A position statement of the National Association for the Education of Young Children\r\n[19]\tNkosi, T. P. (2014). Teachers\u2019 Experiences of the Implementation of the Curriculum and the Assessment Policy Statement: A Case Study of three Primary Schools in KwaZulu \u2013 Natal Province, Master of Education in Curriculum Studies dissertation, University of KwaZulu \u2013 Natal\r\n[20]\tNxumalo, V. N. (2009). Investigating middle managements roles in implementing the new curriculum at Grade 10 \u2013 12 level, Master of Education thesis, University of KwaZulu \u2013 Natal\r\n[21]\tPark, M and Sung, Y. K. (2013). Teachers Perceptions of the recent curriculum reforms and their implementation: What can we learn from the Korean Elementary Teachers? Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 33 (1): 15 \u2013 33 \r\n[22]\tPhakisi, E. M. (2004). Factors affecting the implementation of a new junior secondary science curriculum in Lesotho, Master of Education dissertation, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. \r\n[23]\tSakambuta, J., Musakanya, T., Vengi, S., and Magaisa, R. (2018). An Assessment of Primary School Teachers\u2019 Competences in implementing the 2013 Revised Curriculum in Zambia: A Case Study of North western Province, The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research, Paper-ID: CFP\/666\/2018 www.ijmdr.net \r\n[24]\tShikwesha, R. A. (2014). Factors affecting the provision of Early Childhood Education in Government schools: a case of Selected schools in Kabompo District of North Western Province of Zambia, Master of Education in Primary Education dissertation, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.  \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mushinga Kapelwa Mooto, &#8220;Implementation of the Zambia Education Curriculum Framework &#8211; 2013 at Early Childhood Education: A case of selected Primary Schools in Western Province, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.512-520 February 2021\u00a0 https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/512-520.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/512-520.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-the-zambia-education-curriculum-framework-2013-at-early-childhood-education-a-case-of-selected-primary-schools-in-western-province-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Implementation of the Zambia Education Curriculum Framework &#8211; 2013 at Early Childhood Education: A case of selected Primary Schools in Western Province, Zambia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c307810 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c307810\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3079b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3079b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c307c73\" data-id=\"c307c73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c307ea6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c307ea6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3085c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3085c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c308835\" data-id=\"c308835\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c308a4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c308a4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c308b7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c308b7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c30a94a\" data-id=\"c30a94a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c30ab63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c30ab63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c30acd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c30acd2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c30afad\" data-id=\"c30afad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c30b121 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c30b121\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The History of Labour Movement in East Africa: The Case of Kenya and Tanzania<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Salum Rashid MOHAMED- February 2021 Page No.: 521-528<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c30b2b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c30b2b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c30c266\" data-id=\"c30c266\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c30c4cb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c30c4cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study looked at the history of labour movement in Kenya and Tanzania for the period between 1900s &#8211; 1980s. The two countries are the former British colonies and the founders of the East African Community. The study used desk review as a method of collecting necessary information and comparative method to analyse the information and compare the situation of labour movements in the two countries. It has been understood that the first labour movements in both countries appeared as spontaneous strikes carried out by workers in the transport sector (ports and railway), and that organisation into unions came later, and started as associations and friendly clubs. Situations before independence, in both countries, discouraged the development of any labour movement. British colonial regimes used different legal texts to freeze movements, until the beginning of 1940s. At this period, workers unions were weak and underground, but the struggle for independence awakened their strength. The situation after independence worsened, for the governments took complete control over the trade unions\u2019 activities, but was little bit better in Kenya than in Tanzania. Trade unions had to wait until the introduction of political liberalization to regain their freedom. The study contributes to existing knowledge base on labour movement in East African, and in Kenya and Tanzania in particular, using comparative approach.  <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 521-528\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Salum Rashid MOHAMED<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Social Sciences, University of Kocaeli, Turkey\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tLwoga C.M.F. (1987). Historical Roots of the Labour Shortage Problem in the Sisal Industry in Tanzania: Contradictions of the Cheap Labour System. Journal of Eastern African Research &#038; Development, Vol. 17 (1987), pp. 18-33;\r\n[2]\tDamachi G.et al. (1979). Industrial Relations in Africa. International Institute for Labour Studies, Macmillan International College editions, the Macmillan Press LTD, London;\r\n[3]\tDr. William M. (2014). African Trade Unions and Africa\u2019s Future: Strategic Choices in a Changing World. Solidarity Centre;\r\n[4]\tDudley J. (1979). The Disappearance of Strikes in Tanzania: Incomes Policy and Industrial Democracy. The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 219-251;\r\n[5]\tShiraz D. (2009). Trade union movement leads the way in Kenya. Information, Society and Justice, Volume 2 No. 2, June 2009: pp 197-204;\r\n[6]\tBabeiya E. (2011). Trade Unions and Democratization in Tanzania: End of an Era? Journal of Politics and Law Vol. 4, No. 1; March 2011;\r\n[7]\tOnduko E. (2013). Regional Integration and Professional Labour Mobility:  A Case of East African Community (EAC). Master Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya;\r\n[8]\tInstitute of Economic Affairs. (2010). The Dynamics and Trends in Employment in Kenya. IEA Research Paper Series No. 1\/2010, Nairobi;\r\n[9]\tJan L. (2013). Outlines of a History of Labour. International Institute of Social History Research Paper 51;\r\n[10]\tBienefeld M. A. (1979). Trade Unions, the Labour Process, and the Tanzanian State. The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Dec., 1979), pp. 553-593;\r\n[11]\tMuir et al. (1974). Trade Union Power and the Process of Economic Development: The Kenyan Example. Industrial Relations, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1974), pp. 474-496;\r\n[12]\tNdalilah J. (2012). Colonial Capitalism and the Making of Wage Labour in Kimilili, Kenya: 1900-1963. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 23; December 2012;\r\n[13]\tOberst T. (1988). Transport Workers, Strikes and the \u201cImperial Response\u201d: Africa and the Post World War II Conjuncture. African Studies Review, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Apr., 1988), pp. 117-133, Cambridge University Press;\r\n[14]\tRamdas, R.V. (1970). The Role of Indians in the Freedom Struggle of East Africa. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 32, Vol II (1970), pp. 281-287;\r\n[15]\tRiddell J. (1962). Trade Unionism in Africa as a Factor in Nation Building. Civilisations, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1962), pp. 27-45;\r\n[16]\tScott R. (1967). Are Trade Unions Still Necessary in Africa? Transition, No. 33 (Oct. &#8211; Nov., 1967), pp. 27-31, Indiana University Press on behalf of the Hutchins Centre for African and African American Research at Harvard University;\r\n[17]\tSociety for International Development. (2011). East African Integration: Dynamics of Equity in Trade, Education, Media and Labour. Nairobi, Kenya; \r\n[18]\tStichter S. (1984). The Impact of the Depression on Workers\u2019 Movements in East and Central Africa, 1930-36. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Vol. 8, No. 1 (Summer, 1984), pp. 117-131, Research Foundation of State University of New York for and on behalf of the Fernand Braudel Center; \r\n[19]\tTayo F. (2010). Collective Bargaining and Employment Relations in Kenya. ILO Working Paper No. 13, Geneva; \r\n[20]\tTouaibia M. Z. (2014). Land and Labour in Kenya Under British Colonial Rule from 1888 \u2013 1953. Master thesis in African Civilisation, University of Oran, Algeria;\r\n[21]\tTrywell et al. (2013). Trade Union Services and Benefits in Africa. African Labour Research network;\r\n[22]\tUNISCO. (1985). General History of Africa. VII. Heinemann, California;\r\n[23]\tZeleza T. (1993). The Strike Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Era of the General Strikes. Transafrican Journal of History, Vol. 22 (1993), pp. 1-23;\r\n[24]\tOfficial COTU website: https:\/\/cotu-kenya.org\/history-of-cotuk\/ \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Salum Rashid MOHAMED, &#8220;The History of Labour Movement in East Africa: The Case of Kenya and Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.521-528 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/521-528.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/521-528.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-history-of-labour-movement-in-east-africa-the-case-of-kenya-and-tanzania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The History of Labour Movement in East Africa: The Case of Kenya and Tanzania<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c313c7b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-element-c31473a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c31473a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c31d4b3\" data-id=\"c31d4b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c31fe4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c31fe4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c32006c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c32006c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c32027f\" data-id=\"c32027f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3203e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3203e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Critical Analysis of Leadership in Action: A Case Study of the Directorate of Inspection and Advisory Services (DIAS) In Malawi<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Caroline Chiphinga-Mwale- February 2021 Page No.: 529-533<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3204f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3204f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c320791\" data-id=\"c320791\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3214c9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c3214c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Running an education organisation in the twenty-first century is one of the difficult tasks. This is because the education system is volatile (Kaume-Mwinzi, 2016), fluid as well as convoluted (Reyes, 2015). In addition, it exists in complex and competitive twenty-first century settings (Baltaci &#038; Balci, 2017).  As such this paper explores complexity leadership in relation to the inconsistencies that occur in the school inspectorate system in Malawi. Specifically, the emerging disconnects between deep-rooted practices and newly-introduced standards. To achieve this purpose, the papers uses theories of educational leadership to describe complex leadership,  outline issues in the school inspectorate system, discusses options and possible implications, and explains as well as justify choice for solutions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 529-533\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Caroline Chiphinga-Mwale<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Education Alumni, the University of Queensland, School of Education;  Chief Quality Assurance Officer, Ministry of Education, Malawi\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tArchbald, T., Neubauer, L. C., &#038; Brookfield, S. D. (2018). The critically reflective evaluator: Adult education&#8217;s contributions to evalaution for social justice. Evaluative Thinking, New Directions for Evaluations 158, 109-123.\r\n[2]\tBaltaci, A., &#038; Balci, A. (2017). Complexity leadership: A theoretical perspective. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management 5(1), 30-58.\r\n[3]\tBarber, M., Whelan, F., &#038; Clark, M. (2010). Capturing the leadership premium: How the world&#8217;s top school sytems are building leadership capacity for the future. London: McKinsey &#038; Company.\r\n[4]\tBrookfield, S. (1998). Critically reflective practice. Journalof Continuing Education in the Health Professions 18(4), 197-205.\r\n[5]\tCunningham, C. L. (2012). Critically reflective leadership. Australian Journal of Teacher Education 37(4), 46-58.\r\n[6]\tDensten, I. L., &#038; Gray, J. H. (2001). Leadership development and reflection: What is the connection? International Journal of Educational Management 15(3), 119-124.\r\n[7]\tDIAS, D. o. (2017). School inspection executive summary report 2016\/2017 academic year. Unpublished.\r\n[8]\tGustafson, J. E., Ehren, M. C., Conyngham, G., McNamara, G., Altrichter, H., &#038; O&#8217;Hara, J. (2015). From inspection to quality: Ways in which school inspection influences change in schools. Studies in Educational Evaluation 47, 47-57.\r\n[9]\tHall, J. B. (2017). Examining school inspectors and education directors within the organisation of school inspection policy: Perceptions and views. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 61(1), 112-126.\r\n[10]\tJuma, S., Lehtomaki, E., &#038; Naukkarinen, A. (2017). Scaffolding teachers to foster inclusive pedagogy and presence through collaborative action research. Educational Action Research 25(5), 720-736.\r\n[11]\tKaume-Mwinzi, R. (2016). Adminstrative and leadership innovation in the 21st century: A secondary school sub-sector perspective in Kenya. Research in Pedagogy 6(2), 85-94.\r\n[12]\tKitchen, R. (2003). Getting real about mathematics education reform in high-poverty communities. For the Learning of Mathematics 23(3), 16-22.\r\n[13]\tLee, H., &#038; Witz, K. G. (2009). Science teachers&#8217; inspiration for teaching socio-scientific issues: Disconnection with reform efforts. International Journal of Science Education 31(7), 931-960.\r\n[14]\tMurray, J. (2017). Complexity leadership and collective action in the age of networks. College English 79(5), 512-525.\r\n[15]\tNg, P. T. (2010). The evolution and nature of school accountability in the Singapore education system. Education, Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability 22, 275-292.\r\n[16]\tOlolube, N. P., &#038; Major, N. B. (2014). School inspection and educational supervision: Impact on teachers&#8217; productivity and effective teacher education programs in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education 7(1), 91-104.\r\n[17]\tOmorigho, J. E. (2017). Training needs of school inspectors for quality instruction in Delta state primary schools. Global Journal of Educational Research 16, 29-35.\r\n[18]\tReyes, V. C. (2015). How do school leaders navigate ICT educational reform? Policy learning narratives from a Singapore context. international Journal of Leadership in Education 18(3), 365-385.\r\n[19]\tSheppard, J.-A. S., &#038; Santora, J. C. (2013). Twenty-first century leadership: International imperatives. Management Decision 51(2), 267-280.\r\n[20]\tUhl-Bien, M., &#038; Arena, M. (2017). Complexity leadership: Enabling people and organisations for adaptability. Organizational Dynamics 46, 9-20.\r\n[21]\tWatkins, D., Earnhardt, M., Pittenger, L., Roberts, R., Rietsema, K., &#038; Cosman-Ross, J. (2017). Thriving in complexity: A framework for leadership education. Journal of Leadership Education 16(14), 148-163.\r\n[22]\tWeick, K. E. (1976). Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems. Administartive Science Quarterly 21(1), 1-19.\r\n[23]\tWright, N., &#038; Adam, A. (2015). The &#8216;critical friend&#8217; role in fostering reflective practices and developing staff cohesion: A case study in a new secondary school, New Zealand. School Leadership &#038; Management 35(4), 441-457.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Caroline Chiphinga-Mwale, &#8220;Critical Analysis of Leadership in Action: A Case Study of the Directorate of Inspection and Advisory Services (DIAS) In Malawi&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.529-533 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/529-533.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/critical-analysis-of-leadership-in-action-a-case-study-of-the-directorate-of-inspection-and-advisory-services-dias-in-malawi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Critical Analysis of Leadership in Action: A Case Study of the Directorate of Inspection and Advisory Services (DIAS) In Malawi<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c326cc0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c326cc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c326e81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c326e81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c32717f\" data-id=\"c32717f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c328519 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c328519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3286bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3286bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c329c47\" data-id=\"c329c47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c329ed3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c329ed3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c32a04c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c32a04c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c32a300\" data-id=\"c32a300\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c32a52b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c32a52b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c32a691 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c32a691\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c32a93d\" data-id=\"c32a93d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c32ab80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c32ab80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c32acce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c32acce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c32afa9\" data-id=\"c32afa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c32b1d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c32b1d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cross-Examining Integration Level of National Values and Principles in Classroom Practice<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Webby Muluka, Zikani Kaira- February 2021 Page No.: 534-537<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c32b32d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c32b32d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c32b619\" data-id=\"c32b619\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c32b891 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c32b891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study had three objectives: to determine whether national values and principles are explicitly stated in the revised senior secondary school zambia education curriculum, to establish teachers\u2019 knowledge of national values and principles (NVPs), and to establish level of integration of NVPs in daily lesson plans.  In order to have an in depth understanding of the study, a qualitative case study research design was used. Using purposive sampling strategy, 50 senior secondary school teachers were selected in kabwe urban town. Only senior secondary school teachers who teach compulsory subjects namely: biology, chemistry, english language, mathematics, physics, and science 5421 were included in the study.  Six softcopies of compulsory senior secondary school syllabi were used to collect data on values explicitly stated in the senior secondary school zambia education curriculum. In addition, a self-administered questionnaire was used to determine teachers\u2019 knowledge of NVPs and explicit use of NVPs in daily lesson plans. Results show that the senior secondary school zambia education curriculum has a total of thirteen values across six compulsory senior secondary school syllabi. Of the thirteen values, only two values were categorised under sustainable development. From a total of 50 participants, 22 participants managed to identify at most eleven NVPs correctly while 28 participants managed to identify at most seven NVPs correctly. None of the participants managed to identify all the 14 NVPs. Furthermore, no one among participants identified himself or herself to be explicitly integrating NVPs in daily lesson plans.  <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 534-537\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Webby Muluka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSecondary School Chemistry Teacher, Broadway Secondary School, Kabwe, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zikani Kaira<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKabwe District Education Board Secretary, Kabwe District, Kabwe, Zambia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]Musonda, E., \u201c&#8221;church should use public events to preach morality&#8221;, Daily Mail Limited,\u201d 29 December 2017. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.daily-mail.co.zm. [Accessed 3 January 2021].\r\n[2] \tLungu, E., \u201c&#8217;On The Progress Made in The Application of National Values and Principles&#8217;, National Assembly of Zambia,\u201d 17 May 2017. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.parliament.gov.zm. [Accessed 23 February 2021].\r\n[3] \tSosala, H. K., \u201cLusaka times.com,\u201d 19 June 2019. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.lusakatimes.com. [Accessed 2 January 2021].\r\n[4] \tLungu, E, \u201c&#8221;Progress made in the application of the national values and principles&#8221;, National Assembly of Zambia,\u201d 06 03 2020. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.parliament.gov.zm. [Accessed 06 03 2021].\r\n[5] \tMinistry of National Development and Planning, 7th National Development Plan 2017-2021, Lusaka: Government Printers , 2017. \r\n[6] \tPolicy Monitoring and Research Centre, Towards Successful Implimentation of The Seventh National Development Plan, Lusaka: PMRC, 2018. \r\n[7] \tMinistry of Education, Science Vocational Training and Early Education, Zambia Education Curriculum Framework, Lusaka: Curriculum Development Centre, 2013. \r\n[8] \tSoumya, M. M., Arulsamy, S., \u201cRole of Teachers in imparting values educations,\u201d in National conference on &#8216;values education through teacher education&#8217;, India, 2020. \r\n[9] \tHalstead, J., Taylor, J., Values in Education and Education in Values, London: Falmer Press, 1969. \r\n[10] \tHaste, H., Attitudes and vales and the OECD Learning Framework 2030: A Crtical Review of Defintions, Concepts and Data, OECD: http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/2030\/, 2018. \r\n[11] \tConstitution Amendement Act, The National Values an Principles, Lusaka: Government Printers, 2016. \r\n[12] \tMinistry of National Guidance and Religious Affairs, An Overview: The National Vales and Principles, Lusaka: Government Printers, 2020. \r\n[13] \tDepartment of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, \u201cValues in Action: Shaping Positive Future,\u201d http:\/\/www.curriculum.edu.au, Canberra, 2009.\r\n[14] \tVygotsky, L. S., Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Process, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978. \r\n[15] \tWorld Commission on Environment and Development, \u201cOur common future,\u201d Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987.\r\n[16] \tG. Bernad, G. Joshua, \u201c&#8221;The Defintion of Morality&#8221;, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed),\u201d 17 April 2020. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.plato.starford.edu\/archives\/fall2020\/entries\/morality definition\/. [Accessed 23 February 2021].\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Webby Muluka, Zikani Kaira, &#8220;Cross-Examining Integration Level of National Values and Principles in Classroom Practice&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.534-537 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/534-537.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/534-537.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cross-examining-integration-level-of-national-values-and-principles-in-classroom-practice\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cross-Examining Integration Level of National Values and Principles in Classroom Practice<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3354c3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c3354c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c33567d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c33567d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c335978\" data-id=\"c335978\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c335bcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c335bcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c335d27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c335d27\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"c33636f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c33660f\" data-id=\"c33660f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c336826 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c336826\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c33696c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c33696c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c33b0aa\" data-id=\"c33b0aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c33b349 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c33b349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c33b4b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c33b4b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c33b7b3\" data-id=\"c33b7b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c33b9ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c33b9ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility In Cameroon: The Case Of Mobile Telephone Network (MTN)*<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Ngaundje Doris Leno &#038; Dr. Kwei Haliday- February 2021 Page No.: 538-545<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c33bb5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c33bb5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c33be38\" data-id=\"c33be38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c33c0bc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c33c0bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">As a self-regulating business model, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) also known as corporate citizenship is concerned about growing a business and giving back to the society. As important as CSR is for the society, that is, consumers and the local community, so it is for a company as it helps it to be socially accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. It can equally help to forge a stronger bond between employees and corporations. In spite of the importance of this concept, little is known about it in Cameroon and the Mobile Telephone Network (MTN)-Cameroon in particular. Having said this, the paper seeks to explore the extent to which MTN Cameroon has embraced and implemented the concept of CSR. In so doing, the paper will provide an understanding of the concept of CSR and its implementation by MTN Cameroon. This is followed by an examination of the challenges faced by MTN in implementing the concept and ends with proposals for reform. To attain these, the paper uses the exploratory research method to gain understanding of the concept of CSR; to investigate the extent and the challenges faced by MTN Cameroon in implementing the concept. Considering that the concept of CSR is obscure to many in the country, this contribution will go a long way to provide the needed academic input for understanding the concept of CSR and its implementation by MTN in Cameroon. Again, it would contribute to the growing academic literature on CSR and its findings and recommendations will be useful to MTN and other mobile network companies to have a rethink of their CSR policies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 538-545\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ngaundje Doris Leno  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Buea, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Kwei Haliday<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Buea, Cameroon\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BOOKS\r\n[1]\tFriedman, M. (2007). \u201cThe Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits.\u201d in Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance, edited by Zimmerli, M. H, M. and Richter, K, 173\u201378. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.\r\n\r\nJOURNAL ARTICLES\r\n[1]\tDemunjnck, G. and Ngnodjom, H. (2013). \u201cResponsibility and Informal Corporate social responsibility in Cameroon.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics 112.\r\n[2]\tCarroll, A. (2008). \u201cA History of Corporate Social Responsibility: Concepts and Practices.\u201d The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility 19\u201346. \r\n[3]\tFreeman, R. Edward. (2004). \u201cThe Stakeholder Approach Revisited.\u201d ZeitschriftF\u00fcrWirtschafts-Und Unternehmensethik 5 (3): 228. \r\n[4]\tMitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R &#038; Wood, D.J. (1997). \u201cTowards a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts\u201d 22 Academy of Management Review, 853\u2010886.\r\n[5]\tAchua, J. K. (2008). \u201cCorporate Social Responsibility in Nigerian Banking Sector\u201d 3 Society and Business Review 23. \r\n[6]\tDonaldson, T. and Preston, L. (1995). \u201cThe Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications\u201d 20 Academy of Management Review 65-91. \r\n[7]\tClarkson M. (1995). \u201cA Stakeholder framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance\u201d 20 Academy of Management Review 92-117\r\n[8]\tSavage, G.T., Nix, T.W., Whitehead, C.J &#038; Blair, J.D. (1991). \u201cStrategies for Assessing and Managing Organizational Stakeholders\u201d5 Academy of Management Executive 61\u201075.\r\n[9]\tLam, J.S.L. and Lim, J.M. (2016). \u201cIncorporating Corporate Social Responsibility in Strategic Planning: Case of Ship-operating Companies\u201d, Vol.8, No.3 International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 273-293.\r\n[10]\tFaisal, M.N. (2010). \u201cAnalysing the Barriers to Corporate Social Responsibility in Supply Chains: An Interpretive Structural Modeling Approach\u201d, Vol.13, No.3, International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 179-195.\r\n[11]\tDixton, T., Colantonio, A., Shiers, D., Reed, R., Wilkinson, S and Gallimore, P. (2008). \u201cA Green Profession? A Global Survey of RICS Members and their Engagement with the Sustainability Agenda\u201d, Vol.26, No.6, Journal of Property Investment &#038; Finance, 460-481.\r\n[12]\tHusted, B.W. (2003). \u201cGovernance Choices for Corporate Social Responsibility: To Contribute, Collaborate or Internalize?\u201d Vol.36, No.5, Long Range Planning, 481-498.\r\n[13]\tMurillo, D., and Lozano, J.M. (2006). \u201cSMEs and CSR: An Approach to CSR in their own Words\u201d, 67(3), Journal of Business Ethics, 227-240.\r\n[14]\tJenkins, H., and Yakovleva, N. (2006). \u201cCorporate Social Responsibility in the Mining Industry: Exploring Trends in Social and Environmental Disclosure\u201d, Vol.14, No.3, Journal of Cleaner Production, 271-284.\r\n[15]\tCampbell, J.L. (2007). \u2018Why would Corporations behave in Socially Responsible Ways? An Institutional Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility\u2019, Academy of Management Review, 32:3, 946\u2013967.\r\nINTERNET LINKS\r\n[1]\t\u201cMTN Group UN Global Reporting Initiative Report 2016.\u201d Available at: https:\/\/www.unglobalcompact.org\/system\/attachments\/cop_2017\/379441\/original\/MTN_Group_UN_GRI_Report_2016.pdf?1493383461; accessed 30th November 2019.\r\n[2]\tRhonda B. (2018). \u201c5 Inspirational Examples of Corporate Social Responsibility in Marketing \u201cavailable at:  www.givingcompass.org; accessed 2 March 2021. \r\n[3]\tUNIDO \u201cWhat is CSR?\u201d (2021)) available at: www.unido.org; accessed 3 March 2021. \r\n[4]\tJason F \u201cCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR)\u201d 2021 available at: www.investopeda.com; accessed 4 March 2021. \r\n[5]\tKimberlee L. (2019). \u201cFour Types of corporate Social Responsibility\u201d available at: smallbusiness.chron.com; accessed 4 March 2021. \r\n[6]\t\u201cA Foundation for Life-MTN Cameroon\u201d; available at: mtn.cm\/our-history\/a-foundation; accessed 7 March 2021.\r\n[7]\t\u201cMTN Foundation\/|MTN Cameroon.\u201d (2018). Available at: https:\/\/www.mtncameroon.net\/fr\/mtn-foundation\/; accessed 12th   in October 2019.\r\n[8]\tFutrih, N.R.(2012). \u201cThe Need Is so Great.\u201d D+C Development and Cooperation. Available at:.https:\/\/www.dandc.eu\/en\/article\/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective; accessed 13th   in October 2019.\r\n[9]\tEuropean Commission (2006). Communication from the Commission concerning Corporate Social Responsibility: A Business Contribution to Sustainable Development, July 2, 2006. http:\/\/trade.ec.europa.eu\/doclib\/docs\/2006\/february\/tradoc_127374.pdf;.accessed 12th December 2019.\r\n[10]\tLai, Q. (2006). \u2018Corporate Social Responsibility of SMEs in China: Challenges and Outlooks.\u2019 Available at: http:\/\/www.iwim.uni-bremen.de\/publikationen\/pdf\/c018.pdf; accessed 6th April 2020.\r\nLEGISLATION\r\n[1]\tThe OHADA Uniform Act on Commercial Companies and Economic Interest Groups of 1st January 1999 as amended in 2015.\r\n[2]\tThe Cameroonian Labour Code of 1992\r\nTHESIS\/DISSERTATIONS\r\n[1]\tNgobe, J. (2018). Corporate social responsibility in Cameroon: Mobile Telephone Network\u2019s Self Presentation. Master\u2019s Programme in Global and Transnational Sociology, 7\r\nREPORT\r\n[1]\tAdams, W. M. (2006).The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century. Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29\u201331 January 2006\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ngaundje Doris Leno &#038; Dr. Kwei Haliday, &#8220;Corporate Social Responsibility In Cameroon: The Case Of Mobile Telephone Network (MTN)*&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.538-545 February 2021\u00a0URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/538-545.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-element-c342d9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c342d9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c34305d\" data-id=\"c34305d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c343292 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c343292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3433cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3433cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c34367f\" data-id=\"c34367f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3438b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3438b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Diversification of Livelihoods in Urban Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Stellah Mong\u2019ina Masese &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 546-553<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c343a38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c343a38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c345e5f\" data-id=\"c345e5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c345fdd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c345fdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Sustainability of Communities in informal settlements who live in vulnerabilities can be addressed by tapping into the asset bases they have. This in turnis helpful when there is diversification of their livelihoods activities. Diversification of livelihoods is often influenced by many factors, which include but not limited to, seasonality, finance and credit markets, labour market, risk strategies, coping behaviour\/adaptation and asset strategies. This paper discusses the influence of financial assets on the diversification of livelihoods in the informal settlements of Nairobi.It is based on a study carried out in Mukuru slums in Nairobi City County which used a cross-sectional study design and was based on a sample of 397 heads of households. It was found out that; men were the majority among the sampled respondents, in which self-employment was the main source of income for the households. As part of securing the livelihoods, challenges were faced while trying to meet the basic needs of monetary income. To address these challenges they relied on different credit sources such as from friends, family and groups. Through these sources they are able to secure their basic needs and also engage in other varied livelihood activities. In order to diversify the livelihoods of slum households there is need to develop and strengthen the different available credit sources and thereby secure a sustainable livelihood for the dwellers of informal settlements.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 546-553\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5228\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5228<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stellah Mong\u2019ina Masese <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAsfir S (2016). Determinants of Rural Households Livelihood Strategies: Evidence from Western Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 7(15):103-109.\r\n[2]\tAudefroy, J (1994). \u2018Eviction trends world-wide \u2013 and the role of local authorities in implementing the right to housing\u2019. Environment and Urbanization, vol 6, no 1, pp8\u201324.\r\n[3]\tBanks, N. (2012). \u2018Urban Poverty in Bangladesh: Causes, Consequences and Coping Strategies\u2019. BWPI Working Paper No. 178. Manchester: University of Manchester.\r\n[4]\tCarling, A. (1992). Social Divisions. London: Verso. \r\n[5]\tCarney, D., Ed. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make? DFID, \tLondon.\r\n[6]\tColeman, J. (1973). The Mathematics of Collective Action. London: Heinemann. \r\n[7]\tDavies, M., Guenthier, B., Leavy, J., Mitchell, T. and Tanner, T. (2009). Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction and Social Protection: Complementary Roles in Agriculture and Rural Growth? Working Paper 320. Brighton: Centre for Social Protection and Climate Change and Development Centre, IDS.\r\n[8]\tDhanaraj, S. (2016). Economic vulnerability to health shocks and coping strategies: evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India, Health Policy and Planning. Volume 31, Issue 6, July 2016, Pages 749\u2013758, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czv127. \r\n[9]\tFaye, O., Baschieri, A., Falkingham, J., &#038;Muindi, K. (2011). Hunger and food insecurity in Nairobi&#8217;s slums: an assessment using IRT models. Journal of urban health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 88 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S235\u2013S255. doi:10.1007\/s11524-010-9521-x.\r\n[10]\tGupte, J. (2011).  \u2018Extralegal Security and Policing for the Urban Dispossessed in Mumbai\u2019.\tin R. Desai and R. Sanyal (eds), Urbanizing Citizenship: Contested Spaces in \tIndian Cities, New Delhi: Sage\r\n[11]\tHeath, A. (1976). Rational Choice and Social Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \r\n[12]\tKabeer, N. (2002).  Safety nets and Opportunity Ladders: Addressing Vulnerability and Enhancing productivity in South Asia.  Development Policy Review, 2002, 20(5): 589 \u2013 614. \r\n[13]\tKenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (March 2018). Basic Report Based on 2015\/16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics &#8211; Ministry Of Devolution &#038; National Planning. KEN-KNBS-KIHBS-2015-2016-v01.\r\n[14]\tKhatun D, Roy BC (2012). Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: determinants and constraints.Agricultural Economics and Research Review, 25(1), 115\u2013124.\r\n[15]\tKollmair, M. and Juli, St. Gamper. (2002). The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, Development Study Group.  University of Zurich (IP6). \r\n[16]\tLasse K, 2001. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction. International Development Cooperation Agency, Sweden.http:\/\/www.forestry.umn.edu\/prod\/groups\/cfans\/@pub\/@cfans\/@forestry\/documents\/ asset\/cfans_asset_202603.pdf.  \r\n[17]\tMentamo M, Geda N (2016). Livelihood diversification under severe food insecurity scenario among smallholder farmers in KadidaGamela District, Southern Ethiopia.Kontakt 18(4):289-295. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kontakt.2016.09.003\r\n[18]\tMoser, C. O. (1998). The asset vulnerability framework: reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies. World Development, 26 (1): 1-19.\r\n[19]\tRoy, M., Hulme D. &#038;Jahan F. (2013). \u2018Contrasting Adaptation Responses by Squatters and Low-income Tenants in Khulna, Bangladesh.Environment and Urbanization25 (1): 157\u201376.\r\n[20]\tRuel M, Garrett J, Morris SS, et al. (1998). Urban challenges to food and nutrition security: a review of food security, health, and caregiving in the cities. Washington: Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute.\r\n[21]\tSimtowe, F., Zeller, M. (2006).  The impact of access to credit on the adoption of hybrid maize in Malawi: an empirical test of an agricultural household model under credit market failure. Munich Personal RePec Archive (MPRA) Paper No. 45, September 2006.\r\n[22]\tOpel, A.E.A.(2000).\u2018The Social Content of Labour Markets in Dhaka Slums\u2019.Journal of International Development12 (5): 735\u201350.\r\n[23]\tSrinivas, Hari. (2016). &#8220;14 Reasons why the Informal Credit Market is used by the Poor: Policy Implications for Microcredit Programmes in Developing Countries&#8221;. GDRC Research Output E-111. Kobe, Japan: Global Development Research Center. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gdrc.org\/icm\/14reason.html on Wednesday, 25 September 2019.\r\n[24]\tUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) (2003). The challenge of slums: global report on human settlements. Earthscan \r\n[25]\tVan Basteaer, T., (2000). \u201cImperfect Information, Social Capital and the Poor\u2019s Access to Credit\u201d Center for institutional reform and the informal sector. Working paper No 234: University of Maryland.\r\n[26]\tWood, G.&#038;S. Salway(2000). \u2018Introduction: Securing Livelihoods in Dhaka Slums\u2019, Journal of International Development12 (5): 669\u201388.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stellah Mong\u2019ina Masese, &#8220;Diversification of Livelihoods in Urban Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.546-553 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5228<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/546-553.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/diversification-of-livelihoods-in-urban-informal-settlements-in-nairobi-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Diversification of Livelihoods in Urban Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c347317 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c347317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3478af\" data-id=\"c3478af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3479ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3479ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c347a5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c347a5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c347ba5\" data-id=\"c347ba5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c347cc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c347cc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c347d66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c347d66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c347eb6\" data-id=\"c347eb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c347fc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c347fc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c348066 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c348066\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3481c9\" data-id=\"c3481c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3482e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3482e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Design Quality and Level of Compliance for Out-Patient Physical Facilities: Lesson for Hospital Developers in Southwest, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akinluyi  Muyiwa L, Fadamiro Joseph. A, Ayoola Hezekiah A &#038; Alade Morakinyo J- February 2021 Page No.: 554-563<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c348387 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c348387\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c348500\" data-id=\"c348500\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c348644 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c348644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the design quality and level of compliance for out-patient physical facilities at the University College Hospital (UCH) and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) with a view to developing better healthcare design policy that will improve the quality of hospital spaces and their environment in Nigeria. Hospital physical facilities mean the structure or building and interior spaces, settings, environment, including attached facilities and amenities. In architecture, design quality is defined as value, excellence performance to specifications, fitness for use, meeting and\/or exceeding customers\u2019 expectations, and consistently delighting the customer by providing products and services according to the latest functional specifications. Through the Literature review and personal appraisal of the out- patient physical facilities carried out in the selected federal university teaching hospitals in southwest, Nigeria. Major out-patient hospital physical facilities such as entrance, record unit, reception, waiting area, counseling rooms, lobbies and corridors, pharmacy room, treatment,  consulting, examination spaces and maintenance facilities was reviewed and the standard requirements design setting for  each spaces was identified and appraised   to check the level of design compliance. The result of the study showed the transformation of design and construction strategies that is truly needed to reach our goal of providing compassionate and safe care for the out-patients. This study will serve as reference materials to architects, healthcare researchers, facility administrators, policy-makers and healthcare managers in the efficient realization of the design issues that affect Teaching Hospitals Out-Patient physical facilities in southwest, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 554-563\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinluyi  Muyiwa L<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti (ABUAD), Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fadamiro Joseph. A <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology (FUTA) , Akure, Ondo- State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayoola Hezekiah A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Federal University of Technology (FUTA) , Akure, Ondo- State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alade Morakinyo J<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of Physical Planning and Development (DPPD) Living Faith Church Canaan land\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbreu E, Potter D. (2001). Recommendations for renovating an operating theatre at an emergency obstetric care facility. Int J GynecolObstet 2001;75: 287\u2013 94.\r\n[2]\tAlalouch, C., Aspinall, P.A and Smith, H., (2016). Design Criteria for Privacy-Sensitive    10.7763\/IJET.2016.V8.854 32. Vol. 8, No. 1, February.\r\n[3]\tAkinluyi, M.L , Folusho Charles Awe, F.C , Adeleye O.O,  Ogunruku, M.P  (2019 ). Paediatric Physical Facilities Design Characteristics in Southwestern Nigerian University Teaching Hospital: Lesson from Netherland Children Hospital.Universal Journal of Public Health.  7(6): 233-254, 2019 http:\/\/www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189\/ujph.2019.070602 Received December 2, 2018; Revised March 21, 2019; Accepted March 28, 2019\r\n[4]\tAkinluyi M. L, Fadamiro J. A, Ayoola H.A., Alade M.J. (2020) . A Review of Physical Facilities Design Settings: Standard for Hospital Building Performance in Southwest, Nigeria. Vol. 6(4), pp. 638- 658, December 2020, ISSN 2315-5396, DOI: 10.14412\/SRI2020.658 Available online at http:\/\/www.scienceparkjournals.org\/SRI\r\n[5]\tAlalouch, C., Aspinall, P.A and Smith, H., (2016). Design Criteria for Privacy-Sensitive    10.7763\/IJET.2016.V8.854 32. Vol. 8, No. 1, February.\r\n[6]\tAndrade, C.C , Lima, M.L ,Devlin A.S , &#038; Hern\u00e1ndez, B. (2014). Is It the Place or the People? Disentangling the Effects of Hospitals\u2019 Physical and Social Environments on Well- Being. Environment and Behavior, Vol. 48(2) 299\u2013323.Approach, London: Sage Publication\r\n[7]\tBitner, M. J. (1992). Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees. Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 57-71.\r\n[8]\tCho WH, Lee H, Kim C, Lee S, Choi KS.(2004). The impact of visit frequency on the relationship between service quality and outpatient satisfaction: a South Korean study. Health Serv Res. 2004;39:13\u201333. doi: 10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2004.00213.x.\r\n[9]\tDepartment of Health Estate &#038; Facilities Division (2007). On design healthcareportal: ASPECT toolkit, NHS estates. Retrievedfrom http:\/\/www.design.dh.gov.uk on March 18, design: Toward best practices. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1376\u20131378.\r\n[10]\tDinesh T.A, Sanjeev, S., Nair, P., Remya, T R, (2013). Reducing Waiting Time in Outpatient Services of Large University Teaching Hospital; A Six Sigma Approach; Management In HealthVol 17, No 1 \r\n[11]\tDijkstra, K. (2006) Physical Environmental Stimuli That Turn Healthcare Facilities into Healing Environments Through Psychologically Mediated Effects: Systematic Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 56(2)166-181.\r\n[12]\tEasterby-Smith, M.(1991).Management research: an introduction, Sage Publications London\r\n[13]\tFornara, F., &#038; Andrade, C. C. (2012). Healthcare environments. In S. D. Clayton (Ed), The Oxford  handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 295\u2013315). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.University of Technology, Sweden Pp 1-96\r\n[14]\tFrost,P. (1992). Representing Space Designing Arenas for Human Action, in design spaces, Ed. Thomas Binder, Maria Hellstrom. Edita IT-Press Finland, 2005.\r\n[15]\tGhazali, R., &#038; Abbas, M. Y. (2011). Pediatric Wards: Healing Environment Assessment. Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies (Aje-Bs),2(4), Pp. 63-76.\r\n[16]\tGilla,T, P. Baileyb, R. Waxmana, J.B. Smithba AMDD (2004). A tool for assessing \u2018readiness\u2019in emergency obstetric care: The room-by-room \u2018walk-through\u2019. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2005) 89, 191\u2014199.\r\n[17]\tHealth Technical Memorandom, (2014). Policies Principles of healthcare engineering .Department of health. March. 2014 \r\n[18]\tHatch, M., and Cunliffe, L. (2012). Organization theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.\r\n[19]\tJordan P.W., (1998) Pleasure with products: human factos for body, mind and soul\u201d in Jordan P.W. and Green W.S., \u201cHumanfactors in product design\u201d, 1999, Taylor &#038; Francis, p. 209.\r\n[20]\tKarlin, B. E., and Zeiss, R. A. (2006). Environmental and therapeutic issues in psychiatric  hospital design: Toward best practices. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1376\u20131378.\r\n[21]\tMosadeghrad AM. ( 2014). Factors influencing healthcare service quality. Int J Health Policy Management 2014; 3: 77\u201389. doi: 10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.65.\r\n[22]\tMourshed, M. &#038; Zhao, Y. (2012). Healthcare providers&#8217; perception of design factors                related to physical environments in hospitals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(4), pp. 362 &#8211; 370.\r\n[23]\tMontello, D. R. (2007). The contribution of space syntax to a comprehensive theory of    environmental psychology. In A. S. Kubat, O. Ertekin, Y. I. Gu\u00a8ney, &#038; E. Eyu\u00a8bolou (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Space Syntax Symposium (pp. 1\u201312). Istanbul, Turkey: ITU Faculty of Architecture.\r\n[24]\tNational Health Policy, (2004). Federal Republic of Nigeria,  Ministry of Health, Abuja\r\n[25]\tNHS, (2014). The NHS Outcomes Framework and the wider health and care system. Department of Health. http;\/\/indicators.ic.nhs.uk\/webview\/\r\n[26]\tOgaji, D.S., Giles, S., White G.D and  Bower, P., (2015). Systematic review of patients\u2019 views on the quality of primary health care in sub-Saharan Africa 3: Pp 1-11\r\n[27]\tOladejo, E, Umeh, E, Ogbuefi, J., (2015). An Examination of Impact of Tertiary Healthcare Facility Designon User Needs and Satisfaction in South East Nigeria.Journal of Environment and Earth Science Vol.5, No.5, ISSN 2224-3216.\r\n[28]\tPreiser, W. F. E., &#038; Schramm, U. (2002). Intelligent office building performance evaluation. Facilities, 20, 279\u2013287.\r\n[29]\tSamah, Z.A, Ibrahim,N, Wahab, M.H, (2013). Users\u2019 Assessment on Interior Environment of a Hospital Outpatient Unit in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, Vol. 4, Number 11, January\/February. \r\n[30]\tSrivastava, C., (2017), Effect of Clinic Design on Patient Care: Perceptions of Medical Staff and Patients. Intersect, Vol 10, No 2; Stanford University.\r\n[31]\tSteinke, C. (2015). Assessing the physical service setting: A look at emergency departments. Health Environment Research and Design Journal, 8, 31\u201342.\r\n[32]\tTrap B, Todd C, Moore H, Laing R.(2001). The impact of supervision on stock management and adherence to treatment guidelines: a randomized controlled trial. Health Policy Plan;16:273\u2013 80.\r\n[33]\tTsai, C. Y.,Wang, M. C., Liao, W. T., Lu, J. H., Sun, P. H., Lin, B. Y., &#038; Breen, G. M. (2007). Hospital outpatient perceptions of the physical environment of waiting areas: The role of patient characteristics on atmospherics in one academic medical center. BMC Health Services Research, 7, 198. doi:10. 1186\/1472-6963-7-198.\r\n[34]\tUll\u00e1n, A. M., &#038;Belver, M. H. (2006). Gesti\u00f3n De EspaciosInfantilesHospitalarios. Sedisa XXI, 2, 24-31.\r\n[35]\tVickery, C.G (2012).Clinic Design: Reception and Check-In Healthcare Design Pp1-22.\r\n[36]\tUlrich, R., (2000). Effects of Healthcare Environmental Design on Medical Outcomes. Design and Health World Congress and Exhibition (WCDH), USA: The International Academy For Design And Health (IADH), 2000.Unit.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akinluyi  Muyiwa L, Fadamiro Joseph. A, Ayoola Hezekiah A &#038; Alade Morakinyo J, &#8220;Design Quality and Level of Compliance for Out-Patient Physical Facilities: Lesson for Hospital Developers in Southwest, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.554-563 February 2021\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/554-563.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/554-563.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/design-quality-and-level-of-compliance-for-out-patient-physical-facilities-lesson-for-hospital-developers-in-southwest-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Design Quality and Level of Compliance for Out-Patient Physical Facilities: Lesson for Hospital Developers in Southwest, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c34f095 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c34f095\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element-c34fbe4\" data-id=\"c34fbe4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c34fd2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c34fd2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c34fdd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c34fdd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c34ff2f\" data-id=\"c34ff2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35003e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35003e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3500e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3500e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35024b\" data-id=\"c35024b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c350362 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c350362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dietrich Von Hildebrand on Love as a Value Response<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Peter Takov- February 2021 Page No.: 564-576<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c350403 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c350403\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c350589\" data-id=\"c350589\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3506ba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c3506ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Against all forms of distorted love, Hildebrand asserts that love is a value response to a particular person, an unrepeatable individual who bears the framework of an imago Dei. In this paper I argue that this \u201cHildebrandian \u201cvalue response\u201d is not a new appellation of the ancient reason for love which is based on the fulfilment of a need but a gift inhering in life itself, which arises exclusively from a participation in the value of the beloved person. In Hildebrand\u2019s \u201cvalue response\u201d it is not selfish to want to have one\u2019s own subjectivity, to be loved in return, to be happy in loving \u2013 as long as these desires are embedded in the value-responding affirmation of the beloved person. Therefore, love can exist only if it seeks no reward, but once it exists, it is rewarded.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 564-576\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5229<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Peter Takov<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCatholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda, Cameroon \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlvira, T., et alii, Metaphysics,(Manila : Sinag-Tala Publishers, Inc.,  1982).\r\n[2]\tAquinas, T.,SummaTheologiae, Fathers of the English Dominican Province (tr.), (Perrysburg Ohio: Benziger Bros edition, 1947).\r\n[3]\tArendt, H., Love and St Augustine, Joanna V. Scott and Judith C. Stark (eds) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).\r\n[4]\tAristotle, Nicomachean EthicsinThe Complete Works of Aristotle, Jonathan Barnes (ed.), (Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991).\r\n[5]\tBeauvoir, Simon de, The Second Sex, (New York: Bantam Books, 1961).\r\n[6]\tBenedict xvi, Encyclical Letter, Deus Caritas Est, (December 2005).\r\n[7]\tBuber, M.,I and Thou, S. Ronald (tr.), (New York: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1958).\r\n[8]\tBrummer, V.,The Model of Love: A Study of Philosophical Theology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).\r\n[9]\tChappell, T., The Inescapable self: An Introduction to Western Philosophy, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson- Orion Publishing Group Ltd., 2005), 204.\r\n[10]\tCowburn, J., Love and the  Person, A Philosophical Theory and a Theological Essay\r\n[11]\tCrosby, J.,The Self-hood of the Human Person,(The Catholic University of America Press, Washington DC 1996).\r\n[12]\tD\u2019arcy, M., The Mind and the Heart of Love, (London: Collins Clear-Type Press1954).\r\n[13]\tDiemer, P., Love Without Measure, Extracts From the Writings of St Bernard of Clairvaux, (London: Longman and Todd Ltd, 1990).\r\n[14]\tEdwards, J., Ways of Loving, (Exeter: Family Publications Wheatons Ltd, 1989).\r\n[15]\tFreud, S., The Future of an Illusion,(New York: Doubleday, Garden City, 1957).\r\n[16]\tFrings, M., Max Scheler, (Louvain: Duquesne University Press, 1965).\r\n[17]\tGlenn, P., An Introduction toPhilosophy,(USA: B Herder Books Co., 1943). \r\n[18]\tHildebrand, D., In Defense of Purity, (New York: Sheed &#038; Ward, 1935).\r\n[19]\tHildebrand, D., Man and Woman, Love and the Meaning of Intimacy,(Manchester: Sophia Institute Press, 1992).\r\n[20]\tHildebrand, D.,  The Art of Living, (Manchester: Sophia Institute Press, 1994).\r\n[21]\tHildebrand, D., The Heart- Analysis of Human and Divine Affectivity, (Indiana: St Augustine Press South Bend, 2007). \r\n[22]\tHildebrand, D., The Nature of Love, (Indiana: St Augustine Press, 2009)\r\n[23]\tHildebrand, D., Ethics, ((Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1953).\r\n[24]\tJohann, R.O., Love in the New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol..\r\n[25]\tKant, I., Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals,(London: Longmans, Green and Co Ltd. 1969).\r\n[26]\tKreeft, P., Summa Philosophica, (Indiana: St. Augustine\u2019s Press, 2012).\r\n[27]\tLevinas, E., Totality And Infinity- An Essay on Exteriority\/Alterity, Alphonso Lingis (trans.), (Pittsburgh:  Pennsylvania Duquesne University Press, 2007).\r\n[28]\tLlano, A., Gnoseology, (Manila: Sinag- Tala Publishers Inc., 2001).\r\n[29]\tMaritain, J., The Person and Common Good,(New York: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1947).\r\n[30]\tMaritain, J., The Rights of Man and Natural Law, D.S. 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Dutton and Co., Inc., 1958).\r\n[39]\tPlato, \u201cSymposium\u201d in \r\n[40]\tRachels, J., The Elements of Moral Philosophy,(New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999).\r\n[41]\tRousselot, P.,The Problem of Love in the Middle Ages- A Historical Contribution, Alan Vincelette (tr.), Marquette  (Milwaukee: University Press, 2001).\r\n[42]\tScheler, M., Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values: A New Attempt toward the Foundation of an Ethical Personalism, (Evanston IL: North Western University Press, 1973).\r\n[43]\tScheler, M., The Nature of Sympathy, (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2008).\r\n[44]\tSherwin, M., By Knowledge and By love, Charity and Knowledge in the Moral Theology of St Thomas Aquinas, (Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2005).\t\r\n[45]\tVatican II Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes(7 December 1965).\r\n[46]\tWadell, P., The Primacy of Love, An Introduction to the Ethics of Thomas Aquinas, (New York: Paulist Press, 1992).\r\n[47]\tWojtyla, K.,Love and Responsibility, (New York: Farrar, Straus, &#038; Giroux Inc., 1981).\r\n[48]\tWojtyla, K., Person and Community: Selected Essays,(New York: Peter Lang, 1993).\r\n[49]\tWojtyla, K.,Love and Responsibility, H. T Willet (tr.) (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993).\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Peter Takov, &#8220;Dietrich Von Hildebrand on Love as a Value Response&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.564-576 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5229<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/564-576.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/dietrich-von-hildebrand-on-love-as-a-value-response\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dietrich Von Hildebrand on Love as a Value Response<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c351c96 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c351c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-c354196\" data-id=\"c354196\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3542cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3542cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c354388 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c354388\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3544de\" data-id=\"c3544de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3545f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3545f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c354695 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c354695\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3547e9\" data-id=\"c3547e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3548f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3548f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c354999 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c354999\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c354b1e\" data-id=\"c354b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c354c32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c354c32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Mankind\u2019s Existence as First Commandment in Hans Jonas: Lessons for Contemporary Humanity<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Peter Takov- February 2021 Page No.: 577-588<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c354cd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c354cd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c354e4b\" data-id=\"c354e4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c354f99 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c354f99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper seeks to present Hans Jonas\u2019s view of the primacy of human existence amidst the catastrophes wrought by modern technology. It suggests that we understand the existence of mankind as the first commandment. Mankind today, more than ever before, stands as the main instrument of technological manipulation as evinced by recent scientific endeavours: genetic manipulation, human cloning as well as extension of human lifespan, not excluding the threat of a nuclear war. Although mankind has never been without technology, the negative consequences of modern technology are a call for concern.  In line with Jonas\u2019s novel ethic, we anchor the starting point of mankind\u2019s responsibility for the care of the present and future generations on metaphysics.This is in a bid to bridge the yawning gap between the scientifically ascertained \u201cis\u201d and the morally binding \u201cought\u201din order to save mankind from an impending catastrophe. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 577-588\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5230<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Peter Takov<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCatholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tALEXANDER Denis,Creationism or Evolution: Do we have to Choose?, Monarch Books, Michigan 2009.\r\n[2]\tALVIRA Tomas etalii,Metaphysics, SUPAN L. (trans.), Sinag-Tala Publishers, Manila 1991.\r\n[3]\tASHLY M. Benedict, \u2013 O\u2019ROURKE D. Kevin, HealthCareEthics, The Catholic Hospital Association, Missouri 1978.\r\n[4]\tAYER J. Alfred,Logical Positivism, The Free Pass Press, New York 1959.\r\n[5]\tBANKIER David, \u201cHolocaust,\u201d in Microsoft \u00ae Encarta \u00ae 2009 (DVD), Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation,2008.\r\n[6]\tBARBOUR G. Ian,Ethics in an Age of Technology, Harper San Francisco, New York 1993.\r\n[7]\tBARBOUR Ian (ed.),Science and Religion: New Perspectives on the Dialogue, SCM Press Ltd, London 1968.\r\n[8]\tBEHE J. Michael, The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism, Free Press, New York 2007.\r\n[9]\tBERNSTEIN J. Richard, Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics and Praxis, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1983.\r\n[10]\tBIERMAN K. Arthur \u2013 GOULD A. James, Philosophy for a New Generation, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York 19814, 19773, 19732, 19701.\r\n[11]\tCONANT James Bryant, Modern Science and Modern Man, Double Day, New York 1953.\r\n[12]\tCONGREGATION FOR THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH, Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation Donum Vitae (22 February 1987).\r\n[13]\t__________,\tInstruction on Certain Bioethical QuestionsDignitas Personae (08 September 2008).\r\n[14]\tFISCHER Robert, Science, Man and Society, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia 1971.\r\n[15]\tGADAMER Hans \u2013 Georg, Hermeneutics, Religion and Ethics,WEINSHEIMER Joel (trans.), Yale University Press, London 1999.\r\n[16]\tGADAMERHans-Georg, The Beginning of Knowledge,COLTMAN Rod (trans.), Continuum, London 2001.\r\n[17]\tHEIDEGGER Martin, Being and Time, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1971.\r\n[18]\tHESCHEL J. Abraham,Who is Man?,Stanford University Press, California 1965.\r\n[19]\tHUDSON W. Donald, Ludwig Wittgenstein. The Bearing of his Philosophy upon Religious Belief, John Knox Press, Virginia 1968.\r\n[20]\tIMRELakatos, Science: Reason or Religion, Bantam Books, New York 1975.\r\n[21]\tJONAS Arenhart,Ontological Frameworks for Scientific Theories, Baker Books, New York 2012.\r\n[22]\tJONAS HansPhilosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1980.\r\n[23]\t__________, The Imperative of Responsibility. In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age, H. Jonas \u2013 D. Herr (trans.), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1984.\r\n[24]\t__________, Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good after Auschwitz, VOGEL Lawrence (ed.), Northwestern University Press, Illinois 1996.\r\n[25]\t__________, The Phenomenon of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology, Harper and Row, New York 2001.\r\n[26]\tKANT Immanuel, Critique of Pure Reason, MULLER F. Max (trans.), Ancho Books Garden City, New York 1966.\r\n[27]\tKREEFT J. Peter, The Philosophy of Tolkien. The Worldview behind the Lord of the Rings, Ignatius Press, San Francisco 2005. \r\n[28]\tMANUEL E. Frank (ed.), The Enlightenment, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey 1955.\r\n[29]\tMARCEL Gabriel, The Mystery of Being, University Press of America, New York 1984.\r\n[30]\tMONDIN Battista,Philosophical Anthropology,CIZDYN A. Myroslaw (trans.), Theological Publications, Bangalore 1985.\r\n[31]\tNGWA E. N. Collins, Technology and African Emancipation, Paper presented for discussion at the second Southern African Universities Social Sciences conference held at Dar-es-Salaam, (Unpublished), Tanzania 1979.\r\n[32]\tOMOREGBE I. Joseph,A Simplified History of Western Philosophy, vols. 2 &#038; 3, Joja Educational Research and Publishers Ltd., Lagos 1991.\r\n[33]\tPLATO,  Parmenides, H. N. FOWLER (trans.), Harvard University Press, London 1926. \r\n[34]\tREICH T. Warrant (ed.), EncyclopaediaofBioethicsVols. 3 &#038; 4,The Free Press, New York 1978.\r\n[35]\tROSEVER David,Creation Science: Confirming that the Bible is right, New Wine Press, Chichester 1991.\r\n[36]\tRUNES DavidDagobert(ed.),\tThe Dictionary of Philosophy, Vision Press, London 1964.\r\n[37]\tSAMUELSON-TiroshHava \u2013 WIESE Christian (eds.), The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life, Brill, Boston 2008.\r\n[38]\tSARTRE Jean Paul, Being and Nothingness, Methuen, London 1969.\r\n[39]\tSMITH Kemp Norman, Immanuel Kant\u2019s Critique of Pure Reason, Macmillan and Co Ltd., London 1929.\r\n[40]\tTAKOV Peter, Deriving \u201cOught\u201d from \u201cIs\u201d According to Hans Jonas, A Doctoral Thesis in the Faculty of Philosophy at the Pontifical Urban University, Rome (Unpublished), 2009.\r\n[41]\tTAKOV Peter \u2013 SHANG Nelson, Rudiments of Ordinary Level Logic, Destiny Prints, Bamenda 2014.\r\n[42]\tTITUS S. Harold, \u2013 SMITH S. Marilyn, Living Issues in Philosophy, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York 19746, 19705, 19644, 19593, 19532, 19461. \r\n[43]\tTHOMSON William, A Dictionary of Medical Ethics and Practise, John Wright &#038; Sons Ltd., Bristol 1977.\r\n[44]\tVOGEL Lawrence, \u201cJewish Philosophies after Heidegger: Imagining a Dialogue Between Jonas and Levinas,\u201d in Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal, 1, (2001), 119-146.\r\n[45]\tWOJTYLA Karol, Love and Responsibility, Ignatius Press, San Francisco 1993.\r\n[46]\thttp:\/\/www.en.wikipidia.org\/wiki\/hans_jonas.\r\n[47]\thttp:\/\/www.vaticana.va\/holy_father\/benedict_xvi\/homilies\/2005\/documents\/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20050424_inizio-pontificato_en.html\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Peter Takov, &#8220;Mankind\u2019s Existence as First Commandment in Hans Jonas: Lessons for Contemporary Humanity&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.577-588 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5230<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/577-588.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/mankinds-existence-as-first-commandment-in-hans-jonas-lessons-for-contemporary-humanity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mankind\u2019s Existence as First Commandment in Hans Jonas: Lessons for Contemporary Humanity<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35ab79 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c35ab79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35ac68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35ac68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35ae04\" data-id=\"c35ae04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35b23f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35b23f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35b2e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35b2e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35b429\" data-id=\"c35b429\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35bd46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35bd46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35be21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35be21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35bfab\" data-id=\"c35bfab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35c0d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35c0d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35c17a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35c17a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35c2f8\" data-id=\"c35c2f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35c40b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35c40b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Reflecting On Events That Lead To Students Activism in Kenyan Secondary Schools: Intervention and Prevention<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lewis Muli Ngesu- February 2021 Page No.: 589-593<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35c4bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35c4bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35c628\" data-id=\"c35c628\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35c753 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c35c753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Throughout history, student activism and violence has been a major issue interpreted in various ways reflecting different ideological, social and political orientations. There is a general academic consensus concerning the empirical facts of increasing students\u2019 violence in Kenya, however the questions about the causes of the increase has been more controversial. This study investigated the events leading to students\u2019 violence in Kenyan secondary school. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of head teaches and teachers.  Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences software programme version 21. The study established that there are unique events that may lead to students\u2019 violence and efforts to minimise them vary across the different schools in Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 589-593\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lewis Muli Ngesu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAnderson, J (1970). The struggle for schools. London: Longman\r\n[2]\tCohen, N (2005). Students living within violent conflict: Should Art educators play it safe or face difficult knowledge? Studies in Art Education, 46(4) 309-322.\r\n[3]\tIshumi, A.G (1976). \u201cStudent Activism on The Educational Scene: An Historical and Sociological profile\u201d. Utafiti, Journal of the Arts and Social Sciences. (1),2 189-208.\r\n[4]\tIshumi, A.G (1990) \u201cEducational Development in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Critical Review of Policy and Practice, 1960s-80s.\u201d Tokyo: Institute of   Developing Economics.\r\n[5]\tKaluku, E. Cheloti, S. &#038; Maithya, R (2020). Parental involvement as determinant factor in managing students discipline in Kenya: assessing the status in public secondary schools in Machakos County. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Mnagement, 8(11) 136-150.\r\n[6]\tKinyanjui, P (1975). Secondary School Strikes: The Art of Blaming the Victim. Working paper NO.208 Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi.\r\n[7]\tLispet, S. &#038; P.  Altbach (1969).  Student in Revolt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin   Company.\r\n[8]\tMabitla, A (2006).  Causes and manifestations of aggression among secondary school learners. Un Published M. Ed Thesis, University of South Africa.\r\n[9]\tMinistry of Education (1999). Report of Inquiry into Educational Systems in Kenya. Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. \r\n[10]\tMutie, M. (2004).  Attitudes of Secondary School Head Teachers towards Guidance and Counseling as a Disciplinary Tool:  A Case Study of Central Division, Machakos \tDistrict. Un Published M. Ed Thesis, University of Nairobi.\r\n[11]\tNational Council of Churches of Kenya (1992). A Report on Student Unrest in Kenya \tSchools.  Nairobi: Uzima press.\r\n[12]\tNdetei, P. (2002). The Kyanguli Secondary School Fire Tragedy. Unpublished M.A Thesis. University of Nairobi. \r\n[13]\tNdetei, D.  (2007). Bullying in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi. Kenya. Journal of                                                                                                                         Child and Adolescent Mental Health.19 (1), 45-55.\r\n[14]\tNgesu, L (2011). Student militancy in secondary schools in Kenya: A sociological analysis of its manifestations, causes and consequences. Published PhD thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.\r\n[15]\tSifuna, D. N (2000). Education for Democracy and Human Rights in African Schools: The Kenyan Experience. African Development, Vol. Nos. 1&#038;2, pp.215-239. \r\n[16]\tYego, A. (2008). Factors influencing school strikes in Central division, Laikipia District. Un Published M.Ed. Thesis, University of Nairobi.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lewis Muli Ngesu, &#8220;Reflecting On Events That Lead To Students Activism in Kenyan Secondary Schools: Intervention and Prevention&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.589-593 February 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/589-593.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/589-593.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/reflecting-on-events-that-lead-to-students-activism-in-kenyan-secondary-schools-intervention-and-prevention\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reflecting On Events That Lead To Students Activism in Kenyan Secondary Schools: Intervention and Prevention<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35d552 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35e36c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35e4c8\" data-id=\"c35e4c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35e5dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35e5dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35e67d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35e67d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35e7d3\" data-id=\"c35e7d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35e8e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35e8e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35e983 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35e983\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35eae7\" data-id=\"c35eae7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35ec06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35ec06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leveraging empowerment for those students with disabilities: Towards creating an inclusive university education framework<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kwaedza Muranda-Kaseke,   Mbawuya Kudzai Dorcas- February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 594-601<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35eca7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35eca7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c35ee39\" data-id=\"c35ee39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35ef7b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c35ef7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Globally, people with disabilities are estimated to amount to more than one billion persons, accounting for about 15 per cent of the world population. Nevertheless, though they encompass a substantial assemblage with a potential to contribute to development and society, they have most often been excluded from the development agenda as well as empowerment through university education. This is made visible by the prevalence of existing barriers. Using a human rights-based approach, this study was aimed at advocating for inclusive education using universities as a tool for leveraging empowerment for those living with disabilities. Data for the study was collected through in-depth interviews based on the qualitative approach. A relevant sample of sixteen respondents from 2 universities was selected through criteria purposive sampling while analysis of data was premised on thematic analysis. Study findings indicated that barriers underlying university education frameworks and the general socio-economic environment have continued to negatively impact on those living with disabilities. In the end, the study recommended that inclusive education and development frameworks should be adopted to create opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision-making. To realise inclusive university education, diversity should be noted as an essential facet of social, economic and human development.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 594-601\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kwaedza Muranda-Kaseke<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Development Studies, Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>   Mbawuya Kudzai Dorcas<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Information Science and Records Management, Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAfrican Union Commission, (2010-2019) Continental Plan of Action for the African Decade of Persons with Disabilities, Ethiopia\r\n[2]\tAssociation for Higher Education Access and Disability (AHEAD) (2016) Numbers of Students with Disabilities Studying in Higher Education in Ireland 2014\/15, Dublin: AHEAD Educational Press.\r\n[3]\tBlack, R. D., Weinberg, L. A., and Brodwin, M. G. (2015). Universal design for learning and instruction: Perspectives of students with disabilities in higher education. Exceptionality Education International, 25(2): 1\u201326.\r\n[4]\tClarke, D. and Sawyer, J. (2014) Girls, Disabilities and School Education in the East Asia Pacific Region, Draft Working Discussion Paper, East Asia Pacific UN Girls\u2019 Education Initiative (EAP UNGEI).\r\n[5]\tCouzens, D., Poed, S., Kataoka, M., Brandon, A., Hartley, J., and Keen, D. (2015). Support for students with hidden disabilities in universities: A case study. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 62: 24\u201341.\r\n[6]\tCrow, L. (2003). Including all of our lives: Renewing the social model of disability. In M. Nind, J. Rix, K. Sheehy, and K. Simmons (Eds.), Inclusive education: Diverse perspectives (pp. 135\u2013149). London: David Fulton.\r\n[7]\tDalen, M. (2003) The relationship between disability, gender and education in the Norwegian context, Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2003\/4 Gender and Education for All: The Leap to Equality.\r\n[8]\tDutta, A., Scguri-Geist, C., and Kundu, M., (2009). Coordination of postsecondary transition services for students with disability. Journal of Rehabilitation, 75(1): 10-17.\r\n[9]\tEmpowerment of Marginalized Groups: A Theoretical Construct [Online] Available at: http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/10603\/15828\/10\/10_chapter%202.pdf. Accessed on 15 January 2018.\r\n[10]\tEmpowerment: Definitions and Meanings in Empowerment and Community Planning, [Online] Available at: http:\/\/www.mpow.org\/elisheva_sadan_empowerment_chapter2.pdf. Accessed on 15 January 2018.\r\n[11]\tFuller, M., Bradley, A., and Healey, M. (2004). Incorporating disabled students within an inclusive higher education environment. Disability &#038; Society, 19: 455\u2013468.\r\n[12]\tHigbee, J. L. (2003) Curriculum Transformation and Disability: Implementing Universal Design in Higher Education, Center for Research on Developmental Education and Urban Literacy, General College, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.\r\n[13]\tHolloway, S. (2001). The experience of higher education from the perspective of disabled students. Disability &#038; Society, 16: 597\u2013615.\r\n[14]\tHopkins, L. (2011). The path of least resistance: A voice\u2010relational analysis of disabled students\u2019 experiences of discrimination in English universities. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15: 711\u2013727.\r\n[15]\tJohnson D. M. and Fox, J. A. (2003) Creating Curb Cuts in the Classroom: Adapting Universal Design Principles to Education.\r\n[16]\tKendall, L. and Tarman, B. (2016) Higher education and disability: Exploring student experiences, Cogent Education, 3(1) \r\n[17]\tLiasidou, A. (2014). Critical disability studies and socially just change in higher education. British Journal of Special Education, 41: 120\u2013135.\r\n[18]\tMadriaga, M. (2007). Enduring disablism: Students with dyslexia and their pathways into UK higher education and beyond. Disability &#038; Society, 22: 399\u2013412.\r\n[19]\tMcGeary, D.D., Mayer, T.G., Gatchel, R.J., Anagnostis, C., and Proctor, T.J., (2003). Gender related differences in treatment outcomes for patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The Spine Journal, 3(3): 197-203.\r\n[20]\tMcGregor, K. K., Langenfeld, N., Van Horne, S., Oleson, J. and Anson. M. (2016) The University Experiences of Students with Learning Disabilities, Journal of Learning Disabilities 31(2): 90-102. \r\n[21]\tMinistry of Health and Child Welfare Zimbabwe, (2015) Living Conditions Among people with disability in Zimbabwe, A National representative household survey among individuals with and without disability, GOZ, Harare\r\n[22]\tPavey, B., Meehan, M., and Waugh, A. (2010). Dyslexia-friendly further &#038; higher education. London: Sage.\r\n[23]\tRedpath, J., Kearney, P., Nicholl, P., Mulvenna, M., Wallace, J. and Martin, S. (2013). A qualitative study of the lived experiences of disabled post-transition students in higher education institutions in Northern Ireland. Studies in Higher Education, 38: 1334\u20131350.\r\n[24]\tRimmerman, A., and Araten-Bergman, T. (2005). Legislation of handicapped rights and its implementation in Israel \u2014 Trends and future directions. Social Security Journal, 69: 11-31.\r\n[25]\tRousso, H. (2003) Education for All: a gender and disability perspective, Background paper* prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2003\/4 Gender and Education for All: The Leap to Equality. \r\n[26]\tSachs, D. and Schreuer, N. (2011) Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in Higher Education: Performance and participation in student&#8217;s experiences, Disability Studies Quarterly, 31(2). \r\n[27]\tSarmiento, C., Miller, S. R., Chang, E., Zazove, P. and Kumagai, A. K. (2016) From Impairment to Empowerment: A Longitudinal Medical School Curriculum on Disabilities. Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 91(7):954-7\r\n[28]\tSmith, M. (2010). Lecturers\u2019 attitudes to inclusive teaching practice at a UK university: Will staff \u201cresistance\u201d hinder implementation? Tertiary Education and Management, 16: 211\u2013227.\r\n[29]\tStandard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities. [Online] Availabel at: http:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/enable\/dissre04.htm. Accessed on 12 January 2018.\r\n[30]\tThe Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. (1994), paragraph 7. UNESCO. Available at: https:\/\/www.european-agency.org\/sites\/default\/files\/salamanca-statement-andframework.pdf.\r\n[31]\tThe University of Edinburgh (2016) Disabled students in higher education, [Online] Available at: https:\/\/www.ed.ac.uk\/student-disability-service\/legislation\/equality-act-2010\/disability-in-higher-ed. Accessed on 14 January 2018.\r\n[32]\tTroiano, P. F., Liefeld, J. A., Trachtenberg, J. V. (2010) Academic support and college success for postsecondary students with learning disabilities, Journal of College Reading and Learning, 40: 35\u201344. \r\n[33]\tUnited Nations (2014) The Core International Human Rights Treaties, United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Available at: http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/Publications\/CoreInternationalHumanRightsTreaties_en.pdf. Accessed on 13 January 2018.\r\n[34]\tUnited Nations (2015) Global Status Report on Disability and Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York: United Nations.\r\n[35]\tWHO (2011) World report on disability, Geneva: WHO\r\n[36]\tWilliam, N. (2005) Your Research Project, 2nd edition, New York: Sage Publications\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kwaedza Muranda-Kaseke,   Mbawuya Kudzai Dorcas, &#8220;Leveraging empowerment for those students with disabilities: Towards creating an inclusive university education framework&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.594-601 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/594-601.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/594-601.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/leveraging-empowerment-for-those-students-with-disabilities-towards-creating-an-inclusive-university-education-framework\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Leveraging empowerment for those students with disabilities: Towards creating an inclusive university education framework<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35fda8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c35fda8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c35fe7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c35fe7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c36000c\" data-id=\"c36000c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c360133 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c360133\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3601d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3601d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c360359\" data-id=\"c360359\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c360479 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c360479\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Partnership Agreement between Banda Aceh Municipality and Private Parties<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Irwansyah, Tan Kamello, Ilyas Ismail, Azhari Yahya &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 602-606<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c360521 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c360521\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3705a8\" data-id=\"c3705a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3707c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c3707c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a concept must be able to face the new era of disruption caused by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). For this reason, it is necessary to re-examine and renew the legal and economic paradigm. Public Private Partnership (PPP) is an effort to improve the community&#8217;s economy, such as infrastructure development. Infrastructure development need very large budget, so it requires cooperation with the private sector. The Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) contract collaboration is a new project financing model that is not only benefits the contracted parties, but have benefits the public interest also. The purpose of this study is to determine the increase in Indonesia&#8217;s readiness to participate in 4IR and the impact of the Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) cooperation agreement on infrastructure development in the Aceh region. The research method used is juridical normative by using secondary data as the main data in the form of a Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) contract, as well as empirical data issued by the World Economic Forum (Global Competitiveness 2018) to measure readiness in facing 4IR. The results of this study showed overall the method of measuring Indonesia&#8217;s readiness to participate in 4IR has increased, with the ratio of the country increasing from 47 to 45 while for the institutional pillar, the capacity of the legal and regulatory framework has increased from 40 to 37. BOT contract  between the government and the private sector in large-scale infrastructure development have a positive impact on society. The conclusion of this research is optimistically that the Indonesian state is ready to participate in the 4th Industrial Revolution and there is no need for a legal vacuum to transplant legal movements, but still reconceptualize the Public Private Partnership (PPP) with the Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Contract to pursue the effectiveness of the law framework.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 602-606\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irwansyah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD Student at Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University Aceh-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Tan Kamello <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor at Faculty of Law, University of North Sumatera, Medan-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ilyas Ismail<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfesor at Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Azhari Yahya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer at Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tRahman, A.A., &#038;Hamid,U.Z.A. (2017). Emerging Technology with Descruptive Effects: A Review. PERINTIS eJournal, 7(2).\r\n[2]\tCindawati.  (2016).  Prinsip  Good  Faith (ItikadBaik)    DalamHukumKontrakBisnisInternasional. JurnalMimbarHukum, Vol.  26 (No. 2), pp.181-193\r\n[3]\tTeich, M., &#038; Porter, R. (2017). The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA. Cambridge University Press.\r\n[4]\tFor a detailed and comprehensive literature review of the empirical literature underpinning the selection of indicators for the GCI 4.0, refer to World Economic Forum, 2015\r\n[5]\tCresswell, J.W. (2012). Educational Research. USA. Person Education.\r\n[6]\tQanun Kota Banda AcehNumber 7 Of 2018About Public Goods Management.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Irwansyah, Tan Kamello, Ilyas Ismail, Azhari Yahya, &#8220;The Partnership Agreement between Banda Aceh Municipality and Private Parties&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.602-606 February 2021\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/602-606.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/602-606.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-partnership-agreement-between-banda-aceh-municipality-and-private-parties\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Partnership Agreement between Banda Aceh Municipality and Private Parties<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37160e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c37160e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3716fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3716fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c371893\" data-id=\"c371893\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3719c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3719c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c371a72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c371a72\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"c371d7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c371ed3\" data-id=\"c371ed3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c371fe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c371fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c372081 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c372081\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c37ac75\" data-id=\"c37ac75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37adf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c37adf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c37aeca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c37aeca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c37b068\" data-id=\"c37b068\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37b186 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c37b186\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Fiscal Discipline and Budget Processes: Evidence from Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Noell Machinjike &#038; Wellington G. Bonga &#8211; February 2021 Page No.: 607-616<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c37b22c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c37b22c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c37b3b1\" data-id=\"c37b3b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37b4f4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c37b4f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2041\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2041\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Zimbabwe is one of the least fiscally performing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with some fiscal outcomes for years 2009 to 2019 being unsatisfactory. The IMF 2020 Article IV consultation report on Zimbabwe suggested that fiscal and monetary slippages experienced in 2018 and 2019 resulted in macroeconomic imbalances in 2019 and greater part of 2020. The study adopted a qualitative approach to investigate the relationship between fiscal discipline and the budget processes in Zimbabwe. Informed by the fiscal illusion theory as well as the formative fiscal federalism theory, the study established that the growth in fiscal indiscipline in Zimbabwe leads to widening fiscal deficits, increased direct budget financing requirements on the domestic market and unsustainable debt profile. Fiscal indiscipline is driven by weak budget institutional frameworks, party institutionalisation and economic sanctions.To enhance fiscal discipline, strengthening and implementation of existing fiscal institutional frameworks and engagement of the international community on sanctions are necessary. Publication of agreed fiscal targets for credibility purposes may help. Promoting increased savings during booms for consumption smoothening in periods during periods of droughts, cyclones and pandemics is encouraged.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 607-616\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2021<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5231\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5231<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2042\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2042\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Noell Machinjike <\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndependent Researcher, Zimbabwe.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wellington G. Bonga <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking &#038; Finance, Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2043\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2043\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAaskoven, L., 2018. Budget institutions and taxation. Public Choice, 174(3-4), pp.335-349.\r\n[2].\tAkongwale, S. and Mathur-Helm, B., 2020. Essays on Fiscal Policy Implementation and Governance: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).\r\n[3].\tBlume, L. and Voigt, S., 2013. The economic effects of constitutional budget institutions. European Journal of Political Economy, 29, pp.236-251.\r\n[4].\tBonga, W.G., 2021. 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PhD Thesis, Institute for Social Development, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape.\r\n[20].\tKayuni, H., 2016. Public Budgeting in African Nations: The Case of Malawi. Public Budgeting in African Nations: Fiscal Analysis in Development Management, pp.168-185.\r\n[21].\tKing, N., Horrocks, C. and Brooks, J., 2018. Interviews in qualitative research. SAGE Publications Limited.\r\n[22].\tKrogstrup, S. and Wyplosz, C., 2006. A common pool theory of deficit bias correction. CEPR Discussion Papers, No. 5866.\r\n[23].\tMachinjike, N. and Bonga, W.G., 2020. Role of Fiscal Rules and Institutions on Fiscal Sustainability and Growth: Policy Options for Zimbabwe. Journal of Economics and Finance (DRJ-JEF), 5(2), pp.26-34.\r\n[24].\tMahuni, K., Taru, J and Bonga, W.G., 2020. \u201cAfrica\u2019s Incomplete Cycles of Development.\u201d Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.\r\n[25].\tMasson, M.P.R. and Dore, M.O., 2002. 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Anatomy of the small &#038; medium enterprises (SMEs) critical success factors (CSFs) in Zimbabwe: Introducing the 3E model. Dynamic Research Journals&#8217; Journal of Business &#038; Management (DRJ-JBM), 1(2), pp.01-18.\r\n[32].\tPhiri, H and Edriss, A.K., 2013. \u201cNeopatrimonialism and Agricultural Protection: The Case of Maizein Malawi.\u201d International Food Policy Research Institute, Working Paper No. 1.\r\n[33].\tRjoub, H., Aga, M., Abu Alrub, A. and Bein, M., 2017. Financial reforms and determinants of FDI: evidence from landlocked countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economies, 5(1), p.1.\r\n[34].\tSaunders, R., 2020. The Politics of Resource Bargaining, Social Relations and Institutional Development in Zimbabwe Since Independence. In The Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization for Social Development (pp. 371-403). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.\r\n[35].\tSmith, H.J., Park, S. and Liu, L., 2019. Hardening budget constraints: A cross-national study of fiscal sustainability and subnational debt. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(12), pp.1055-1067.\r\n[36].\tStandring, A., 2019. Relational expertise and the spatial (re) production of austerity: Challenges and opportunities for progressive politics. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, p.2399654419873674.\r\n[37].\tTaruwinga, K., 2019. Sustainable agricultural finance for smallholder maize farmers in Mazowe District, Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe (Doctoral dissertation, BUSE).\r\n[38].\tTesche, T., 2019. On the legitimacy of fiscal councils in the European Union: trustees or orchestrators of fiscal discipline?. Journal of contemporary European research, 15, pp.21-35.\r\n[39].\tTsaurai, K., 2018. The Dynamics, Challenges and Transition of Banking Sector Development in Zimbabwe. The Journal of Developing Areas, 52(3), pp.85-96.\r\n[40].\tWiner, S.L., 1983. Some evidence on the effect of the separation of spending and taxing decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 91(1), pp.126-140.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2044\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2044\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Noell Machinjike &#038; Wellington G. Bonga, &#8220;Fiscal Discipline and Budget Processes: Evidence from Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.607-616 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5231<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2045\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2045\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/607-616.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2046\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2046\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/fiscal-discipline-and-budget-processes-evidence-from-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fiscal Discipline and Budget Processes: Evidence from Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37c32d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c37c32d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c381087 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c381087\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3811fe\" data-id=\"c3811fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c381323 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c381639 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c381639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3816de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3816de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c381851\" data-id=\"c381851\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c381963 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c381963\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Application of Modelling Technique in Enhancing Low Academic Self-Concept of Secondary School Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nwokolo Chinyelu; Mokwelu, Obianuju Blessing- February 2021 Page No.: 617-622<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c381a1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c381a1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c381b89\" data-id=\"c381b89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c381cb8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c381cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2053\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2054\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2055\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2056\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">This study investigated the effects of modelling technique in enhancing low academic self-concept of senior secondary school students in Onitsha education zone. One research question guided the study, while two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The design for the study is quasi-experimental, non-randomised pre-test and post-test, control group research. The target population of this study was 988 senior secondary school students having low academic self-concept in Onitsha education zone. A sample size of 108 students was selected using purposive sampling technique. A validated instrument for data collection was Academic Self-concept Survey (ASS). The internal consistency reliability coefficient for the instrument is 0.84.Data was collected through direct delivery of the instrument to the respondents. Mean scores were used to answer the research question, while the null hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA). The instrument norm 72.50 guided the decision.The finding of the study revealed that Modelling technique enhanced the academic self-concept of the secondary school students but the effect was not significant when compared with those who received conventional counselling;the findings further revealed that the difference in the effect of Modelling technique on male and female secondary school students\u2019 Academic self-concepts is not significant. Based on the findings and implications of the study, it was recommended that the practicing counsellors and therapist should make use of the modelling in combination with other effective techniques in administering counselling and therapy of secondary school students to modify and enhance their academic self-concept.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 617-622\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<strong> DOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5232<\/a><\/strong>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwokolo Chinyelu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mokwelu, Obianuju Blessing<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2053\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCadinu, M., &#038;Galdi, S. (2012). Gender differences in implicit gender self-categorization lead to stronger gender self-stereotyping by women than by men. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 546\u2013551.doi:10.1002\/ejsp.1881\r\n[2]\tClark, H.W.S. (2016). Effect of whole brain teaching on student self-concept (Published Dissertation) Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, Walden University.\r\n[3]\tDambrun, M., Duarte, S., &#038;Guimond, S. (2004). Why are men more likely to support group-based dominance than women? The mediating role of gender identification.British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 287\u2013 297.doi:10.1348\/0144666041501714\r\n[4]\tDramanu, B.Y. &#038;Balarabe, M. (2013).Effects of math self-concept, perceived self-efficacy, and attributions for failure and success on test anxiety. European Scientific Journal, 9(34), 1857-7881.\r\n[5]\tEgan, S. K., Perry, D. G. (2001). Gender identity: A multidimensional analysis with implications for psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 37, 451\u2013463.\r\n[6]\tFrank, M. A. (2011). The pillars of the self-concept: Self-esteem and self-efficacy. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.excelatlife.com\/articles\/selfesteem\r\n[7]\tHardy, G. (2013). Academic self-concept: Modeling and measuring for science. Springers.doi: 10.1007\/s11165-013-9393-7\r\n[8]\tHattie, J. A. C. (2012). Visible learning for teachers. London, UK: Routledge.\r\n[9]\tLa Shawn C. (2011). The University of Lowa, Counselor Education and supervision. Cell: 678-438-9808. Retrieved from www.uiowa.edu.\r\n[10]\tLiem, G. A., McInerney, D. M., Yeung, A. S. (2015). Academic self-concepts in ability streams: Considering domain specificity and same-stream peers. The Journal of Experimental Education, 83, 83-109. Retrieved from http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/\r\n[11]\tLiu, W. C, and Wang, C.K. J. (2008). Home environment and classroom climate: investigation of their relation to students\u2019 academic self-concept in a streamed setting. Current Psychology,27,242-256.Doi:10.1007\/512144-008-9037-7.\r\n[12]\tMartin, C. L., Andrews, N. C. Z., England, D. E., Zosuls, K., Ruble, D. N. (2017). A dual identity approach for conceptualizing and measuring children\u2019s gender identity.Child Development, 88, 167\u2013182.\r\n[13]\tMarsh, H. W. and Craven, R.G. (1997). Academic self-concept: Beyond the dustbowl. In G. Phye (Ed.) Handbook of classroom assessment: Learning, achievement and adjustment. US: Academic Press.\r\n[14]\tMcLeod, S. A. (2016, Feb 05). Bandura &#8211; social learning theory. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/bandura.html\r\n[15]\tNnodum, B.I. (2010). Relative effectiveness of assertive training, modelling and their combination in the reduction of isolate behaviour in children. Edo Journal of Counselling, 3(1), 1-15. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.\r\n[16]\tOlatunde, T.P. (2010). Students\u2019 self-concept and Mathematics achievement in some secondary schools in South Western Nigeria.European journal of social sciences, 13 (1), 127-132.\r\n[17]\tOlorunfemi-Olabisi, F.A. &#038;Akomolafe, M.J. (2013).Effects of self-management technique on academic self-concept of under-achievers in secondary schools.Journal of Education and Practice, 4(6), 138-142. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iiste.org.\r\n[18]\tWesten, D.; Burton, L. &#038; Kowalski, R. (2006) Psychology: Australian and New Zealand Edition. Milton, QLD. John Wiley and Sons.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2054\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nwokolo Chinyelu; Mokwelu, Obianuju Blessing &#8220;Application of Modelling Technique in Enhancing Low Academic Self-Concept of Secondary School Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.617-622 February 2021\u00a0 DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5232<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2055\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/617-622.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2056\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/application-of-modelling-technique-in-enhancing-low-academic-self-concept-of-secondary-school-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Application of Modelling Technique in Enhancing Low Academic Self-Concept of Secondary School Students<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c382ad1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c382ad1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c383511\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c38f755\" data-id=\"c38f755\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c38f8bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c38f8bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c38f97a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c38f97a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c38fae7\" data-id=\"c38fae7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c38fbf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c38fbf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c38fca5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c38fca5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c38fdf8\" data-id=\"c38fdf8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c38ff0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c38ff0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c38ffb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c38ffb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c390127\" data-id=\"c390127\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c39023c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c39023c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Terrorism and Global Security: An Analysis of Regional and Socio-Economic Effects on National Security<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Anietie J. Atai, Victor E. Ita- February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 623-631<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3902e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3902e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c390470\" data-id=\"c390470\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3905a8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c3905a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2053\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2054\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2055\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2056\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper examined the impact of global security and socio-economic development in terrorist prone regions. The study adopted the qualitative method which is hinged on historical and descriptive analysis. The theory that was used for this study is the realist theory by Hans Morgenthau and amplified by Kenneth Waltz. The paper contended that terrorism breeds insecurity and impedes sustainable national development. The paper noted that terrorism engenders loss of lives, threat to public safety, economic sabotage, capital and investment flight, negative perception of the terrorists\u2019 prone states on international scene with attendant negative consequences on trade, tourism and foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, the analysis revealed that a number of factors including sources of funding, ideology, religion, and idleness contribute to increase in global terrorism which in turn endangers the prospects of progress with resultant economic misfortunes, closure of businesses and unemployment across the globe as well as destructive reflections on national security. Given the findings, the paper recommended, among others, an overhaul of the Security Agencies which should include the creation of State Security apparatus to tackle the menace while regional governments should improve or rather upgrade its intelligence gadgets and surveillance equipment. Moreover, emphasis should be placed on the use of improved collective security and the need to trace and back down the sources of funds used for terrorists\u2019 activities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 623-631\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anietie J. Atai <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio-Akpa Campus, Oruk Anam LGA &#8211; Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Victor E. Ita <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio-Akpa Campus, Oruk Anam LGA &#8211; Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2053\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkpuru-Aja, A. (2007). Basic Concepts, Issues and Strategies of Peace and Conflict Resolution: Nigeria Africa Case studies. Enugu: Keny and Brothers Enterprise.\r\n[2]\tAlao, D. O. (2011). The Death of Osama bin laden and the Implications on Global Security. International Journal of Social Science, 3(6), 16-22.\r\n[3]\tAmerican Psychological Association (APA) (2008). The Impact of Terrorism and Disasters on Children. APA Monitor.  Retrieved from http:\/\/www.apa.org\/monitor\/nov01\/reachingout.html.\r\n[4]\tBalogun, T. A. (2004). Strategy for Achieving World Class Security Assurance. A Paper Presented at NIM 2004 Annual National Management Conference Abuja, Tuesday, 28 September.\r\n[5]\tBarnett, J. (2001). The Meaning of Environment Security: Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era. London: Zed Books.\r\n[6]\tBruck, T. &#038; Wickstrom, B. A. (2004). The Economic Consequences of Terror. European Journal \tof Political Economy, 20(2), 293-300.\r\n[7]\tCooper, H. H. A. (2001). Terrorism: The Problem of Definition Revisited. American Behavioural Scientists, 44(6), 881-893.\r\n[8]\tDavid, R. C. (2004). The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism. In  Audrey, R. C. and Lude, J. (Eds.), Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.\r\n[9]\tFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (2005). Reports and Publications. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/stats services\/publications\/terrorism-2002-2005. \r\n[10]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. Abuja: Government Printers.\r\n[11]\tFischer, R. J. &#038; Green, G.  (1992). Introduction to Security. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.\r\n[12]\tGarrison, H. A. (1993). How the World Changed: A History of the Development of Terrorism. Ohio: \tDelaware Criminal Justice Council.\r\n[13]\tGasper, G. (2008). The Idea of Human Security. GARNET Working Paper: Number 28\/08. The \tHague: Institute for Social Studies.\r\n[14]\tHoffman, B. (2008). Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.\r\n[15]\tKoberston, A. E. (2007). Terrorism and Global Security. New York: InfoBase Publishing.\r\n[16]\tKorab-Karpowicz, W. J. (2011). Political Realism in International Relation. In The Stanford \tEncyclopaedia of Philosophy. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.\r\n[17]\tKydd, A. H. and Walter, B. F. (2006). The Strategies of Terrorism. International Security, 31(1): 49-80.\r\n[18]\tLacqueur, W. (2001). A History of Terrorism. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.\r\n[19]\tLenain, P. (2002). The Economic Consequences of Terrorism. Economics Department Working Paper No. 334 ECO\/WKP (2002)20, Elgar.\r\n[20]\tMahan, S. &#038; Griset, P. L. (2008). Terrorism in Perspective. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.\r\n[21]\tMannion, M. A. (2003). The Environmental Impact of War and Terrorism. Geographical Paper 169. \r\n[22]\tMichael, S. (2007). Terrorism: A Socio-economic and Political Phenomenon with Special Reference to Pakistan. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), 35-46. \r\n[23]\tMorgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.\r\n[24]\tNkwede, J. O. (2013). Democracy, Terrorism and the Paradox of Insecurity Vortex in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 13(7), 42-51.\r\n[25]\tNwanegbo, C. J. &#038; Odigbo, J. (2013). Security and National Development in Nigeria: The Threat of Boko Haram. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(4), 285-291. \r\n[26]\tNwolise, O. B. E. (1988). Nigeria\u2019s Defense and Security System Today. In Uleazu, U. (Ed.), Nigeria the First 25 Years. Ibadan: Heinemann.\r\n[27]\tRockely, L. E. &#038; Hill, D. A. (1981). Security: Its Management and Control. London: Business Books Ltd.\r\n[28]\tSandler, T. (2006). Economic Consequences of Terrorism in the Developed and Developing \tCountries: An overview. California: Los Angeles.\r\n[29]\tSargent, L. (2009. Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. \r\n[30]\tSchanzer, J. (2004). Yemen\u2019s War on Terror. Orbis. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.washingtoninstitute.org.\r\n[31]\tShelly, L. I. (2016). Global Terrorism and Organized Crime. International Report 1\/2016.\r\n[32]\tStern, J. (2003). The Ultimate Organizations in Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Harper Collins.\r\n[33]\tTownshend, C. (2002). Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. Retrieved from http:\/\/books.google.co.jp\/books\/about\/Terrorism.html?id=FppyWEFmjDsC&#038;redir_esc=y \r\n[34]\tWaltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.\r\n[35]\tYacubu, J. G. (2005). Cooperation among Armed Forces and Security Forces in Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms. In Ayissi, A. and Sall, I. (Eds.), Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa: Handbook for the Training of Armed and Security Forces. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDR).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2054\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anietie J. Atai, Victor E. Ita &#8220;Terrorism and Global Security: An Analysis of Regional and Socio-Economic Effects on National Security&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.623-631 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/623-631.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2055\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/623-631.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2056\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/terrorism-and-global-security-an-analysis-of-regional-and-socio-economic-effects-on-national-security\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Terrorism and Global Security: An Analysis of Regional and Socio-Economic Effects on National Security<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3913f9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c3913f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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elementor-element elementor-element-c3a2a79\" data-id=\"c3a2a79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a2b87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3a2b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3a2c25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3a2c25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3a2d74\" data-id=\"c3a2d74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a2e7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3a2e7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3a2f12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3a2f12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3a3057\" data-id=\"c3a3057\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a3167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3a3167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3a3202 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3a3202\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3a3374\" data-id=\"c3a3374\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a3481 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3a3481\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Concept of the Principles of Legal Certainty, Benefit and Justice in Environmental Management<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yundini Husni Djamaluddin &#8211; February 2021 &#8211; Page No.: 632-638<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3a3527 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3a3527\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3a36a1\" data-id=\"c3a36a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a37ed elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"c3a37ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2053\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2054\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2055\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2056\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2051\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2051\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Every human interaction both among humans and with the environment will have an impact on the environment, both positive and negative. Therefore, a legal rule is designed to regulate the balance of humans and the environment in which they live. Environmental law regulates environmental patterns and all devices and conditions with humans who live and affect the environment. This research was designed in the form of library research using various sources of literature as a source of research data. This research is a study related to the thought of a character in a certain time, so methodologically the approach used is the content approach (library). If the legal norms are only written and neatly arranged, but there is no serious handling of the law enforcement apparatus and the culture is indifferent from the community, then the legal norm is only an artificial norm. Lawless practices must be submerged in order to maintain legal certainty, justice, and benefit. In environmental law, stipulated provisions, and norms to regulate human actions with the aim of protecting the environment from damage and deterioration of its quality to ensure its sustainability so that it can be directly used by current and future generations. Environmental law is oriented to the environment, so that its nature and timing also follow the nature and character of the environment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 632-638\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 April 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2052\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2052\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yundini Husni Djamaluddin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Police Science, Indonesian College of Police Science, Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2053\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2053\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tTamanaha BZ. (2001). A general jurisprudence of law and society. Oxford University Press on Demand.\r\n[2]\tUnger RM. (1977). Law in modern society. Simon and Schuster. \r\n[3]\tRaz J. (2009).The authority of law: essays on law and morality. Oxford University Press on Demand \r\n[4]\tTyler TR, Huo Y. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. Russell Sage Foundation. \r\n[5]\tRadbruch G. (2006). Five minutes of legal philosophy (1945). Oxf J Leg Stud. 26(1), 13\u201315\r\n[6]\tFenwick M, Siems M, Wrbka S. (2017). The shifting meaning of legal certainty in comparative and transnational law. Bloomsbury Publishing.\r\n[7]\tBraithwaite J. (2002). Rules and principles: A theory of legal certainty. Austl J Leg Phil. 27: 47 \r\n[8]\tVan Apeldoorn LJ. (2001). Pengantarilmuhukum (Inleiding tot de studie van het Nederlandserecht). \r\n[9]\tKelsen H. (1990). General theory of norms. \r\n[10]\tKumm M. (2004). Constitutional rights as principles: on the structure and domain of constitutional justice. Int\u2019l J Const L. 2: 574.\r\n[11]\tHayek FA. (2012). Law, legislation and liberty, volume 2: The mirage of social justice. University of Chicago Press.\r\n[12]\tMurphy LB. (2003). Moral demands in nonideal theory. Oxford University Press.\r\n[13]\tVermeule A. (2006). Judging under uncertainty: an institutional theory of legal interpretation. Harvard University Press.\r\n[14]\tAlexy R. (2010). The dual nature of law. Ratio Juris. 23(2), 167\u2013182.\r\n[15]\tRadbruch G. (2006). Statutory lawlessness and supra-statutory law (1946). Oxf J Leg Stud. 26(1), 1\u201311 \r\n[16]\tWalliman N. (2017). Research methods: The basics. Routledge.\r\n[17]\tGribnau H. (2013). Legal certainty: A matter of principle. Retroactivity Tax Legis May. \r\n[18]\tHommes HJVE. The functions of law and the role of legal principles. PhilosReformata. 39(1\u20132): 77\u201381 (1974).\r\n[19]\tSantiago F. (2017). A Legal Perspective of the Law Enforcement of Land Dispute. Eur Res Stud. 20(4B), 578\u2013587.\r\n[20]\tPaunio E. (2016). Legal certainty in multilingual EU law: language, discourse and reasoning at the European Court of Justice. Routledge.\r\n[21]\tSlaughter A-M. (1995). International law in a world of liberal states. Eur J Int Law. 6(3), 503\u2013538.\r\n[22]\tStahl FJ. (2009). The Doctrine of State and the Principles of State Law. WordBridge Publishing.\r\n[23]\tSchachter O. (1989). Self-defense and the rule of law. Am J Int\u2019l L. 83: 259.\r\n[24]\tTamanaha BZ. (2004). On the rule of law: History, politics, theory. Cambridge University Press.\r\n[25]\tNonet P. (2017). Law and society in transition: Toward responsive law. Routledge.\r\n[26]\tRosenfeld M. (2000). The rule of law and the legitimacy of constitutional democracy. S Cal L Rev. 74: 1307 \r\n[27]\tKingsbury B. (2009). The concept of \u2018law\u2019in global administrative law. Eur J Int Law. 20(1), 23\u201357.\r\n[28]\tAvis J. (2009). Education, Policy and Social Justice: learning and skills. A&#038;C Black.\r\n[29]\tConley PA, Hamlin ML. (2009). Justice-Learning: Exploring the efficacy with low-income, first-generation college students. Michigan J Community Serv Learn. 16(1): 47\u201358.\r\n[30]\tHart HLA, Hart HLA, Green L. (2012). The concept of law. oxford university press. \r\n[31]\tTyler TR, Lind EA. (2002). Procedural justice. In Handbook of justice research in law. Springer pp. 65\u201392.\r\n[32]\tSoja EW. (2013). Seeking spatial justice. U of Minnesota Press. \r\n[33]\tRoss A. (2019). On law and justice. Oxford University Press. \r\n[34]\tSelznick P. (2020). Law, society, and industrial justice. Quid Pro Books. \r\n[35]\tBentham J. (1996). The collected works of Jeremy Bentham: An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Clarendon Press. \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2054\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2054\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yundini Husni Djamaluddin, &#8220;The Concept of the Principles of Legal Certainty, Benefit and Justice in Environmental Management&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-2, pp.632-638 February 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/632-638.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2055\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2055\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-2\/632-638.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2056\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2056\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-concept-of-the-principles-of-legal-certainty-benefit-and-justice-in-environmental-management\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Concept of the Principles of Legal Certainty, Benefit and Justice in Environmental Management<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a4712 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c3a4712\" 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elementor-element-c3b0a80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3b0a80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3b0bd6\" data-id=\"c3b0bd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b0cdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3b0cdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3b0d77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3b0d77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3b0ec6\" data-id=\"c3b0ec6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b0fd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3b0fd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Toraja, The City of Rituals (One Ritual can Introduce Many Kinds of Rituals) A Cultural Anthropology Study [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1439,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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