{"id":4835,"date":"2021-12-20T07:30:14","date_gmt":"2021-12-20T07:30:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=4835"},"modified":"2022-08-23T11:54:40","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T11:54:40","slug":"volume-v-issue-xii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-v-issue-xii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume V Issue XII"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4835\" class=\"elementor elementor-4835 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cac711b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cac711b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cac73fe\" data-id=\"cac73fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cac7600 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cac7600\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of the Influence of Environmental Adult Education on Solid Waste Management in South-South Federal Universities, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bassey, Rebecca Edem and Adekola Ganiyu- December 2021- Page No.: 01-07<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cac7982 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cac7982\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cac7be7\" data-id=\"cac7be7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cac7d97 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cac7d97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study examines the influence of environmental adult education (EAE) on solid waste management in Federal Universities in South-South Nigeria. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Findings from the study revealed that awareness of staff and students in Federal Universities in South-South Nigeria on solid waste management is low. The study further revealed that despite the positive influence of EAE on solid waste management on universities campuses the universities managements are not promoting EAE. The study concluded that EAE which promotes awareness of and about the environment among the staff and students must be introduced. The study recommended that management of the universities should carry out aggressive EAE on campus by introducing it as a compulsory General Studies course for students at all levels and organize regular seminars\/workshops based on EAE to staff, students, and other members of the university communities.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-07\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bassey, Rebecca Edem <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adekola Ganiyu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Desa, A.; Kadir, N. B. A.; and Yusof, F. (2015). Environmental Awareness and Education: A Key Approach to Solid Waste Management (SWM) \u2013 A Case Study of a University in Malaysia. https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/waste-management-an-integrated-vision\/environmental-awareness-and-education-a-key-approach-to-solid-waste-management-swm-a-case-study-of-a .\r\n[2] Eheazu, B A (2016). Antecedents of Environmental Adult Education. Readings in Adult and Non-Formal Education. Vol.1. University of Port Harcourt Press.\r\n[3] Eheazu, B. A. (2016). Fundamentals of Environmental Education. University of Port Harcourt Press.\r\n[4] Eric, C (2020), Why Compost is Better than Chemical Fertilizers. www.readytodily.com\/why_compost_is_better_than_chemical_fertilizers. Accessed 9\/5\/2021\r\n[5] Hanachor, M. E. (2016). Utilization of Adult Education Approaches for Sustained Campaign against Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. In B.A Eheazu (2016) Readings in Adult and Non-Formal Education. Vol. 1. Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press.\r\n[6] Igbinosa, E. and Osayanda, E. I. (2017). Influence of Adult Literacy Education and the Environmental Behaviours of Women. European Science Journal, July 2017, vol. 13, No. 20.\r\n[7] Jain, R. K.; Rao, S. S. (2014). Industrial Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Systems. Khana Publishers.\r\n[8] Ijah, C. N (2016). Domestic Waste Management Practices: Issues for Adult Education. In B.A Eheazu (2016) Readings in Adult and Non-Formal Education. Vol. 1. Port Harcourt, University of Port Harcourt Press.\r\n[9] Mbalisi, O. F.; Offor, B. O. (2012). Imperatives of Environmental Education and Awareness Creation to Solid Waste Management in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Sciences. 3 (2) 10-14.\r\n[10] Okorie, C U (2016). Environmental Adult Education Programmes for Environmental Sustainability. In G. Adekola and M.A Oyebamiji (2016) Adult Education and the Environment. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers International, Ltd.\r\n[11] Ononeze, O. F. (2019). Adult Education and Waste Management. In A.N. Ugwu and O.F Mbalisi (2019). Contemporary Issues in Adult Education: An African Perspective. Pearl Publications Ltd.\r\n[12] Pfeffer, J &amp; Sutton, R. I. (2000), How to turn knowing-doing gap into action,\r\n[13] Uhuo, J. U. and Z\u00e1vodsk\u00e1, A. (2016). Environmental Education: A Key to Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries \u2013 The Cases of Nigeria and Guyana. http\/www.media.web.britannica.com\/ebsco\/pdf.736\/49548736.pdfAccessed 2\/4\/2020\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bassey, Rebecca Edem and Adekola Ganiyu, &#8220;Assessment of the Influence of Environmental Adult Education on Solid Waste Management in South-South Federal Universities, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.01-07 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/01-07.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/01-07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-the-influence-of-environmental-adult-education-on-solid-waste-management-in-south-south-federal-universities-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of the Influence of Environmental Adult Education on Solid Waste Management in South-South Federal Universities, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad1a9f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cad1a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad1b8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad1b8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad1d0f\" data-id=\"cad1d0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad1e42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cad1e42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad1ee6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad1ee6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad2093\" data-id=\"cad2093\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad21d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cad21d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad2282 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad2282\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad23de\" data-id=\"cad23de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad24ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cad24ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad258f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad258f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad26e8\" data-id=\"cad26e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad27f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cad27f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad288b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad288b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad29d5\" data-id=\"cad29d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad2ae5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cad2ae5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad2b93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad2b93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad2ce6\" data-id=\"cad2ce6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad2df2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cad2df2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad2e94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad2e94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad2ffe\" data-id=\"cad2ffe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad3119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cad3119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Persuasive Communication of Indonesian Government for Tax Compliance Gaining During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Study on Message Posted at Instagram Account @DitjenPajakRI<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Santi Maria Indah Setyawati, Andre Noevi Rahmanto, Ign. Agung Satyawan &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 08-11<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cad31c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cad31c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cad3352\" data-id=\"cad3352\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cad347c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cad347c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper aims to identify the communication strategies used by the Government of Indonesia for tax compliance gaining through a persuasive message posted on Instagram account @DitjenPajakRI during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data used in this study were all messages posted on Instagram @DitjenPajakRI from March 16th to June 11th, 2020. During that period, Government has the policy to stop all face-to-face tax services at the Tax Office due to COVID-19. The study was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods to describe the persuasive communication strategies by the government which was identified based on Compliance Gaining Theory developed by Marwell &amp; Schmitt (1967). The study showed that the government used a combination of the following strategies: liking, promising, threatening, making moral appeals, and showing expertise about positive outcomes strategies. The mixed strategies implemented by Government in producing persuasive message aims to encourage tax compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 08-11\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51201\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51201<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Santi Maria Indah Setyawati <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCommunication Management, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andre Noevi Rahmanto <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCommunication Management, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ign. Agung Satyawan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCommunication Management, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] DGT Republic of Indonesia, \u201cFace to Face Tax Service Reopens June 15, 2020,\u201d www.pajak.go.id, 2020. https:\/\/www.pajak.go.id\/siaran-pers\/layanan-perpajakan-tatap-muka-dibuka-kembali-15-juni-2020 (accessed Jun. 18, 2021).\r\n[2] DGT Republic of Indonesia, \u201cAnnouncement of Extension of Taxation Service Time Without Face to Face,\u201d www.pajak.go.id, 2020. https:\/\/www.pajak.go.id\/pengumuman\/pengumuman-perpanjangan-waktu-pelayanan-perpajakan-tanpa-tatap-muka-0 (accessed Jun. 18, 2021).\r\n[3] R. M. Perloff, The Dynamic of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes In The 21st Century. New Jersey: Erlbaum Assosiates Publisher, 2003.\r\n[4] K. E. Anderson, Persuasion: Theory and Practice. Boston: American Press, 1972.\r\n[5] E. . Bettinghaus and M. J. Cody, Persuasive Communication. New York: Holt, 1988.\r\n[6] S. Dellande, M. C. Gilly, and J. L. Graham, \u201cGaining Compliance and Losing Weight: The Role of the Service Provider in Health Care Services,\u201d J. Mark., no. 68, pp. 78\u201391, 2004.\r\n[7] S. Dellande and P. Nyer, \u201cUsing Public Commitment to Gain Customer Compliance,\u201d Adv. Consum. Res. eds. Gav. Fitzsimons Vicki Morwitz, Duluth, MN Assoc. Consum. Res., vol. 34, pp. 249\u2013255, 2007.\r\n[8] R. . Gass and J. S. Seiter, Persuasion, Sosial Influence, and Compliance gaining, 5th ed. New York: Pearson, 2013.\r\n[9] S. R. Wilson, \u201cCompliance Gaining\/Resisting Strategies and Principles,\u201d Int. Encycl. Interpers. Commun., pp. 1\u20139, 2015.\r\n[10] S. W. Littlejohn, K. A. Foss, and J. G. Oetzel, Theories of Human Communication, 11th ed. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 2017.\r\n[11] G. Marwell and D. R. Schimtt, \u201cDimensions of Compliance Gaining Strategies\u202f: An Empirical Analysis,\u201d Sociometry, no. 30, pp. 350\u2013364, 1967.\r\n[12] A. Ort and A. Fahr, \u201cUsing efficacy cues in persuasive health communication is more effective than employing threats &#8211; An experimental study of a vaccination intervention against Ebola,\u201d Br. J. Heal. Psychol. 2018 Sept., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 665\u2013684, 2018.\r\n[13] T. Brader, \u201cStriking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions,\u201d Am. J. Pol. Sci., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 388\u2013405, 2005.\r\n[14] P. T. Metaxas and E. Mustafaraj, \u201cSocial Media and The Elections,\u201d Science (80-. )., vol. 338, no. 6106, pp. 472\u2013473, 2012.\r\n[15] E. Goering, U. Connor, E. Nagelhout, and R. Steinberg, \u201cPersuasion in fundraising letters: An Interdisciplinary Study,\u201d Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 228\u2013246, 2011.\r\n[16] C. Austin and Sigmar, \u201cPractical Persuasive Communication: The Evolving Attitudes of the iGeneration Student,\u201d e-Journal Bus. Educ. Scholarsh. Teach., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 14\u201333, 2018.\r\n[17] V. Bakir, E. Herring, D. Miller, and P. Robinson, \u201cOrganized Persuasive Communication: A new conceptual framework for research on public relations, propaganda and promotional culture,\u201d Crit. Sociol., p. doi:10.1177\/0896920518764586, 2018\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Santi Maria Indah Setyawati, Andre Noevi Rahmanto, Ign. Agung Satyawan, &#8220;Persuasive Communication of Indonesian Government for Tax Compliance Gaining During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Study on Message Posted at Instagram Account @DitjenPajakRI&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.08-11 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51201<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/08-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/persuasive-communication-of-indonesian-government-for-tax-compliance-gaining-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-study-on-message-posted-at-instagram-account-ditjenpajakri\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Persuasive Communication of Indonesian Government for Tax Compliance Gaining During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Study on Message Posted at Instagram Account @DitjenPajakRI<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae1f29 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cae1f29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae2004 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae2004\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae218b\" data-id=\"cae218b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae22af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae22af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae2359 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae2359\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae24b7\" data-id=\"cae24b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae25c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae25c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae2665 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae2665\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae27ba\" data-id=\"cae27ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae28cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae28cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae2967 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae2967\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae2aa7\" data-id=\"cae2aa7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae2bb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae2bb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae2c4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae2c4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae2da6\" data-id=\"cae2da6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae2eb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae2eb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae2f51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae2f51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae309d\" data-id=\"cae309d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae31a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae31a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae323f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae323f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae33e9\" data-id=\"cae33e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae3557 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cae3557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Innovation and Social Inequalities in Africa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Audu, Solomon, Gbadamosi, Jumoke &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 12-16<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae3609 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae3609\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae3790\" data-id=\"cae3790\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cae38c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cae38c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Social inequality is found across the continent of Africa just as in any other continent. Social inequalities portend to have negative effects on the populace of any region. Therefore, this study is set to examine the effect of innovation on the level of social inequality on selected countries in Africa. The theories that form the bedrock for discussion in this study is the saturation theory and the system theory. The study population is made up of all forty-eight mainland countries in Africa. While purposive sampling was used to select twelve countries based on the availability of data. The Ex-post facto research design was adopted and the linear regression was used in measuring the effect of the independent variable which is information technology on the dependent variables which are human development index, the level of income distribution and the level of female gender literacy index in Africa. The result shows an adjusted R2 of 41.5% which indicates that innovation alone does not account for the level of income distribution of the selected countries in Africa. This means that the remaining 58.5% represents other factor not captured in this study that can also explain the level of income distribution of the selected countries in Africa. The result further shows a computed p-value of 0.014 at 5% level of significance. This indicates that innovation has a significant effect on income distribution of the selected countries in Africa. It is recommended that governments of countries on the African continent need to provide and promote the infrastructure on which technological innovation can be built on and made assessable by all regardless of social class.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 12-16\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Audu, Solomon <\/strong>\r\nCaleb University, Imota, Lagos, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbadamosi, Jumoke<\/strong>\r\nCaleb University, Imota, Lagos, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Alawamieh, M., Ismail, L. B., Aqeel, D., &amp; Alawamieh, K. J. (2019). The bilateral relationship between human capital investment and innovation in Jordan. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 8(6), 1-17. doi:10.1186\/s13731-019-0101-3\r\n[2] Benos, N., &amp; Tsiachtsiras, G. (2019). Innovation and income inequality: World evidence. MPRA No. 9050, 1-55.\r\n[3] Hojma, D. E. (2002). Explaining crime in Buenos Aires: The role of inequality, unemployment and structural change. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 21(1), 121-129.\r\n[4] Koseli, M. (2006). Poverty, inequality &amp; terrorism relationship in Turkey. Unpublished Thesis at Virginia Commonwealth University.\r\n[5] Law, S. H., Naseem, N. A., Lau, W. T., &amp; Trinugroho, I. (2020). Can innovation improve income inequality? Evidence from panel data. Economic Systems, 1-18.\r\n[6] Mariz-Perez, R. M., Teijeiro-Alvarez, M. M., &amp; Garcia-Alvarez, M. T. (2012). The relevance of human capital as a driver for innovation. Cuadernos de economica, 68-76.\r\n[7] Mele, C., Pels, J., &amp; Polese, F. (2010). A brief review of systems theories and their managerial applications. Service Science, 2(1), 126-135.\r\n[8] Nwokebuife, O. J., Han, J. H., Mintah, C., Ejiofor, N. S., &amp; Ofori, K. E. (2021). The impact of creativity and innovation on entrepreneurship development: Evidence from Nigeria. Open Journal of Business and Management, 1743-1770. doi:10.4236\/ojbm.2021.94095\r\n[9] Thorbecke, E., &amp; Charumilind, C. (2002). Economic inequality and its socioeconomic impact. World Development, 30, 1477-1495.\r\n[10] Tselios, V. (2011). Is inequality good for innovation? International Regional Science Review, 34(1), 75-101. doi:10.1177\/0160017610383278\r\n[11] Weiss, D., &amp; Eikemo, T. A. (2017). Technological innovations and the rise of social inequalities in health. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 45, 714-719. doi:doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494817711371\r\n[12] Wlodarczyk, J. (2017). Innovations and income inequalities- a comparative study. Journal of International Studies, 10(4), 166-178. doi:10.14254\/2071-8330.2017\/10-4\/13\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Audu, Solomon, Gbadamosi, Jumoke &#8220;Innovation and Social Inequalities in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.12-16 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/12-16.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/12-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/innovation-and-social-inequalities-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Innovation and Social Inequalities in Africa<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf00b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"caf00b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-caf0190 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"caf0190\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-caf031f\" data-id=\"caf031f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf0455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"caf0455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-caf04f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"caf04f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-caf0657\" data-id=\"caf0657\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf07af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"caf07af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-caf085a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"caf085a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-caf09b2\" data-id=\"caf09b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf0ac2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"caf0ac2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb0660d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb0660d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb06845\" data-id=\"cb06845\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb06998 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb06998\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb06a55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb06a55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb06bba\" data-id=\"cb06bba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb06cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb06cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb06d88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb06d88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb06edf\" data-id=\"cb06edf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb06ffb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb06ffb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb0709d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb0709d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb07228\" data-id=\"cb07228\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb07342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb07342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Overcoming Fear to Improve English Speaking Skill<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nafisa Sultana, Bedoura Jamin- December 2021- Page No.: 17-27<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb073e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb073e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb07574\" data-id=\"cb07574\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb076b1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb076b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nAmong four skills of English, speaking plays a vital role in achieving competence in the language. To speak effectively it is important first to acquire competence and then perform. Students face difficulties to speak in English in order to express their thoughts because of the psychological obstacle like fear. The objective of this research is to determine whether fear works as a barrier to improve English speaking skills. This research has been carried out using quantitative method. Forty respondents were selected using convenience sampling technique. Questionnaire was created using Google form to collect data. The data has been analyzed numerically and displayed in charts and tables. The findings reveal that fear acts as a barrier to improve English speaking because there is not enough opportunity to practice. Therefore, most of the students are afraid of giving speech or making presentation in front of the audience. They become nervous while speaking as they anticipate receiving negative criticisms. The fear of being laughed at or mocked by others are considered as the most significant barrier to improve speaking in English.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 17-27\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51202\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51202<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nafisa Sultana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of English, Notre Dame University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bedoura Jamin <\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndependent Researcher, Department of English, Notre Dame University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adolphs R. 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N., Lewis P. &amp; Thornhill A., (2012). \u201cResearch Methods for Business Students&#8221;. Understanding research philosophy and approaches to theory development, 8 (4). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330760964_Research_Methods_for_Business_Students_Chapter_4_Understanding_research_philosophy_and_approaches_to_theory_development\r\n[43] Tuan, N. H., &amp; Mai, T. N. (2015). Factors Affecting Students\u2019 Speaking Performance at LE Thanh Hien High School. Asian Journal of Educational Research, 3(2), 8-23.\r\nhttps:\/\/www.scirp.org\/(S(vtj3fa45qm1ean45vvffcz55))\/reference\/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=2640879\r\n[44] Tanveer, M. (2007). Investigation of the factors that cause language anxiety for esl\/efl learners in learning speaking skills and the influence it casts on communication in the target language. Dissertation, University of Glasgow.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.1.1995.1129\r\n[45] Wright M. (2020). How pilot testing can dramatically improve your user research. Widerfunnel.\r\nhttps:\/\/www.widerfunnel.com\/blog\/pilot-testing-user-research\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nafisa Sultana, Bedoura Jamin, &#8220;Overcoming Fear to Improve English Speaking Skill&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.17-27 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51202<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/overcoming-fear-to-improve-english-speaking-skill\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Overcoming Fear to Improve English Speaking Skill<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb08516 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb08516\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-id=\"cb08f2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb14b15\" data-id=\"cb14b15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb14cb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb14cb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb14d78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb14d78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb14f00\" data-id=\"cb14f00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb1505b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb1505b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb15107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb15107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb15261\" data-id=\"cb15261\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb15375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb15375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb15417 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb15417\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb1557b\" data-id=\"cb1557b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb15697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb15697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Traditional Authorities and Decentralisation in Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wanji Kabao Hubert- December 2021- Page No.: 28-34<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb15736 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb15736\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb158b5\" data-id=\"cb158b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb159ef elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb159ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn Cameroon, traditional authorities are referred to by the generic term of traditional chieftaincy. The chieftaincy is a level of the administrative organisation. It is governed by the 1977 decree and the 2013 decree which amends and supplements certain provisions. Over the years, the role and place of traditional chieftaincy has constantly evolved. As custodian of customs and traditions, it originally constituted micro-States or vassal States in the pre-colonial era. With colonisation, it played a collaborative role which, not without distorting its original value, continues in the post-colonial era. Within the framework of decentralisation, implemented by Law No. 96\/06 of 18 January 1996, the status of traditional authorities has undergone a new evolution which certainly gives them a certain visibility in the decentralised local authority without, however, removing their confined role of auxiliary to the administration. Instead of essentially addressing the issue of over-centralisation of decisions at the summit of the State, including the exclusion of vulnerable social groups and the lack of interest in local institutions, decentralisation through the politicisation of chiefs is also likely to be a source of conflict between chiefs and populations that they are supposed to defend and lead.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 28-34\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wanji Kabao Hubert <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHistorian of International Relations, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abwa D., 1998, Commissaires et hauts-commissaires de la France au Cameroun (1916-1960), Yaound\u00e9, Presses Universitaires de Yaound\u00e9 et Presses de l\u2019Ucac.\r\n[2] Abwa D., 1994, Commandement Europ\u00e9en, commandement indig\u00e8ne au Cameroun sous administration fran\u00e7aise de 1916 \u00e0 1960, Th\u00e8se de doctorat d\u2019Etat de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9, Cameroun.\r\n[3] Coquery-Vidrovitch C., \u00ab La mise en d\u00e9pendance de l\u2019Afrique noire, essai de p\u00e9riodisation 1800-1970 \u00bb, Cahiers d\u2019\u00e9tudes africaines, vol 16, n\u00b061, 1976.\r\n[4] Coquery-Vidrovitch C., 1985, Afrique Noire : permanence et ruptures, Paris, Payot.\r\n[5] Cornevin R., 1961, \u00ab Evolution des chefferies en Afrique Noire d\u2019expression fran\u00e7aise \u00bb, Recueil penant, n\u00b0686-687, juin-ao\u00fbt, pp.235-250.\r\n[6] Cornevin R., 1952, Histoire de l\u2019Afrique des origines \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me guerre mondiale, Paris, Payot.\r\n[7] Ebale R., 2011, \u00ab Pouvoir colonial et autorit\u00e9s traditionnelles dans la r\u00e9gion de Sangmelima sous administration fran\u00e7aise : le cas de chefferie sup\u00e9rieure bulu (1916-1945) \u00bb, pp. 185-215 in Kpwang R. (dir), La chefferie \u00ab traditionnelle \u00bb dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de la grande zone foresti\u00e8re du Cameroun (1850-2010), Paris, l\u2019Harmattan.\r\n[8] Emog P., 1987-1988, Les pays Banen et Bafia de 1901 \u00e0 1945 : le poids de la colonisation. Essai d\u2019\u00e9tude historique, Th\u00e8se de doctorat 3e cycle en Histoire, Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9.\r\n[9] Etoa Oyono G., 2018, \u00ab Splendeurs et probl\u00e8mes des chefs traditionnels des territoires du Centre-Sud au lendemain de la grande guerre \u00bb, Revue internationale des Francophonies, M\u00e9langes de juillet.\r\n[10] Gomsu J., 1982, Colonisation et organisation sociale : les chefs traditionnels du Sud-Cameroun pendant la p\u00e9riode coloniale allemande (1884-1914), Th\u00e8se doctorat 3e cycle, Universit\u00e9 de Metz, France.\r\n[11] Kange Ewane F., 1985, Semence et moisson coloniale : un regard d\u2019africain sur l\u2019histoire de la colonisation, Yaound\u00e9, Cl\u00e9.\r\n[12] Lombard J., 1967, Autorit\u00e9s traditionnelles et pouvoirs europ\u00e9ens en Afrique Noire. Le d\u00e9clin d\u2019une aristocratie sous le r\u00e9gime coloniale, Paris, Armand Colin.\r\n[13] Mbom\u00e9 F., 1996, \u00ab Constitution, administration et tribalisme \u00bb in La d\u00e9mocratie \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du tribalisme, Yaound\u00e9, Fondation Friedrich Ebert.\r\n[14] Mveng E., 1984, Histoire du Cameroun, Yaound\u00e9, CEPER.\r\n[15] Maloune Ndam, 1996, \u00ab La d\u00e9culot\u00e9e sultanale \u00bb, in l\u2019Expression, 27 janvier.\r\n[16] Nach Mback C., 2000, \u00ab La chefferie traditionnelle au Cameroun : ambigu\u00eft\u00e9s juridiques et d\u00e9rives politiques \u00bb, Africa development, vol xxv n\u00b0 3&amp;4, pp.77-118, Codesria (42 p).\r\n[17] Ouedraogo M. G. H., 2006, \u00ab D\u00e9centralisation et pouvoir traditionnel. Le paradoxe des l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9s locales \u00bb, in Monde en d\u00e9veloppement, n\u00b0 133, pp.9-29.\r\n[18] Suret-Canale J., 1962, Afrique noire, l\u2019\u00e8re coloniale 1900-1945, Paris, Editions sociales.\r\n[19] Temgoua A.P., 2011, \u00ab Les chefs tradititonnels du Sud-Cameroun forestier dans le circuit de l\u2019\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 \u00bb, pp. 171-183 in Kpwang R. (dir), La chefferie \u00ab traditionnelle \u00bb dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de la grande zone foresti\u00e8re du Cameroun (1850-2010), Paris, l\u2019Harmattan.\r\n[20] Vincent F., Etienne S., 2011, \u00ab Les aventures ambigu\u00ebs du pouvoir traditionnel dans l\u2019Afrique contemporaine \u00bb, Revue internationale et strat\u00e9gique, n\u00b081, pp.30 \u00e0 43.\r\nLaws and Decrees\r\n[21] Decree No. 77\/245 of 15 July 1977 organising traditional chieftaincies\r\n[22] Decree No. 2013\/332 of 13 September 2013 to amend and supplement certain provisions of Decree No. 77245 of 15 July 1977 organising traditional chieftancies\r\n[23] Decree No. 2020\/526 of 2 September 2020 to fix the number of Regional Councillors per Division and per category\r\n[24] Law No. 74\/23 of 5 December 1974 organising councils\r\n[25] Law No. 96\/06 of 18 January 1996 to amend the Constitution of 2 June, 1972\r\n[26] Law No. 2019\/024 of 24 December 2019 bill to institute the general code of regional and local authorities\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wanji Kabao Hubert, &#8220;Traditional Authorities and Decentralisation in Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.28-34 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/28-34.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/28-34.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/traditional-authorities-and-decentralisation-in-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Traditional Authorities and Decentralisation in Cameroon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb1937c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb1937c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb198f3\" data-id=\"cb198f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb19a08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb19a08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb19aa4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb19aa4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb19bee\" data-id=\"cb19bee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb19cfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb19cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb19d98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb19d98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb19ee4\" data-id=\"cb19ee4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb19ff0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb19ff0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a08d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb1a08d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a1d6\" data-id=\"cb1a1d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a2d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb1a2d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a370 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb1a370\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a4b6\" data-id=\"cb1a4b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a5cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb1a5cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a664 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb1a664\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a7cd\" data-id=\"cb1a7cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a8d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb1a8d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The United States \u201cWar on Terror\u201d Strategy: Classic and Contemporary Concepts of War<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Arash Sharghi, Irina Dotu- December 2021- Page No.: 35-42<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb1a975 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb1a975\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb1aaf5\" data-id=\"cb1aaf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb1ac38 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb1ac38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2125\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2125\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2126\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2126\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2121\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study sought to explore the classical and contemporary conceptualization of war and terrorism and to discuss the derivation of US \u201cWar on Terror\u201d strategy within the related literature. Notwithstanding to the high number of terrorism-related studies, the major part of those defines terrorism considering the assumptions on the clash of ethics, ideologies, identities and ideas, and see \u201cwar on terror\u201d as the security or defense response against nihilist insurgency movements. On another hand, a literature on terrorism was developed, which is disclaiming terrorism and \u201cwar on terror\u201d as the objective geopolitical instruments used for the US hegemony and in accordance with the US demands. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to look at the \u201cWar on Terror\u201d strategy through the lenses of classical and contemporary concepts of war and terrorism. The research method is descriptive and qualitative through using the secondary sources. This study will show how the US \u201cwar on terror\u201d was legitimized by the terrorism industry and finds its place within classic war paradigm.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 35-42\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51203\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51203<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2122\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Arash Sharghi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nIPE Club, Turkey\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irina Dotu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInternational Relations Department, Near East University, TRNC\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2123\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]. 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The biopolitics of the War on Terror: A critique of the \u201creturn of imperialism. Thesis in International Relations. Third World Quarterly, 26(2), 237-252.\r\n[51]. Serafim, A. (2005). Terrorism-a cultural phenomenon. The Quarterly Journal, 4(1), 61\u201374.\r\n[52]. Sharghi, A., Dotu, I. (2017). Great Powers\u2019 proxy wars in Middle East and difficulty in transition from Cold War to Cold Peace, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(6), 1542-1555.\r\n[53]. Siccama, J. G. (1997). Clausewitz, Van Creveld and the lack of a balanced theory of war (25-42), in Gert de Nooy (eds.), The Clausewitzian Dictum and the Future of Western Military Strategy (pp. 7-25), Hague: Kluwer Law International.\r\n[54]. Shultz, R.H. (2003). It\u2019s war! Fighting post-september global terrorism through a doctrine of preemption. Terrorism and Political Violence, 15(1), 1\u201330.\r\n[55]. Taylor, M., Horgan, J. (2001). The future of terrorism, London: Frank Cass.\r\n[56]. Tibi, B. (2006). Siyasi ter\u00f6rizm faaliyetleri ve m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri. K\u00fcresel Ter\u00f6r ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Sempozyumu, Ankara: GenelKurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bas\u0131mevi, 161-205.\r\n[57]. Y\u0131ld\u0131zo\u011flu, E. (2003). Hegemonyadan imparatorlu\u011fa. \u0130stanbul: Everest Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2124\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Arash Sharghi, Irina Dotu, &#8220;The United States \u201cWar on Terror\u201d Strategy: Classic and Contemporary Concepts of War&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.35-42 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51203<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb24ef9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb24ef9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb25057\" data-id=\"cb25057\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb25175 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb25175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb2521e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb2521e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb253a9\" data-id=\"cb253a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb254c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb254c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges Facing Learner Leadership at Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Elock Emvula Shikalepo &amp; Selma Ndeyapo Kandjengo &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 43-51<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb25571 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb25571\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb25708\" data-id=\"cb25708\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb2585a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb2585a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to establish the challenges that faced learner leadership at school level. A case study design was used as a methodology for the research, whose sample comprised of school principals, teachers and learners of Oshana Region. All participants were selected using purposive sampling. The data was collected with document analysis, semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, observation and journaling. The collected data was analysed by establishing themes.\r\nThe study established that learner leadership was faced by challenges which relates to the lack of support from senior school structures. Teachers were not providing the required support to learner leaders, and instead made comments which were discouraging learner leaders from executing their leadership responsibilities. Similarly, school principals were also not providing enough support to learner leaders as any issues raised to the school principal were not attended to promptly, and learner leaders were not provided with ample opportunities to make their voice heard. The lack of support from senior management discouraged learner leaders from executing the leadership roles effectively.\r\nIn addition, indiscipline among learners also gave learner leaders hardships in executing their leadership roles, especially that learner leaders were not receiving the required leadership support and guidance from the senior school leadership on how to conform unusual behaviours among other learners. An understanding of the challenges facing learner leadership at school could help educational authorities to develop better interventions for addressing the challenges facing learner leaders in the execution of their leadership roles, thereby allowing learner leaders to execute their leadership functions effectively at school.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 43-51\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51204<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elock Emvula Shikalepo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Education, The International University of Management, Namibia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Selma Ndeyapo Kandjengo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Education Officer, Directorate of Adult Education, Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture, Namibia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for social sciences (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn &amp; Bacon.\r\n[2] Bertram, C., &amp; Christiansen, L. (2014). Understanding research: An introduction to reading research. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.\r\n[3] Black, R., Walsh, L., Magee, J., Hutchins, L., Berman, L., &amp; Groundwater-Smith, S. (2014). Student leadership: a review of effective practice. Canberra: ARACY.\r\n[4] Bowen, G. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.\r\n[5] Chavez, C. (2008). Conceptualizing from inside: advantages, complications and demands on insider positionality. The Qualitative Report, 13(3), 474-494.\r\n[6] Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in Education (5th ed.). London: Routledge.\r\n[7] Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education (7th ed.). New York: Routledge.\r\n[8] Creswell, J.W. (2014). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). London: Pearson.\r\n[9] de Villiers, E. (2010). Teacher leadership: Perspectives, perceptions and readiness of educators in the Eden and Central Karoo education district in the Western Cape Province. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis. UNISA, South Africa.\r\n[10] Gay, L., Mills, G., &amp; Airasian, P. (2009). Educational research: competencies for analysis and applications. London: Pearson.\r\n[11] Grant, C. (2008). We did not put our pieces together: Exploring a professional development initiative through a distributed leadership lens. Journal of Education, 44, 85-107.\r\n[12] Grant, C. (2015). Invoking learners\u2019 voice and developing leadership: What matters to learners? Journal of Education, 61, 93-113.\r\n[13] Hamatwi, I. (2015). Exploring teacher leadership: A case study at a secondary school in the Ohangwena Region. Unpublished MEd thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown.\r\n[14] Hine, G. (2011). Exploring the development of student leadership potential within a catholic school: a qualitative case study. University of Notre Dame. Australia, Research online @ ND\r\n[15] Janesick, V. (1999). A journal about journaling: Writing as a qualitative research technique history issues and reflections. Qualitative Inquiry, 5(4), 505-524.\r\n[16] Johnson. B., &amp; Christensen. L. (2012). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.\r\n[17] Lichtman, M. (2014). Qualitative research for the social sciences. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.\r\n[18] Maree, K. (2007). First steps in research. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.\r\n[19] Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.\r\n[20] Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\r\n[21] Mitra, D. L., &amp; Gross, S. (2009). Increasing student in high school reform: Building partnership, improving outcomes. Educational Management Administration &amp; Leadership, 37(4), 522-543.\r\n[22] Namibia. Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture. (2002). Regulations made under Education Act 16 of 2001. Windhoek: Government of the Republic of Namibia.\r\n[23] Namibia. Ministry of Education and Culture. (1993). Towards Education for All: A development brief for education, culture and training. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.\r\n[24] Namibia. Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture. (2001). Education Act no16 of 2001.Windhoek: Government of Republic of Namibia.\r\n[25] Nangolo, F. (2015). The role of leadership in shaping organizational culture in a school in Namibia. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown.\r\n[26] Rule, P., &amp; John, V. (2011). Interpreting the case &amp; presenting the data: Your guide to case studies. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.\r\n[27] Shekupakela-Nelulu, R. (2008). An investigation into the role of student participation in school governance: A Namibian perspective. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown.\r\n[28] Shekupakela-Nelulu, R. (2008). An investigation into the role of student participation in school governance: A Namibian perspective. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown.\r\n[29] Simons, H. (2009). Case study research in practice. London: SAGE Publications.\r\n[30] Smyth, J. (2006). Educational leadership that foster student voice. International Journal of Leadership in Education: Theory and Practice, 9(4), 279-284.\r\n[31] Thomas, G. (2009). How to do your research project. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.\r\n[32] T\u04e7temeyer, A-J. (2010). Multilingualism and the language policy for Namibian schools. PRAESA Occasional papers NO.37. University of Cape Town.\r\n[33] Van der Mescht, H. (2002). Four levels of rigour in interpretive qualitative research. Education as Change, 6(1), 45-51.\r\n[34] Wassenaar, D. R. (2007). Ethical issues in social research. In M.T. Blanche, K. Durrheim, &amp; D. Painter (Eds.), Research in practice: Applied methods for social sciences (2nd ed.) (pp. 60-79). Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.\r\n[35] Williams, C. G. (2011). Distributed leadership in South African schools: possibilities and constraints. South African Journal of Education, 31, 190-200.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Elock Emvula Shikalepo &amp; Selma Ndeyapo Kandjengo, &#8220;Challenges Facing Learner Leadership at Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.43-51 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51204<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/43-51.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-facing-learner-leadership-at-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Challenges Facing Learner Leadership at Schools<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb2683c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb2683c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb26931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb26931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb26ad3\" data-id=\"cb26ad3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb26c13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb26c13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb2845a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb2845a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb28685\" data-id=\"cb28685\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb287bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb287bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb2887f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb2887f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb289e8\" data-id=\"cb289e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb28b02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb28b02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb28ba4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb28ba4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb28d05\" data-id=\"cb28d05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb28e0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb28e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb28eb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb28eb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb28ffc\" data-id=\"cb28ffc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb29106 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb29106\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb291a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb291a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb292f1\" data-id=\"cb292f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb29401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb29401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb2949f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb2949f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb2960c\" data-id=\"cb2960c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb29718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb29718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>CSU Cabadbaran Stakeholders\u2019 Awareness and Acceptance of the New Vision and Mission: The CITTE Experience<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ramil B. Arante, Marisol Jane M. Beray, Cecilia H. Tadal &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 52-61<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb297ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb297ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb2992e\" data-id=\"cb2992e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb29a5c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb29a5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The research was carried out at Caraga State University State University Cabadbaran City (CSUCC), particularly in the College of Industrial Technology and Teacher Education (CITTE). It was aimed at determining the awareness and acceptance of the CSUCC stakeholders on the new vision and mission of the university. This study employs a descriptive research design the survey method. The data was gathered using a survey questionnaire created by the researcher. The questionnaire was benchmarked from OBE instruction adopted from the revised instrument developed by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines, Inc. (AACCUP) in 2010. The study participants are 522 sampled stakeholders comprising of students, parents, faculty members, and non-teaching personnel. The information gathered was compiled and evaluated using relevant statistical software. Analysis of Variance with Post-Hoc Analysis was utilized to determine any significant differences among stakeholders&#8217; responses. Results of the study revealed that the stakeholders who participated in this study are highly aware and highly accepted the new vision and mission of the university. The data further revealed that CSUCC employees have the highest grand means in both levels of awareness and acceptance with 4.78 and 4.71, respectively.\r\nIn contrast, the students had the lowest grand means on both levels of awareness and acceptance with 4.51 and 4.52, respectively. There is a significant difference in the level of awareness and acceptance among the three (3) stakeholders involved in the survey, which can be attributed to their level of understanding. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the new vision and mission of the university is well formulated, well disseminated, and fully understood based on the high level of acceptance and awareness among stakeholders. In light of the conclusion, it can be recommended that the coverage of the survey will be extended beyond the College of Industrial Technology and Teacher Education for an enormous scope of findings. Other stakeholders are suggested to be included for a complete result. The extent of dissemination and Level of understanding of the new vision and mission of the university will also be included in the next phase of the study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 52-61\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51205\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51205<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ramil B. Arante <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, Caraga State University Cabadbaran City, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Marisol Jane M. Beray<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, Caraga State University Cabadbaran City, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cecilia H. Tadal<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, Caraga State University Cabadbaran City, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Vision, Mission, Goals, and Objectives: What&#8217;s the Difference? Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/joh5700\/vision-mission-goals-and-objectives-whats-the-differenc\r\n[2] G\u00fcven \u00d6ZDEM (2011). \u201cAn Analysis of the Mission and Vision Statements on the Strategic Plans of Higher Education Institutions\u201d. Retrieved August 23, 2018, from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ962679.pdf\r\n[3] CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 37, Series of 2012.\r\n[4] AACCUP Revised Instrument. The Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines, Inc., 2010.\r\n[5] \u00dclgen, H. veMirze, S. K. (2004). \u0130\u015fletmelerdestratejiky\u00f6netim. \u0130stanbul: Literat\u00fcrYay\u0131nlar\u0131.\r\n[6] Er\u00e7etin, \u015e. \u015e. (2000). Lidersarmal\u0131ndavizyon. Ankara: Nobel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.\r\n[7] Zel, U. (1997). Hareketege\u00e7iriciliderlikvei\u015fey\u00f6nelikliderlik. Ankara: MPM Yay\u0131n\u0131.\r\n[8] Efil, \u0130. (2004). \u0130\u015fletmey\u00f6netimi. \u0130stanbul: Akt\u00fcelYay\u0131nlar\u0131\r\n[9] Eren, E. (2005). Stratejiky\u00f6netimvei\u015fletmepolitikalar\u0131. \u0130stanbul: Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.\r\n[10] Do\u011fan, B. (2007). Stratejiky\u00f6netimalan\u0131ndavizyonkavram\u0131n\u0131ni\u00e7eri\u011fi\u00fczerinebir\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma. Marmara \u00dcniversitesiSosyalBilimlerEnstit\u00fcs\u00fcDergisi, 7 (27), 37\u201347.\r\n[11] MacDonald, L. (2019, February 1). What Do Clear Vision &amp; Mission Statements Contribute to the Strategic Management Process? Retrieved August 2, 2020, from https:\/\/smallbusiness.chron.com\/clear-vision-mission-statements-contribute-strategic-management-process-24100.html\r\n[12] Compelio, K.J. et.al. (2015). \u201cAwareness, Understanding, and Acceptance of Student Nurses of the Vision, Mission, Goals, and Objectives of Benguet State University\u201d. International Journal of Nursing Science 2015, 5(1): 20-27 DOI: 10.5923\/j.nursing.20150501.03\r\n[13] Castillo, R. (2014). Awareness, acceptance, and perception of Batangas State University stakeholders towards its vision, mission, goals, and objectives. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 14(1), 546-563.\r\n[14] Gafoor, K.A. (2012). Considerations in the Measurement of Awareness. National Seminar on Emerging Trends in Education. Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED545374.pdf\r\n[15] Acceptance: An Historical and Conceptual Review. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/275623747_Acceptance_An_Historical_and_Conceptual_Review [accessed Dec 06 2021].\r\n[16] Arante, R.B., Eguna, S., Mondala, C., &amp;Jacon, D. (2018). Surveillance Camera Provision for Tricycles in Cabadbaran City: Its Perceived Effects on Passengers\u2019 Safety and Security. International Journal of Recent Advances in Organization and Decision Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 1123-1141\r\n[17] Tan, D.A. &amp;Borres, T.H. (2020). Awareness, Acceptability, Consistency and Clarity of the Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives of Central Mindanao University and Its Congruence to Outcomes-Based Instruction: A Preliminary Result. Sci.Int.(Lahore),32(1),93-98 ,202\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ramil B. Arante, Marisol Jane M. Beray, Cecilia H. Tadal &#8220;CSU Cabadbaran Stakeholders\u2019 Awareness and Acceptance of the New Vision and Mission: The CITTE Experience&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.52-61 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51205<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/52-61.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/csu-cabadbaran-stakeholders-awareness-and-acceptance-of-the-new-vision-and-mission-the-citte-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>CSU Cabadbaran Stakeholders\u2019 Awareness and Acceptance of the New Vision and Mission: The CITTE Experience<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb38030 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb38030\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb3812a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb3812a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb382c4\" data-id=\"cb382c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb383f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb383f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb38d09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb38d09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb38da3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb38da3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb38ef6\" data-id=\"cb38ef6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb38ff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb38ff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb3909c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb3909c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb391e5\" data-id=\"cb391e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb392e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb392e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb39385 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb39385\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb394ec\" data-id=\"cb394ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb395ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb395ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Basic Psychological Needs, Depression, and Life Satisfaction among the Elderly<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Aileen Joyce J Lim, Mary Rachelle R Wapano, Ph.D- December 2021- Page No.: 62-67<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb3969b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb3969b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb39839\" data-id=\"cb39839\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb39999 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb39999\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the relationship between basic psychological needs and satisfaction with life among the elderly in rural area in the Phillipines.\r\nFindings revealed that elderly indicated that their basic psychological needs are generally satisfied:. The results show that of the psychological needs autonomy (M=4.82, SD=0.94), competence (M=4.94, SD=1.08), and relatedness (M=5.46, SD=1.03) are generally satisfied.\r\nAdditionally, respondents reported general satisfaction with life mean score (M=25.90, SD=0.37). The respondents of this study report that they are generally satisfied with their quality of life, achievement, and past experiences\r\nThis study also revealed that basic psychological needs do not significantly predict life satisfaction. It is recommended that other factors be investigated which could potentially predict life satisfaction.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 62-67\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51206<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aileen Joyce J Lim <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMindanao State University at Naawawan\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Rachelle R Wapano, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nXavier University \u2013 Ateneo de Cagayan\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ackerman, C. (2018). Life satisfaction theory and four contributing factors. Retrieved from https:\/\/positivepsychologyprogram.com\/life-satisfaction\/\r\n[2] Agrawal, S. (2012) Effect of Living Arrangement on the Health Status of Elderly in India: Findings from a National Cross Sectional Survey. Asian Population Studies, 8, 37-41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441730.2012.646842\r\n[3] Alma M. L. Au, Stephen C. Y. Chan, H. M. Yip, et al., \u201cAge-Friendliness and Life Satisfaction of Young-Old and Old-Old in Hong Kong,\u201d Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, vol. 2017, Article ID 6215917, 10 pages, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6215917.\r\n[4] Anand, Paul (2016) Happiness, well-being and human development: the case for subjective measures. Human Development Report background paper, 2016. United Nations Development Programme, New York, USA. Retrieved from http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/83551\/1\/Anand_Happiness%20well-being_2017.pdf\r\n[5] Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, Vol. 52B, No.1, 15-27. Retrieved from http:\/\/users.clas.ufl.edu\/ardelt\/Wisdom_and_life_satisfaction_in_old_age.pdf\r\n[6] Aquino, J. A., Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., &amp; Altmaier, E. M. (1996). Employment status, social support, and life satisfaction among the elderly. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 480\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.43.4.480\r\n[7] Banjare, P., Dwivedi, R. &amp; Pradhan, J. (2015). Factors associated with the life satisfaction amongst the rural elderly in Odisha, India. Health Quality of Life Outcome 2015 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-015-0398-\r\n[8] Boyle, G. (2004). Facilitating choice and control for older people in long-term care\u2019, Health and Social Care in the Community, Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 212-213.\r\n[9] Calvisi, D. &amp; Dibble, J. (2011). Well-being in older adults from three different cultures. Art and Science Aging Conference. Grand Valley State University. Retrieved 2\/28\/2019 from https:\/\/www.gvsu.edu\/gerontology\/past-student-posters-11.htm\r\n[10] Cao, Y., Krause, J. S., Saunders, L. L., &amp; Clark, J. M. (2015). Impact of marital status on 20-Year subjective well-being trajectories. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 21(3), 208-17. Retrieved 3\/15\/2019 from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4568083\/. DOI: 10.1310\/sci2103-208\r\n[11] Chen, C. (2001). Aging and Life Satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 54(1), 57-79. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27526928\r\n[12] Cohen, S. (1992). \u201cStress, social support, and disorder,\u201d in The Meaning and Measurement of Social Support, eds H. O. F. Veiel and U. Baumann (New York, NY: Hemisphere), 109\u2013124\r\n[13] Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. Am. Psychol. 59, 676\u2013684. doi: 10.1037\/0003-066X.59.8.676\r\n[14] Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., &amp; Koestner, R. 1999. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125: 627-668. Retrieved from http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.588.5821&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\r\n[15] Deci, E. L., &amp; Ryan, R. M. 2000. The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11: 227-268. Retrieved from https:\/\/selfdeterminationtheory.org\/SDT\/documents\/2000_DeciRyan_PIWhatWhy.pdf\r\n[16] Deci, E. L., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press.\r\n[17] Deci, E. L., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (2019). Self-determination theory. Retrieved from http:\/\/selfdeterminationtheory.org\/de Leon, A. (2014). The quality of life of the elderly Filipino in selected cities and provinces. First multipartite regional meeting on the financial security of older women in east and southeast Asia. Retrieved from www.tsaofoundation.org\r\n[18] Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., &amp; Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 1. Retrieved from http:\/\/labs.psychology.illinois.edu\/~ediener\/Documents\/Diener-Emmons-Larsen-Griffin_1985.pdf\r\n[19] Diener, E., Suh, E.H., Lucas, R.E., &amp; Smith, H.L. (1999). Subjective well- being: Three decades of progress .Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302. Retrieved from https:\/\/media.rickhanson.net\/Papers\/SubjectiveWell-BeingDiener.pdf\r\n[20] Diener, E., &amp; Tay, L. (2016). New frontiers: societal measures of subjective well-being for input to policy. In L. Bruni &amp; P.L. Porta (Eds.), Handbook of research methods and applications in happiness and quality of life, (35-52). Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.\r\n[21] Dong, H. J., Larsson, B., Dragioti, E., Bernfort, L., Levin, L. \u00c5., &amp; Gerdle, B. (2020). Factors Associated with Life Satisfaction in Older Adults with Chronic Pain (PainS65+). Journal of pain research, 13, 475\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S234565\r\n[22] Dulock, H. (1993). Reseearch design: descriptive research. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing.Vol 10, No. 4. Retrieved from https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/104345429301000406?journalCode=jpob\r\n[23] Dunlop, D.D., Manheim, L.M., Sohn, M-W., Liu, X., Chang, R.W. (2002). Incidence of functional limitation in older adults: the impact of gender, race, and chronic conditions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil; 83:964\u201371.\r\n[24] Frey BS, Stutzer A (2002) Happiness and Economics. Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford.\r\n[25] Gagne, M., &amp; Deci, E. L. (2014). The History of Self-Determination Theory in Psychology and Management. In M. Gagne (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation, and Self-Determination Theory (pp. 1-9). (Oxford Library of Psychology). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http:\/\/reflectd.co\/2015\/03\/19\/the-three-most-basic-psychological-needs-and-why-we-need-to-satisfy-them\/ &amp; https:\/\/books.google.dk\/books?id=mPOHAwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=the+oxford+handbook+of+work+engagement+motivation+and+self-determination&amp;hl=da&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=J5oKVYLdG4esPO-MgegN&amp;ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=the%20oxford%20handbook%20of%20work%20engagement%20motivation%20and%20self-determination&amp;f=false\r\n[26] Gagnon, D. (2019). Getting your psychological needs met. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.montrealcbtpsychologist.com\/storage\/app\/media\/getting-your-psychological-needs-met.pdf\r\n[27] Gana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Joulain, M., Alaphilippe, D. (2013). Does Life Satisfaction Change in Old Age: Results From an 8-Year Longitudinal Study, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Volume 68, Issue 4, Pages 540\u2013552, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbs093.\r\n[28] Glaser, K., Agree, E., &amp; Costenbader, E. (2004). The Effects of Fertility Decline on Family Structure and Support for Older Persons in Latin America and Asia. Presented at the Aging and Health in Asia Project Meeting , Singapore May 28, 2004. Retrieved from http:\/\/aha.psc.isr.umich.edu\/research\/singapore2004\/agree2.pdf\r\n[29] Gold, D. P., &amp; Arbuckle, T. Y. (1992). Interactions between personality and cognition and their implications for theories of aging. In E. A. Lovelace (Ed.), Aging and cognition: Mental processes, self-awareness, and interventions (pp. 351-377). Amsterdam: North-Holland.\r\n[30] Hmel, B. A., &amp; Pincus, A. L. (2002). The meaning of autonomy: On and beyond the interpersonal circumplex. 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(eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8_1162-1\r\n[35] Lim, H. J., Min, D. K., Thorpe, L., Lee, C. H. (2016). Multidimensional construct of life satisfaction in older adults in Korea: a six-year follow-up study. BMC Geriatrics, 16:197. Retrieved from https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-016-0369-0 DOI 10.1186\/s12877-016-0369-0\r\n[36] L\u00f3pez-Ortega, M., Torres-Castro, S. &amp; Rosas-Carrasco, O. (2016) Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): secondary analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 14, 170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-016-0573-9\r\n[37] Lothian K, Philp I. Maintaining the dignity and autonomy of older people in the healthcare setting. BMJ. 2001;322(7287):668\u2013670. doi:10.1136\/bmj.322.7287.668\r\n[38] Mallari, R. B. (2011). Successful Aging and Life Satisfaction of Older Filipinos: Evidence from the Philippine Longitudinal Study of Aging 2007. University of the Philippines. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ruzzel_Mallari\/publication\/322314592_Successful_Aging_and_Life_Satisfaction_of_Older_Filipinos_Evidence_from_the_Philippine_Longitudinal_Study_on_Aging_2007\/links\/5a5374be458515e7b72eacb9\/Successful-Aging-and-Life-Satisfaction-of-Older-Filipinos-Evidence-from-the-Philippine-Longitudinal-Study-on-Aging-2007.pdf\r\n[39] Niemiec, C. P., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (2009). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7, 133-144.\r\n[40] Ogena, N. (2006). The low and slow ageing in the Philippines: auspicious or challenging? University of the Philippines Population Institute. 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The relationship between psychosocial effects and life satisfaction of the Korean elderly: Moderating and mediating effects of leisure activity. Journal of Arts and Humanities, Vol. 2, No. 11. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theartsjournal.org\/index.php\/site\/article\/download\/229\/196 DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18533\/journal.v2i11.229\r\n[46] Ryan, R. M. &amp; Deci, E. banja. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychological Association, Vol. 55, No. 1, 68-78. Retrieved from https:\/\/selfdeterminationtheory.org\/SDT\/documents\/2000_RyanDeci_SDT.pdf DOI: 10.1037\/\/0003-066X.55.1.68\r\n[47] Ryan, R. M. (1993). Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development. In J. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 1\u201356). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.\r\n[48] Self-determination Theory. (2019). Retrieved from http:\/\/selfdeterminationtheory.org\/theory\/\r\n[49] Tajrishi, K. Z., Besharat, M. A., Pourbohlool, S., &amp; Larijani, R. (2011). Psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the basic needs satisfaction in general scale in a sample of Iranian population. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 30, 221-225. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877042811018696 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.10.044\r\n[50] Vansteenkiste, M., &amp; Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 3, 263\u2013280. Retrieved from http:\/\/selfdeterminationtheory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/2013_VansteenkisteRyan_JOPI2.pdf DOI: 10.1037\/a0032359\r\n[51] Ward, L., Barnes, M., &amp; Gahagan, B. (2012). Well-being in old age: findings from participatory research. Brighton: University of Brighton, Age Concern Brighton, Hove and Portslade. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.brighton.ac.uk\/_pdf\/research\/ssparc\/wellbeing-in-oldage-full-report.pdf\r\n[52] World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/ageing\/events\/world-report-2015launch\/en\/\r\n[53] World Health Organization. (2018). Ageing and health. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aileen Joyce J Lim, Mary Rachelle R Wapano, Ph.D, &#8220;Basic Psychological Needs, Depression, and Life Satisfaction among the Elderly&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.62-67 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51206Method of Teaching Araling Panlipunan and its Effect on the Grade-10 Students\u2019 Performance in Indanan National High School Timbangan Campus-Jolo, Sulu Philippines<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/62-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" 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elementor-element-cb46d04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb46d04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb46e74\" data-id=\"cb46e74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb46f94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb46f94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb47072 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb47072\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb471ed\" data-id=\"cb471ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb4730f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb4730f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb476c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb476c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb4780f\" data-id=\"cb4780f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb47920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb47920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb479bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb479bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb47b13\" data-id=\"cb47b13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb47c1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb47c1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb47cbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb47cbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb47e28\" data-id=\"cb47e28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb47f3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb47f3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Method of Teaching Araling Panlipunan and its Effect on the Grade-10 Students\u2019 Performance in Indanan National High School Timbangan Campus-Jolo, Sulu Philippines<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nuryneil M. Joe &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 68-72<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb47fda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb47fda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb48156\" data-id=\"cb48156\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb4828c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb4828c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study used quasi experimental design to determine the appropriate teaching methods in history subject. The subject of the study are 64 grade 20 students at Indanan National High School -Annex .two method of teaching are studied .the modular small group discussion method and the lecture discussion method in teaching the Araling Panlipunan subject .The topics are continuously presented to the students during the third quarter of the K-12 curriculum. Pretest &#8211; posttest design was utilized to determine the performance of the students in the two methods of teaching .The pretest was given before the formal teaching while the posttest was given after the formal teaching.\r\nStatistical computation and analysis was utilized to determine the mean score of the grade 10 students in the pretest and posttest revealed the following significant findings:\r\n1. In a Focus Group Discussion the teachers favor the modular small group discussion method as the most appropriate teaching method used in history subject. The teachers participated in FGD has cited advantages of the modular small group discussion method, that the students can exercise free-well to learn the subject based on their discussion .The students can explicitly contextualize the lesson and eventually localized in their own understanding .\r\n2. The mean difference of the scores of the grade 10 students do not differ significantly in the two method of teaching.\r\n3. The mean difference of the scores in the posttest significantly differ which implies that the modular small group discussion significantly effective than the lecture discussion method.\r\nThe study concluded that the appropriate teaching method favorable to the teachers in the Focus Group Discussion is the modular small group discussion method. The teachers justified by determine advantages of the modular small group discussion method over the lecture discussion method. There is no significant difference of the mean scores of the grade 10 students in the pretest but substantial significant difference is observed in the posttest which implied that the modular small group teaching method is significantly effective than the lecture discussion method.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-72\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51207<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nuryneil M. Joe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMindanao State University\u2013Sulu, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] K to 12 Curriculum Guide: ARALING PANLIPUNAN (Grade 1 to Grade 7).\r\n[2] January 31, 2012 K to 12 Toolkit: Reference Guide for Teachers Educations, School Administration and Teachers. Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) Regiion Center for Education Innovation and Technology (INNOTECH)\r\n[3] B. Bautista et al. ; Department of Education: When Reforms Don&#8217;t Transform. Philippines Human Development Report 2008 \/ 2009. pp. 65-100.\r\n[4] Batomalaque, Antonio. Basic Science Development Programs of the Philippines for International Cooperation. University of San Carlos.; Marinas, Bella and Ditapat, Maria. Philippines: Curriculum and Development. UNESCO International Bureau of Education\r\n[5] K to 12 Basic Education Program, The March 12, 2012.\r\n[6] E. Delos, Santos, K-12 Changes Philippine Education System. Iconnect. Vol. 1, 2012.\r\n[7] M. Chaudry, Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education &#8211; TOJDE July 2010 ISSN 1302-6488 Volume: 11 Number: 3 Article 11, Retrived Jan. 10, 2012 from https: \/ \/ todde.anadolu.edu.tr\/tojde39\/articles\/ article_11.htm\r\n[8] Isman, Effectiveness of Instructional Design Model in Developing the Planning Teaching Skill of Teachers&#8217; College Students at King Saud University, Retrieved on Jan. 11, 2012 from http:\/ \/ www.slideshare.net\/ HishamHussein\/Effectiveness-o-finstrucctional-design-model-isman-2011-in-developing-the-planning-teaching-skills-of-teachers-college-students-at-king-saud-university\r\n[9] P. Anandarun, Modular Method of Teaching. Retrieved on February 5, 2012 from http:\/anandkab.blogspot.com\/2011\/04\/modular-method-of-teaching.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nuryneil M. Joe, &#8220;Method of Teaching Araling Panlipunan and its Effect on the Grade-10 Students\u2019 Performance in Indanan National High School Timbangan Campus-Jolo, Sulu Philippines&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.68-72 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51207<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/68-72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/method-of-teaching-araling-panlipunan-and-its-effect-on-the-grade-10-students-performance-in-indanan-national-high-school-timbangan-campus-jolo-sulu-philippines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Method of Teaching Araling Panlipunan and its Effect on the Grade-10 Students\u2019 Performance in Indanan National High School Timbangan Campus-Jolo, Sulu Philippines<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb490b6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb490b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb49187 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb49187\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb492fc\" data-id=\"cb492fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb4fd69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb4fd69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb4fe62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb4fe62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb50005\" data-id=\"cb50005\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb50136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb50136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb501dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb501dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb50336\" data-id=\"cb50336\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb50446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb50446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb504f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb504f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5063c\" data-id=\"cb5063c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5075e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5075e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5080e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5080e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb50968\" data-id=\"cb50968\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb50ab8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb50ab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb50b86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb50b86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb50d34\" data-id=\"cb50d34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb50e6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb50e6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb50f23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb50f23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb510a5\" data-id=\"cb510a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb511be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb511be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Benefits of Beekeeping in Rural Areas: Insights from Chipinge District in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>John Mwandifura, Innocent Mharidzo, Dr. Lovemore Chikazhe, Dr. J Manyeruke, Dr. N Mashavakure and Benny Chidziso- December 2021- Page No.: 73-84<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5125f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5125f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5143d\" data-id=\"cb5143d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb515ec elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb515ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study sought to establish the sustainability of beekeeping business in rural areas of Chipinge District. The existence of thick forests and perennial rivers and availability of wild plants that flowers in different times of the year, has also driven some farmers into beekeeping. The utility of beekeeping enterprise as a livelihood activity has been fully realized in the whole district, including the Lowveld, with poor vegetation for bees and poor water availability. This study was carried out to find out how communities can benefit from the sustainable beekeeping programme. The study examined the strategies the community employed to enhance its livelihoods through the sharing of activities from a sustainable beekeeping programme. The research used questionnaires, structured interviews and observations as sources of gathering data. The study established the benefits which accrued from beekeeping that covered honey as food, income in the form of cash, medicines, scenery creation for tourism and income generating projects through making of hives, making honey processing machines (manual honey pressers), making bee suits, opening shops which sell honey packaging materials, growing of flowers and citrus fruits which attract bees. Employment creation and increasing in the number of income activities in the area has been witnessed due to beekeeping business. Beekeeping as a business led into diversification of income generation options leading to improvement of standard of living of rural people through utilization of their local available resources. The study recommends that the sustainability of beekeeping enterprise should be supported by both backward and forward linkages. The government policies should support the efforts of beekeepers. Beekeepers in Zimbabwe do not get loans from banks and this should be rectified by both private players and the government.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 73-84\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Mwandifura1 <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Innocent Mharidzo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Lovemore Chikazhe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. J Manyeruke <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. N Mashavakure <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benny Chidziso <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdulai, A. &amp; Abubakari, M., 2012. 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Journal of King Saud University &#8211; Science, January.33(1).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Mwandifura, Innocent Mharidzo, Dr. Lovemore Chikazhe, Dr. J Manyeruke, Dr. N Mashavakure and Benny Chidziso, &#8220;Benefits of Beekeeping in Rural Areas: Insights from Chipinge District in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.73-84 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/73-84.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-cb5bf17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5bf17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c06c\" data-id=\"cb5c06c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5c173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c20e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5c20e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c358\" data-id=\"cb5c358\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c468 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5c468\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c505 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5c505\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c647\" data-id=\"cb5c647\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c759 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5c759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c7f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5c7f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5c96d\" data-id=\"cb5c96d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5ca88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5ca88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Adaptive Capacity on Flexible Learning in the New Normal: The Case of Davao Del Norte State College<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Arnold M. Duping, PhD; Ronald S. Decano, PhD; Jevannel G. Borlio &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 85-99<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5cb26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5cb26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5ccb8\" data-id=\"cb5ccb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5cde7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb5cde7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to investigate the adaptive capacity of the students and faculty members of Davao del Norte State College in the new teaching and learning modalities demanded by this new normal setting. With the CoViD-19 pandemic lurking into the academic grounds, posing new challenges, the researchers initiated to describe the academic profile of the 2547 students and 109 faculty members. Results revealed that utilizing television and transistor radio devices on blended learning may not be effective due to a huge number of learners who will not be able to access learning materials delivered through these media. Moreover, 1148 of 2290 students described not having Internet connection at home. Yet, on the status of Internet connectivity, only 67 learners have no Internet access in their area. Fourteen (14) faculty members revealed not having Internet Connection at home, but was able to gain access during the physical duty schedules. This result suggests that even without Internet Connection at home, students and faculty members are findings ways to cope with the learning and teaching challenges in these difficult times.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 85-99\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51208\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51208<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arnold M. Duping, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDean, Institute of Teacher Education, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ronald S. Decano, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDean of Institute of Advanced Studies, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jevannel G. Borlio<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty, Institute of Teacher Education, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Callegaro, M., Manfreda, K. L., &amp; Vehovar, V. (2015). Web survey methodology. Sage.\r\n[2] Cereno, A. C. C., &amp; Borlio, J. G. (2021). Surmounting Digital Divide In The Time Of Pandemic By Teacher Education Science Major Students. Surmounting Digital Divide In The Time Of Pandemic By Teacher Education Science Major Students, 85(1), 5-5.\r\n[3] Feruzi, S. M., &amp; Li, Y. Application of EdTech in Tanzania: Effectiveness of Radio and Television in Teaching and Learning amid COVID-19 Pandemic.\r\n[4] Lockee, B. B. (2020). Shifting digital, shifting context:(re) considering teacher professional development for online and blended learning in the COVID-19 era. Educational Technology Research and Development, 1-4.\r\n[5] Kabassi, K., Dragonas, I., Ntouzevits, A., Pomonis, T., Papastathopoulos, G., &amp; Vozaitis, Y.\r\n[6] (2016). Evaluating a learning management system for blended learning in Greek higher education. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 101.\r\n[7] Niyigena, J. P., Jiang, Q., Ziou, D., Shaw, R. S., &amp; Hasan, A. S. M. (2020). Modeling the\r\n[8] Measurements of the Determinants of ICT Fluency and Evolution of Digital Divide Among Students in Developing Countries\u2014East Africa Case Study. Applied Sciences, 10(7), 2613.\r\n[9] Passmore, D. L., &amp; Baker, R. M. (2005). Sampling strategies and power analysis. Research in organizations: Foundations and methods of inquiry, 45-56\r\n[10] Park, K., Park, N., Heo, W., &amp; Gustafson, K. (2019). What Prompts College Students to Participate in Online Surveys?. International Education Studies, 12(1), 69.\r\n[11] Reyes, M. R. RISK FACTORS OF INTERNET GAMING AMONG FILIPINO STUDENTS.\r\n[12] Salac, R. A., &amp; Kim, Y. S. (2016). A Study on the Internet connectivity in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review, 1(1), 67-88.\r\n[13] Vishkaie, R. (2020). The pandemic, war, and sanctions: Building resilience for the digital divide in education. Interactions, 27(4), 36-37.\r\n[14] Vegas, E. (2020). What can COVID-19 teach us about strengthening education systems? Retrieved 8 October 2020, from https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/education-plus- development\/2020\/04\/09\/what-can-covid-19-teach-us-about-strengthening-education- systems\/\r\n[15] Volchenkova, K., Bryan, T., &amp; Shestakova, L. (2016). A centre for academic writing at South\r\n[16] Ural State University: Which model to choose. In 8th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN) (pp. 299-307).\r\n[17] Wibowo, T. O., Udasmoro, W., &amp; Noviani, R. (2020). Understanding New Consumption Sites of Internet Cafe in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 23(3), 237- 249.\r\n[18] Yarbrough, S., Haas, B., Northam, S., Duke, G., &amp; Wieck, K. L. (2016). Role overload theory as framework for nurse educators to optimize graduate students\u2019 learning environment. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(12), 105-112.\r\n[19] Zayapragassarazan, Z. (2020). COVID-19: Strategies for Online Engagement of Remote Learners. F1000Research, 9.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Arnold M. Duping, PhD; Ronald S. Decano, PhD; Jevannel G. Borlio, &#8220;Adaptive Capacity on Flexible Learning in the New Normal: The Case of Davao Del Norte State College&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.85-99 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51208<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/85-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/adaptive-capacity-on-flexible-learning-in-the-new-normal-the-case-of-davao-del-norte-state-college\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Adaptive Capacity on Flexible Learning in the New Normal: The Case of Davao Del Norte State College<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5ee03 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb5ee03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5ef66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5ef66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f10b\" data-id=\"cb5f10b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f254 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5f254\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f312 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5f312\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f471\" data-id=\"cb5f471\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f596 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5f596\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f639 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5f639\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f78e\" data-id=\"cb5f78e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5f8df elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb5fc02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb5fc02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb5fc9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb5fc9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5fdef\" data-id=\"cb5fdef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb601f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb601f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb60291 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb60291\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb60404\" data-id=\"cb60404\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb60514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb60514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Decay and Disappearance of Buddhism in its Land of Birth<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Sumudu Dharmarathna &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 100-104<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb605b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb605b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb60738\" data-id=\"cb60738\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6086f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb6086f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The decline and disappearance of Buddhism from its land of birth, is one of the most important subjects of the History of South Asian religion. It is accepted that Buddhism was disappeared in the land of its birth from the 13th century CE, because there is no continuation of sculptural creations and other constructional activities of the Buddhist monastic sites in the sub-continent then onwards. Scholars have tried to identify the factors behind the process of decay and disappearance of Buddhism. Among the numerous issues on that, in this research study, the main point of attention is on growth and popularity of Mahayanism and the introduction of Tantrism, which some scholars have highlighted as the most important factor for the decay of Buddhism. Further, attempt to identify real factor among various other issues in this regards.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 100-104\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Sumudu Dharmarathna <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of History, University of Peradenita, Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Banerji, J.N. (1959). \u2018Developmants in Indian Buddhism,\u2019 University of Ceylon, History ofCeylon, Colombo: Ceylon University Press, Vol. I, part I, pp.194-205.\r\n[2] Bhattacharyya, B. (1932). An Introduction to Buddhist Esoteric, Mysore:Oxford University Press.\r\n[3] Bhattacharyya, B. (1956). \u2018T\u0101ntric Culture among the Buddhist,\u2019 The Cultural Heritage of India, Culcutta: Vol. IV, pp. 263-270.\r\n[4] Champakalakshmi, R. (1998). \u2018State and Economy: South India, circa AD 400-1300,\u2019 in Romila Thapar ed. Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 2nd edition, pp. 275-317.\r\n[5] Coomaraswamy, A.K. (1927). \u2018The Origin of the Buddha Image,\u2019 in The Art Bulletin, Vol. IX, pp. 297-328.\r\n[6] Coomaraswamy, A.K. (1944). Bronzes of Ceylon, Chiefly in the Colombo Museum, Colombo:Colombo Museum Publication.\r\n[7] Dhammaratana, U. (1954). \u2018The Reason for Anti-Buddhist Propaganda in Brahmanical Literature,\u2019 The Mah\u0101bodhi, Vol. LXII.\r\n[8] Elliot, Charles (1921). Hinduism and Buddhis: an Historical Sketch, 3 Vols, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.\r\n[9] Gombrich, Richard F. and Obeyesekere, Gananath (1988). Buddhism Transformed: ReligiousChange in Sri Lanka, Princeton: Princeton University Press.\r\n[10] Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. (1979). Robe and Plough:Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Mediaeval Sri Lanka, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.\r\n[11] Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. (1979). Robe and Plough:Monasticism and Economic Interest in Early Mediaeval Sri Lanka, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.\r\n[12] Hettiaratchi, S.B. (1992). \u2018Technology of Abhayagiri\u2019 Sanskritika Puranaya, Colombo: Central Cultural Found, (in Sinhala), pp. 14-20.\r\n[13] Hikosaka, Shu (1989). Buddhism in Tamilnadu: A New Perspective, Madras: Institute of Asian Studies.\r\n[14] Holt, John Clifford (1991). The Buddha in the Crown: Avalokite\u015bvara in the Buddhist Tradition of Sri Lanka,Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 19-24.\r\n[15] Joshi, Lal Mani (2002) (1967 1st publication). Studies in Buddhist Culture in India,(7th century and 8th century A.D.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.\r\n[16] Majumdar, R.C. and A.D. Pusalker, (1957). ed. The History and Culture of the Indian People, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Vol. IV, pp. 47-48.\r\n[17] Malandra, G.H. (1993). Unfolding a Man\u0323d\u0323ala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publication.\r\n[18] Mitra, Debala (1971).Buddhist Monuments, Culcuta: Sahitya Samsad.\r\n[19] Mitra, R.C. (1954). Decline of Buddhism in India, Santiniketan: Visva-Bharati.\r\n[20] Moharana, S.K. (1992). T\u0101ntric Buddhism: An Obscure Aspect of the Cultural Heritage of India with Special Reference to Orissa, New Delhi: Aryan Book Internationa.\r\n[21] Morrison, Kathleen D. (1995). \u2018Trade, Urbanism and Agricultural Expansion: Buddhist Monastic Institutions and the State in the Early Historic Western Decan,\u2019 World Archaeology, Vol. XXVII, No. 2, 1995, pp. 203-221.\r\n[22] Nandi, R.N. (2000). State Formation, Agrarian Growth and Social Change in Feudal South India c. AD 600-1200, Delhi.\r\n[23] Obeyesekere, Gananath (1963). \u2018The Great Tradition and the Little in the Perspective of Sinhalese Buddhism,\u2019 The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXII, No. 2, Feb. pp. 139-153.\r\n[24] Ray, H.P. (1986). Monastery and Guild: Commerce Under the S\u0101tavahanas, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.\r\n[25] Ray, H.P. (1986). Monastery and Guild: Commerce Under the S\u0101tavahanas, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.\r\n[26] Ray, H.P. (1994). The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.\r\n[27] Ray, H.P. (2006). \u2018The Axial Age in South Asia: The Archaeology of Buddhism (500 BC -AD 500),\u2019 in T. Stark Miriam ed. Archaeology of Asia, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 303-323.\r\n[28] Redfield, Robert (1956). Present Society and Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago\r\n[29] Schopen, Gregory (1988-1989). \u2018On Monks, Nuns, and \u2018Vulgar\u2019 practice: The Introduction of the Image Cult into Indian Buddhism,\u2019 Artibus Asiae, Vol. XLIX, Nos. 1&amp;2, pp. 153-166.\r\n[30] Sharma, R.S. (1987). Urban Decay in India, (c.300-c.1000), New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.\r\n[31] Subrahmanyam, S. (2001). Vajray\u0101na Buddhist Centres in South India, Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Prakashan.\r\n[32] Upadhyaya, K.N. (1980). \u2018The Impact of the Bhakti Movement on the Development of Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism,\u2019 in A.K. Narain ed. Studies in the History of Buddhism, Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation.\r\n[33] Vogel, J.Ph. (1936). Buddhist Art in India, Ceylon and Java, tr. by A.J. Barnouw, Oxford.\r\n[34] Weber, Max (1958). The Religion of India, Landon.\r\n[35] Wink, Andr\u00e9 (1999). Al-Hind: The Making of the Indou-Islamic World, &#8211; Early Meadival India and the Expansion of Islam 7th &#8211; 11th centuries, Vol. I, New Delhi: Oxford University Press\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Sumudu Dharmarathna &#8220;Decay and Disappearance of Buddhism in its Land of Birth&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.100-104 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/100-104.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/100-104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6b176\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b2c9\" data-id=\"cb6b2c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b3d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6b3d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b46f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6b46f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b5bc\" data-id=\"cb6b5bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b6c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6b6c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b763 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6b763\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b8a6\" data-id=\"cb6b8a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6b9a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6b9a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6ba4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6ba4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6bb8d\" data-id=\"cb6bb8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6bc96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6bc96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6bd2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6bd2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6be9b\" data-id=\"cb6be9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6bfab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6bfab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Developing Farmers and Fisherfolks Entrepreneurial Capacity towards Community Based-Enterprise<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nerisa N. Paladan- December 2021- Page No.: 105-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6c045 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6c045\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6c1d3\" data-id=\"cb6c1d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6c31f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb6c31f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study assessed the level of personal entrepreneurial competencies of farmers and fisherfolks towards community-based enterprise engagement. Specifically, it determines which competencies they excel in, recognizes the differences of entrepreneurial competency in terms of gender, business experience, and educational attainment and its correlation to age. Furthermore, the framework was developed in implementing community-based enterprises. Descriptive research was adopted; 206 farmers and 100 fisherfolks are the respondents of this study; they were surveyed, and assessed the level of entrepreneurial competencies using the Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PEC) Questionnaire with fifty-five questions through Likert scale. Findings reveal that farmers and fisherfolks have a moderate entrepreneurial competency; both rank first the risk-taking and goal setting as the least. Farmer self-confidence increases as they age while for fisherfolks it declines; male farmers are more persuasive, farmers with business experience have higher competency for opportunity-seeking and risk-taking, and farmers&#8217; competency differs in terms of their educational attainment. While fisherfolks show no difference in entrepreneurial competency for both men and women, with or without business experience, and only the competency for persistence differ in their educational attainment. Developing a framework for implementing community-based enterprise should focus on intensifying the entrepreneurial competency of farmers and fisherfolks.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 105-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51209<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nerisa N. Paladan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNerisa N. Paladan\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]. Anderson, R. B., Honig, B., &amp; Peredo, A. M. (2006).Communities in the new economy: where socialentrepreneurship and Indigenous entrepreneurship [1]meet. In C. Steyaertt&amp; D. Hjorth (Eds.), Entrepreneurship as Social Change. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.\r\n[2]. Ali, Z., &amp; Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis, Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9). 662. https:\/\/doi: 10.4103\/0019-5049.190623\r\n[3]. 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Where change happens: Community-level phenomena in social entrepreneurship research. Journal of Small Business Management,56(1), 24-50.\r\n[28]. Maguire, K., &amp; Truscott, F. (2006). Active governance: the value added by community involvement in governance through local strategic partnerships. United Kingdom: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.\r\n[29]. Man, T., Lau, T. &amp; Chan, K. (2002). The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises: A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies. Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 17, issue 2, 123-142.https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/a\/eee\/jbvent\/v17y2002i2p123-142.html.\r\n[30]. McElwee, G., (2008). A taxonomy of entrepreneurial farmers. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 6(3). DOI: 10.1504\/IJESB.2008.019139.\r\n[31]. Mubarak, A., Irham, Jangkung, H.M., Hartono, S. (2019). 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Available at:\r\nhttps:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/dam\/aplaws\/publication\/en\/publications\/environment-energy\/www-ee-library\/local-development\/undps-local-capacity strategy\/Local%20Capacity%20Strategy%20-%20Final.pdf.\r\n[45]. Valchovska, S., &amp; Watts, G. (2016). Interpreting Community-Based Enterprise: A Case Study from Rural Wales. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 7(2), 211-235. DOI: 10.1080\/19420676.2016.1158731\r\n[46]. Vergara, M.P. (2018). Structural Effects of Entrepreneurial Competency to the Organic Agriculture Industry of the Davao Region. Retrieved from https:\/\/nbmconference.files.wordpress.com\/2019\/01\/c6nbmconference-proceedings-issn-2345-8720.pdf.\r\n[47]. Welsch, H., &amp; Kuhns, B. (2001). Community-Based Enterprises: Propositions and Cases. https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download? doi=10.1.1.198.4265&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nerisa N. Paladan, &#8220;Developing Farmers and Fisherfolks Entrepreneurial Capacity towards Community Based-Enterprise&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.105-115 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51209<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/105-115.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/developing-farmers-and-fisherfolks-entrepreneurial-capacity-towards-community-based-enterprise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Developing Farmers and Fisherfolks Entrepreneurial Capacity towards Community Based-Enterprise<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6d29f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb6d29f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e21e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6e21e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e2bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6e2bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e404\" data-id=\"cb6e404\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e505 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6e505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e5b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6e5b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e716\" data-id=\"cb6e716\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e825 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb6e825\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Views of Religious Leaders on Radicalism in Palu City<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rus\u2019an, H. Juraid Abdul Latief, Muhammad Khairil, Hasan Muhamad &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 116-120<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb6e8c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb6e8c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb6ea30\" data-id=\"cb6ea30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6eb50 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb6eb50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The view of Religious Figures towards Radicalism in Palu City, Central Sulawesi. This study aims to: 1) find out the views of religious figures in Palu City about radicalism in the context of thoughts or ideas, 2) to find out the views of religious figures in Palu City about radicalism in actions and movements, 3) To find out the strategies in overcoming radicalism. This research employed a qualitative method with an inductive approach. The research informants consist of interfaith leaders in Palu City. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and document studies.The study results show that the views of religious figures in Palu City on radicalism in the context of thoughts or ideas are not disputed and not to be concerned because every religious adherent wants to return to the basis of his religious purity. Therefore, the truth claim, which is considered one of the radical characteristics, is wrong. Religious adherents must believe in the fact of their religion and must believe that anything Contrary to their religion is wrong. Believing in the truth of religion is a condition of faith in every adherent. Thus it should not be a concern as long as it is not followed by violence. The view of religious figures in Palu City towards radicalism in the context of actions and movements violates all religious values. No religion justifies violent actions. The strategies in anticipating and reducing the growth of radicalism, namely maintaining and reviving the culture of local wisdom and building interfaith communication through the Religious Communication Forum (FKUB).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-120\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51210<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rus\u2019an<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSocial Science Study Program Postgraduate Doctoral Program, Tadulako University, Palu-Central Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H. Juraid Abdul Latief<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Tadulako University, Palu-Central Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Khairil<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Social and Political Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu-Central Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hasan Muhamad<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Social and Political Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu-Central Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Burhan, B. (2008). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Aktualisasi Metodologis ke Arah Ragam Varian Kontemporer. Rajawali Pers.\r\n[2] Din Syamsuddin, 2021 Tribunnews.com. Forum Pesantren Alumni Gontor (FPAG) Nilai Tuduhan terhadap Din Syamsuddin adalah Pembohongan Publik.Tribunnews.com.http:\/\/m.tribunnews.com\/amp\/nasional\/2021\/02\/14\/forum-pesantren-alumni-gontor-nilai-tudihan-terhadapan-din-syamsuddin-adalah-pembodohan-publik (14 Februari 2021)\r\n[3] Endraswara, Suwardi. 2006. Metodologi Penelitian Kebudayaan.(Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press).\r\n[4] Fuad, Fanani Ahmad. Fenomena Radikalisme di Kalangan Kaum Muda, Jurnal Maarif, Arus pemikiran Islam dan Sosial. Volume 8 Nomor 1 Juli 2013\r\n[5] Jainuri, A. 2016. Radikalisme dan Terorisme: Akar Ideologi dan Tuntutan Aksi. Ontrans Publishing.\r\n[6] Jainuri, A. (2016). Radikalisme dan Terorisme: Akar Ideologi dan Tuntutan Aksi. Ontrans Publishing.\r\n[7] Khairil, M. 2019. Resolusi Komunikasi Tindak Penanganan Terorisme. Simbiosa Rekatama Media\r\n[8] Mubarak, M. Z. 2013. Dari Semangat Islam Menuju Sikap Radikal: Pemikiran dan Perilaku Keberagamaan Mahasiswa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jurnal Maarif, Arus pemikiran Islam dan Sosial. Volume 8 Nomor 1 Juli 2013\r\n[9] Maarif, Syafii Ahmad. Agama, Terorisme, dan Peran Negara, Jurnal Maarif, Arus Pemikiran Islam dan Sosial. Volume 8 Nomor 1 Juli 2013\r\n[10] Marlina, Rini. 2019. Radikalisme Agama dalam Pandangan Tokoh Agama Islam di Kota Banda Aceh, Skripsi. Banda Aceh. Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Darussalam Banda Aceh.\r\n[11] Qodir, Zuly. (2014). Radikalisme Agama di Indonesia. Pustaka Pelajar\r\n[12] Qodir, Zuly. 2013. Perspektif Sosiologi tentang Radikalisasi Agama Kaum Muda. Jurnal Maarif \u201cArus Pemikiran Islam dan Sosial\u201d. Vol. 8 No. 1 Juli 2013\r\n[13] Romadlan, Zoid. 2020. Diskursus Gerakan Radikalisme dalam Organisasi Islam (Studi Hermeneutika pada Organisasi Islam MuhammadiyahdanNahdlatulUlamatentangDasarNegara,Jihad,danToleransi). Jakarta. Diseratsi Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia. 2020\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rus\u2019an, H. Juraid Abdul Latief, Muhammad Khairil, Hasan Muhamad, &#8220;Views of Religious Leaders on Radicalism in Palu City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.116-120 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51210<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/116-120.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/views-of-religious-leaders-on-radicalism-in-palu-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Views of Religious Leaders on Radicalism in Palu City<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb87250 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb87250\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb8732a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb8732a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb874b9\" data-id=\"cb874b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb875e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb875e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb8799a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb8799a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb87aed\" data-id=\"cb87aed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb87bfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb87bfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb87c9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb87c9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb87de5\" data-id=\"cb87de5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb87ee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb87ee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb87f8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb87f8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb880cd\" data-id=\"cb880cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb881da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb881da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb88276 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb88276\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb883c7\" data-id=\"cb883c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb884ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb884ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb88568 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb88568\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb886d9\" data-id=\"cb886d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb88802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb88802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Traditional Leadership on Voting Behavior at General Elections<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M. Fachri Adnan, Hasbullah Malau, Heldo Aura &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 121-127<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb888a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb888a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb88a29\" data-id=\"cb88a29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb88b65 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb88b65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study discusses the impact of traditional leaders on voting behavior in a general election. Many studies have discussed factors yang that affect voting behavior in general elections. Nevertheless, most studies focus on the perception or evaluation of political leaders or characteristics of candidate leadership on voting behavior. This study is about the impact of traditional leadership on voting behavior in an election. Data were collected by questionnaire the community of Kurai in Bukittinggi Town West Sumatera and analyzed with simple regression. This study emphasizes improving the impact of traditional leadership on voting behavior at the general election. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of traditional leaders on voting behavior in a general election. Data were collected by questionnaire and analysis by descriptive and linear regression method. This study shows that traditional leader has a significant impact on the voting behavior of legislative general election.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 121-127\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51211<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Fachri Adnan<\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Negeri Padang, West Sumatra Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hasbullah Malau<\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Negeri Padang, West Sumatra Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Heldo Aura<\/strong>\r\nMember of General Election Commission Bukittinggi Town West Sumatra Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adnan, M. Fachri (2013). The Influence of Candidate Quality and Campaign Issues on Voting Behavior at the GovernorEelection of West Sumatra Indonesia, TINGKAP Vol. IX No. 2 Th. 2013, Universitas Negeri Padang, hal.167-177\r\n[2] Amri, A., Ramdani, Z., Warsihna, J., &amp; Tae, L. F. (2021). Tungku Tigo Sajarangan, Tali Tigo Sapilin: A Strategy Towards World Class University Based on Local Wisdom Perspective. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(1), 31\u201340. STAI Hubbulwathan Duri.\r\n[3] Antunes, R. (2010). Theoretical models of voting behavior. Exedra, 4, 145\u2013170.\r\n[4] Conner, T. W. (2014). Exploring voting behavior on American Indian legislation in the United States Congress. Social Science Journal, 51(2), 159\u2013166. Elsevier Inc.\r\n[5] Curtice, J., &amp; Hunjan, S. (2006). The Impact of Leadership Evaluations on Voting Behaviour: Do the Rules Matter? Centre for Research into Elections and Social Trends (CREST) working paper, (110), 14\u201319.\r\n[6] Fauzi, A. M., Mudzakir, M., &amp; Abdulrahim, M. O. (2019). Social Conflict In Contestation Of Indonesia Election. The Journal of Society and Media, 3(2), 159. Universitas Negeri Surabaya.\r\n[7] Fitri, R., Adnan &amp; Adnan, (2019). Peranan Kepemimpinan Alim Ulama Dalam Meningkatkan Partisipasi Pemilih Pada Pilkada Di Kota Padang Panjang, . Retrieved from www.kpu-sumbarprov.go.id\r\n[8] Fitriyah, 2013, Perilaku Pemilih Dalam Pilkada Kabupaten Kudus 2013, . Jurnal Politika, Vol 4 No. 2\r\n[9] Garzia, D., &amp; Ferreira da Silva, F. (2021). Negative personalization and voting behavior in 14 parliamentary democracies, 1961\u20132018. Electoral Studies, 71. Elsevier Ltd.\r\n[10] Graefe, A. (2013). Issue and leader voting in U.S. presidential elections. Electoral Studies, 32(4), 644\u2013657.\r\n[11] Heath, O., Verniers, G., &amp; Kumar, S. (2015). Do Muslim voters prefer Muslim candidates? Co-religiosity and voting behaviour in India. Electoral Studies, 38, 10\u201318. Elsevier Ltd.\r\n[12] Kareem, A. O., Oshungade, I. O., &amp; Oyeyemi, G. M. (2015). A Note on the Precision of Stratified Systematic Sampling. Open Journal of Statistics, 05(02), 104\u2013112.\r\n[13] Khan, N., Jawad, M., Shah, M., Sarir, S., &amp; Khan, N. (2021). A Sociological Analysis Of Party Leadership Influencing Voting Behavior In Traditional Communities Of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa DISTRICT DIR UPPER. Humanities &amp; Social Sciences Reviews, 9(2), 160\u2013166. GIAP Journals.\r\n[14] Kurniawan, F., Adnan, M. F., &amp; Alhadi, Z. (2020). Efektivitas Kepemimpinan Tungku Tigo Sajarangan Dalam Pembangunan Nagari di Kenagarian Lingkuang Aua. the islamic , 2(2), 123\u2013131.\r\n[15] Latif, A., Mustanir, A., &amp; Irwan, I. (2019). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Terhadap Partisipasi Masyarakat Pada Perencanaan Pembangunan. JAKPP (Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan &amp; Pelayanan Publik), (March 2020), 144\u2013164.\r\n[16] Liddle, R. W., &amp; Mujani, S. (2007). Leadership, party, and religion: Explaining voting behavior in Indonesia. Comparative Political Studies, 40(7), 832\u2013857.\r\n[17] Nasution, R. D. (2017). Kyai Sebagai Agen Perubahan Sosial Dan Perdamaian Dalam Masyarakat Tradisional. Sosiohumaniora, 19(2), 177\u2013184.\r\n[18] Pillai, R., Williams, E. A., Lowe, K. B., &amp; Jung, D. I. (2003). Personality, transformational leadership, trust, and the 2000 U.S. presidential vote. Leadership Quarterly, 14(2), 161\u2013192. Elsevier Inc.\r\n[19] Pratama, I. S., Bachriar, M., &amp; Fitriani, R. (2017). Peranan tungku tigo sajarangan dalam mengatasi perkawinan sesuku menurut hukum adat di nagari sungai buluah Kab.Padang Pariaman. JOM Fakultas Hukum, 4(1).\r\n[20] Ratna Wijayanti, M. (2016). Pengaruh kepemimpinan islami, motivasi dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan lama kerja sebagai variabel moderating. Jurnal PPKM III, 3(3), 185\u2013192.\r\n[21] Stanley, B. (2011). Populism, nationalism, or national populism? An analysis of Slovak voting behaviour at the 2010 parliamentary election. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 44(4), 257\u2013270. Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.postcomstud.2011.10.005\r\n[22] Juri, Sugianto (2020), Ananilis Perilaku Pemilih Di Kelurahan Kedabang Kecamatan Sintang Pada Pemilihan Umum Presiden Dan Wakil Presiden Tahun 2019, Jurnal Pendidikan Kewargenagaraan, Vol. 5 No. 2. Hal. 30-38\r\n[23] Susilo Utomo. (2009). Kepemimpinan Lokal Era Pilkada Langsung. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Vol. 8 No. 1. Hal. Hal.30-47\r\n[24] Sesmiarni, Zulfani, et al (2018), The Islamic Education Strategies in Local Culture, Perspective of West Sumatra Society, Jurnal Ducative, Vol. 3 No. 1.\r\n[25] Tigue, C. C., Borak, D. J., O\u2019Connor, J. J. M., Schandl, C., &amp; Feinberg, D. R. (2012). Voice pitch influences voting behavior. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(3), 210\u2013216. Elsevier B.V. Retrieved from http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav. 2011.09.004\r\n[26] Vizca\u00edno-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Pineiro-Chousa, J., &amp; L\u00f3pez-Cabarcos, M. \u00c1. (2016). Analyzing the determinants of the voting behavior using a genetic algorithm. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 22(3), 162\u2013166. European Academy of Management and Business Economics.\r\n[27] Williams, E. A., Pillai, R., Deptula, B., &amp; Lowe, K. B. (2012). The effects of crisis, cynicism about change, and value congruence on perceptions of authentic leadership and attributed charisma in the 2008 presidential election. Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 324\u2013341.\r\n[28] Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66\u201385.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M. Fachri Adnan, Hasbullah Malau, Heldo Aura &#8220;The Impact of Traditional Leadership on Voting Behavior at General Elections&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.121-127 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51211<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/121-127.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-traditional-leadership-on-voting-behavior-at-general-elections\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Impact of Traditional Leadership on Voting Behavior at General Elections<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb93f69 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb93f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb943b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb943b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9451a\" data-id=\"cb9451a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb94629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb94629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb946d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb946d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9481d\" data-id=\"cb9481d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9492a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9492a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb949c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb949c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb94b17\" data-id=\"cb94b17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb94c21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb94c21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb94cbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb94cbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb94e0a\" data-id=\"cb94e0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb94f15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb94f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb94fb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb94fb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb950fa\" data-id=\"cb950fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb95203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb95203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb952a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb952a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb95406\" data-id=\"cb95406\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9551c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9551c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An assessment of the impact of Covid-19 lockdowns on child safeguarding issues in Zimbabwe\u2019s urban and peri-urban districts<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pascal Masocha- December 2021- Page No.: 128-143<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb955b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb955b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb95728\" data-id=\"cb95728\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9584b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb9584b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nBackground\r\nThe onset of Covid 19 has led to the full-scale closure of schools in Zimbabwe. Children are stuck at home and experiencing numerous child safeguarding problems. This study sought to trace some of these problems and make recommendations on best the children\u2019s welfare can be improved during these trying times\r\nMethods\r\nThe study used a mixed methods approach comprising a survey to collect quantitative data as well as a review of existing literature. A purposive sampling technique was used given the novelty of the problem\r\nResults\r\nThe results showed that indeed children are experiencing many problems in the home and there is need for a change in approach to child safeguarding issues in the homes in Zimbabwe\r\nConclusions\r\nThere is need to improve the way children are handled in the homes in Zimbabwe to reduce the child abuse cases rampant in the homes during this lock down\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 128-143\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pascal Masocha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAfrica University, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Andrea C. Gielen, G. B.-M. (2020, November). National survey of home injuries during the time of COVID-19: who is at risk? Open Access.\r\n[2] Daniel Stoecklin, e. a. (2021). Lockdown and Children\u2019s Well-Being: Experiences. Childhood Vulnerability Journal.\r\n[3] Moyo, J. (2020, july). Myths on COVID-19 pandemic spread across Zimbabwe. WORLD, AFRICA, LATEST ON CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK.\r\n[4] Peachman, R. R. (2020, April). Prevent Home Injuries to Kids During the Coronavirus Pandemic.\r\n[5] Saunders, M. (2019). &#8220;Research Methods for Business Students&#8221; Chapter 4: Understanding research philosophy and approaches to theory development. Edition 8, 128-171. Retrieved March 2019\r\n[6] Ugochinyere Ijeoma Nwagbara, E. C. (2021, April). Knowledge, attitude, perception, and preventative practices towards COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. PLOS ONE.\r\n[7] UNICEF. (2021 June). Responding to Covid 19: UNICEF Annual Report. New York: UNICEF.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pascal Masocha, &#8220;An assessment of the impact of Covid-19 lockdowns on child safeguarding issues in Zimbabwe\u2019s urban and peri-urban districts&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.128-143 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/128-143.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/128-143.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-the-impact-of-covid-19-lockdowns-on-child-safeguarding-issues-in-zimbabwes-urban-and-peri-urban-districts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An assessment of the impact of Covid-19 lockdowns on child safeguarding issues in Zimbabwe\u2019s urban and peri-urban districts<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9665b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb9665b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb96729 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb96729\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb968a6\" data-id=\"cb968a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb969c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb969c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb96a64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb96a64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb96bb3\" data-id=\"cb96bb3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb96cc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb96cc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb96d69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb96d69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb96eca\" data-id=\"cb96eca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb96fd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb96fd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb97075 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb97075\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb971c8\" data-id=\"cb971c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb972cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb972cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb97368 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb97368\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb974b1\" data-id=\"cb974b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb975be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb975be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9765b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9765b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb977a2\" data-id=\"cb977a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb978af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb978af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb97946 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb97946\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb97aad\" data-id=\"cb97aad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb97bbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb97bbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges faced by Learners with Visual Impairment while Learning Science Practical\u2019s in Inclusive classrooms in Luapula Province of Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr Penda Annie , Nkonge Mubanga- December 2021- Page No.: 144-151<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb97c5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb97c5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb97dd1\" data-id=\"cb97dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb97ef7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb97ef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study focused on the challenges faced by learners with visual impairment while learning science practical\u2019s in an inclusive classroom. The main objective of the study was, to establish the challenges faced by learners with visual impairment while learning science practical\u2019s in inclusive classrooms.The study was conducted at 2 inclusive secondary schools in Luapula province because the schools had learners with visual impairment. The study used the interpretivism research paradigm which is also called qualitative research paradigm. Thus the instruments for data collection were the focused group discussion guide for teachers, structured interview guide for learners with visual impairment and observation checklist for both learners and teachers.\r\nThe study found that learners with visual impairment faced challenges during science practical\u2019s and these were difficulties in identifying colours during experiments, of depending on the sighted learners for experimental proceedings and results, the use of learning methods which stressed the use of sight, using non-embossed learning materials, lack of using the sense of touch in their learning and being handled by untrained teachers.\r\nThe study unveiled that to address the challenges faced by learners with visual impairment while learning science practical\u2019s in inclusive classrooms, the methods to be used in learning must be multisensory, Braille to be used as a medium of instruction, embossed colour charts and apparatus to be provided, an adaptive science curriculum to be provided and teachers should be trained in special education so that they could acquire skills and knowledge to handle such learners. Suggested recommendations for the study included the use of multisensory learning methods, use of braille as a medium of instruction, using adaptive curriculum and training teachers in special education.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 144-151\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Penda Annie <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University PO BOX 80404 Kabwe Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nkonge Mubanga <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University PO BOX 80404 Kabwe Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Agesa, L. (2014). Challenges Faced by Learners with Visual Impairment in Inclusive Setting in Trans-Nzoia County.Journal of Education and practice. 5(29)\r\n[2] Joseph, H. Odiretsemang, M. Mphuting, S. and Kebotlositswe, M. (2016).Inclusive Education and Challenges of Providing Classroom Support to Students with Blindness in a General Education Classroom at a School in Botswana.International Journal of Learning, Teching and Educational Research.National Library of Medicine.15(1)\r\n[3] Kufeshi, D. (2001).Science for visually impaired learners and teaching suggestions for secondary educators\u2019.Unpublished article.\r\n[4] Kumar,D. D. (2001). Science for Students with Visual Impairment: Teaching Suggestions and Policy Implications for Secondary Educators. Florida: Florida Atlantic University.\r\n[5] Mbulaheni, M. (2015).Teaching science and mathematics to students with visual impairment: Reflections of a visually impaired technician;National Library of Medicine.Volume 4, No 1. p194\r\n[6] Mehmet, S. and Nurettin, Y. (2009). Teaching science to visually impaired students: A small-scale qualitative study.ERIC 6(4) p19-26.\r\n[7] Mustafa, S. (2016).Practical work in science with visually impaired students.Erzurum: Atat\u00fcrk University.\r\n[8] Mwaala, F. L. (2016). Implementing inclusive education for persons with disabilities in Lusaka, Zambia. A symbolic interactionist perspective in science education. Unpublished theisis.\r\n[9] Oser, F. K., and Patry, J. L. (1994).Apparent structure and basis models of lessons: The correlation of teaching and learning regarding learning processes. New Jersey: Pearson.\r\n[10] Snyder, L., Dillow, G, P., and Aylor, M. W. (2013).Inclusion confusion: Putting the pieces together. Teacher Education and Special Education, 24, 198-207. Unpublished thesis.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Penda Annie , Nkonge Mubanga, &#8220;Challenges faced by Learners with Visual Impairment while Learning Science Practical\u2019s in Inclusive classrooms in Luapula Province of Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.144-151 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/144-151.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/144-151.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-faced-by-learners-with-visual-impairment-while-learning-science-practicals-in-inclusive-classrooms-in-luapula-province-of-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Challenges faced by Learners with Visual Impairment while Learning Science Practical\u2019s in Inclusive classrooms in Luapula Province of Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb98ca8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb98ca8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb98d8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb98d8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb98ef8\" data-id=\"cb98ef8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9901a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9901a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb990b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb990b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9920e\" data-id=\"cb9920e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb99323 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb99323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb993c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb993c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9950b\" data-id=\"cb9950b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb99616 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb99616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb996ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb996ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb997fc\" data-id=\"cb997fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9990c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9990c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb999aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb999aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb99af4\" data-id=\"cb99af4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb99bfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb99bfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb99c9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb99c9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb99de1\" data-id=\"cb99de1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb99ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb99ee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb99f81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb99f81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9a0e7\" data-id=\"cb9a0e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9a1f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9a1f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges Which Hinder Citizen Participation in Governance Affairs in Nalusanga Zone, Mumbwa District, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Andrew Nswana and Eunifridah Simuyaba- December 2021- Page No.: 152-158<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9a28d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9a28d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9a413\" data-id=\"cb9a413\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9a54d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb9a54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study explored the challenges which hinder citizen participation in governance issues in Nalusanga Zone of Mumbwa District. The major aim of the study was to establish the challenges which hindered citizen participation in governance processes with a view to inform policy direction. A qualitative research approach, anchored on an exploratory research design, was applied to achieve the research purpose. Interview guides and focus group discussions were used as research instruments to explore the research problem on purposively selected individuals. Data which was analysed thematically, revealed recurring themes from the data. The study revealed that citizens faced a number of challenges in governance participation. These included; ignorance, poor distribution of resources, poverty, illiteracy, having ineffective participatory systems and platforms which influenced the participation of the citizens in public governance.Upon establishing a number of challenges that citizens faced in governance affairs, the study made a number of recommendation to counter the stated challenges. Among the main recommendation were the need for the government to provide empowerment funds to the area in order to reduce poverty levels. The need to sensitise members of the public about the importance of citizen participation in national affairs was also recommended. The government was to develop platforms for public participation which are relevant, coordinated and accessible in order for the public to participate in governance and development in a meaningful manner. Finally, there was need to create interactive public consultations in order to improve the quality of participation.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 152-158\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51212<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andrew Nswana <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe University of Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Blair, H. (2000), \u2018Participation and Accountability at the Periphery: Democratic Local Governance in Six Countries\u2019, World Development, vol. 28, no. 1.\r\n[2] Box, R. (1998). Citizen governance: Leading American communities into the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.\r\n[3] Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.\r\n[4] Cuthill, M. (2002). \u2018Exploratory research: citizen participation, local government and sustainable development in Australia\u2019. Sustainable Development, 10: 79-89.\r\n[5] Devas, N., and Grant, U. (2003). Local government decision making\u2014citizen participation and local accountability: Some evidence from Kenya and Uganda. Public Administration and Development, 23, 307-316.\r\n[6] Dinham, A. (2005). Empowered or over-powered? The real experiences of local participation in the UK\u2019s new deal for communities. Community Development Journal, 40(3), 301\u2013312.\r\n[7] Dhungel, D. N. (2004). Decentralized governance: A perspective for Nepal. Paper presented at the Seminar on Reforming Governance\u2013Perspectives and Experience in Bangalore, India. Retrieved September 5, 2011 from http:\/\/iids.org.np\/project_test\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/dn2.pdf\r\n[8] Falconer-Stout, Z.J; Kalimaposo, K and Simuyaba, E. (2014) \u2018The Role of Active Parent Community School Committees in Achieving Strong Relative School Performance in Zambian Community Schools\u2019. Southern Africa Review of Education. Available on https:\/\/encompassworld.com\/resource\/the-role-of-active-parent-community-school-committees-in-achieving-strong-relative-school-performance-in-zambian-community-schools\/\r\n[9] Glass, J. (1979). Citizen Participation in Planning: The Relationship between Objectives and Techniques. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45: 180-189.\r\n[10] Hartley, N. &amp; Wood, C. (2005). Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment: Implementing the Aarhus Convention. Environmental Impact As\u00acsessment Review, 25: 319-340.\r\n[11] Hirst, P &amp; Pierre J. (2000). \u2018Democracy and Governance, Debating Governance\u2019, Oxford University Press, Oxford.\r\n[12] Kapembwa, R, Simuyaba, E, Njobvu, T, Muleya, G and Simui, F (2020) \u2018School Based Restorative Practices in Influencing Positive Behaviour in Deviant Pupils in Zambia\u2019. International Journal of Education and Research. Vol.8, 12, 93-110. Available on http:\/\/www.ijern.com\/journal\/2020\/December-2020\/09.pdf\r\n[13] Kombo, D.K and Tromp, D.A. (2006). Proposal and Thesis Writing: An introduction. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.\r\n[14] Lichfield, N. (1996). Community Impact Evaluation. London: UCL Press.\r\n[15] Masaiti G. and Simuyaba E. (2018). \u2018University Education in Zambia in the Face of Austerity: History, Trends and Financing\u2019 in Education in Zambia at Fifty years of Independence and beyond. Lusaka: Unza press. Also available on https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/\r\n[16] Mncube, V. (2008) \u2018The Perception of Parents of their Role in Democratic Governance of Schools in South Africa: Are they on Board\u2019? South African Journal of Education. Vol.20. 83-103.\r\n[17] Mwase, D; Simuyaba, E; Mwewa, G; Muleya, M and Simui, F. (2020) \u2018Leveraging Parental Involvement in the Education of their Children as a Conflict Resolution Strategy in Selected Secondary Schools in Zambia\u2019. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. Vol.1.No.7. July 2020, Pp 356-365.\r\n[18] Njobvu T and Simuyaba, E. \u2018Pupil Indiscipline in the No Corporal Punishment Era IN Zambia: Trends and Implication for Management in Schools\u2019. Zambia Journal of Education Management, Administration and Leadership. Vol 1, no 1. 179-192. Available also on https:\/\/education.unza.zm\/index.php\/ZJEMAL\/article\/download\/221\/201\r\n[19] Nswana A, ( 2021) \u2018Exploring the Nature And Extent of Citizen Participation In Governance In Nalusanga Zone, Mumbwa District\u2019 Unpublished Dissertation Submitted to The University of Zambia in Association with Zimbabwe Open Universityin Partial Fulfilment of theRequirement for the Award of Master of Science in Peace, Leadership and Conflict Resolution. Lusaka.\r\n[20] Simuyaba, E; Banda, D; Mweemba, L and Muleya G. (2015) \u2018Theory Against Practice: Training of Teachers in a Vacuum\u2019. Journal of Education and Social Policy. Vol2, no.5. Pp 88-96.\r\n[21] Simuyaba, E &amp;Chibwe, P. (2016) \u2018Teacher Professionalism in Zambia: Practices, Challenges and Prospects in the Post 2015 Era\u2019. Proceedings of the 67th IIER International Conference, Stockholm, Sweden. Available on https:\/\/docplayer.net\/63587801-Teacher-professionalism-in-zambia-practices-challenges-and-prospects-in-the-post-2015-era.html\r\n[22] Smith, B. L. (2003). \u2018Public policy and public participation: engaging citizens and community in the development of public policy\u2019. Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Andrew Nswana and Eunifridah Simuyaba, &#8220;Challenges Which Hinder Citizen Participation in Governance Affairs in Nalusanga Zone, Mumbwa District, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.152-158 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51212<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9b64d\" data-id=\"cb9b64d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9b769 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9b769\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9b82c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9bb2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9bc75\" data-id=\"cb9bc75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9bd7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9bd7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9be20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9be20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9bf66\" data-id=\"cb9bf66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c074 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9c074\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c10f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9c10f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c257\" data-id=\"cb9c257\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c35f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9c35f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c401 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9c401\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c541\" data-id=\"cb9c541\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c648 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9c648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c6e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9c6e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c84f\" data-id=\"cb9c84f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c95f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9c95f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Spatio-Temporal Geomorphic Landscape Dynamics and Possible Geological Hazards in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ezekiel Addison Otoo, Yaw Asamoah (PhD), George Boateng &amp; Ishmael Yaw Dadson (PhD) &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 159-164<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9c9ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9c9ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9cb84\" data-id=\"cb9cb84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9ccbc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb9ccbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The recent deteriorating nature of the Mile 11 hills has made the area a potential geo-hazard zone given the extent of human activities and the level of excavations on-going. The study sought to investigate the extent of landscape change and possible geological hazards between 1986 and 2016. It adopted the exploratory sequential design and the mixed research methodology. The study used spatial cartographic tools (GIS and Remote Sensing) to examine the extent of landscape change as well as interviewed 32 participants (residents and experts) for the qualitative analysis through the purposive sampling method. The results confirmed the landscape was undergoing both degradation and depositional geomorphic changes. About 56.11% of the landscape underwent degradation while 43.89% underwent deposition. Geomorphic change in the municipality was largely due to anthropogenic change rather than geological changes which were evidence by the activities of urbanisation, sand winning and quarrying on-going in the area, posing potential geo-hazard risk to residents in the area. The major factors found to be responsible for landscape change included geological, meteorological, and anthropogenic factors. Possible geological hazards envisaged included earth quake, landscape influenced flooding and mudflow. It was recommended that hazard prone areas should also be zoned and residents relocated to prevent future fatalities. Proper coordination was also recommended between traditional land owners, EPA, GGSA and GSMA to enhance proper planning in the municipality.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 159-164\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51213\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51213<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezekiel Addison Otoo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yaw Asamoah (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>George Boateng<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBerekum College of Education, Berekum &#8211; Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ishmael Yaw Dadson (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abbott, P. L. (2002); Natural Disasters. Boston; McGraw-Hill.\r\n[2] Acosta T. V, Schildgen T. F, Clarke B. A, Scherler D, Bookhagen B, Wittmann H, Blanckenburg F, and Strecker M. R(2015), Effect of vegetation cover on millennial-scale landscape denudation rates in East Africa, ResearchGate,\r\n[3] Alexander, D. (1993). Natural Disaster, London, University College Library Press.\r\n[4] Amponsah, P. E (2004) Seismic activities in Ghana: past, present and future, Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47 No 2\/3 pp. 539-43.\r\n[5] Antrop M (2005). Why landscapes of the past are important for the future? Landscape Urban Planning 70:21\u201334\r\n[6] Antrop M. (1998). Landscape change: plan or chaos, Landscape and Urban Planning, 41, pp.\r\n[7] Bassett, T. J., 2001: The Peasant Cotton Revolution in West Africa: Co\u02c6te d\u2019Ivoire 1880\u20131995. Cambridge University Press, 268 pp\r\n[8] Crozier, M. J. (1984) Field Assessment of Slope Instability in D Brunsden and D Prior (eds) Slope Instability, New York, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.\r\n[9] Cruden, D., (1991.) A simple definition of landslide. Bulletin IAEG. 43: 27-29.\r\n[10] Daily Graphic, 19 June, 2015.\r\n[11] Environmental Protection Agency (2018). EPA Year in Review 2017-2018 report\r\n[12] Farina, A. (2006), Principles and methods in landscape ecology, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.\r\n[13] Finka, M, Kozov\u00e1, M. &amp; D. Petr\u00edkov\u00e1 (2009). Transfor\u00acming landscape interactive processes between land\u00acscape and society in central Europe, In: J. Breuste, M. Kozov &amp; M. Finka (eds.): European Landscapes in Transformation: Challenges for Landscape Ecology and Ma\u00acnagement, European IALE Conference, Salzburg (Aust\u00acria), Bratislava (Slovakia), 45-48.\r\n[14] Frimpong, A. (2011). Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Forest Cover Change Detection (A case study of Owabi Catchment in Kumasi, Ghana) M.Phil Thesis, KNUST.\r\n[15] Frimpong, E. (2007) retrieved on 20\/08\/2018 from http\/\/www.enochdarfahfrimpong.blogapot.com\r\n[16] Ghana Statistical Service (2013), 2010 population and housing census, a summary of special report on urban localities, Accra, Ghana.\r\n[17] Hanson, H., Aarninkhof, S., Capobianco, M., Jim\u00e9nez, J. A., Larsom, M., Nicholls, R. J., Plant, N. G., Southgate, H. N., Steetzel, H. J., Stive, M. J. F. &amp; de Vriend, H. J., (2003). Modelling coastal evolution on yearly to decadal time scales. Journal of Coastal Research, 19(4) 790 \u2013 811.\r\n[18] Hurni, H, Wiesman, U. M., (2010). Global Change and Sustainable Development: A Synthesis of Regional Experiences from Research. Bern, Switzerland: Geographica Bernesia; 2010:187\u2013207.\r\n[19] Kitutu, M. G., Muwanga, A. Poesen, J and Deckers J. A, (2009) Influence of soil properties on landslide occurrences in Bududa district, Eastern Uganda, African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 4 (7), pp.611-620, Available online at http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/AJAR ISSN 1991-637x.\r\n[20] Msilimba, G. G., and Holmes, P. J.,(2005). A Landslide Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability Appraisal Procedure; Vunguvungu\/Banga Catchment, Northern Malawi. Natural Hazards 34, 199-216.\r\n[21] Otoo, E. A. (2017), Residents\u2019 perception of granite outcrops in parts of Winneba Township. Department of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. (Unpublished research work)\r\n[22] Suleiman, Y.M., Saidu, S., Abdulrazaq, S.A., Hassan, A.B., Abubakar, A.N. (2014). The dynamics of landuse land cover change: using geospatial techniques to promote sustainable urban development in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria. AREES. 2014;1:8\u201315.\r\n[23] Van der Sluis, T., Kristensen, S.B.P., Frederiksen, P., Cosor, G., V\u0103dineanu, A., Pavlis, E., Terkenli, T.S., Gaube, V., Vesterager, J.P., (2012). Landscape change processes in case study areas (WP2), VOLANTE Project reports. Deliverable no: 2.3. http:\/\/volanteproject.eu\/images\/stories\/DELIVERABLES\/VOLANTE_D2.3_Landscape_change_processes_in_case_study_areas.pdf. ALTERRA, Wageningen, p. 87.\r\n[24] Wiens, J.A. 2005: Toward a unified landscape ecology: Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 365\u2013373.\r\n[25] Xiao, D., Zhao, Y., Sun, Z., Zhang, H., (1990). Study on the variation of landscape pattern in the west suburbs of Shenyang. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1: 75-84 (in Chinese).\r\n[26] Yeboah F., Awotwi A., Forkuo E.K., &amp; Kumi M., (2017). Assessing the land use and land cover changes due to urban growth in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Basic and Applied Research International 22(2): 43-50\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ezekiel Addison Otoo, Yaw Asamoah (PhD), George Boateng &amp; Ishmael Yaw Dadson (PhD), &#8220;Spatio-Temporal Geomorphic Landscape Dynamics and Possible Geological Hazards in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.159-164 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51213<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/159-164.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/spatio-temporal-geomorphic-landscape-dynamics-and-possible-geological-hazards-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Spatio-Temporal Geomorphic Landscape Dynamics and Possible Geological Hazards in Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9daa6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cb9daa6\" 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data-id=\"cb9e1a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e305\" data-id=\"cb9e305\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e41c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9e41c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e4b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9e4b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e605\" data-id=\"cb9e605\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9e713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e7ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9e7ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e8ec\" data-id=\"cb9e8ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9e9f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9e9f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9ea90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9ea90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9ebdb\" data-id=\"cb9ebdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9ecde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9ecde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9ed7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9ed7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9eee1\" data-id=\"cb9eee1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9efe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb9efe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Government Agricultural Support Projects: Implications on Job Creation in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Godwin Uzochukwu Nosiri, Alwell Nteegah, Monday Robinson and Ijeoma Kalu &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 165-173<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cb9f07f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cb9f07f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb9f1f3\" data-id=\"cb9f1f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb9f32b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cb9f32b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examined the implications of selected government agricultural support projects on job creation in Rivers State. Specifically, it examined the contributions of Risonpalm Estate (now SIART NIG. LTD), School-to-Land Programme and Songhai Farm all in Rivers state on rural employment. In order to achieve the objectives of the paper, a cross-sectional research design, using survey method was adopted and combinations of descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis of the responses generated using a well-structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that government agricultural projects\/supports to farmers have helped to create more jobs in the host communities thereby contributed to improving living conditions of the people in the host communities and the state at large. Based on these findings, the study concluded that government sponsored agricultural activities\/projects have contributed to employment in the rural communities in Rivers State. Thus, the paper recommends among others that government should increase support to farmers and funding to the farms, train farmers in the rural communities through extension services and renovate moribund farms in order to solve the problem of unemployment ravaging rural communities and the state at large.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 165-173\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Godwin Uzochukwu Nosiri<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alwell Nteegah<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Monday Robinson <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ijeoma Kalu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Anokye, M.A. (2020). Sample size determination in survey research. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 26(5) 90 &#8211; 97\r\n[2] Awoniyi, O.A., Awoyinka, Y.A. and Kehinde, A.L. (2009). Effect of the Presidential Initiative on Cassava and Household Food Security Status in Iwo Zone. Journal of Agricultural Science. 9(2): 755-760.\r\n[3] Bartlett J.E, Kotrlik J.W, Higgins C.C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1):43-50.\r\n[4] Danso, G.B.K. and Afrane, Y. (2002). Farming Systems in Urban Agriculture in Accra, Ghana. International Water Management Institute, Accra.\r\n[5] Esui, E. (2010). Nigeria: Boosting Agro Business in Anambra State. Daily Independence, Lagos, Nigeria. 16th August.\r\n[6] Ezeh, C.I. and Nwachukwu, I.N. (2007). Impact of Selected Rural Development Programmes on Poverty Alleviation in Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development. 7(5).\r\n[7] Ikala, P.A. (2010). Impact of Public Agriculture Expenditure on Agricultural Output and Economic Growth: (1978-2007). An Unpublished Thesis of the Caritas University, Amorji-Nike; Emene Enugu.\r\n[8] Mondal, M.A.S. (2008). Agriculture and Food Security: The Challenges of Unemployment. Journal of Agriculture and Economics, Bangladesh. 4(7).\r\n[9] Mosley, P. (2008). The African Green Revolution as a Pro-poor Policy Investment. Journal of International Development. 3(14): 59-57.\r\n[10] Nchuchuwe, F.F. and Adejuwon, K.D. (2012). The Challenges of Agriculture and Rural Development in Africa: The Case of Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development. 1(3): 45-61\r\n[11] Njoku, J.E. (2000). Governance, Management and Partnership Un-imperatives for Sustainable Agricultural Research, Food Security, Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development in Nigeria. A Paper Presented at the National Workshop on Agriculture and Rural Development at NRCRI Umudike, Abia State, May 22nd-26th 2000. In, Nelson T. (1996). Closing the Nutrient Loop World Watch. (November\/December).\r\n[12] Nwanyanwu, D.H., Amadi, C. and Nyekachi, A. (2014). Assessment of Farm Outputs and Rural Income Generation of School-to-land Agricultural Programmes (STLAP) in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 4(14): 126-134.\r\n[13] Okezie, A. I., Nwosu, C., and Njoku, A. C. (2013). An Assessment of Nigeria Expenditure on the Agricultural Sector: its Relationship with Agricultural Output (1980 &#8211; 2011). Journal of Economics and International Finance, 5(5), 177-186.\r\n[14] Olagunju, M.A. (2008). Economic Issues in Nigeria\u2019s Development. Ibadan: Ben Quality Press.\r\n[15] Onibokun, A.G. (1987). Rural Development Policy Planning and Implementation in Nigeria. Journal of the Nigeria Institute of Town Planners. Vii and ix.\r\n[16] Otto, G. and Ukpere, W.I. (2014). Rural Development Projects in Nigeria: The Case of Rivers State. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5(3): 604-612.\r\n[17] River State Government (RSG) (1987). The Community Development Committee in Rural Development: A CDC Guide. Ministry of Local Government, Port Harcourt.\r\n[18] Rivers State Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) Report 2009.\r\n[19] Robinson, M.O. and Kalu, I.E. (2013). Impact of Government School-to-land Agricultural Project on Rural Development in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. 4(12): 39-44.\r\n[20] Saungweme, T. and Matandare, M. (2014). Agricultural Expenditure and Economic Performance in Zimbabwe (1980-2005). International Journal of Economics Research. 5(5): 50-59.\r\n[21] Sterman, J.D. (2000). Business Dynamics Systems: Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. Boston: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[22] Taherdoost H. (2017). Determining sample size; how to calculate survey sample size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems. 2:237\u2013239.\r\n[23] Titilola, S.O. and Igben, M.S. (1992). The Environment, Agriculture and Development in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Education and Information. 1(3).\r\n[24] Uger, F.I. (2013). The Impact of Federal Government\u2019s Expenditure on the Agricultural Sector in Nigeria. Publication of Nasarawa State University, Keffi.\r\n[25] Wali, G.T., Dixton, A.G.O., Okechukwu, R.U., Ezedinma, C., Sanni, L., Akorodi, M., Ilona, P., Lemchi, J., Ogbe, F., Asumugha, G. and Okoro, E. (2008). Achievements of Cassava Mosaic Disease Project in African Countries. IITA Conference Paper, No. 24.\r\n[26] Yamane, T (1967). Statistics: An introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, New York: Harper and Row\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Godwin Uzochukwu Nosiri, Alwell Nteegah, Monday Robinson and Ijeoma Kalu &#8220;Government Agricultural Support Projects: Implications on Job Creation in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.165-173 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/165-173.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/165-173.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/government-agricultural-support-projects-implications-on-job-creation-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Government Agricultural Support Projects: Implications on Job Creation in Rivers State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba010a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba0803\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba094e\" data-id=\"cba094e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba0a6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba0a6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba0b08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba0b08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba0c57\" data-id=\"cba0c57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba0d58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba0d58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba0e0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba0e0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba0f57\" data-id=\"cba0f57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba1068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba1068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba1104 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba1104\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba1250\" data-id=\"cba1250\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba1359 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba1359\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba13f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba13f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba1560\" data-id=\"cba1560\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba1677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba1677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Musical Taste and Preference of Students in Some Selected Colleges of Education in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ndah Divine Selorm, Adom Faith Mawunyo, Jessica Amoah- December 2021- Page No.: 174-180<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba1713 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba1713\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba1881\" data-id=\"cba1881\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba19b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cba19b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThere are many musical types that are found in Ghana. The primary ones are Art, Popular and Traditional musical types. This study sought to explain the differences that exist between these three musical types and also find out which of them is the preferred choice among students of some selected Colleges of Education in Ghana, so that, the students preferred musical type could be used to communicate with them in the academic space on the campuses. In order to seek the answers for the study, 300 students were sampled using Convenience and Random sampling techniques. With interview, questionnaire and Observation as the research instruments. The study revealed that, majority of the respondents like the Popular musical type over the Art and Traditional types. This could inform policy makers on education in the Colleges whether to use popular musical type as a teaching strategy since it goes down well with the majority of the student body.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 174-180\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51214<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ndah Divine Selorm<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSDA College of Education, Koforidua- Ghana Department of Creative Arts\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adom Faith Mawunyo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSt Francis College of Education, Hohoe, Ghana Department of Performing Arts\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jessica Amoah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSt Monica\u2019s College of Education, Ashanti Mampong- Ghana Department of Creative Arts\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Agordor, A.A. (2004). The music of Amu and Nayo. Accra- Madina: Royal Gold Publishers Ltd.\r\n[2] Adu-Agyem, J, Mani,E. (2010) Bassari Fire Dance As a source of cultural tourism. Asafo- Kumasi: MISPA Graphics.\r\n[3] Asare, D (2015) Evolution of Traditional Funeral songs among the inhabitants of Asante Mampong. Thesis submitted to the school of Graduate studies, KNUST.\r\n[4] Brewu, J. (2009). Role and Importance of traditional music in Patakro culture. Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate studies Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from http:\/\/dspace.knust.edu.gh.\r\n[5] Collins, J (2016) Popular Music performance and Culture in Ghana, the past 50yrs. Ghana Studies. 10 (9- 64)\r\n[6] Dzansi-Mcpalm, M. (2006). Artistic- Aesthetic in-put of song leaders in African Ensembles: A case of Zigi in Ghana, International Journal of community music. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.intellectbooks.co.uk.\r\n[7] Ebeli, E.A (2015) Communication processes in Totoeme music of the Avatime people of Ghana. International journal of African society cultures and traditions Nos 5(3). Retrieved from www.eajournals.org\r\n[8] Matczynski, W. (2011). Highlife and its roots: Negotiating the social, cultural and musical continuities between popular and traditional music in Ghana. Retrieved from http:\/\/ digital commons. Macalester.edu\/music honors\r\n[9] Ndah, D, S (2018) Reference Book for Music Directors and Instrumentalists. Ashanti Mampong: John Ray Publishers\r\n[10] Oppong, E (2013) The Lunsi Traditional music of the Frafras in Tamso. Thesis submitted to the University of Ghana. Retrieved from ugspace.ug.edu.gh\r\n[11] Saighoe, F.A.K. (1996). Traditional African music in Black American socio-cultural interaction. A historical perspective. The journal of African music Educator (8). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.scientific_african.org.\r\n[12] Teyi, N. G. (2010). A text book of Music for senior High Schools and Colleges. Kumasi: Adonai Publication.\r\n[13] Wuaku, H.M. K. (2004). Compositional techniques of the Egbanegba musical type Restricted to the Peki- Avetile area; a dissertation submitted to the University of Ghana.Retrieved from http:\/\/ aatpm.com.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ndah Divine Selorm, Adom Faith Mawunyo, Jessica Amoah, &#8220;Musical Taste and Preference of Students in Some Selected Colleges of Education in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.174-180 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51214<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/174-180.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/musical-taste-and-preference-of-students-in-some-selected-colleges-of-education-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Musical Taste and Preference of Students in Some Selected Colleges of Education in Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba2784 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cba2784\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba2855 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba2855\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba29c8\" data-id=\"cba29c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba2ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba2ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba2b8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba2b8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba2cde\" data-id=\"cba2cde\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba2dfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba2dfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba2e9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba2e9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba3004\" data-id=\"cba3004\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba3124 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba3124\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba31ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba31ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba332d\" data-id=\"cba332d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba344f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba344f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba3505 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba3505\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba365d\" data-id=\"cba365d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba377b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba377b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba3820 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba3820\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba3999\" data-id=\"cba3999\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba3aad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba3aad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba3b54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba3b54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba3cc5\" data-id=\"cba3cc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba3de0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba3de0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Human Resources and Service Delivery in Tier One Private Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ian Barry Odhiambo, Godfrey M. Kinyua, PhD- December 2021- Page No.: 181-187<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba3e7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba3e7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba400b\" data-id=\"cba400b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba414b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cba414b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nDespite the governments\u2019 efforts to provide health care services to their citizens through public hospitals, the public demand for medical services ends up overwhelming the public hospitals especially in developing countries. As a result, service delivery in the public hospitals is compromised which has resulted into the rise of private hospitals. However, limited studies has approached service delivery in private hospitals from the perspective of human resources hence this study. The study used descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 131 respondents was targeted comprising of health workers from the Tier One private hospitals in Nairobi City County. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Applying correlation and simple regression, results showed that a strong positive relationship exist between human resources and service delivery. Regression analysis revealed that recruiting an additional one employee in a tier one private hospital increases service delivery in the hospital. The study concludes that human resources have a significant positive effect on service delivery in the hospitals. It recommends that human resource managers in the hospitals should ensure that they develop and implement strategic human resource management practices to enhance service delivery.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 181-187\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ian Barry Odhiambo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Business, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Godfrey M. Kinyua, PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Business, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of management, 27(6), 643-650.\r\n[2] Barney, J. B., &amp; Clark, D. N. (2007). Resource-based theory: Creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Oxford University Press on Demand\r\n[3] Bellows, S., Ngugi, B., Juma, V., Alushula, P., &amp; Okoth, E. (2019, June 5). Time to cure Kenya&#8217;s poor doctor customer service.\r\n[4] Bukachi, S. A., Onyango-Ouma, W., Siso, J. M., Nyamongo, I. K., Mutai, J. K., Hurtig, A. K., &amp; Byskov, J. (2013). Healthcare priority setting in Kenya: a gap analysis applying the accountability for reasonableness framework. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 29(4), 342\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.2197\r\n[5] Cania, L. (2014). The impact of strategic human resource management on organisational performance. Economia. Seria Management. 17(2), 373-383.\r\n[6] Dinda, B., Ojera, P. B. &amp; Mathews, B. G. (2016). Analysis of quality management practices and organizational performance of private healthcare facilities in Nairobi County, Kenya. International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics, 3(3), 115-125.\r\n[7] Erdil, O., Kitapci, H. &amp; Timurlenk, B. (2010). Effects of core employees on organizational capabilities and firm performance. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 7, 30-38.\r\n[8] Kaibung\u2019a, Mavole and Okuku (2017). Infrastructure and healthcare service delivery in Tiaty Sub-County, Baringo County, Kenya. International Journal of Social and Development Concerns, 1(8), 91-102.\r\n[9] Kihuba, E., Gheorghe, A., Bozzani, F., English, M., &amp; Griffiths, U. K. (2016). Opportunities and challenges for implementing cost accounting systems in the Kenyan health system. Global health action, 9(1), 30621.\r\n[10] Kihuro, A. N., Sang, A. &amp; Ngure, S. (2018). Product strategies influencing performance of private hospitals in Nyeri County, Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(8), 327\u2013345.\r\n[11] Luballo, W. O. &amp; Simon, K. C. (2017). Human resource management practices and service delivery in County Government of Siaya, Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects in Human Resource Management, 1(1), 95-113.\r\n[12] Mbindyo, P., Blaauw, D., &amp; English, M. (2013). The role of Clinical Officers in the Kenyan health system: a question of perspective. Human resources for Health, 11(1), 32.\r\n[13] Mehrara, M., Musai, M., &amp; Amiri, H. (2017). The relationship between health expenditure and GDP in OECD countries using PSTR. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 24, 1450-2275.\r\n[14] Mosadegud, A. M. (2014). Factors influencing healthcare service quality. International Journal of Health Policy Management, 3(2), 77\u201389.\r\n[15] Muga, R., Kizito, P., Mbayah, M., &amp; Gakuruh, T. (2013). Overview of the health system in Kenya. Kenya service provision assessment survey 2004, 13-26.\r\n[16] Mugenda, A. &amp; Mugenda, O. (2003). Readings in Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies.\r\n[17] Njagi, E., Muathe, S., &amp; Muchemi, A. (2018). Financial Resources, Physical Resources and Performance of Public Health Institutions in Embu County, Kenya. European Journal of Business and Management, 10(8), 41\u201347.\r\n[18] Njoroge, J. G. (2015). Organizational resources and performance of mobile phone companies in Kenya. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Kenyatta University.\r\n[19] Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. &amp; Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, Spring (1), 12-40.\r\n[20] Penrose, E. T. (1959). The Growth of the Firm. New York: Wiley.\r\n[21] Rahi, S. (2017). Research design and methods: A systematic review of research paradigms, sampling issues and instruments development. International Journal of Economics &amp; Management Sciences, 6(2), 1-5.\r\n[22] Souza, A. C. D., Alexandre, N. M. C., &amp; Guirardello, E. D. B. (2017). Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity. Epidemiologia e Servi\u00e7os de Sa\u00fade, 26, 649-659.\r\n[23] Wavomba, P. &amp; Sikolia, S. F. (2015). Research in the quality of service delivery in public hospitals, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 10(6), 90-96.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ian Barry Odhiambo, Godfrey M. Kinyua, PhD, &#8220;Human Resources and Service Delivery in Tier One Private Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.181-187 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/181-187.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/181-187.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/human-resources-and-service-delivery-in-tier-one-private-hospitals-in-nairobi-city-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Human Resources and Service Delivery in Tier One Private Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba4fc3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cba4fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba50a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba50a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba5224\" data-id=\"cba5224\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba5356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba5356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba53fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba53fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba555e\" data-id=\"cba555e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba5684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba5684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba5729 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba5729\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba5888\" data-id=\"cba5888\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba599b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba599b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba5a39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba5a39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba5b93\" data-id=\"cba5b93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba5cad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba5cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba5d4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba5d4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba5e9e\" data-id=\"cba5e9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba5fad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba5fad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba6069 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba6069\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba61ba\" data-id=\"cba61ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba62d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba62d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba636d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba636d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba6501\" data-id=\"cba6501\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba6614 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cba6614\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Towards achieving Innovation through mainstreaming Sustainable Development Goal 4 on Quality Higher Education the Southern African Perspective<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>GN Shava, S. Hleza, E Mathonsi, S. Shonhiwa, Nkosikhona Hlabangana- December 2021- Page No.: 188-201<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba66b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba66b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba6854\" data-id=\"cba6854\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba699a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cba699a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of this article is to establish the challenges of achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4) on Quality education and education for sustainable development, focusing on four universities in the Southern African SADC region. The study draws on the critical realist theory of structure, culture and agency theoretical view point to understand the implementation of sustainable development goal 4 on quality higher education. Specifically, it examines the structural, cultural and agential conditions in higher education that constrain or enable the achievement of quality higher education. This study is conducted using a qualitative research approach with an interpretive epistemological and constructivist ontological perspective. The research findings are analysed through thick descriptions and the element of voice in the text. The interpretive paradigm enabled the researchers to see, hear and understand the particular meaning making inherent in peoples\u2019 lives within their institutions. This paper has practical implications for higher education institutions seeking to achieve quality teaching and learning for sustainable development and lifelong learning. Its findings show that higher education curriculum and pedagogy need to be reoriented to address issues of quality and lifelong learning. Our study is one of the studies in Africa to examine issues of lifelong learning, quality and education for sustainable development specifically in the Southern African Region and context of higher education. It is one of the first studies to explore the provision of higher education and addressing key targets of sustainable development goal 4 and its targets to be achieved by 2030. The study forms part of the broader theoretical and methodological debate on the use and application of the realist theory in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 188-201\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>GN Shava <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Hleza <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>E Mathonsi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Shonhiwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nkosikhona Hlabangana <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Archer, M. S. (1995). Realist socialist theory. The morphogenetic approach. Cambridge, University Press.\r\n[2] Archer, M. S. (1996). Culture and agency. The place of ulture in social theory. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.\r\n[3] Archer, M. S. (2003). 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Paris UNESCO From http:unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0014\/001487\/148654epfd\r\n[37] UNESCO, (2007).The UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD 2005-2014) the first Two Years. Paris, UNESCO from http::\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0015\/001540\/154093epdf.\r\n[38] UNESCO, (2011b).Education of Sustainable Development: An Expert Review of Process and Learning. Paris, UNESCO from http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0071\/001914\/1914,42epdf.\r\n[39] UNESCO, (2012a) Education for Sustainable Development Learning and Training Tools N0 4.Paris: UNESCO from http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/sustainable development un.org\/contact\/documents\/919unesco\/pdf.\r\n[40] UNESCO, (2014a) Education for All Global Monitoring Report (2013-2014): Teaching and Learning: Achieving Quality For All. Paris, UNESCO. From http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/image\/oo22\/0022560epdf.\r\n[41] UNESCO, (2017.Education for sustainable development goals: Learning Objectives. Paris .UNESCO. From http;;\/\/unesdoc.unesco\/images\/0024\/002474\/24744epdf.\r\n[42] United Nations Education Scientific and cultural organisation (UNESCO, 2004) United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005-2014: Draft International Implementation Scheme; Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[43] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO (2014). Road map for implementing sustainable development programme on education for sustainable development.ParisUNESCO;http\/\/unesdoc.Unescoorg\/images\/0014\/00141019epdf\r\n[44] Wals, A.E.J &amp;Benavot, A. (2017). Can we meet the sustainability challenges? The role of education and lifelong learning. European Journal of Education, 52(4)404-413\r\n[45] Wals, A.E.J; Mochizuki&amp; Lelcht, A. (2017). Critical Case Studies of non _formal and community learning for sustainably development .International Review Education: Dot; 10.1007\/a 11159-017-9691-9\r\n[46] WEF (World Education Forum. (2016).Incheon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal4.Towards inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all. Education 2030.Paris, UNESCO From http\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0024\/00240056\/24556e.pdf.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">GN Shava, S. Hleza, E Mathonsi, S. Shonhiwa, Nkosikhona Hlabangana, &#8220;Towards achieving Innovation through mainstreaming Sustainable Development Goal 4 on Quality Higher Education the Southern African Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.188-201 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/188-201.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/188-201.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/towards-achieving-innovation-through-mainstreaming-sustainable-development-goal-4-on-quality-higher-education-the-southern-african-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Towards achieving Innovation through mainstreaming Sustainable Development Goal 4 on Quality Higher Education the Southern African Perspective<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba8573 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cba8573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cba8732 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cba8732\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cba8a29\" data-id=\"cba8a29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div 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data-id=\"cbaabeb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbaae77\" data-id=\"cbaae77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbab062 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbab062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Contraceptive use among High School Students in The Effutu Municipality, Ghana; The Unknown Perception<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Otoo, E.A., Tackie-Yarboi, D., Gyimadoh, B., Yayra, H., Gyasi, S., and Gyan, A. &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 202-206<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbab183 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbab183\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbab43d\" data-id=\"cbab43d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbab6ae elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbab6ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the Ghanaian society, many high school students are ignorant of the various forms of contraceptive methods available and how they are effectively used, despite significant numbers being sexually active. This study sought to investigate the perception of high school students towards the use of contraceptive in the Effutu Municipality. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods to sample sixty (60) students from two SHS schools in the municipality as well as six (6) teachers who were patrons of reproductive health clubs from the participating schools, four (4) staffs from the family planning and reproductive health units of the Trauma Specialist Hospital, and the Municipal Hospital and also ten (10) persons identified as pharmacists, health assistants or counter assistants in drugs stores, chemical shop and pharmacies within the study area were also interviewed. A self-administered questionnaire was used in obtaining data on the perception of students. The results showed that male student had a positive perception of contraceptives and their use as against females. Again, findings from the study indicated misperceptions tended to cloud the judgment of adolescents towards contraceptives, thus serving as a barrier to the use of contraceptives. From the study it was recommended that an adolescent friendly facilities be established across the country to help adolescents make informed choices pertaining to sex and their reproductive health.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 202-206\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Otoo, E.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tackie-Yarboi, D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gyimadoh, B.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Community Health Nursing, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yayra, H.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Community Health Nursing, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gyasi, S.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Community Health Nursing, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gyan, A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Community Health Nursing, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Blanc A.K, Tsui A.O, Croft T.N, &amp; Trevitt J.L. (2009), Patterns and trends in adolescents&#8217; contraceptive use and discontinuation in developing countries and comparisons with adult women. Int. Persp Sexual Reproductive Health, 35(2):63\u201371.\r\n[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2011), College Health and Safety. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/family\/college\/\r\n[3] Contraceptive Chart (2008), Available Contraceptives in Government Facilities, Botswana, Ministry of Health\r\n[4] Costa, G. P. O., et al. (2014). Contraception Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Adolescents at risk of Pregnancy in Northeastern Brazil. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecoogy, 4, 300-308.\r\n[5] Edgerton, D. (2011), Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900. Profile books.\r\n[6] Geske, S., Quevillon, R., Struckman-Johnson, C., &amp; Hansen, K. (2015), Comparisons of Contraceptive Use between Rural and Urban Teens. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology\r\n[7] Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) (2009), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF Macro, Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Accra, Ghana: GSS, GHS, and ICF Macro._7\r\n[8] Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), &amp; ICF Macro. (2015), Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014: Key Indicators. Accra, Ghana.\r\n[9] Guttmacher Institute. (2011), Facts on induced abortion in the United States. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/pubs\r\n[10] Kamhawi, S., Underwood, C., Murad, H., &amp; Jabre, B. (2013), Client-centered counseling improves client satisfaction with family planning visits: evidence from Irbid, Jordan. Global Health: Science and Practice, 1(2), 180\u2013192.\r\n[11] Machel J.Z, (2001). Unsafe sexual behaviour among school girls in Mozambique: a matter of gender and class. Reproductive Health Matt 2001; 9(17):82\u201390.\r\n[12] Macphail, C. &amp; Campbell, C. (2001), &#8216;I think condoms are good but, I hate those things&#8217;: condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township. Social Science and Medicine, 52(11), 1613-1627\r\n[13] MacPhail, C., Pettifor, A.E., Pascoe, S. &amp; Rees, H.V., (2007), \u2018Contraception use and pregnancy among 15\u201324 year old South African women: A nationally representative cross-sectional survey\u2019, BMC Medicine 5, 31. PMID: 17963521, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-17015\/5\/31\r\n[14] Magadi M, (2006), Poor pregnancy outcomes among adolescents in South Nyanza region of Kenya. Afr J Reproductive Health 2006; 10(1):26\u201338.\r\n[15] Manzini N. (2001), Sexual initiation and childbearing among adolescent girls in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Reprod Health Matt.;9(17):44\u201352.\r\n[16] NACP (2000), Ghana HIV sentinel report, Accra: Ghana health service.\r\n[17] Soe, H. H. K., Than, N. N., Kaul, A., Kumar, S., &amp; Somrongthong, R. (2012), Determinants of contraceptive usage among Myanmar migrant women in Phang-Nga Province Thailand. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3(11), 721\u2013728.\r\n[18] Speidel, J. J., Harper, C. C. &amp; Shields, W. C. (2008), The Potential of Long- Acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy. Contraception, 78(3), 197\u2013200.\r\n[19] Steyn, P. S. &amp; Mason, D. (2009), Emergency Contraception &#8211; A Review. Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Forum, 19, 127\u2013133.\r\n[20] Tone, A. (2002), Devices and desires: A history of contraceptives in America. Macmillan.\r\n[21] UN (2015). Adolescent Development: Perspectives and Frameworks.\r\n[22] UNICEF (2011), Adolescence: An Age of Opportunity. The State of The World\u2019s Children,\r\n[23] Vermaas, L., (2010), \u2018Dealing with unplanned pregnancies and abortions amongst tertiary students\u2019, paper presented at the 6th African Conference on Psychotherapy in Uganda, Kampala, Uganda, 14\u201316 December, viewed 13 February 2013, from http:\/\/www.tut.ac.za\/News\/Pages\/pregnancies.aspx.\r\n[24] Williamson, L. M. (2008), Contraceptive careers: young women\u2018s choices, influences and risks, University of Glasgow.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Otoo, E.A., Tackie-Yarboi, D., Gyimadoh, B., Yayra, H., Gyasi, S., and Gyan, A., &#8220;Contraceptive use among High School Students in The Effutu Municipality, Ghana; The Unknown Perception&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.202-206 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/202-206.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/202-206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/contraceptive-use-among-high-school-students-in-the-effutu-municipality-ghana-the-unknown-perception-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Contraceptive use among High School Students in The Effutu Municipality, Ghana; The Unknown Perception<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbad335 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbad335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbadaf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbadaf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbadd69\" data-id=\"cbadd69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbadf4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbadf4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbae071 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbae071\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb02af\" data-id=\"cbb02af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb0555 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb0c00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb0c00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb0d35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb0d35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb0fe3\" data-id=\"cbb0fe3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb11e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb11e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb131e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb131e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb1590\" data-id=\"cbb1590\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb1788 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb1788\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb18c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb18c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb1bb2\" data-id=\"cbb1bb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb1ddb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb1ddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Health system factors associated with choice of place of delivery among postnatal women in Marsabit County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Christine Bokayo Arero, MPH, Keraka Nyanchoka Margaret, PhD (Professor), Shadrack Yonge Ayieko, PhD, Matoke Omwenga Vincent, MPH, Okari Maseme Geoffrey, MSc &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 207-215<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb1f20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb1f20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb2250\" data-id=\"cbb2250\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb24e5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbb24e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Worldwide, there were approximately 295,000 women died as a result of pregnancy and childbirth related complications in 2017. Majority of this was from Sub-Saharan Africa with 196000. In Africa, about seventy-five per cent maternal and neonatal deaths occur outside health facilities. In Kenya, maternal mortality rate is 362 per 100,000 live births with 61.2% deliveries occurring in hospitals. There is still evidence of home deliveries despite significant efforts through several interventions.\r\nObjective: The study aims to determine health system factors associated with choice of place of delivery among postnatal women in Marsabit County, Kenya.\r\nMaterials and methods: This research adopted a mixed descriptive cross-sectional study design method. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to collect data from participants. A total of 416 respondents were interviewed. The respondents were drawn from households using systematic random sampling at a predetermined interval of four. The study was done in 24 selected villages from Moyale Township, Golbo, Dukana and North-Horr Wards. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used to analyze descriptive data. Inferential statistics such as Chi-Square tests at 95% confidence level and p-values of 0.05 was used to determine variable association.\r\nResults: About 178(43.3%) of postnatal women delivered at home in Marsabit County. Chi-square statistics indicated that most health system factors such as distance to the nearest facility (p=0.001), experience with care provider (0.012), hindrance from health facility (p=0.008) and provision of information (0.001) were associated with choice of place of delivery. Results from focused group interviews and key informants were reported as direct narrations.\r\nConclusion: The study concluded that there was a significant number of women who are still delivering at home in Marsabit County. Majority of the health system factors were associated with choice of place of delivery. This requires concerted efforts by relevant stakeholders to ensure improved access health facility delivery through mobile clinics to assist women deliver under the hands of skilled birth attendants thus discouraging home deliveries.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 207-215\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51215<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christine Bokayo Arero, MPH<\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Department of Population, Reproductive Health and Community Resource Management, School of Public Health and Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Keraka Nyanchoka Margaret, PhD (Professor)<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Population, Reproductive Health and Community Resource Management, School of Public Health and Applied Human Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shadrack Yonge Ayieko, PhD <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Environmental and Health Sciences, School of Applied and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Matoke Omwenga Vincent, MPH<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Population, Reproductive Health and Community Resource Management, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okari Maseme Geoffrey, MSc<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Health Management and Informatics, Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and the United Nations Population Division. (2019). Trends in Maternal Mortality: 2000 to 2017. Geneva, World Health Organization.\r\n[2] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2014). Kenya Demographic and health Survey 2014. Rockville, Maryland.\r\n[3] Moindi, R., Ngari, M,, Nyambati, V. and Mbakaya, C. (2016). Why mothers still deliver at home: understanding factors associated with home deliveries and cultural practices in rural coastal Kenya, a cross-section study. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16: 114.\r\n[4] Republic of Kenya (2015). Status of implementation of free maternity services (FMS) program in the devolved health system in Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Health; 2015.\r\n[5] Njuki, R., Abuya, T., Kimani, J., Kanya, L,. Korongo, A., Mukanya, C. (2015). Does a voucher program improve reproductive health service delivery and access in Kenya? BMC Health Serv Res. 15:206\r\n[6] Mulinge Mutinda (2017). Factors influencing unskilled delivery in Kenya. Nairobi, University of Nairobi.\r\n[7] Orit, A, Erika, L, Halima M, Fetene, N. and Bradley, E. (2015). A patient-centred understanding of the referral system in Ethiopian primary healthcare units. PLoS One, 10(10):1-10.\r\n[8] World Health Organization. (2018). Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990\u20132015 Estimates by WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF. The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n[9] Alkema L, Chou D., Hogan D., Zhang S., Moller, A.B., Gemmill, A. (2015). Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. Lancet. 2016; 387 (10017): 462-74\r\n[10] UNDP (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. New York: NY, UNDP\r\n[11] Federal Ministry of Health, Health and Health Related Indicators. (2011). Policy Planning Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\r\n[12] Ashimi, A. O., &amp; Amole, T. G. (2015). Prevalence, reasons and predictors for home births among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Birnin Kudu, North-west Nigeria. Sexual &amp; Reproductive Healthcare, 6(3), 119-125.\r\n[13] Chama-Chiliba, C. M., &amp; Koch, S. F. (2016). An assessment of the effect of user fee policy reform on facility-based deliveries in rural Zambia. BMC Research Notes, 9(1), 1-14.\r\n[14] Ngugi, A. K., Agoi, F., Mahoney, M. R., Lakhani, A., Mang\u2019ong\u2019o, D., Nderitu, E., &amp; Macfarlane, S. (2017). Utilization of health services in a resource-limited rural area in Kenya: prevalence and associated household-level factors. PloS one, 12(2), e0172728.\r\n[15] Gorain, A., Barik, A., Chowdhury, A. and Rai, R. K. (2017). Preference in place of delivery among rural Indian women. Plos one, 12(12), e0190117.\r\n[16] Sudhinaraset, M., Beyeler, N., Barge, S. and Diamond-Smith, N. (2016). Decision-making for delivery location and quality of care among slum-dwellers: a qualitative study in Uttar Pradesh, India. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 16(1), 1-10.\r\n[17] Bohren, M. A., Vogel, J. P., Tun\u00e7alp, \u00d6., Fawole, B., Titiloye, M. A., Olutayo, A. O. and Hindin, M. J. (2017). Mistreatment of women during childbirth in Abuja, Nigeria: a qualitative study on perceptions and experiences of women and healthcare providers. Reproductive health, 14(1), 1-13.\r\n[18] Kamali, S., Ahmadian, L., Khajouei, R. and Bahaadinbeigy, K. (2018). Health information needs of pregnant women: information sources, motives and barriers. Health Information &amp; Libraries Journal, 35(1), 24-37.\r\n[19] Ogolla, J. O. (2015). Factors associated with home delivery in West Pokot County of Kenya. Advances in public health\r\n[20] Chityaka, F., &amp; Ngoma, C. M. (2018). Factors influencing decisions to homebirth among pregnant women in Mpongwe District, Zambia. African Journal of Midwifery and Women&#8217;s Health, 12(2), 73-76.\r\n[21] Treacy, L., Bolkan, H. A. and Sagbakken, M. (2018). Distance, accessibility and costs. Decision-making during childbirth in rural Sierra Leone: a qualitative study. PLoS One, 13(2), e0188280.\r\n[22] Kohi, T. W., Mselle, L. T., Dol, J. and Aston, M. (2018). When, where and who? Accessing health facility delivery care from the perspective of women and men in Tanzania: a qualitative study. BMC health services research, 18(1), 1-9.\r\n[23] Otieno J. O. (2015). Factors Associated with Home Delivery in West Pokot County of Kenya. Advances in Public Health, vol. 2015, Article ID 493184, 6 pages.\r\n[24] Kidanu, S., Degu, G. and Tiruye, T. Y. (2017). Factors influencing institutional delivery service utilization in Dembecha district, Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study. Reproductive health, 14(1), 1-8.\r\n[25] Dotse-Gborgbortsi, W., Dwomoh, D., Alegana, V., Hill, A., Tatem, A. J. and Wright, J. (2020). The influence of distance and quality on utilisation of birthing services at health facilities in Eastern Region, Ghana. BMJ global health, 4(Suppl 5).\r\n[26] Caulfield, T., Onyo, P., Byrne, A., Nduba, J., Nyagero, J., Morgan, A. and Kermode, M. (2016). Factors influencing place of delivery for pastoralist women in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC women&#8217;s health, 16(1), 1-11.\r\n[27] Sato, C., Phongluxa, K., Toyama, N., Gregorio, E. R., Miyoshi, C., Nishimoto, F. and Kobayashi, J. (2019). Factors influencing the choice of facility-based delivery in the ethnic minority villages of Lao PDR: a qualitative case study. Tropical medicine and health, 47(1), 1-11.\r\n[28] Gashaye, K. T., Tsegaye, A. T., Shiferaw, G., Worku, A. G. and Abebe, S. M. (2019). Client satisfaction with existing labor and delivery care and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in university of Gondar teaching hospital; Northwest Ethiopia: institution based cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 14(2), e0210693.\r\n[29] Kenya National Bureau of statistics. (2019). Kenya National Population and Housing Census 2019. Rockville, Maryland.\r\n[30] Ministry of Health (2015). Marsabit County Health at a Glance. Nairobi, Ministry of Health\r\n[31] Fishers and Fowler, F. J. (1998). Survey research methods (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.\r\n[32] Ministry of Health (2018). Marsabit County maternal, infant and young children nutrition knowledge attitude and practices baseline survey report. Nairobi, Government printer.\r\n[33] Yaya, S., Bishwajit, G. and Gunawardena, N. (2019). Socioeconomic factors associated with choice of delivery place among mothers: a population-based cross-sectional study in Guinea-Bissau. BMJ global health, 4(2), e001341.\r\n[34] Dickson, K. S., Adde, K. S. and Amu, H. (2016). What influences where they give birth? Determinants of place of delivery among women in rural Ghana. International journal of reproductive medicine, 2016.\r\n[35] Scott, N. A., Henry, E. G., Kaiser, J. L., Mataka, K., Rockers, P. C., Fong, R. M. and Lori, J. R. (2018). Factors affecting home delivery among women living in remote areas of rural Zambia: a cross-sectional, mixed-methods analysis. International journal of women&#8217;s health, 10, 589.\r\n[36] Shehu, C. E., Ibrahim, M. T. O., Oche, M. O. and Nwobodo, E. I. (2016). Determinants of place of delivery: a comparison between an urban and a rural community in Nigeria. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 8(6), 91-101.\r\n[37] Chea, S. K., Mwangi, T. W., Ndirangu, K. K., Abdullahi, O. A., Munywoki, P. K., Abubakar, A., and Hassan, A. S. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of home delivery amongst HIV-infected women attending care at a rural public health facility in Coastal Kenya. PLoS One, 13(3), e0194028.\r\n[38] Muhunzi, S., Ngocho, J. S., Mwanamsangu, A., Sanga, L., Hiza, H., Msuya, S. E. and Mahande, M. J. (2020). Prevalence, predictors and reasons for home delivery amongst women of childbearing age in Dodoma Municipality in central Tanzania. African Health Sciences, 20(4), 1933-42.\r\n[39] Sialubanje, C., Massar, K., Hamer, D. H. and Ruiter, R. A. (2015). Reasons for home delivery and use of traditional birth attendants in rural Zambia: a qualitative study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 15(1), 1-12.\r\n[40] Nigatu, A. M., Gelaye, K. A. (2019). Factors associated with the preference of institutional delivery after antenatal care attendance in Northwest Ethiopia. BMC health services research, 19(1), 1-9.\r\n[41] Ngowi, A. F., Kamazima, S. R., Kibusi, S., Gesase, A. and Bali, T. (2017). Women\u2019s determinant factors for preferred place of delivery in Dodoma region Tanzania: a cross sectional study. Reproductive health, 14(1), 1-8.\r\n[42] Altman M. R., Oseguera, T., McLemore, M. R., Kantrowitz-Gordon, I., Franck, L. S. and Lyndon, A. (2019). Information and power: women of color&#8217;s experiences interacting with health care providers in pregnancy and birth. Social science &amp; medicine, 238, 112491.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Christine Bokayo Arero, MPH, Keraka Nyanchoka Margaret, PhD (Professor), Shadrack Yonge Ayieko, PhD, Matoke Omwenga Vincent, MPH, Okari Maseme Geoffrey, MSc &#8220;Health system factors associated with choice of place of delivery among postnatal women in Marsabit County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.207-215 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51215<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/207-215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/health-system-factors-associated-with-choice-of-place-of-delivery-among-postnatal-women-in-marsabit-county-kenya-christine-bokayo-arero-mph1-keraka-nyanchoka-margaret-phd-professor2-shadrack-yo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Health system factors associated with choice of place of delivery among postnatal women in Marsabit County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb4356\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb460d\" data-id=\"cbb460d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb486f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb486f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb49bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb49bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb4c5f\" data-id=\"cbb4c5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb4e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb4e91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb4fb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb4fb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb5272\" data-id=\"cbb5272\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb5493 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb5493\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb55f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb55f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb5a03\" data-id=\"cbb5a03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb5c4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb5c4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb5da2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb5da2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb6057\" data-id=\"cbb6057\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb6293 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb6293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb63cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb63cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb66a2\" data-id=\"cbb66a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb68cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb68cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb6a25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb6a25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb6cee\" data-id=\"cbb6cee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb6f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb6f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Security Implications of Child Trafficking In Nigeria: The Interventions of NAPTIP<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>AKINPELU, Ibrahim Lanre, OJO Solomon Ayantayo, ADEGOKE Olusegun Steve, AKANMU, Rahman Opeyemi- December 2021- Page No.: 216-228<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb703b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb703b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb72b0\" data-id=\"cbb72b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb743b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbb743b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study investigated child trafficking, its security implications and the role of NAPTIP in Nigeria. The research design adopted in the study was an archival survey design. Data were sourced from NAPTIP zonal offices for the data analysis using quantitative approach. The data were presented in tables and charts to showcase the outcomes of the research findings. The results showed that child trafficking has become a societal problem with negative implications for security that needed concerted efforts from both the agency in control of human trafficking and the people in every society. The trends and patterns of child trafficking are very complex and posed various challenges that are identified in the study. Conclusions, implication of findings and recommendations were established. However, Nigeria government should proactively harness all security outfits to share some of the NAPTIP responsibilities among others such as Immigrations, Customs, NSCDC, Police and Nigerian Armed forces synergistically to end child trafficking in our borders.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 216-228\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AKINPELU, Ibrahim Lanre <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Governance and Public Policy, Centre for Strategic Research and Studies, National Defence College, Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OJO Solomon Ayantayo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSouthwestern University, Okun-Owa, Ogun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ADEGOKE Olusegun Steve <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInternational Psychometric Centre, Nigeria, South-West Zonal Office, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AKANMU, Rahman Opeyemi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Albert, I.O. 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Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10, 923-928.\r\n[22] Ferrans, C. E., &amp; Power, M. J. (1995). Quality of life index: development and psychometric properties. Annals of Nursing Science, 8, 15-24.\r\n[23] Ferrans, C. E., &amp; Powers, M. J. (1992). Psychometric assessment of the quality of life index. Research Nursing in Health, 15, 29-38.\r\n[24] Ferrell, B. R., Dow, K. H., &amp; Grant, M. (1995). Measurement of the quality of life in cancer survivors. Quality of Life Research, 4, 523-531.\r\n[25] Ferrell, B. R., Hassey Dow, K., Leigh, S., Ly, J., &amp; Gulasekaram, P. (1995). Quality of life in long-term cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 22(6), 915-922.\r\n[26] Fish, S. (2002). Islam and authoritarism. World Politics 55, 4-37.\r\n[27] Friedrich, R.J. (1982). In defence of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations. American Journal of Political Science 26, 797-833.\r\n[28] Fritz, G. K., Williams, J. R., &amp; Amylon, M. (1988). After treatment ends: Psychosocial sequelae in pediatric cancer survivors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58(4), 552-561. 21\r\n[29] Gauri, V. (2011). The cost of complying with human rights treaties: the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Basic Immunization. Review of International Organizations 6, 33-56.\r\n[30] Glaeser D. B., Sacerdote (1996). Quality of life in osteosarcoma survivors. Oncology, 8(11), 19-25.\r\n[31] Hoge, D.R. A validated intrinsic religious motivation scale. J. Sci. Stud. Relig. 1972, 11, 369-376.\r\n[32] Kuran, T. (2011). The long divergence \u2013 how Islamic law held back the Middle East. Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford.\r\n[33] Maggiolini, A., Grassi, R., Adamoli, L., Corbetta, A., Charmet, G. P., Provantini, K., Fraschini, D., Jankovic, M., Lia, Romana, Spinetta, J., &amp; Masera, G. (2000). Self-image of adolescent survivors of long-term childhood leukemia. Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, 22(5), 417-421.\r\n[34] Simmons, B., &amp; Lloyd, P. (2010). Subjective frames and rational choice: Transnational crime and the case of human trafficking. Government Department, Harvard University.\r\n[35] Summers, R., &amp; Heston, A. (1991). The Penn World Table (Mark 5): an expanded set of international comparisons, 1950-1988. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, 327-369.\r\n[36] Szabo, S. (on behalf of the WHOQOL Group) (1996). The World Health Organisation Quality\r\n[37] Szabo, S., Orley, J. and Saxena, S. (on behalf of the WHOQOL Group) (1997). An approach to Response Scale Development for Cross-Cultural Questionnaires. European Psychologist, 2(3), 270- 276.\r\n[38] Tao, M. L., Guo, M. D., Weiss, R., Byrne, J., Mills, J. L., Robison, L. L., &amp; Zeltzer, L. K. (1998). Smoking in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90(3), 219-225.\r\n[39] United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2010). Combatting trafficking in persons in accordance with the principles of Islamic law.Vienna.\r\n[40] UNO (2006). Trafficking in persons global pattern. Vienna. Unpublished article.\r\n[41] Van Eys, J. (1977). The Truly Cured Child. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.\r\n[42] Van Schaik, C. S., Barr, R. D., DePauw, S., Furlong, W., &amp; Feeny, D. (1999). Assessment of health status and health-related quality of life in survivors of Hodgkin&#8217;s disease in childhood. International Journal of Cancer, 12 Supplements, 32-38.\r\n[43] Zimmerman, Y.C (2010). Christianity and human trafficking. Religion Compass 5, 567-578.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">AKINPELU, Ibrahim Lanre, OJO Solomon Ayantayo, ADEGOKE Olusegun Steve, AKANMU, Rahman Opeyemi, &#8220;The Security Implications of Child Trafficking In Nigeria: The Interventions of NAPTIP&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.216-228 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/216-228.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/216-228.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-security-implications-of-child-trafficking-in-nigeria-the-interventions-of-naptip\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Security Implications of Child Trafficking In Nigeria: The Interventions of NAPTIP<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb83d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbb83d1\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8630\" data-id=\"cbb8630\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8752 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb8752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb87f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb87f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8979\" data-id=\"cbb8979\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8a97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb8a97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8b3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb8b3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8c86\" data-id=\"cbb8c86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8d9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb8d9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8e37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb8e37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb8fcc\" data-id=\"cbb8fcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb9100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb91a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb91a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9305\" data-id=\"cbb9305\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9438 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb9438\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb94ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb94ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9637\" data-id=\"cbb9637\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb9746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb97fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb97fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb998a\" data-id=\"cbb998a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9a9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbb9a9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Back to Nature: A Jonasian Approach to the Problem of Mankind\u2019s Excessive Exploitation of the Natural Environment<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Peter Takov &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 229-237<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9b3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbb9b3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9cbe\" data-id=\"cbb9cbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb9de6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbb9de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article, informed by the current situation of technological advancements, analyzes and discusses solutions to it as presented by the Jewish Philosopher, Hans Jonas, who is believed to have \u201cprophesied\u201d ahead of his time. In this paper, I argue that what Jonas concurred in his days is more binding at the moment and will continue to reverberate for ages to come. In an attempt to discuss the Jonasian contribution to the issue of environmental protection and preservation, which touches on the ethics of responsibility, sandwiched by other contemporary thoughts that matter, I add another voice to the palaver of environmental protection. I argue primarily for the need for a conscious use of the environment, for an ethics and for the positive involvement of policy makers on the issue. I strongly stress the importance of implementing the Jonasian categorical imperative; &#8220;Act so that the effects of your action are compatible with the permanence of genuine human life&#8221;. My conclusion is that without an ethics of responsibility the future of mankind and of the whole biosphere is at stake. It is an ethical call to individual consciences \u2013 an ethics of the \u201cfirst person.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 229-237\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Takov<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCatholic University of Cameroon (CATUC), Bamenda, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tackie-Yarboi, D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Education, University of Education, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alvira, Tomas et alii, Metaphysics, trans. By L. Supan, (Manila: Sinag-Tala Publishers, 1991).\r\n[2] Ferr\u00e9, Frederick \u201c\u2019On Making Persons: Philosophy of Nature and Ethics\u201d, in Hava Tirosh-Samuelson and Christian Wiese (eds.) The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life, (Leiden: Brill, 2008), (pp. 493-509).\r\n[3] Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato si,On Care for Our Common Home, (24 May 2015).\r\n[4] H\u00f6sle, Vittorio \u201cOntology and Ethics in Hans Jonas\u201d in Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal, 23 (2001).\r\n[5] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Redemptor Hominis, (4 March 1979), (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1979).\r\n[6] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Laborem Exercens, (14 September 1981).\r\n[7] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, (30 December 1987).\r\n[8] John Paul II, Message for the 1990 World Day of Peace, (Rome, 1990).\r\n[9] John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Centesimus Annus, (1 May 1991).\r\n[10] Jonas, Hans, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age, (London: The University of Chicago Press, 1984).\r\n[11] Jonas, Hans, \u201cThe Concept of God after Auschwitz: A Jewish Voice, in L. Vogel (ed.), Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good after Auschwitz, (Evanston: Northern University Press, 1996), (pp. 131-143).\r\n[12] Jonas, Hans, \u201cThe Outcry of Mute Things,\u201d in L. Vogel (ed.), Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good after Auschwitz,(Evanston: Northern University Press, 1996), (pp 198-202).\r\n[13] Jonas, Hans \u201cImmortality and the Modern Temper,\u201d in L. Vogel (ed.), Mortality and Morality: A Search for the Good after Auschwitz, Evanston: Northern University Press, 1996), (pp. 115-130).\r\n[14] Jonas, Hans, \u201cToward an ontological Grounding of an Ethics for the Future,\u201d in Lawrence Vogel (ed.), Mortality and Morality,(Evanston: Northern University Press, 1996), (pp 99-112).\r\n[15] Jonas, Hans, \u201cCloser to the Bitter End\u201d(An Interview with Hans Jonas Conducted by Matthias Matussek and Wolfgang Kaden of Der Spiegel on May 11, 1992), in Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 23 (2001), (pp. 21-30).\r\n[16] McDonald, W. J., et alii (eds), New Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 14 (U.S.A., 1967).\r\n[17] Paul VI, Apostolic Letter Octogesima Adveniens, (1971).\r\n[18] Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2005).\r\n[19] Roothaan, Angela,Indigenous, Modern and Postcolonial Relations to Nature: Negotiating the Environment, (London: Routledge, 2019).\r\n[20] Tirosh.-Samuelson, Hava, \u201cPreface; Understanding Jonas: An Interdisciplinary Project,\u201d in Hava. Tirosh-Samuelson \u2013 Christian. Wiese (eds.), The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life,(Leiden: Brill, 2008), (pp. xxi-xlii).\r\n[21] Troster, Lawrence, \u201c\u2019Caretaker or Citizen: Hans Jonas, Aldo Leopold, and the Development of Jewish Environmental Ethics\u201d, in Hava Tirosh-Samuelson and Christian Wiese (eds.), The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life, (Leiden: Brill, 2008), (pp. 273-396).\r\n[22] Vatican II Ecumenical Council Gaudium et Spes, (7 December 1965).\r\n[23] Vendemiati, Aldo, La Specifita\u2019 bio-etica, (Roma: Rubbettino, 2002).\r\n[24] Wojtyla, Karol, The Acting Person, trans. By A. Potocki, (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Peter Takov, &#8220;Back to Nature: A Jonasian Approach to the Problem of Mankind\u2019s Excessive Exploitation of the Natural Environment&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.229-237 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/229-237.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/229-237.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/back-to-nature-a-jonasian-approach-to-the-problem-of-mankinds-excessive-exploitation-of-the-natural-environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Back to Nature: A Jonasian Approach to the Problem of Mankind\u2019s Excessive Exploitation of the Natural Environment<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbabc4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbae08\" data-id=\"cbbae08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbaf25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbaf25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbafd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbafd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb156\" data-id=\"cbbb156\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb27c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbb27c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb31c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbb31c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb470\" data-id=\"cbbb470\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbb579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb61c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbb61c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb760\" data-id=\"cbbb760\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbb873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbb90e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbb90e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbba55\" data-id=\"cbbba55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbbb5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbbb5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbbc4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbbc4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbbdcc\" data-id=\"cbbbdcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbbf15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbbf15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbbfd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbbfd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbc182\" data-id=\"cbbc182\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbc2ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbc2ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Drug Abuse, Youths and National Security Implications for Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>AKINPELU, Ibrahim Lanre &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 238-244<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbc383 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbc383\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbc531\" data-id=\"cbbc531\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbc6b3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbbc6b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Drug abuse among youth population is globally identified as a threat to national security, especially in Nigeria. Although Nigeria was initially conceived as a drug-transit nation, regrettably, that conception has changed in recent times. It has profoundly aggravated to become a pose for drug abuse. Despite the counter narcotics efforts by NDLEA and other government agencies, a sizeable amount of youth population in Nigeria still abuse drugs. This study examined drug abuse among Nigerian youths and its implications for national security. The study reveals that the preponderance increase of drugs abuse in Nigeria is a veritable tool for violent crimes, aggression and youth restiveness. Erosion of human capital, unproductivity of youth population, deteriorating health as well as threat to national security were also key factors. The study relies on the analysis of secondary interpretative documents related to youth drug abuse and national security in Nigeria. The study also identified environment, family background, curiosity, enjoyment, parents socio-economic status, peer pressure as well as promotion and availability of drugs as the major contributing factors to the rising trends of drug abuse among youths in Nigeria. Adopting socio-cultural, biological, social-learning and securitization theories, the study concludes by prescribing some ways of curbing the menace arising from drug abuse and recommends for capacity building and strengthening of the NDLEA and other relevant agencies, increased awareness campaigns against drug abuse, educating students at all levels on the negative impact of drug abuse as well as parental involvement in the struggle.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 238-244\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AKINPELU, Ibrahim Lanre<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Governance and Public Policy, Centre for Strategic Research and Studies, National Defence College, Abuja, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Astorga, A. L., &amp; Shirk, D. (2010). Drug trafficking organizations and counter drug strategies in the U.S. Mexican Context. San Diego, CA: Evolving Democracy, Center for US Mexican Studies, University of California at San Diego.\r\n[2] Bonner, R. (2012). The cartel crackdown. Foreign Affairs, 93(3), 12-16. Boulard, G. (2010). Mexican drug war threatens US college study-abroad programs.\r\n[3] Dolan, C. J. (2005). United States\u2019 narco-terrorism policy: A contingency approach to the convergence of the wars on drugs and against terrorism. Review of Policy Research, (4), 451-471.\r\n[4] Felbab-Brown, V. (2009). Shooting up: Counterinsurgency and the war on drugs. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Publishing.\r\n[5] Fergusson, D. M., &amp; Horwood, L. J. (2000). Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction, 95, 505-520.\r\n[6] Fors, S. W., &amp; Rojek, D. G. (1991). A comparison of drug involvement between runaways and school youths. Journal of Drug Education, 21(1), 13-25.\r\n[7] Forst, M. L. (1994). A substance-use profile of delinquent and homeless youths. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 24(3) 219-231.\r\n[8] Gallagher, A. T. (2011). Improving the effectiveness of the international law of human trafficking: A vision for the future of the US trafficking in persons reports. Human Rights Review, 12, 381-400.\r\n[9] Golub, A., &amp; Johnson, B. (1994b). The shifting importance of alcohol and marijuana as gateway substances among serious drug abusers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 607-614.\r\n[10] Greene, J. M., &amp; Ennett, S. T. (1997). Substance use among runaway and homeless youth in three national samples. American Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 229\u2013235.\r\n[11] Hanratty, D. M., &amp; Meditz, S. W., et al. (1988). Colombia: A country study. Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. International Organization for Migration. (2008) Trafficking in persons in Afghanistan: Field survey report. Kabul, Afghanistan: International Organization for Migration Publisher.\r\n[12] International drug control policy. In L. S. Wyler (Ed.). CRS Report RL34543. Washington, D.C.: Office of Congressional Information and Publishing. U.S. National Security Council. (2011, July 20). Strategy to combat transnational organized crime. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. United States. (2012).\r\n[13] Jess Tyndall. Flinders University (2020). The AACODS checklist. Available at: https:\/\/dspace.flinders.edu.au\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/2328\/3326\/AACODS_Checklist.pdf?sequence=4 (Accessed February 13, 2020).\r\n[14] Jessor, R., &amp; Jessor S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth (p.281). New York: Academic Press.\r\n[15] Kandel, D. B., Kessler, R. C., &amp; Margulies, R. Z. (1978). Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 7(1), 13-40.\r\n[16] Kane, R. J., &amp; Yacoubian, G. S. Jr. (1999). Patterns of drug escalation among Philadelphia arrestees: An assessment of the gateway theory. Journal of Drug Issues, 2(1), 107-120.\r\n[17] Kouri, J. (2010, June 8). Al-Qaeda\/FARC connection: Running drugs to U.S. Conservative Crusader. U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. (2011).\r\n[18] Ohuabunwa SI. (2019). Tackling the menace of drug abuse: a disruptive innovative approach. Available at: https:\/\/psnnational.org\/index.php\/2019\/08\/01\/association-of-community-pharmacists-of-nigeria-acpn-bational-conference-holding-in-kano-state-june-1-4-2019\/ (Accessed March 18, 2020).\r\n[19] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2017). The drug problem and organized crime, illicit financial flows, corruption and terrorism. Vienna, Austria: United Nations. [Google Scholar]\r\n[20] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2019). World drug report 2019. Available at: https:\/\/wdr.unodc.org\/wdr2019\/en\/exsum.html (Accessed March 18, 2020).\r\n[21] World Development Data Catalog. Retrieved 2012, September 28 from http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/ SI.POV.GINI Yin, R. K. (2002).\r\n[22] Peltzer, K.; Phaswana-Mafuya, N. Drug use among youth and adults in a population-based survey in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Psychiatry 2018, 24, 1139. [CrossRef] [PubMed]\r\n[23] Thungana, Y.; Zingela, Z.; Van Wyk, S. First-episode psychosis and substance use in Nelson Mandela Bay: Findings from an acute mental health unit. S. Afr. J. Psychiatry 2019, 25, 1\u20136. [CrossRef] [PubMed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">AKINPELU, Ibrahim Lanre &#8220;Drug Abuse, Youths and National Security Implications for Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.238-244 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/238-244.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/238-244.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/drug-abuse-youths-and-national-security-implications-for-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Drug Abuse, Youths and National Security Implications for Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbd746 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbbd746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbd82a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbd82a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbda1d\" data-id=\"cbbda1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbdb88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbdb88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbdc5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbdc5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbddf0\" data-id=\"cbbddf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbdf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbdf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbe003 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbe003\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbe180\" data-id=\"cbbe180\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbe2b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbe2b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbe35e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbe6b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbe842\" data-id=\"cbbe842\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbe971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbe971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbea19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbea19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbeb7e\" data-id=\"cbbeb7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbeca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbeca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbed60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbed60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbef08\" data-id=\"cbbef08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbf03a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbbf03a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between Flexible Work Arrangements and Organisational Performance in Higher and Tertiary Education Institutions in Mashonaland Central Province during the Covid-19 Period in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Regis Muchowe, Dumisani Mawonde and Chomunogwa Pande- December 2021- Page No.: 245-249<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbbf102 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbbf102\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbbf2b1\" data-id=\"cbbf2b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbbf41a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbbf41a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the relationship between flexible work arrangements and performance of higher and tertiary education institutions during Covid-19 period. A quantitative method was used and a sample of 277 employees was chosen from a population of 900 employees working for 3 higher and tertiary education institutions who responded to questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM version 16 was used to analyse data collected using questionnaires. The findings were that flexi-time; tele-working, remote working and compressed work weekshad significant positive effect on organisational performance. The study concluded that flexi-time, tele-working, remote working and compressed work weeks improveorganisational performance in higher and tertiary education institutions during the Covid-19 period in Zimbabwe. Therefore the study recommends higher and tertiary education institutions in Zimbabwe to implement flexible work arrangements during the Covid-19 period because they improve organisational performance.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 245-249\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Regis Muchowe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adom Faith Mawunyo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chomunogwa Pande<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Allen, R. 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Human Relations, 1(1), 83-106.\r\n[19] Legge, K. (2014). Flexible Working Hours-Panacea or Placebo? Management Decision, 12(5), 264 \u2013 279.\r\n[20] Lewis, S., Gambles, R., &amp; Rapoport, R. (2013). The Constraints of a &#8216;Work-Life Balance&#8217; Approach: An International Perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 360-373.\r\n[21] Mordi, C., &amp; Ojo, S. I. (2020). Work-life Balance Practices in the Banking Sector: Insights from Nigeria. IFE Psychology, 19(2), 41-56.\r\n[22] Mount, M. K., &amp; Barrick, M. R. (2012). The Big Five Personality Dimensions: Implications for Research and Practice in Human Resources Management. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 13(3), 153-200.\r\n[23] Paaulson, J., &amp; Hyden, M. C. (2020). Trends in Human Resource Management in Eastern Europe (3rd ed.). London: Cengage.\r\n[24] Parasuraman, S. G. (2013). Toward Reducing Some Critical Gaps In Work-Family Research. Human Resource Management Review, 12(1), 299-312.\r\n[25] Perry-Smith, J. E., &amp; Blum, T. C. (2014). Work Family Human Resource Bundles and Perceived Organizational Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1107-1117.\r\n[26] Petty, C. (2013). Temporary Employment Costs and Benefits. Career Development International,, 3(5), 30-38.\r\n[27] Poelmans, S. A., Kalliath, T., &amp; Brough, P. (2018). &#8220;International Expert Commentary Achieving Work-Life Balance: Current Theoretical and Practice Issues&#8221;. Journal of Management &amp; Organization, 14(1), 227-238.\r\n[28] Price, A. (2007). Human Resource Management in a Business Context. London: Thompson Business Press.\r\n[29] Sturges, J. (2011). All in a Day&#8217;s Work? Career Self-Management and the Management of the Boundary Between Work and Non-Work. Human Resource Management Journal, 18(2), 118-134.\r\n[30] Sullivan, C., &amp; Lewis, S. (2016). Home-Based Telework, Gender, and the Synchronization of Work and Family: Perspectives of Teleworkers and their Co-residents. Gender, Work and Organisation, 8(2), 123-145.\r\n[31] Super, D. E. (2015). The Psychology of Careers. New York: Harper.\r\n[32] Tett, R. P., &amp; Meyer, J. P. (2011). Job Satis-faction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Meta Analytic Findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(1), 259-293.\r\n[33] Thomson, P. (2014). The business benefits of flexible working. . Strategic HR Review, 7(2), 17-22.\r\n[34] Torrington, D., Hall, L., &amp; Taylor, S. (2011). Human Resource Management. Harlow: Pearson.\r\n[35] Voydanoff, P. (2016). Toward a Conceptualisation of Perceived Work-Family Fit and Balance: A Demands and Resources Approach. . Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4), 822-836.\r\n[36] Wang, P., &amp; Walumbwa, F. O. (2013). Family Friendly Programmes, Organizational Commitment and Work Withdrawal: The Moderating Effect of Transformational Leadership. Personnel Psychology, 60(2), 397-427.\r\n[37] Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. New York: Harper and Row.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Regis Muchowe, Dumisani Mawonde and Chomunogwa Pande, &#8220;The Relationship between Flexible Work Arrangements and Organisational Performance in Higher and Tertiary Education Institutions in Mashonaland Central Province during the Covid-19 Period in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.245-249 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/245-249.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/245-249.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-flexible-work-arrangements-and-organisational-performance-in-higher-and-tertiary-education-institutions-in-mashonaland-central-province-during-the-covid-19-period-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Relationship between Flexible Work Arrangements and Organisational Performance in Higher and Tertiary Education Institutions in Mashonaland Central Province during the Covid-19 Period in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc0330 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbc0330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc0a93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc0a93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc0be6\" data-id=\"cbc0be6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc0cff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc0cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc0da6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc0da6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc0f0c\" data-id=\"cbc0f0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1035 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc1035\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc10d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc10d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1235\" data-id=\"cbc1235\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc133c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc133c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc13dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc13dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1522\" data-id=\"cbc1522\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc1631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc16cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc16cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1837\" data-id=\"cbc1837\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc1957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Legal Strength of Physical (Sporadic) Ownership Letters as the Basis for Land Rights (Analysis of the Jantho District Court Decision No.12\/Pdt.G\/2020\/PN-JTH)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Suhaimi, Roslaini Ramli, EnzusTinianus, Indra Kesuma Hadi, Chadijah Rizki Lestari- December 2021- Page No.: 250-254<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc19fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc19fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1b9d\" data-id=\"cbc1b9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc1cce elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbc1cce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study analyzes how the legal force of a physical (sporadic) letter of control over a plot of land. In practice, many owners of a plot of land do not have evidence to prove their property. Control over a plot of land without the support of written evidence will affect its ownership and transfer of land rights to other parties, and can even lead to disputes in court. This research only focuses on normative legal research (normative juridical), namely research that focuses on studies of documents from various primary data such as judges&#8217; decisions, laws and regulations, expert opinions and others. Meanwhile, the data collection technique was carried out by collecting primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. According to the results of the study, it is known that the Statement of Physical Control of Land (Sporadic) has perfect legal force such as an authentic deed, if the sporadic has been tested for truth and has been proven in front of the court, even sporadic is in accordance with the facts revealed in court. The parties who signed in the Sporadik confirmed their signatures and were confirmed by the signatures of the Village Head (KeuchikGampong) and the Camat as the local District Head.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 250-254\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51216<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suhaimi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Roslaini Ramli <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Enzus Tinianus <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Indra Kesuma Hadi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chadijah Rizki Lestari <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Law, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\nBooks, Journal, Website\r\n[1] Dahlan, KesaksianNotarisTerkaitPemalsuanSurat Di BawahTangan, KanunJurnalIlmu Hukum, Vol. 16(3), Desember, 2014.\r\n[2] Della RafiqaUtari, Suhaimi, Pendaftaran Tanah Yang DikuasaiOlehTempat-tempatIbadahUmat Islam Di KecamatanKutaAlam Banda Aceh, Syiah Kuala Law Journal (SKLJ), Vol.4(3), 2020.\r\n[3] FandriEntimanNae,KepastianHukumTerhadapHakMilikAtas Tanah Yang SudahBersertifikat, JurnalLexPrivatum, Vol.1 No.5 November 2013.\r\n[4] https:\/\/www.hukumonline.com\/klinik\/detail\/ulasan\/lt58ddaa2675aa7\/dampak-hukum-putusan-hakim-yang-berdasarkan-pada-bukti-palsu\/.\r\n[5] Ilyas Ismail, SertifikatSebagaiAlatBuktiHakAtas Tanah Dalam Proses Peradilan, KanunJurnalIlmuHukum, Vol. 13(1), 2011.\r\n[6] IrwanSoerodjo, KepastianHukum Hak Atas Tanah Di Indonesia, Arkota, 2003, Surabaya.\r\n[7] Malahayati, Syahrizal Abbas, Dahlan, KekuatanHukumAktaHibahUntukAnakAngkat,KanunJurnalIlmuHukum, Vol. 21(2), Agustus 2019.\r\n[8] Muyassar, Dahlan Ali, Suhaimi, \u201cPertanggungjawabanHukumNotarisTerhadapPengingkatanAktaJualBeli Tanah BersertifikatOlehPihak Yang Dirugikan\u201d, Syiah Kuala Law Journal (SKLJ), Vol. 3(1), April 2019.\r\nLaw and Regulations\r\n[1] Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.\r\n[2] Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles.\r\n[3] Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wet Boek).\r\n[4] Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration.\r\n[5] Regulation of the Minister of State for Agrarian Affairs\/Head of the National Land Agency Number 3 of 1997 concerning Provisions for the Implementation of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration.\r\n[6] Jantho Register District Court Decision Number 12\/Pdt.G\/2020\/PN-JTH.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Suhaimi, Roslaini Ramli, EnzusTinianus, Indra Kesuma Hadi, Chadijah Rizki Lestari, &#8220;The Legal Strength of Physical (Sporadic) Ownership Letters as the Basis for Land Rights (Analysis of the Jantho District Court Decision No.12\/Pdt.G\/2020\/PN-JTH)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.250-254 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51216<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/250-254.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-legal-strength-of-physical-sporadic-ownership-letters-as-the-basis-for-land-rights-analysis-of-the-jantho-district-court-decision-no-12-pdt-g-2020-pn-jth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Legal Strength of Physical (Sporadic) Ownership Letters as the Basis for Land Rights (Analysis of the Jantho District Court Decision No.12\/Pdt.G\/2020\/PN-JTH)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc2aec elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbc2aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3663\" data-id=\"cbc3663\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc376b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc376b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc381a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc381a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3963\" data-id=\"cbc3963\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3a6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc3a6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3b09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc3b09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3c48\" data-id=\"cbc3c48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3d53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc3d53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3dec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc3dec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc3f55\" data-id=\"cbc3f55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc406c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc406c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Sustainable Procurement Practices On Corporate Image in Mining Companies in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dumisani Mawonde and Josphat Nyoni- December 2021- Page No.: 255-258<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc410a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc410a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc428a\" data-id=\"cbc428a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc43fb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbc43fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sustainable procurement practices on corporate image in the mining sector of Zimbabwe. The study used a qualitative approach. Face to-face interviews were conducted with 10 key informants to collect qualitative data in mining companies and data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings of the study were that sustainable procurement practices such as buying from local suppliers, promoting human and labour rights motivated people to develop a positive perception about the mining on corporate image. The study also found out that mining companies also received some recognition and awards after putting into practice sustainable procurement. The study concluded that sustainable procurement practices such as buying from local suppliers, and the promotion of human and labour rights promotes corporate image in mining companies. The study also concluded that sustainable procurement practices enable mining companies to obtain other benefit such as recognition, acceptance and positive perception. The study recommends mining companies to buy from local and community based suppliers, and to promote human and labour rights in order to enhance their corporate image.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 255-258\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dumisani Mawonde <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josphat Nyoni <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Benard, M. (2015). \u2018A Comparative Study on Sustainable Procurement Practices in Sisal Processing Firms in Nakuru County\u2019, International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(5), p. 453. doi: 10.11648\/j.ijefm.20150305.16.\r\n[2] Berthod, O. (2017). \u2018Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance\u2019, pp. 1\u20135. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-31816-5.\r\n[3] Chari, F. and Chiriseri, L. (2014). \u2018Barriers to Sustainable Procurement in Zimbabwe\u2019, 4(1), pp. 14-018. Available at: www.gjournals.org.\r\n[4] Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply Level 5 (2012)\r\n[5] CIPS and NIGP \u2013 (2012).\r\n[6] Gelderman, C. J., Semeijn, J. and Vluggen, R. (2017). \u2018Development of sustainability in public sector procurement\u2019, Public Money and Management, 37(6), pp. 435\u2013442. doi: 10.1080\/09540962.2017.1344027.\r\n[7] Golafshani, N. 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(2017) \u2018Do sustainable procurement practices improve organizational performance?\u2019,Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(12), pp. 1\u201317. doi: 10.3390\/su9122281.\r\n[12] Kalubanga, M. (2015). \u2018SUSTAINABLE PROCUREMENT\u202f: Concept, and Practical\r\n[13] Merriam, S. B. (2002). Qualitative Research in Practice. Examples for Discussion and Analysis. Implications for the Procurement Process\u2019, (August).\r\n[14] Kiwili, N. E. and Ismail, S. N. 2016. \u2018Role od sustainable procurement practices on supply chain performance of manufacturing sector in Kenya: a case study of East African Portland cement company\u2019, 4(3), pp. 1\u201331.\r\n[15] Lakmali, T. and Jayarathne, P. 2018. \u2018Economic Impacts of Applying Green Supply Chain Management Practices to Organizations in Sri Lanka\u2019, (18), pp. 27\u201331. Lantai, T. (no date) \u2018University of Stavanger\u2019.\r\n[16] Lysons, K., and Farrington, B., 2012. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 7thEdition,England\r\n[17] Lysons, K., and Farrington, B., 2016. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 9thEdition,England\r\n[18] Makkonen, A. 2014. \u2018The role of company\u2019s sustainable procurement practices in conscious consumer buying behaviour Case\u202f:EkotinOy\u2019.\r\n[19] Nderitu, K. and Ngugi, K. 2014. \u2018Effects of Green Procurement Practices on an Organization Performance in Manufacturing Industry: Case Study of East African Breweries Limited\u2019, European Journal of Business Management, 22(1), pp. 341\u2013352. Available at: http:\/\/www.ejobm.org.\r\n[20] Pettersson, A. 2008. \u2018Measurements of efficiency in a Supply chain\u2019.\r\n[21] Profile, S. E. E. 2014. \u2018Resource Based View (RBV) of Competitive Advantage: An Overview\u2019, (March 2010).\r\n[22] Rebolj, B. 2017. \u2018AdrijanaBibaStarman The case study as a type of qualitative research\u2019, (September 2014).\r\n[23] Renukappa, S. et al. 2016. \u2018Sustainable procurement strategies for competitive advantage: an empirical study\u2019, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers &#8211; Management, Procurement and Law, 169(1), pp. 17\u201325. doi: 10.1210\/en.2002-221108.\r\n[24] Lemmet S., 2012. \u2018The Impacts of S ustainable P ublic Eight Illustrative\u2019. Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Assets Act\r\n[25] Sachs, J. D. 2012. \u2018From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals\u2019, 379. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60685-0.\r\n[26] Saunders Mark, Lewis Phillip, T. A. 2016. Research Methods for Business Students. 7th edn. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.\r\n[27] Sustainable Development Konwledge Summary., 2012. Sustainable Procurement Guide, 2012. \u2018Sustainable Procurement Guide\u2019. 2013. Sustainable Procurement Guide of Austria 2018\r\n[28] Telewa, S. 2014. \u2018Sustainable Procurement Practices in the Public Water Sector Institutions in Kenya\u2019, Journal of Management and Business Studies, 2(3), pp. 19\u201325.\r\n[29] Voorde, F. van de. 2014. \u2018The Effects of Sustainable Practices on Customer-Based Brand Equity\u2019, 1(11), pp. 1\u201314.\r\n[30] Walker, H. and Jones, N. 2015. \u2018Sustainable supply chain management across the UK private sector\u2019, January 2012. doi: 10.1108\/13598541211212177.\r\n[31] Wallace, A. and Omachar, A. E. 2016. \u2018Effects of Green Procurement Practices on Operational Efficiency at Kenya Airways Limited, Kenya\u2019, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(7), pp. 2454\u20131362. doi: http:\/\/www.imperialjournals.com\/index.php\/IJIR\/article\/view\/1075\/1030.\r\n[32] Weele, A. J. V. a N. et al. 2014. \u2018The Future of Purchasing and Supply Management Research\u202f: About Relevance and Rigor Eindhoven University of Technology\u2019, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 50(1), pp. 56\u201372. doi: 10.1111\/jscm.12042.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dumisani Mawonde and Josphat Nyoni, &#8220;The Effect of Sustainable Procurement Practices On Corporate Image in Mining Companies in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.255-258 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/255-258.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/255-258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-sustainable-procurement-practices-on-corporate-image-in-mining-companies-in-mashonaland-central-province-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effect of Sustainable Procurement Practices On Corporate Image in Mining Companies in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc5241 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbc5241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc62e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc62e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc6388 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc6388\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc64d5\" data-id=\"cbc64d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc65dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc65dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc6677 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc6677\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc67e3\" data-id=\"cbc67e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc68ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc68ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Farmer Input Support Programme FISP in Zambia and State of Food security at house level in Chiawa District<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Magasu Allan, Dr. Oliver Magasu (PhD)- December 2021- Page No.: 259-265<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc6988 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc6988\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc6afd\" data-id=\"cbc6afd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc6c32 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbc6c32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe main purpose of this study was to establish the state of food security at household level as a result of Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) in Chiawa District, Zambia. The study employed a qualitative approach to generate data. Data was analysed using thematic analysis and simple statistics. Heterogeneous purposive sampling technique was employed to sample the participants. Data was collected through focus group discussions and interviews. An interview guide was administered to a sample of 21 FISP beneficiaries who were interviewed on one to one basis. A focus group guide was administered in three (3) Focus Groups. Six (6) Village headmen and two (2) Ministry of Agriculture (MA) officials were purposively selected and data was also collected through an interview guide. The main finding was that FISP had not resulted in household food security because of the following reasons; inadequacy of seeds and fertiliser, late delivery of inputs, limited seed varieties, lack of funds by some beneficiaries to pay the required farmer contribution to access inputs, sale of inputs by some beneficiaries. Based on the research findings, the study recommended among others that the government should consider subsidising the FISP pack further to enable the ajority of the small-scale farmers\u2019 access it. Since the area is drought prone, the Ministry of Agriculture should consider including drought tolerant seed crops such as sorghum in the FISP, not just maize alone.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 259-265\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Magasu Allan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University \u2013 Kabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Oliver Magasu (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWorld Vision Zambia-Mwinilunga\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bond, G., (1993). Death, dysentery and drought: coping capacities of households in Chiawa. Institute of economic and social Research Library, UNZA, Published\r\n[2] Chipata District Farmers Association (CDFA). (2008). Draft Farmers Report on the 2007-8 Fertiliser Support Program. Chipata District Farmers Association (CDFA), Chipata.\r\n[3] Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR) \u2013 Zambia. (2011). An Assessment of the Implementation and Viability of the Farmer Input Support Program In Zambia: With Case Studies of Mazabuka and Monze Districts. CSPR.\r\n[4] Dorward, A., Chirwa E., Kelly V., Jayne T., (2008). Evaluation of the 2006\/7 Agricultural Input Supply Programme, Malawi. Final report, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Wadonda Consult, Michigan State University, and Overseas Development Institute (ODI), undertaken for the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Government of Malawi.\r\n[5] FAO. (1996). Rome Declaration and World Food Summit Plan of Action. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). World Food Summit, Rome, Italy, 13-17 November 1996, FAO, Rome, Italy, www.fao.org\/docrep\/003\/w3613e\/w3613e00.HTM. (Accessed on 1st December, 2016)\r\n[6] Funsani, W. et al (2016). Farmer Input Support Programme and Household Income: Lessons from Zambia\u2019s Southern Province. Transformations in Business and Economics, Vol. 15. No. 3C (39C), 2016\r\n[7] Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). (2004b). Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Implementation Progress Report July 2003-June 2004, Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Lusaka.\r\n[8] International Food and Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). (2001). Sustainable food security for all by 2020: Proceedings of an international conference dubbed Sustainable food security for all by 2020 . Bonn, Germany.\r\n[9] Lungu, A., (2008). Corruption in Government Unsettles Mwanawasa, Times of Zambia, 6th January, 2008.\r\n[10] Magasu, Allan (2016). The Effectiveness of Farmer Input Support Programme in Promoting Household Food Security: The Case of Chiawa, Kafue District. Lusaka: UNZA, Published\r\n[11] Musonda, C., (2008). Fertiliser Crisis Leaves Small Scale Farmers foodless, 13th January.\r\n[12] Muleba M., (2008). Fertiliser support is a subsidy disaster,\u201d MS Zambia Newsletter, 21st October.\r\n[13] Minde, I., Jayne T.S., Crawford E., Ariga J., and Govereh J., (2008). Promoting Fertiliser Use in Africa: Current Issues and Empirical Evidence from Malawi, Zambia, and Kenya, Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) Working Paper No. 13.\r\n[14] United Nations (UN) Millennium Project. (2005). Halving Hunger: It Can Be Done. Task Force on Hunger. UNDP. Earthscan, London.\r\n[15] White, S. C., Gaines Jr, S. O., Jha, S., Marshall, N., &amp; Graveling, E., (2012). Wellbeing Pathways Report: Zambia Round.\r\n[16] World Bank. (2002a). Zambia: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper and Joint Staff Assessment. Report No. 24035-ZA. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.\r\n[17] World Bank, (2002b). Zambia Agricultural Sector Investment Program: Implementation Completion Report. Report No. 24444-ZA. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Magasu Allan, Dr. Oliver Magasu (PhD), &#8220;Farmer Input Support Programme FISP in Zambia and State of Food security at house level in Chiawa District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.259-265 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/259-265.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/259-265.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/farmer-input-support-programme-fisp-in-zambia-and-state-of-food-security-at-house-level-in-chiawa-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Farmer Input Support Programme FISP in Zambia and State of Food security at house level in Chiawa District<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc7a1c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbc7a1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc7aef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc7aef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc7c55\" data-id=\"cbc7c55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc7d6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc7d6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc7e0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc7e0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc7f62\" data-id=\"cbc7f62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc806b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc806b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc8107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8258\" data-id=\"cbc8258\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc839c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc839c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8441 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc8441\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8590\" data-id=\"cbc8590\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc86b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc86b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc874e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc874e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc888e\" data-id=\"cbc888e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8999 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc8999\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8a30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc8a30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8b7d\" data-id=\"cbc8b7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8c7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc8c7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8d1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc8d1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8e80\" data-id=\"cbc8e80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc8f8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbc8f8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Religion and Morality: A Review of the Perspectives in Context<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zipporah N. Sitoki, Dr. John Ekwenye &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 266-270<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbc903a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbc903a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbc91bc\" data-id=\"cbc91bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbc92fe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbc92fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Religion and morality are not synonymous though, but some scholarly positions argue that sometimes religion affects morality. The problem is that even though the society may seem to be practicing more of religious related pursuits, the level of morality continues to deteriorate, a fact that strengthens the argument of secularism and the opinion that religion and morality have no relationship. This paper therefore reviews relevant literature in relation to the topic in context, morality and religion, in accordance to the various perspectives in place. The paper is guided by the Divine Command Theory developed by a number of philosophers. The literature reveals a number of issues in reflection to religion and morality and the perspectives in place. In a nutshell, morality in the society should prevail regardless of the ideology an individual subscribes to given that the religious and non-religious people hold their views firm.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 266-270\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zipporah N. Sitoki<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. John Ekwenye<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Amingo, I. (2003). Higher Education and Development in Nigeria. Trends and Issues in Managing Universities in Nigeria, Owerri: Springfield Publisher, 89-105.\r\n[2] Aminigo, I. M., &amp; Nwaokugha, D. O. (2006). An advanced introduction to philosophy of education. Choba: Zelta Research Consult.\r\n[3] Austin, M., W. (21 August 2006). &#8220;Divine Command Theory&#8221;. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 16 May 2017.\r\n[4] Chen, V. T. (2021). The Mirage of Meritocracy and the Morality of Grace. In The Routledge Handbook on the American Dream (pp. 58-72). Routledge.\r\n[5] Edwords, F. (1989). &#8220;What Is Humanism?&#8221;. American Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010.\r\n[6] Eric Digest, (1994). Religion in the Social Studies curriculum. Evangelical Alliance Report, 2007 http:\/\/www.eric digest.org\/1994\/religion.htm.\r\n[7] Eshiwani, G. S. (1993). Education in Kenya since independence. East African Publishers.\r\n[8] Gingell Epstein, E. (2010). Moral obligations of nurses and physicians in neonatal end-of-life care. Nursing ethics, 17(5), 577-589.\r\n[9] Hall, D. L., &amp; Ames, R. T. (1995). Anticipating China: Thinking through the narratives of Chinese and Western culture. SUNY Press.\r\n[10] Iwuagwu, E. K. (2018). The relationship between religion and morality: On whether the multiplicity of religious denominations have impacted positively on socio-ethical behavior. Global journal of arts, humanities and social sciences, 6(9), 42-53.\r\n[11] Jebungei, N. K. (2013). Overcoming the Challenges Facing Secondary Schools Teachers in Using Christian Religious Education to Convey Values to Students in Eldoret Municipality, Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3 (15), 271-278.\r\n[12] Kikongo, J. (2002). The Concept of Ethics in African Traditional Society. Sumner, C. and Yohannes, S, Perspective in African Philosophy: An Anthology \u2018Problematic of an African Philosophy Twenty Years After (1976-1996), 25-37.\r\n[13] Lee, A. (October 2012). &#8220;Nine Great Freethinkers and Religious Dissenters in History&#8221;. Big Think. Retrieved 12 June 2015.\r\n[14] Leist, A., &amp; Singer, P. (Eds.). (2010). JM Coetzee and ethics: philosophical perspectives on literature. Columbia University Press.\r\n[15] Maclure, J., &amp; Taylor, C. (2011). Secularism and freedom of conscience. Harvard University Press.\r\n[16] Marx, K. (1843). On the Jewish question.\r\n[17] Middleton, N. (2011). Existentialism and Operative Grace: The Mystical Morality of Karl Rahner. Philosophy and Theology, 23(1), 73-90.\r\n[18] Mishra, M. (2012). Between women: Indenture, morality and health. Australian Humanities Review, 52, 57-70.\r\n[19] Murphy, M. C. (1998). Divine command, divine will, and moral obligation. Faith and Philosophy, 15(1), 3-27.\r\n[20] Okoh, J. D. (2003). Philosophy of Nigerian Education (The Basics). Owerri: Corporate Impressions\r\n[21] Osaat, S. D. (2004). Distance education in Nigeria: The way forward. Interdisciplinary Journal of Academic Architects in Nigeria, 1(1), 71-83.\r\n[22] Paul, R., &amp; Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking competency standards. Dillon Beach: Foundation for critical thinking.\r\n[23] Saroglou, V. (2006). Religious bricolage as a psychological reality: limits, structures and dynamics. Social Compass, 53(1), 109-115.\r\n[24] Sutton, G. W., &amp; Schmidly, B. (Eds.). (2016). Christian morality: An interdisciplinary framework for thinking about contemporary moral issues. Wipf and Stock Publishers.\r\n[25] Tripathi D. (2009). Religion and Humanity development.\r\n[26] Udeani, C. C., Capurro, R., &amp; Fr\u00fchbauer, J. J. (2008). The Internet as an Ethical Challenge for Religions. The International Review of Information Ethics, 9, 2-4.\r\n[27] Verhoef, H., &amp; Michel, C. (1997). Studying morality within the African context: A model of moral analysis and construction. Journal of Moral Education, 26(4), 389-407.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zipporah N. Sitoki, Dr. John Ekwenye, &#8220;Religion and Morality: A Review of the Perspectives in Context&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.266-270 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/266-270.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/266-270.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/religion-and-morality-a-review-of-the-perspectives-in-context\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Religion and Morality: A Review of the Perspectives in Context<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbca0d9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbca0d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbca1a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbca1a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbca309\" data-id=\"cbca309\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbca418 elementor-widget 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elementor-element-cbca71a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbca71a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbca7d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbca7d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbca930\" data-id=\"cbca930\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcaa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcaa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcab14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcab14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcac61\" data-id=\"cbcac61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcad69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcad69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcae19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcae19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcaf61\" data-id=\"cbcaf61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb06c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcb06c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcb107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb262\" data-id=\"cbcb262\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcb364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb403 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcb403\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb55c\" data-id=\"cbcb55c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb66e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcb66e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Overview Pornography Consumption among Malaysian Viewer<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nuraini, N., Syaiful, N. A. H. &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 271-281<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb707 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcb707\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcb8b6\" data-id=\"cbcb8b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcba21 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbcba21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research is to identify relationship between accesses to the use of pornography platform with respondent demography and to identify the most suitable social work intervention next apply it to the research. This study applied Pornography Consumption Effects Scale (PCES) consisting 5 components know as Life In General (LIG), Perception towards Opposite Gender (PTOG), and Attitudes towards Sex (ATS), Sex Life (SL) and Sex Knowledge (SK). In this study, total of 1340 respondent from Malaysia between the age of 17 to 64 years old has consume pornography by accident or voluntarily been selected to continue with the research. This study also adapt T-test and ANOVA test to contemplate relationship between accesses to the use of pornography platform with respondent demography. Result from the test show that male have a significant relationship with perception toward gender male and female. However, there a significance relationship with respondent that married and sex knowledge. It is suggested that in this study the most suitable intervention social work and can be applied in this situation are Youth Clinic.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 271-281\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nuraini, N.<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syaiful, N. A. H.<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ali, A. A. Z., Muhammad, N. A., Jamil, T. R., Ahmad, S., &amp; Abd Aziz, N. A. (2021). Internet pornography exposures amongst young people in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study looking into the role of gender and perceived realism versus the actual sexual activities. Addictive behaviors reports, 14, 100350.\r\n[2] Allen, A., Kannis-Dymand, L., &amp; Katsikitis, M. (2017). 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An exploration of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of young multiethnic Muslim-majority society in Malaysia in relation to reproductive and premarital sexual practices. BMC public health, 12(1), 1-13.\r\n[92] Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., &amp; Kraus, A. (2016). A meta-analysis of pornography consumption and actual acts of sexual aggression in general population studies. Journal of Communication, 66(1), 183-205.\r\n[93] Ybarra, M. L., &amp; Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: A national survey. CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior, 8(5), 473-486.\r\n[94] Yigit, S., &amp; Mendes, M. (2018). Which effect size measure is appropriate for one-way and two-way ANOVA models? A Monte Carlo simulation study. Revstat Statistical Journal, 16(3), 295-313.\r\n[95] Zhou, Y., &amp; Paul, B. (2016). Lotus blossom or dragon lady: A content analysis of \u201cAsian women\u201d online pornography. Sexuality &amp; Culture, 20(4), 1083-1100.\r\n[96] Zillmann, D., &amp; Bryant, J. (1988). Effects of prolonged consumption of pornography on family values. Journal of Family Issues, 9(4), 518-544.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nuraini, N., Syaiful, N. A. H. &#8220;Overview Pornography Consumption among Malaysian Viewer&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.271-281 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/271-281.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/271-281.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/overview-pornography-consumption-among-malaysian-viewer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Overview Pornography Consumption among Malaysian Viewer<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcc8d2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbcc8d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcddd5\" data-id=\"cbcddd5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcdeeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcdeeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Stress and its effects on female students at a Zimbabwean State University<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Annah Moyo, Dr Starlin Musingarambwi- December 2021- Page No.: 282-287<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcdf8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcdf8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbce10d\" data-id=\"cbce10d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbce236 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbce236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIndisputably, university students are exposed to multiple stress situations on a daily basis. However, research evidence shows that globally, female university students are more susceptible to stress than their male counterparts. This study sought to establish some causes and forms of stress, as well as effects of stress confronting undergraduate Bachelor of Education Degree female students at a satellite centre of a state university in Zimbabwe. We purposively selected a sample of 100 female students (n=100) comprising 50 married and 50 single. We preferred a qualitative survey and used a survey questionnaire and a semi-structured interview to collect data. Interview data were subjected to content analysis and distilled into broad themes, while a Chi-Square statistics was computed to prove the hypotheses to determine the association between the effects of stress and the marital status of female university students, thereby addressing the question on the effects of stress on these students. The findings revealed academic demands, economic hardships and social issues as major sources of stress and categories around which stress among female students revolved. An association existed between the female students\u2019 marital status and effects of stress on them, in a statistically significant manner, prompting us to conclude that stress effects took their toll more on married female students than single female students. These findings have implications for furthering our understanding of stress experience profiles of female university students with a view to helping them to develop stress coping strategies.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 282-287\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Annah Moyo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMidlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Starlin Musingarambwi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMidlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adasi, G.S., Amponsa, K.D., Mohammed, S.M., Yeboa, R. &amp;Mintah, P.C. (2020) Gender Differences in Stressors and Coping Strategies Among Teacher Education Students at University of Ghana. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(2).\r\n[2] Al-Qahtan, M.F. &amp; Alsubie, A.S.R. (2020)Investigating Stress and Sources of Stress Among Female Health Profession Students in a Saudi University.Journal of Multidisciplinary Health Care, 13:477-484.\r\n[3] Boke,.N, Mills, D.J, Mettler, J., and Heath, N.L 2019). Stress and Coping Patterns of University Students.Journal of College Student Development, 60(1), 85-103.\r\n[4] Brough, K.(2015)Factors associated with College Students\u2019 Stress. An unpublished Dissertation at Colorado State University, Fort Collins.\r\n[5] Bush, T. (2011). Theories of Educational Leadership &amp; Management (4th. ed.). London, SAGE Publications Ltd.\r\n[6] Chemutai, L B., and Mulambula, S.M. (2020) The Determination of Academic Stress Levels by Gender and Year of Study. A Case of Kenyan University Students. American Journal of International Science, 9(4).\r\n[7] Cotter, D.A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S. &amp; Vanneman, R. (2001). The Glass Ceiling Effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655-682. Retrieved on January18,2015,fromhttp:\/\/www.vanneman.umd.edu\/papers\/CotterHOV01.pd\r\n[8] Creswell, J. W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. New Jersey: Pearson.\r\n[9] Creswell, J. W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. London: Sage Publishers.\r\n[10] Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations (2016) Addressing Women\u2019s Work Burdens:Key Issues, Promising Solutions and Way Forward. Retrieved on October18,2021,fromhttp:\/\/www.fao.org\r\n[11] Girija, C., Siyamaladevi, S.&amp; Muthaiah, M.V.(2021) Effects of Stress Among Female College Students. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 9(4).\r\n[12] GLOPP\/ILO (2008)Gender Roles. ILO International Training Centre.\r\n[13] Hartas, D. (2010) (ed.) Educational Research and Inquiry: Key Issues and Debates. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.\r\n[14] Kwaah, C.Y. &amp; Essilfie, G. (2017) Stress and Coping Strategies among Distance Education Students at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Turkish Online Journal of Education, 18(3).\r\n[15] Portoghese, I., Galleta, M., Porru, F., Burdoff, A., Sardo, S., D\u2019Aloja, E., Finco, G. &amp; Campagna, M., (2019) Stress Among University Students: Factorial Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Italian Version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Student Questionnaire. BMC Psychology, 7:68.\r\n[16] Punch, K. F. (2009) Introduction to Research Methods in Education. London: Sage Publications.\r\n[17] Rizwan,A, Farooq,S Alvi, M.S.I&amp; Nawaz, S (2012) Analysis of Factors Affecting the Stress levels of Female Engineering Students. Global Journal of Human Social Science,xiii(i).\r\n[18] Salkind, N.J.(2017)Statistics for People who (Think They) Hate Statistics. London, Sage Publishers.\r\n[19] Tuncay,N., Muduroglu,R.&amp; Bulut,A.(2020)Educational Stress, Social Stress and Gender Differences Among University Students. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World, 2( 2).\r\n[20] Wirkus, A.B., Wirkus, l., Staslak, K. &amp; Kozlowski, P. (2021) University Students\u2019 Strategies of Coping with Stress during the coronavirus Pandemic; Data from Poland. PLoS ONE 16(7):e0255041.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.025541\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Annah Moyo, Dr Starlin Musingarambwi, &#8220;Stress and its effects on female students at a Zimbabwean State University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.282-287 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/282-287.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/282-287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/stress-and-its-effects-on-female-students-at-a-zimbabwean-state-university\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Stress and its effects on female students at a Zimbabwean State University<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbceffc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbceffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf0ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcf0ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf229\" data-id=\"cbcf229\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcf342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf3de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcf3de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf530\" data-id=\"cbcf530\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf63a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcf63a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf6df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcf6df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf834\" data-id=\"cbcf834\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcf95f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcf95f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfa07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcfa07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfb56\" data-id=\"cbcfb56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfc6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcfc6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfd05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcfd05\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfe4b\" data-id=\"cbcfe4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbcff4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbcff4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbcfff1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbcfff1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd0132\" data-id=\"cbd0132\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd0238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd0238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd02d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd02d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd047c\" data-id=\"cbd047c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd05a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd05a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Fraudulent Financial Reporting in Nigeria: Integrating Fraud Triangle Theory Elements<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>ABILORO, Toba Olakunle ACA, OLORUNFEMI, Oladele Ebenezer- December 2021- Page No.: 288-297<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd064d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd064d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd07f8\" data-id=\"cbd07f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd0939 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbd0939\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper investigates the key determinants of fraudulent financial reporting in Nigeria by integrating fraud triangle theory elements (that is, Pressure [external pressure-Debt, financial stability-LDR, and financial target-ROA], Opportunity [ineffective monitoring], and Rationalization [auditor\u2019s change]. The population this study is banking company listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange with a total sample of 135 from 15 banking companies between 2012-2020. Based on the results of research using regression analysis, the findings showed that pressure is having both positive and significant relationship with fraudulent financial reporting; also, rationalization is having significant but negative relationship, whereas opportunity is having positive but insignificant relationship. The study therefore conclude that among others, these elements are the key determinants of fraudulent financial reporting and also recommends that company should avoid huge debt profile and heavy target on the management in order to reduce the pressure to perpetrate fraud by the management. Also, they are encouraged to always appoint audit firm with required quality and integrity, and lastly, they should always enforce constant audit rotation as stipulated by the standard.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 288-297\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51217<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ABILORO, Toba Olakunle ACA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Accountancy Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo state, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OLORUNFEMI, Oladele Ebenezer <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Management Science Department, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abbasi, A., Albrecht, C., Vance, A., &amp; Hansen, J. 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(2011), Detecting and predicting financial statement fraud: The effectiveness of the fraud triangle and SAS No. 99. Advances in Financial Economics, 13(1), 23-36.\r\n[47] Smaili, N., Labelle, R., &amp; Stolowy, H. (2009). La publication d&#8217;une information financi\u00e8re non conforme \u00e0 la loi et aux normes: D\u00e9terminants et cons\u00e9quences. Comptabilit\u00e9 &#8211; Contr\u00f4le &#8211; Audit, 15 (1), 159-198.\r\n[48] Spathis, C. T. (2002). Detecting false financial statements using published data: some evidence from Greece. Managerial Auditing Journal, 17(4), 179-191.\r\n[49] Wells, D. T. (2014). Report to the Nations on occupational fraud and abuse. Association of certified fraud examiners.\r\n[50] Williams, I. (2005) corrupt practices; Implications for economic growth and development of Nigeria. The Nigerian Accountants, 38 (4), 44 \u2013 50.\r\n[51] Wolfe, D., &amp; Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: Considering four elements of fraud. The CPA Journal, 74(12), 38-42.\r\n[52] Wuerges, A., &amp; Borba, J. (2010). Accounting Fraud detection: is it possible to quantity undiscovered cases? Social Science Research Network, http:\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1718652.\r\n[53] Yulistyawti, A. K., Suardikha, S. M., &amp; Sudana, P. I. (2019). The analysis of the factor that causes fraudulent financial reporting with fraud diamond. Jurnal Akuntansin Dan Auditing Indonesia, 23(1), 1-10.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">ABILORO, Toba Olakunle ACA, OLORUNFEMI, Oladele Ebenezer, &#8220;Determinants of Fraudulent Financial Reporting in Nigeria: Integrating Fraud Triangle Theory Elements&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.288-297 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51217<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2543 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd2543\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2683\" data-id=\"cbd2683\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd2792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd282d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd282d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd297a\" data-id=\"cbd297a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2a81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd2a81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2b23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd2b23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2c85\" data-id=\"cbd2c85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2d95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd2d95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Establishing the relationship between job orientation and employee performance in Bushenyi District Local Government, Uganda<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abenanye Jackline- December 2021- Page No.: 298-306<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2e30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd2e30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd2fe2\" data-id=\"cbd2fe2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd3126 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbd3126\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study sought to establish the relationship between job orientation and employee performance. The researcher adopted a cross-sectional design using a sample of 131 respondents. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses. It was established that orientation positively and significantly predicted employee performance. It was hence concluded employee orientation through, new staff receiving briefing about working condition, being guided through the policies, being helped to understand job procedures and job rewards significantly influenced job performance. It was thus recommended that employee orientation through government agencies including local governments other organisations should put emphasis on briefing new staff about working conditions, policies, job procedures and job rewards.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 298-306\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abenanye Jackline <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAbenanye Jackline\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aigboduwa, J. 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M. 2012, Personal Interview Survey. Available at: Explorable.com: http:\/\/explorable.com\/personal-interview-survey (Retrieved May 27, 2015).\r\n[37] Storey, J., Wright, P. M., &amp; Ulrich, D. (2009). The Routledge companion to strategic human resource management (Eds). Taylor &amp; Francis.\r\n[38] Tashakkori, A., &amp;Teddlie, C. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research (Eds.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[39] Tavakol, M., &amp; Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55.\r\n[40] Truitt, D. L. (2011). The effect of training and development on employee attitude as it relates to training and work proficiency. SAGE Open, 1(3), 2158244011433338.\r\n[41] Yongbeom, H. (2007). Organisational performance, turnover, and human resource management: focusing on municipal police services. Unpublished dissertation for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in the Martin School of Public Policy and Administration.\r\n[42] Zhang, J. (2010). Employee orientation and performance: an exploration of the mediating role of customer orientation. Journal of business ethics, 91(1), 111-121.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abenanye Jackline, &#8220;Establishing the relationship between job orientation and employee performance in Bushenyi District Local Government, Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.298-306 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/298-306.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd41b9\" data-id=\"cbd41b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd42db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd42db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd437f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd4695\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd47d7\" data-id=\"cbd47d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4911 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd4911\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd49b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd49b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4b03\" data-id=\"cbd4b03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4c1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd4c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4cc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd4cc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4e0c\" data-id=\"cbd4e0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4f16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd4f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd4fb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd4fb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd50f9\" data-id=\"cbd50f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd5208 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd5208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd52a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd52a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd5405\" data-id=\"cbd5405\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd550f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd550f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Audit Committee and Financial Performance of Listed Firms in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nse Umoh-Daniel, Beauty Ekiomado Eguasa (Ph.D), &amp; Best-Okwu, Excellence &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 307-313<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd55b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd55b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd5736\" data-id=\"cbd5736\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd5876 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbd5876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of Audit Committee (AC) characteristics on the financial performance of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The research sample comprises of eighteen (18) consumer goods companies and secondary data was generated from the annual accounts and reports which spanned from 2010 \u2013 2019 financial years. Using the panel regression analysis; the study found that frequency of AC meetings, independence of AC and AC size have significant effect on financial performance. The study concluded that the presence of audit committee is vital in companies. The study therefore recommended that compliance with respect to audit committee size, meetings and independence should be adequately checked to ensure conformity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 307-313\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51218<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nse Umoh-Daniel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Benson Idahosa University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Beauty Ekiomado Eguasa (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Benson Idahosa University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Best-Okwu, Excellence<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Benson Idahosa University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdellaltif, A. 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The Influence of Intellectual Capital to Financial Performance at Insurance Companies in Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSE). Proceedings of the 13th Asia Pacific Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia.\r\n[17] Jensen, M., &amp; Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(6) 305-360.\r\n[18] Kerlinger, F. (1970). Foundations of behavioural research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.\r\n[19] Kuang, C. (2007). Audit committee characteristics and earnings management. A dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand\r\n[20] Levitt, A. (1998). The Number Came\u2019 Securities and Exchange Commission. NYU Centre for\r\nLaw and Business, New York.\r\n[21] Lin, P., Li, H., &amp; Yang, E. (2006). The auditor\u2019s going-concern decision: Some UK evidence concerning independence and competence. Journal of Business Finance &amp; Accounting, 20(2), 213-228.\r\n[22] Mahdi, S., Mohammad, T., &amp; Hossein, T. (2018). The effect of characteristics of audit committee and board on corporate profitability in Iran. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 34(1), 71-88\r\n[23] Maina, L. K., &amp; Oluoch, O. (2018). Effect of corporate audit committee characteristics on financial performance of manufacturing firms in Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 4(10), 684-701\r\n[24] Mitnick, B. M. (2006). Origin of the theory of agency: an account by one of the theory&#8217;s\r\noriginators. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.\r\n[25] Mohammad, A. J. (2015). Audit committee characteristics improving financial reporting quality among Malaysian listed company. European Journal of Social Science Review, 1(2), 18-28\r\n[26] Mustafa, M. (2012). Audit committee and financial reporting. Business and Management Review, 2(20), 52-61.\r\n[27] Naser, K., &amp; Mokhtar, M. (2004). Determinants of Corporate Performance of Malaysian Companies. Fourth Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference, 1 (1), 16-25. Singapore.\r\n[28] Nuhu, M. S., Umaru, S. Y., &amp; Salisu, S. (2017). The effect of audit committee\u2019s quality on the financial performance of food and beverages industry in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 6(9), 32-40.\r\n[29] Ojeka, S. A., Iyoha, F. O., &amp; Obigbemi, I. F. (2013). Audit committee characteristics and firm financial performance in Nigeria. International Business Information Management Association Conference, Rome, Italy.\r\n[30] Okoi, I., Stephen, O., &amp; Sani, J. (2014). The effects of corporate governance on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research (IJPAMR), 2(2), 219-234\r\n[31] Olayinka, O. (2019). Audit committee and firm\u2019s performance in Nigeria: Case study of selected Nigerian Banks. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP). 9, 9315. DOI: 10.29322\/IJSRP.9.09.2019.p9315\r\n[32] Orjinta, H. I., &amp; Ikueze, N. E. (2018). Effect of audit committee characteristics on performance of non-financial firms: Evidence from a recessed economy. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 24(1), 289\u2013298\r\n[33] Salisu, K. B., &amp; Nur-Ashikin, M. S. (2016). Audit committee attributes and firm performance: Evidence from Malaysian finance companies. Asian Review of Accounting 23(3), 206-231\r\n[34] Sidiq, A., &amp; Krismiaji, K. (2020). Audit committee characteristics and financial performance: Indonesian evidence. Equity. 22. 139. 10.34209\/equ.v22i2.1326.\r\n[35] Treadway Commission. (1987). Report of the national commission on fraudulent financial reporting. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. New York.\r\n[36] Xie, B., &amp; Davidson, W. &amp; Dadalt, P. J. (2003). Earnings management and corporate governance: the role of the board and the audit committee. Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, 9(3), 295-316,\r\n[37] Zahirul, M., Nazrul, M., &amp; Bhattacharjee, S. (2010). Agency problem and the role of audit committee: Implications for corporate sector in Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3), 177-188.\r\n[38] Zajac, E. J., &amp; Westphal, J. D. (1994). The cost and benefits of managerial incentives and monitoring in large U.S. corporations: When is more not better? Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), 121-142\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nse Umoh-Daniel, Beauty Ekiomado Eguasa (Ph.D), &amp; Best-Okwu, Excellence, &#8220;Audit Committee and Financial Performance of Listed Firms in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.307-313 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51218<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/audit-committee-and-financial-performance-of-listed-firms-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Audit Committee and Financial Performance of Listed Firms in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd6766 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbd6766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7026\" data-id=\"cbd7026\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7147 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd7147\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd71e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd71e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7335\" data-id=\"cbd7335\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7445 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd7445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd74e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd74e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7629\" data-id=\"cbd7629\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd7737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd77d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd77d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd791f\" data-id=\"cbd791f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7a21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd7a21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7ace elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd7ace\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7c3c\" data-id=\"cbd7c3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7d4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd7d4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Human Resource Variables and Work-Related Stress in the Nigerian Banking Industry<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Clement Adewole, Ph.D., Jessica Eboh, Victor Odumu &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 314-322<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7de9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd7de9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd7f7c\" data-id=\"cbd7f7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd80c5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbd80c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Nigerian banking sector has been characterized by uncertainties which further aggravated the insecurity of jobs in the sector, resulting into work-related stress. Human Resources have been identified by many authorities as the most important asset of any organization. This is because they are the users of the rest of the resources in the organization. This work assessed the Effect of human resource variables and work-related stress in Nigerian banking industry. Data was collected using questionnaire administered to 1024 employees from the selected banks. The Spearman Rank correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between the variables under review. Findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between performance appraisal, training and development, career management and work-related stress. Based on the findings, it is concluded that human resource variables have significant influence on work related stress in Nigerian banking industry. To this effect, the study recommended that Bank Management should provide balance scorecard approach to employees\u2019 performance, thus promoting employees when due; Continue to train employees in groups and through computer-based learning in order to stay at the forefront of one\u2019s profession and Bank Management should continue to hire employees who are suited, new competencies and skilful for the job.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 314-322\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51219<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Clement Adewole, Ph.D.<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jessica Eboh, Victor Odumu<\/strong>Department of Banking and Finance, University of Jos, NigeriaFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abosede, J., Eze, B., &amp; Sowunmi, \u041c. (2018). Human resource management and banks\u2019 performance in Nigeria. Izvestiya Journal of Varna University of Economics. 62 (2). p. 117-130.\r\n[2] Adebola, S. A, Akpa, V. O, &amp; Ilori, B. O. (2017). Human resource management practices and productivity- A case of selected multinational corporations in Nigeria, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 6(5), p.41-47.\r\n[3] Adetayo, J.O, Ajani.J.O. &amp; Olabisi.O. (2014). An overview of the effects of job stress on employee\u2019s performance in Nigeria tertiary hospitals. Research Journal of Management Science. 60 (4). p. 139-153.\r\n[4] Akrani, G. (2011). What is stress: meaning, definition. Retrieved from http:\/\/kalyancity.blogspot.com.\r\n[5] Angelo, S. D. &amp; Robert, D. P. (2006). Management and Organization Review 2(2) 253\u2013277, 1740-8776.\r\n[6] Ajayi, S. (2018). Effect of stress on employee performance and job satisfaction: A case study of Nigerian banking industry. Retrieved from https:\/\/ssrn.com.\r\n[7] Ali.W. U, Raheem.A. R, Nawaz.A &amp; Imamuddin, K. (2014). Impact of stress on job performance. Research Journal of Management Science. 3(7) p. 14-17.\r\n[8] Amin, A., Malik, Z. K. &amp; Shaheen, F. (2012). Human capital investment: Its impact on the economic growth of Country (A case of Pakistan: 2000 to 2010). PUTAJ Humanities &amp; Social Sciences. 19, p.151-160.\r\n[9] Awadh, I.M., Gichinga L. &amp; Anwar, H.A. (2015). Effects of workplace stress on employee performance in the county governments in Kenya: A case study of Kilifi county government. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(10).\r\n[10] Awolusi, O. D, Onikoyi, I. A, &amp; Akamo, T.O. (2015). Human resource management and business performance: A study of Nigerian banks in Ado Ekiti metropolis. International Journal of Management Science. 2(3), pp. 52-60.\r\n[11] Bature N.U, Aminu, A. &amp; Ozigbo, N. (2013). Effects of work stress on employees\u2019 performance in United Bank of Africa Plc, Garki branch, Abuja. European Journal of Scientific Research.45(2) p. 260.\r\n[12] Bewell, H., Yakubu, I., Owotunse, D. &amp; Ojih, E. E. (2014). Work-Induced stress and its influence on organizational effectiveness and productivity among Nigerian workers. International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia 8 (1), p.112-125.\r\n[13] Bhanu, P. &amp; Satish, S. (2017). Impact of job stress on the performance of the Bank employees (a case study of PNB Banks of Kangra district Himachal Pradesh). International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 6(3).\r\n[14] Bibi, A., Lanrong, Y., Haseeb, M., &amp; Ahmad, I. (2012). The effect of human resource management practices on employees\u2019 job satisfaction in the universities of Pakistan. Business Management Dynamics, 1(12), 1- 14.\r\n[15] Bontis, N., &amp; Serenko, A. (2009). 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International journal of marketing studies. 2(1).122-126.\r\n[50] Vanhala M. &amp; Ahteela, R. (2011). The effect of HRM practices on impersonal organizational trust. Management Research Review. 34(8). 869-888.\r\n[51] Whitfield, M. &amp; Cachia, M. (2018). How does workplace stress affect job performance: an employee \u2018s perspective? New Vistas. Volume 3. Issue 2. Retrieved from www.uwl.ac.uk.\r\n[52] Yodit, T. (2010). The effect of discrimination on job performance and job satisfaction. Dissertation. University of Wolverhampton.\r\n[53] Zahid, A. C., Sareeta, T. &amp; Manisha, B. (2015). Impact of human capital variables on the effectiveness of the organizations, Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences. 9 (1). 228-240.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Clement Adewole, Ph.D., Jessica Eboh, Victor Odumu &#8220;Human Resource Variables and Work-Related Stress in the Nigerian Banking Industry&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.314-322 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51219<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-element-cbd99ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd99ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd9b27\" data-id=\"cbd9b27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd9c8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd9c8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbd9d3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbd9d3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbd9e99\" data-id=\"cbd9e99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbd9fa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbd9fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbda046 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbda046\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbda1a8\" data-id=\"cbda1a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbda2bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbda2bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbda35d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbda35d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbda4c5\" data-id=\"cbda4c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbda5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbda5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Women\u2019s employment and the changing family pattern in Ankole Sub-region- Uganda<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asiimire Donath, Gertrude Fester, Medard Twinamatsiko, Benard Nuwatuhaire- December 2021- Page No.: 323-335<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbda673 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbda673\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbda803\" data-id=\"cbda803\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbda97a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbda97a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study employed a case study design using phenomenological stances of qualitative research to collect data from three districts of Mbarara, Bushenyi and Kiruhura and the objective of the study was to find out how women\u2019s entrance in formal employment has contributed to changes in marriage and gender roles. Drawing from 17 interviews (with women activists, community development officers, probation officers, grade II magistrates, Gender based organisation managers, political leaders, religious leaders, local leaders) and 5 FGDs (with household heads, women in formal and informal employment), findings revealed that, women\u2019s employment leads to a shift in marriage. The findings further reveal that women\u2019s employment increases women\u2019s conflicting roles (the tripartite roles). The study concluded that, women\u2019s employment is significantly related to marriage and gender roles, increasing numbers of women in formal and informal employment has led to delays in marriage, child birth and increases in conflicting roles for women. Thus the study recommended that gender-responsive social protection systems should be adopted by all places of work, encourage and support institutions and all places of work to put provisions for day care centres and increase on maternity leave days.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 323-335\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asiimire Donath<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBishop Stuart University, Uganda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gertrude Fester<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBishop Stuart University, Uganda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Medard Twinamatsiko<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBishop Stuart University, Uganda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benard Nuwatuhaire<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBishop Stuart University, Uganda\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adams-Prassl, A., Boneva, T., Golin, M., &amp; Rauh, C. 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Effects of Women\u2019s Economic Empowerment on Family Stability: A Case of Kixi-Cr\u00e9dito Beneficiaries in Cazenga Municipality. African Multidisciplinary Journal of Research, 2(2).\r\n[29] Jayachandran, S. (2020). Social norms as a barrier to women&#8217;s employment in developing countries (0898-2937). Retrieved from\r\n[30] Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women&#8217;s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1. Gender &amp; Development, 13(1), 13-24.\r\n[31] Karra, M., Canning, D., &amp; Wilde, J. (2017). The effect of fertility decline on economic growth in Africa: A macrosimulation model. Population and Development Review, 43, 237-263.\r\n[32] Kelle, N. (2020). Combining employment and care-giving: how differing care intensities influence employment patterns among middle-aged women in Germany. Ageing &amp; Society, 40(5), 925-943.\r\n[33] Kothari, C. R. (2004). 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If a woman does a job, she can support her family as well: Insights from community discussions in Pakistan about changing gender roles in society through economic development.\r\n[57] Weaver, K., &amp; Olson, J. K. (2006). Understanding paradigms used for nursing research. Journal of advanced nursing, 53(4), 459-469.\r\n[58] Wollstonecraft, M. (2014). A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: Yale University Press.\r\n[59] Xu, A., &amp; Xue, Y. (2016). 1 Family structure. The Chinese Family Today, 14.\r\n[60] Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods, applied social research. Methods series, 5.\r\n[61] Zaitseva, E., Bannykh, G., &amp; Kostina, S. (2019). Institutional transformation of households in the epoch of new industrialisation. Paper presented at the 2nd International Scientific conference on New Industrialization: Global, national, regional dimension (SICNI 2018).\r\n[62] Zimmermann, O., &amp; Konietzka, D. (2018). Social disparities in destandardization\u2014Changing family life course patterns in seven European countries. European Sociological Review, 34(1), 64-78.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asiimire Donath, Gertrude Fester, Medard Twinamatsiko, Benard Nuwatuhaire, &#8220;Women\u2019s employment and the changing family pattern in Ankole Sub-region- Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.323-335 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/323-335.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdbbc8\" data-id=\"cbdbbc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdbced elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdbced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdbd93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdbd93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdbee0\" data-id=\"cbdbee0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdbffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdbffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdc09a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdc3ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdc4f3\" data-id=\"cbdc4f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdc602 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdc602\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdc69f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdc69f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdc7e8\" data-id=\"cbdc7e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdc8ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdc8ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdc990 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdc990\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdcad5\" data-id=\"cbdcad5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdcbd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdcbd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdcc73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdcc73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdcde3\" data-id=\"cbdcde3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdcef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdcef6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Reframing and organizational effectiveness in Igara Growers Tea Factory Bushenyi District South Western Uganda<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asman Bateyo, Prof. Emuron Lydia, Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire- December 2021- Page No.: 336-340<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdcf94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdcf94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdd11a\" data-id=\"cbdd11a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdd252 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbdd252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aimed at establishing the relationship between reframing and organisational effectiveness with a sample size of 224 respondents. The study used a pragmatic philosophy, mixed methods approach using cross sectional and correlation designs for quantitative and phenomenological design for qualitative approaches. Data were collected using non-standardised instruments and in-depth interviews. The parametric tests were performed and all passed the linearity requirements. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient, regression analysis and thematic content analysis. The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reframing and organisational effectiveness It was concluded that reframing if well applied can lead to improved organisational effectiveness in the Igara Growers Tea Factory Bushenyi district in Uganda. Thus, the study recommended that the factory should maintain active mobilisation for change, have a strategic vision and create performance management systems.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 336-340\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asman Bateyo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAsuman Bateyo\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Emuron Lydia <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKampala International University Uganda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKampala International University Uganda\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aguinis, H. (2019). Performance management for dummies.John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[2] Amin, M. E. (2005). Social science research: Conception, methodology and analysis. Makerere University.\r\n[3] Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management.\r\n[4] Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P. and Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). Manufacturing Advantage. Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay Off. New York: Cornell University Press.\r\n[5] Barnes (2008).Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organizational Dynamics (Fourth Edition), Prentice Hall. London: 310-320\r\n[6] Bartol, K. M., &amp; Martin, D. (1998).Management.Int.Edition.\r\n[7] Birkinshaw, J. (2009). The sources of management innovation: When firms introduce new management practices. Journal of business research, 62(12), 1269-1280.\r\n[8] Boone, H. N., &amp; Boone, A. D. (2012).Analysing LikertScale.Journal of Extension. Vol.30:15-20\r\n[9] Braun, V., &amp; Clarke, V. (2006).Using thematic analysis in psychology.Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.\r\n[10] Bryant, R. A., &amp; Harvey, A. G. (2000).Acute stress disorder. Washington.\r\n[11] Cainelli, G., Evangelista, R., &amp; Savona, M. (2006). Innovation and economic performance in services: a firm-level analysis. Cambridge journal of economics, 30(3), 435-458.\r\n[12] Calantone, R. J., Cavusgil, S. T., &amp; Zhao, Y. (2002).Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and firm performance.Industrial marketing management, 31(6), 515-524.\r\n[13] Cohen-Shacham, E., Andrade, A., Dalton, J., Dudley, N., Jones, M., Kumar, C., &#8230;&amp; Walters, G. (2019). Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions.Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 98, 20-29.\r\n[14] Damanpour, F., Walker, R. M., &amp; Avellaneda, C. N. (2009). Combinative effects of innovation types and organizational performance: A longitudinal study of service organizations. Journal of management studies, 46(4), 650-675.\r\n[15] Dub\u00e9, J. P., Fox, J. T., &amp; Su, C. L. (2012).Improving the numerical performance of static and dynamic aggregate discrete choice random coefficients demand estimation.Econometrica, 80(5), 2231-2267.\r\n[16] Famiyeh, S., Asante-Darko, D., &amp; Kwarteng, A. (2018). Service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty in the banking sector: The moderating role of organizational culture. International Journal of Quality &amp; Reliability Management.\r\n[17] Gunday, G., Ulusoy, G., Kilic, K., &amp;Alpkan, L. (2011).Effects of innovation types on firm performance. International Journal of production economics, 133(2), 662-676.\r\n[18] Hanson, D., Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., &amp;Hoskisson, R. E. (2016).Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalisation. Cengage AU.\r\n[19] Hughes, M., &amp; Morgan, R. E. (2007).Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth.Industrial marketing management, 36(5), 651-661.\r\n[20] Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1951). Theoretical Models in Biology and Psychology. Journal of Personality: 26-36\r\n[21] Luhmann, N., Baecker, D., &amp; Gilgen, P. (2013).Introduction to systems theory. Cambridge: Polity.\r\n[22] Mansury, M. A., &amp; Love, J. H. (2008). Innovation, productivity and growth in US business services: A firm-level analysis. Technovation, 28(1-2), 52-62.\r\n[23] Marimuthu, M., Arokiasamy, L., &amp; Ismail, M. (2009). Human capital development and its impact on firm performance: Evidence from developmental economics. Journal of international social research, 2(8).\r\n[24] Mohnen, M. (2021). Stars and brokers: Knowledge spillovers among medical scientists. Management Science.\r\n[25] Renneboog, L., &amp;Szilagyi, P. G. (2008).Corporate restructuring and bondholder wealth.European Financial Management, 14(4), 792-819.\r\n[26] Sandhya, S., &amp; Garg, R. (2016). Implementation of multi-criteria decision making approach for the team leader selection in IT sector. Journal of Project Management, 1(2), 67-75.\r\n[27] Sekaran, U., &amp; Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[28] Somers, M. A., McEwan, P. J., &amp;Willms, J. D. (2004). How effective are private schools in Latin America?.ComparativeEducation Review, 48(1), 48-69.\r\n[29] Talwar, R., Leonhard, G., Scott, G., Murphy, B. J., Pearson, I., Goodrich, L., &#8230;&amp;Chace, C. (2015). The future of business: Critical insights into a rapidly changing world from 60 future thinkers. Fast Future Publishing Ltd.\r\n[30] Warui, S. K., Kimemia, M., Mungara, M., Bateyo, A., &amp;Njau, J. M. (2015).In-depth analysis of restructuring as a business transformation strategy.\r\n[31] Zahra, S. A., Ireland, R. D., &amp;Hitt, M. A. (2000). International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance. Academy of Management journal, 43(5), 925-950.\r\n[32] Zaied, R. M. B., Louati, H., &amp;Affes, H. (2015).The relationship between organizational innovations, internal sources of knowledge and organizational performance. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains, 6(1), 53-67.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asman Bateyo, Prof. Emuron Lydia, Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire, &#8220;Reframing and organizational effectiveness in Igara Growers Tea Factory Bushenyi District South Western Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.336-340 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/336-340.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/336-340.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/reframing-and-organizational-effectiveness-in-igara-growers-tea-factory-bushenyi-district-south-western-uganda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Reframing and organizational effectiveness in Igara Growers Tea Factory Bushenyi District South Western Uganda<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbde0c0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdedab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdedab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdef0d\" data-id=\"cbdef0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf010 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdf010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf0b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdf0b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf206\" data-id=\"cbdf206\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdf313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf3ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdf3ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf51e\" data-id=\"cbdf51e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf635 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbdf635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Establishing the Influence of Financial Rewards on Retention of Health Workers in Bushenyi District, Uganda<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire, Mubehamwe Janan- December 2021- Page No.: 341-351<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf6d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbdf6d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf879\" data-id=\"cbdf879\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbdf9d6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbdf9d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study sought to establish the influence financial rewards on retention of health workers in Bushenyi District. The study adopted cross-sectional and causal-comparative research designs using a questionnaire and interviews on a sample of 135 respondents. Data analysis was carried out at univariate, bivariate level and multivariate levels. Univariate analysis involved descriptive statistics that were frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Bivariate and multivariate analyses involved correlation and regression analyses respectively. Descriptive results revealed that retention of health workers (mean = 3.99) was good, the financial rewards of salaries\/ wages (mean = 2.84) were fair but allowances (mean = 1.87) were poor. Financial rewards of salaries\/ wages programmes (\u03b2 = 0.341, p = 0.000 &lt; 0.05) had a positive and significant influence on retention of health workers but allowances (\u03b2 = 129, p = 0.132 &gt; 0.05) had a positive but insignificant influence on retention of health workers. It was concluded that salary\/ wages programmes are imperative financial rewards for retention of health workers than allowances. Therefore, it was recommended that the government of Uganda should offer health workers salaries and wages that attract their retention.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 341-351\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire <\/strong><\/span>\r\nValley University of Science and Technology, Uganda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mubehamwe Janan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nValley University of Science and Technology, Uganda\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adzei, F. A., &amp;Atinga, R. A. (2012). Motivation and retention of health workers in Ghana&#8217;s district hospitals: addressing the critical issues. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 26(4), 467-485.\r\n[2] Ainebyoona, E. (2016, May 30). 240 specialist medics leave Uganda \u2013 official. Daily Monitor. Available at: mobile.monitor.co.ug\r\n[3] Akafo, V., &amp;Boateng, P. A. (2015).Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), 113-124.\r\n[4] Akhtar, C. S., Aamir, A., Khurshid, M. A., Abro, M. M. Q., &amp;Hussain, J. (2015). Total Rewards and Retention: Case Study of Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 210, 251-259.\r\n[5] Alam, M. S., Saeed, A. S. A., Sahabuddin, M., &amp;Akter, S. (2013).Relationship between employee recognition and employee contribution in service industry.International Journal of Business and Marketing Management, 1(1), 1-8.\r\n[6] Ali, R., &amp; Ahmed, M. S. (2009). The impact of reward and recognition programs on employee\u2019s motivation and satisfaction: An empirical study. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(4), 270-279.\r\n[7] Anand, S., &amp;B\u00e4rnighausen, T. (2012). Health workers at the core of the health system: framework and research issues. Health Policy, 105(2), 185-191.\r\n[8] Az\u00e9tsop, J., &amp;Ochieng, M. (2015). The right to health, health systems development and public health policy challenges in Chad. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 10(1), 1-14.\r\n[9] Beinomugisha, G., Kyorikunda, J., Birungi, D., &amp;Tumwesigye, L. (2018, July 14).Improving Timeliness and Reporting Rates for Weekly Epidemiological Surveillance Reports in Bushenyi District.Final Dissemination WorkshopGolf Course Hotel \u2013 Kampala.\r\n[10] BIau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life.New York, USA: Wiley Publishers.\r\n[11] Calhoun, C., Gerteis, J., Moody. J., Pfaff. S., &amp;Virrk, I. (2012).Contemporary sociological theory (Eds). Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell Holthausen, J. (2013, June). Scientific review of the social exchange theory and its contribution to solving purchasers\u2019 decision making issues. 1stIBA Bachelor Thesis Conference, Enschede, The Netherlands.\r\n[12] Carcary, M. (2009). The research audit trial: Enhancing trustworthiness in qualitative inquiry. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 7(1), 11 \u2013 24.\r\n[13] Chiu, W. Y. B., &amp; Ng, F. F. (2013). Improvement of job satisfaction and organisational commitment through work group identification: an examination of the quantity surveyors in Hong Kong. Construction Economics and Building, 13(3), 80-95.\r\n[14] Cropanzano, R., &amp; Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of management, 31(6), 874-900.\r\n[15] Danish, R. Q., &amp;Usman, A. (2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation: An empirical study from Pakistan. International Journal Of Business And Management, 5(2), 159-167.\r\n[16] Das, B., &amp;Baruah, L. M. (2013). Employee retention: A review of literature. Journal of Business and Management, 14(2), 08-16.\r\n[17] De Winne, S., Marescaux, E., Sels, L., Van Beveren, I., &amp;Vanormelingen, S. (2015). Employee turnover (volatility) and labourproductivity.WSE Report 2015 nr.8. Leuven: SteunpuntWerk en SocialeEconomie.\r\n[18] Dubois, C., D\u2019Amour, D., Pomey, M., Girard, F., &amp;Brault, I. 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(2015).Impact of human resource management practices on employee retention in telecom sector of Pakistan.Journal of Resources Development and Management, 12, 22-31.\r\n[78] Zamanzadeh, V., Ghahramanian, A., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Alavi-Majd, H., &amp;Nikanfar, A. R. (2015). Design and implementation content validity study: Development of an instrument for measuring patient-centred communication. Journal of Caring Sciences, 4(2), 165-178.\r\n[79] Zeb, A., Rehman, S., Saeed, G., &amp;Ullah, H. A. (2014). Study of the relationship between reward and recognition and employees job satisfaction: A literature review. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 278-291\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire, Mubehamwe Janan, &#8220;Establishing the Influence of Financial Rewards on Retention of Health Workers in Bushenyi District, UgandaEstablishing the Influence of Financial Rewards on Retention of Health Workers in Bushenyi District, Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.341-351 December 2021 URL: 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe2108 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe2108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe21aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe21aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe22f2\" data-id=\"cbe22f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe2404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe2404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe24aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe24aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe2616\" data-id=\"cbe2616\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe2731 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe2731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Covid-19 on 2020 KCSE Examination Performance in Sub-County Public Secondary Schools in Gatanga Sub-County, Murang\u2019a County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Karanja Joseph Ndung\u2019u (PhD)- December 2021- Page No.: 352-359<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe27cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe27cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe2951\" data-id=\"cbe2951\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe2a81 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbe2a81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study sought to investigate the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on 2020 KCSE examination performance in Sub-county secondary schools in Gatanga Sub-county, Murang\u2019a county. Specifically the study sought to establish the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on KCSE examination performance and to investigate the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the university entry in Sub-county secondary schools. The study employed descriptive survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches targeting 38 school Principals, 2774 candidates, 8 Sub-County Directors of Education and 1 County director of Education from Murang\u2019a County. From the findings it revealed that the majority (75.6%) of the students did not participate in online classes in preparation for KCSE examination, only (24.6%) participated. Learning mediated through Ed-Tech remains out of reach for many disadvantaged students therefore, was not effective in preparing learners for National examination. From 59.39 percent of the candidature who are in the sub-county secondary schools registered a negative deviation of 8.27 from previous KCSE mean standard score, an indicator that majority (76.32%) of the sub-county schools dropped in KCSE mean and only (23.68%) schools improved. This depicts that most of the students in the sub-county schools were really affected by Covid-19 pandemic, since they could not afford to purchase online classes gadget, where majority of the students who join sub-county secondary schools come from humble families, where financing education is a challenge. From the findings majority (94.084%) of the students scored grade C plain and below: Therefore, they did not qualify to join university for a degree program only (5.916%) qualified, in deed a very small percentage a clear indicator of the negative effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the university entry. The study concluded that the 2020 KCSE performance was negatively affected by Covid-19 pandemic and in most cases students from humble background; rural areas, marginalized and urban slum, who could not access online classes. Therefore, given the challenges presented by Coronavirus pandemic the future continuation of learning in the times of pandemics depend on Government implementation of online infrastructure by swiftly harness available technology and provide adequate infrastructure for the success of online teaching and learning, through the allocation of enough money for infrastructure across the country, stimulates alternative modes of delivery for example use of satellites, mobile phones, television, radio, computers and internet to reach vulnerable and marginalized students and more so train enough workforce in schools on ICT integration in teaching and learning.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 352-359\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Karanja Joseph Ndung\u2019u (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Planning, University of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aborode, A., Anifowoshe, O., Ayodele, T. I., Iretiayo, A. R., &amp; David, O. O. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on Education in Sub-Saharan Africa.\r\n[2] Al-Samarrai, S., Gangwar, M., &amp; Gala, P. (2020). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on\r\nEducation Financing.\r\n[3] Bryson, J. R., &amp; Andres, L. (2020). Covid-19 and rapid adoption and improvisation of online\r\nteaching: curating resources for extensive versus intensive online learning\r\nexperiences. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 1-16.\r\n[4] Lugonzo, H. M. (2020). A Theoretical Study of the Impact of Corona Virus Crisis on\r\nLearners&#8217; social Interaction in Kenyan Learning Institutions. GPH-International Journal of Educational Research\u2192, 3(04), 09-19.\r\n[5] MoE, (2020). \u201cKenya Basic Education Sector Covid-19 Emergency Response plan, 2020\u201d. Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[6] MoE, (2018). Education Setor Disaster Management Policy 2018. Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[7] Mugenda, O. &amp; Mugenda, A. (2003). Research methods quantitative and qualitative approaches. Nairobi : Acts Press\r\n[8] Ngwacho, A, G. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Kenyan Education Sector: Learner\r\nChallenges and Mitigations\r\n[9] Njenga G. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Education in Kenya. Journal of Education, 44(1), 1-25.\r\n[10] Ogunode, N. J. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 Schools Close Down on Academic Programme of Senior Secondary Schools in Abaji Area Council of Federal Capital Territory Abuja,\r\nNigeria. Nigeria (April 14, 2020).\r\n[11] Olingo Allan. (April 29th, 2020). Economy hit hard as services slow down; Daily Nation P.2, Nation Media Group: Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[12] Onyema, E. M., Eucheria, N. C., Obafemi, F. A., Sen, S., Atonye, F. G., Sharma, A., &amp; Alsayed,\r\nA. O. (2020). Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Education.\r\n[13] Simba, J., Sinha, I., Mburugu, P., Agweyu, A., Emadau, C., Akech, S., &amp; English, M. (2020). Is\r\nthe effect of COVID\u201019 on children underestimated in low\u2010and middle\u2010income\r\ncountries? Acta Paediatrica.\r\n[14] Sintema, E. J. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on the performance of grade 12 students: Implications for STEM education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7), em1851.\r\n[15] UNESCO, (2020a). \u201c 290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response\u201d: Retrieved from https:\/\/en-unesco.org\/news UNESCO\r\n[16] UNESCO, (2020b). \u201cHow to plan distance learning solutions during temporary school closures\u201d UNESCO. Retrieved from https:\/\/ enunesco.org\/news.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Karanja Joseph Ndung\u2019u (PhD), &#8220;Effects of Covid-19 on 2020 KCSE Examination Performance in Sub-County Public Secondary Schools in Gatanga Sub-County, Murang\u2019a County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.352-359 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/352-359.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/352-359.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-covid-19-on-2020-kcse-examination-performance-in-sub-county-public-secondary-schools-in-gatanga-sub-county-muranga-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Covid-19 on 2020 KCSE Examination Performance in Sub-County Public Secondary Schools in Gatanga Sub-County, Murang\u2019a County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe3933 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbe3933\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe3a02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe3a02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe3b7e\" data-id=\"cbe3b7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe3cac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe3cac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe3d50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe3d50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe3ea8\" data-id=\"cbe3ea8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe3fb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe3fb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe405d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe405d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe41ab\" data-id=\"cbe41ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe42b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe42b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4356 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe4356\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe44ab\" data-id=\"cbe44ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe45ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe45ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe464c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe464c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe478d\" data-id=\"cbe478d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe4899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4934 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe4934\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4a7e\" data-id=\"cbe4a7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4b81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe4b81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4c1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe4c1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4d85\" data-id=\"cbe4d85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4e90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe4e90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Corporate Wellness Programmes, Employee Efficiency and Job Performance among the Middle Level Executives of Standard Group Limited, Nairobi Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Stephen Musau Mulwa, Prof. Michael M. Ndurumo &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 360-370<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe4f2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe4f2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe50e4\" data-id=\"cbe50e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe527c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbe527c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study seeks to establish the relationship between corporate wellness programmes, employee efficiency and job performance. Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg\u2019s dual factor theories form the theoretical framework of the study. Eleven (11) departments were sampled for the study using Stratified sampling technique. The sample of the study consists of all the middle level executives working with Standard Group Ltd. Quantitative research design was used in the study by conducting a survey. Data collection was done using questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Correlation between the variables of the study was calculated using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The study found out that the Company offers corporate wellness programmes. A strong correlation exists between corporate wellness programmes and employee efficiency. However, there is no significant correlation between corporate wellness programmes and Job performance. The study concludes that corporate wellness programmes increase employees\u2019 efficiency.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 360-370\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51220<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Musau Mulwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Michael M. Ndurumo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abebe, N. (2015). The Value of Workplace Wellness Programs. Employee Benefit Plan Review, 7-9. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.b.ebscohost.com\/ehost\/pdfviewer\/pdfviewer?vid=18&amp;sid=f0090c22-9c94-46ef-af05-8d0b78ac46bd%40sessionmgr111&amp;hid=118 on 25.1.16\r\n[2] Alwan, A. (2010). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization, 1-176. 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Retrieved from http:\/\/www.textroad.com\/pdf\/JBASR\/J.%20Basic.%20Appl.%20Sci.%20Res.,%204%281%2935-41,%202014.pdf on 18.3.16\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stephen Musau Mulwa, Prof. Michael M. Ndurumo, &#8220;Corporate Wellness Programmes, Employee Efficiency and Job Performance among the Middle Level Executives of Standard Group Limited, Nairobi Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.360-370 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51220<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/corporate-wellness-programmes-employee-efficiency-and-job-performance-among-the-middle-level-executives-of-standard-group-limited-nairobi-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Corporate Wellness Programmes, Employee Efficiency and Job Performance among the Middle Level Executives of Standard Group Limited, Nairobi Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe6142 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbe6142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe6c92\" data-id=\"cbe6c92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe6d98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe6d98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe6e31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe6e31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe6faa\" data-id=\"cbe6faa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe70be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe70be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe715f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe715f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe72a3\" data-id=\"cbe72a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe73c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe73c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe745d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe745d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe75c0\" data-id=\"cbe75c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe76d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe76d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Vowel Distribution and Neutralization in Lubukusu Verbs: A Positional Faithfulness Account<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Henry Simiyu Nandelenga (Ph.D.) &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 371-379<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe7771 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe7771\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe78eb\" data-id=\"cbe78eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe7a20 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbe7a20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In a number of languages, prominent positions that are critical for word recognition and general language processing tend to tolerate more vowel contrasts and may resist neutralization than positions that are less prominent. Specifically, word initial, stressed and final syllables, roots, stems and long vowels, often resist alteration or neutralization. This is because these positions are psycholinguistically and phonetically privileged in lexical access, retrieval and processing. Vowels in such positions are faithful to their underlying form for contrast preservation, and as such, marked vowels may be allowed in such positions even when they are banned elsewhere. In this study, we examine verbal vowel distribution and neutralization in Lubukusu (Bantu, Kenya). The main objective was to assess the role of positional faithfulness constraints in militating against contrast neutralization in some position and not others. Data for the study was collected from four native speakers of Lubukusu who were purposefully sampled based on their native-speaker competence and intuition. The analysis followed Optimality Theory (Prince &amp; Smolensky, 2004) conventions using universal constraints ranked in a language particular constraint hierarchy. The position-specific faithfulness constraints were ranked above general faithfulness and markedness constraints in the tableaux to protect vowels in privileged positions from being neutralized. From the findings, it is observed that positional faithfulness constraints favour the preservation of underlying lexical contrasts in prominent positions. In these positions, a large number of vowels (including marked ones) are allowed to facilitate the perception of contrast that is key in both lexical access and retrieval, besides enhancing general language processing. However, neutralization of vowel contrasts may result in the marked vowels being restricted to non-root initial positions. This is only possible in a constraint-based phonology that ranks positional faithfulness constraints higher than the markedness constraints that restricts the marked vowels. The findings reveal that all vowels freely occur in the privileged positions, however, the so called \u2018marked\u2019 vowels (mid [e] and [o]) are neutralized outside such positions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 371-379\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henry Simiyu Nandelenga (Ph.D.)<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English, Literature &amp; Journalism, Kibabii University, BUNGOMA &#8211; Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Becker-Kristal, R. (2010). Acoustic typology of vowel inventories and Dispersion Theory: Insights from a large cross-linguistic corpus. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.\r\n[2] Beckman, J. N. (1999). Positional faithfulness: An Optimality theoretic treatment of phonological asymmetries. New York: Rutledge.\r\n[3] Beckman, J. N. (2004). Positional faithfulness. In J. J. McCarthy (Ed.), Optimality theory in phonology. Malden Mass, MA: Blackwell Publishers.\r\n[4] Beckma, J. N., Jessen, M. &amp; Ringen, C. (2009). German fricatives: Coda devoicing or positional faithfulness. Phonology, (26): 231-268\r\n[5] Boersma, P. (1997). Inventories in functional phonology. Ms. University of Amsterdam.\r\n[6] Casali, R. F. (1996). Resolving hiatus. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.\r\n[7] Connine, C. M., Blasko, D. G. &amp; Titone D (1993). Do the beginnings of words have a special status in auditory word recognition? Journal of Memory and Language, (32): 193-210.\r\n[8] Flemming, E. (2004). Contrast and perceptual distinctiveness. In B. Hayes, D. Steriade, R. Kachner (Eds.). Phonetically-based phonology. New York: CUP.\r\n[9] Flemming, E. (2005). Speech perception and phonological contrast. In D. Pisoni, R. Remez (Eds.), The Handbook of Speech Perception, 165-181.\r\n[10] Flemming, E. (2006). The role of distinctiveness and constraints in phonology. Ms. MIT.\r\n[11] Gow, D. W., Melvold, J. &amp; Manuel, S. (1996). How Word Onsets Drive Lexical Access and Segmentation. Acoustics, Phonology and Processing, 66-69.\r\n[12] Hyman, L. M. (2009). The natural history of verb-stem reduplication in Bantu. Morphology, 19, 177-206\r\n[13] Kaun, A. (1995). The typology of rounding harmony: An Optimality-theoretic approach, PhD dissertation. Los Angeles: University of California Press.\r\n[14] Kingston, J. (2007). The phonetics-phonology interface. In P. de Lacy (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 401-434.\r\n[15] Lombardi, L. (1999). Positional faithfulness and voicing assimilation in Optimality Theory. NLLT, 17, 276\u2013302.\r\n[16] Marslen-Wilson, W. &amp; Zwitserlood P. (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15 (3): 576-585.\r\n[17] McCarthy, J. J. (2002). A thematic guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge: University Press.\r\n[18] Mielke, J. (2009). Segmental inventories. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3 (2): 700\u2013718.\r\n[19] Nandelenga, H. S. (2013). Constraint interaction in the syllabic phonology of Lubukusu: An Optimality theory account. PhD dissertation, Kenyatta University, Nairobi.\r\n[20] Nurse, D. &amp; Philippson, G. (2006). The Bantu Languages. New York: Routledge Press.\r\n[21] Segu\u0131,\u00b4 J., Dupoux, E. &amp; Mehler, J. (1990). The role of the syllable in speech segmentation, phoneme identification, and lexical access. In G. T. M. Altmann (Ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 263-280.\r\n[22] Steriade, D. (1995). Positional neutralization. Ms. University of California, Los Angeles.\r\n[23] Steriade, D. (2007). Contrast. In P. de Lacy (Ed.), 139-156.\r\n[24] Steriade, D. (2009). The phonology of perceptibility effects: The P-map and its consequences For constraint organization. In K. Hanson &amp; S. Inkelas (Eds.), 151-79.\r\n[25] Stevens, K. N. (2000). Acoustic phonetics. Malden Mass MA: MIT Press.\r\n[26] Tanner, D. S. (2007). Context insensitive vowel hiatus resolution in Ciyao. Rutgers Optimality Archive, Rutgers University, Rutgers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Henry Simiyu Nandelenga (Ph.D.) &#8220;Vowel Distribution and Neutralization in Lubukusu Verbs: A Positional Faithfulness Account&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.371-379 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/371-379.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/vowel-distribution-and-neutralization-in-lubukusu-verbs-a-positional-faithfulness-account\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Vowel Distribution and Neutralization in Lubukusu Verbs: A Positional Faithfulness Account<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe8853 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbe8853\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe9249\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9394\" data-id=\"cbe9394\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe949d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe949d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9558 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe9558\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe96cc\" data-id=\"cbe96cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe97d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe97d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9877 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe9877\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe99bc\" data-id=\"cbe99bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9ad0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe9ad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9b69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe9b69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9cd5\" data-id=\"cbe9cd5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9dea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe9dea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Phonological Variations among Mandaya Dialects: A Multiple Case Study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Arnold M. Duping- December 2021- Page No.: 380-387<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9e88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbe9e88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbea00e\" data-id=\"cbea00e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbea145 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbea145\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis multiple case study analyzes the phonological variation of Mandaya dialects among four municipalities in Davao Oriental. Purposeful sampling, in-depth interviews, sorting and classifying of words according to phonological structures in data analysis were employed. Findings revealed that the Mandaya dialects consisted of 23 segmental phonemes, 17 consonants: \/b\/, \/k\/, \/d\/, \/g\/, \/h\/, \/l\/, \/l~l\/, \/m\/, \/n\/, \/\u0220\/, \/p\/, \/r\/, \/s\/, \/t\/, \/w\/, \/y\/ and \/\u0242\/; 6 vowels: \/a\/, \/e\/, \/i\/, \/o\/, \/u\/ including the schwa sound \/\u018f\/. All these phonemes can be found in Tarragona, Manay and Caraga except for phoneme \/h\/. Similarly, Cateel has also 22 sounds with schwa sound not found. Consonant clusters were also evident in the medial position or in the beginning of the syllables such as the cluster \/mp\/ for the word \/ompo\u0242\/ which means grandchild. Initial consonant clusters were also found mostly from the loan words such as the cluster \/gr\/ in \/grin\/ which means green. Generally, the phonological variations of the dialects among the four municipalities center to three distinct phonemes: \/h\/, \/l~l\/ and \/\u018f\/. These variations were attributed to the influence brought by migration, intermarriages, social media, and the influx of tourist exploring the nature of Davao Oriental.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 380-387\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\nDOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51221<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arnold M. Duping<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Teacher Education, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bagani, (1980). Man of Dignity. Metro-Manila: The Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation and Development of Southern Philippines.\r\n[2] Bauman-Waengler, J. A. (2012). Articulatory and phonological impairments. New York, NY: Pearson Higher Education.\r\n[3] Bernthal, J., Bankson, N. W., &amp; Flipsen, P., Jr. (2013). Articulation and phonological disorders. New York, NY: Pearson Higher Education.\r\n[4] Bollas, Ivy (2013). Comparative Analysis on the Phonology of Tagalog, Cebuano and Ituwis, UP Diliman, Quezon City\r\n[5] Chambers, J. K.(2008). Studying language variation: An informal epistemology. In Chambers, J.K,Trudgill,P. andSchilling-Estes,N. (Eds). (2008). Handbook of language variation and change(7-15).Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.blackwellreference.com\/ subscriber\/book?\r\n[6] Chambers, J.K. and Trudgill, P. (2004). Dialectology (2nded).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[7] Denzin, Norman K. and Lincoln, Yvonne S. (2000, 2ed ed.). Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage.\r\n[8] Dieu M. and P. Renaud, dir. (1983), Atlas linguistique du Cameroun ALCAM: Inventaire pr\u00e9liminaire, Paris \/ Yaound\u00e9 : ACCT \/ CERDOTOLA.\r\n[9] Ellis, Donald G. (1999). From Language to Communication. Routledge.\r\n[10] Fuentes, Vilma May A. and Edito T. De la Cruz, eds. (1980). A Treasury of Mandaya and Mansaka Folk Literature. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.\r\n[11] Geeraerts, Dirk 1987. &#8220;Types of semantic information in dictionaries&#8221;. In Robert llson (ed.), A spectrum of lexicography 1-10. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.\r\n[12] Hagen, A. (1989).Dialect, Frisian and education in the Netherlands. InCheshire et al.,(Eds). (1989).Dialect and education: Some European perspectives(48-61).Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.\r\n[13] Hall, Nancy (2006). Cross-linguistic patterns of vowel intrusion. Phonology 23. 387\u2013429.\r\n[14] Hammarstr\u00f6m, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). &#8220;Karaga Mandaya&#8221;. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.\r\n[15] Hickey, Raymund (2014).Language Variation and Change, Campus Essen Raymond Hickey, English Linguistics https:\/\/www.uni due.de\/ELE\/Language_Variation_and_Change_Introduction.pdf\r\n[16] Holyk, Snizhana (n.d). Language Variation and Grammatical Change.\r\n[17] Hudson, R.A. (2001). Sociolinguistics (2nded).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[18] The IKSPs and CLs Research and Documentation Guidelines of 2012. NCIP Administrative Order No. 1 Series of 2012. National Commission on Indigenous People.\r\n[19] Kiesling, Scott F. Kiesling (2011).Linguistic Variation and Change. Edinburgh University Press\r\n[20] Language Variation and Change. http:\/\/www.linguisticsociety.org\/resource\/language-variation-and-change. Retrieved September 2, 2016, 3:43 PM\r\n[21] Lincoln, YS. &amp; Guba, EG. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry.Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[22] Linguistic Society of America, Language and Thought http:\/\/www.linguisticsociety.org\/resource\/language-and-thought retrieved December 3, 2016\r\n[23] Llamas, C., Mullany, L and Peter Stockwell, eds. (2007). The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. Routledge Publishing. Madison, New York\r\n[24] Mandaya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)\r\n[25] Millward, C.M. &amp; Mary Hayes (2012).A Biography of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth.\r\n[26] Mougeon, Raymond et al. (2010), The Sociolinguistic Competence of Immersion Students. Multilingual Matters.\r\n[27] M\u00fchlh\u00e4usler, Peter. Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region, Routledge London and New York\r\n[28] Ompang, Manuel B. (2015). The Mandaya Ethnic Group. NCCAhttp:\/\/ncca.gov.ph\/subcommissions\/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta\/central-cultural-communities\/the-mandaya-ethnic-group\/Retrieved September 1, 2016, 10:30 PM.\r\n[29] Poplack, S. (1993). Variation Theory and Contact. American Dialiect Research. Dennis R. Preston, ed. Philadelphia: John Benjamin B.V.\r\n[30] Reppen, Randi et al, (2002)., Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation. John Benjamins.\r\n[31] Rickford, John R. (2002). How Linguists Approach the Study of Language and Dialect . web.stanford.edu\/~rickford\/papers\/l73_reading_1.doc Retrieved on April 1, 2017.\r\n[32] Robinson, Ava. How Language Changes Due to Social Factors https:\/\/www.theodysseyonline.com\/variation-language-language-due-social-factors-society. Retrieved on April 1, 2017.\r\n[33] Romaine, S.(2000). Language in society: An introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nded). Oxford: OUP.\r\n[34] Sapir, E. (1929). &#8220;The status of linguistics as a science&#8221;. Language 5. 207-14. Reprinted in The selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture, and personality, ed. by D. G. Mandelbaum, 160-6. Berkeley: University of California Press.\r\n[35] Styler, Will. 2007. Notes from a Linguistic Mystic. http:\/\/linguisticmystic.com\/2007\/04\/23\/the- glottal-stop-your-new-phonetic-phriend\/ Retrieved April 5, 2017\r\n[36] Trask, R.L. (1999\/2005). Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Routledge.\r\n[37] Whorf, B. L. 1940. &#8220;Science and linguistics&#8221;. Technology Review 42: 227-31, 247-8.Reprinted in Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, ed. by J. B. Carroll, 207-19. Cambridge, MA: The Technology Press of MIT\/New York: Wiley. 1956.\r\n[38] Wondimu, Tegegne.The Use of Dialects in Education and Its Impacts on Students\u2019 Learning and Achievements. Education Journal. Vol. 4, No. 5, 2015, pp. 263-269. doi: 10.11648\/j.edu.20150405.22\r\n[39] Zapata B., A. A. (2000). A handbook of general and applied linguistics. Trabajo de Ascenso sin publicar. M\u00e9rida: Escuela de Idiomas Modernos, Universidad de Los Andes.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Arnold M. Duping, &#8220;Phonological Variations among Mandaya Dialects: A Multiple Case Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.380-387 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51221<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/380-387.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/phonological-variations-among-mandaya-dialects-a-multiple-case-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Phonological Variations among Mandaya Dialects: A Multiple Case Study<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbeaf83 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbeaf83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbeb6a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbeb6a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbeb7f2\" data-id=\"cbeb7f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbeb8f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbeb8f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbeb998 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbeb998\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbebadc\" data-id=\"cbebadc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbebbe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbebbe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbebc83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbebc83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbebdcb\" data-id=\"cbebdcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbebecb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbebecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbebf6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbebf6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbec0ae\" data-id=\"cbec0ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbec1bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbec1bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbec255 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbec255\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbec3bd\" data-id=\"cbec3bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbec4c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbec4c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Misconceptions about the Concepts of Continuity and Continuity Equation by Physics Undergraduates in Teacher Capacity Development Program<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>E.Mudzamiri; T.Manyeredzi; N. Zezekwa- December 2021- Page No.: 388-393<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbec571 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbec571\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbec6f1\" data-id=\"cbec6f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbec834 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbec834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis qualitative study inspired by Constructivist Theory ideas identified misconceptions held by 40 purposively selected Teacher Capacity Development Program part 1.2 physics undergraduate students concerning the concept of Continuity and the Continuity Equation. The study was conducted at a state university in Zimbabwe .The main argument being that, if learning is based on prior knowledge, then instructors must know the misconceptions held by their students so that they can provide learning environments for development of learners from their current understandings. Identification of the misconceptions was done through a Multiple-True- False diagnostic test. Analysis of the ethically collected data revealed twenty six misconceptions held by the students which instructors can target when teaching the two concepts. The researcher challenges future researches to identify the sources of the misconceptions and their categories.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 388-393\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>E.Mudzamiri <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>T.Manyeredzi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>N. Zezekwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Edinyang, S. (2006). Prior knowledge of general objectives and specific behavioral objectives on students\u2019 achievement and retention in social studies in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Calabar, Calabar.\r\n[2] Fadaei, A. S., &amp; Mora, C. (2015). An investigation about misconceptions in force and motion in high school. US-china education review, 5(1), 38-45.\r\n[3] Wahyuni, A. S. A., Rustaman, N., &amp; Rusdiana, D. (2019). Analyze of conceptions and misconceptions on pre-service teacher about light.Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1280 (5)0520711.doi:10.1088\/1742-6596\/1280\/5\/052071\r\n[4] Wenning, C. J., &amp; Vieyra, R. E. (2020). Teaching High School Physics: Interacting with Physics Students: AIP Publishing LLC.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/9780735422018_007\r\n[5] Chrzanowski, M. M., Grajkowski, W., \u017buchowski, S., Spalik, K., &amp; Ostrowska, E. B. (2018). Vernacular Misconceptions in Teaching Science\u2013Types and Causes. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 15(4), 29-54.\r\n[6] Gilbert, J. K., Watts, D. M., &amp; Osborne, R. J. (1982). Students&#8217; conceptions of ideas in mechanics. Physics Education, 17, 62-67. Doi: 10.1088\/0031-9120\/17\/2\/309\/.\r\n[7] Pines, A., &amp; West, L. (1986). Conceptual understanding and science learning: An interpretation of research within sources of knowledge framework. Science Education, 70, 583-604. Doi: 10.1002\/sce.3730700510.\r\n[8] Vosniadou, S. (2019). The development of students\u2019 understanding of science. Frontiers in Education, 4, 2368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2019.00032.\r\n[9] Helm, H. (1980). Misconceptions in physics amongst South African students. Physics Education, 15 (2), 92-97.\r\n[10] Clement, J., Brown, D. E., &amp; Zietsman, A. (1989). Not all preconceptions\r\n[11] are misconceptions: finding \u2018anchoring conceptions\u2019 for grounding instruction on students\u2019 intuitions. International Journal of Science Education, 11(5), 554-565.\r\n[12] Swati, J., Patil Rajendra, L., Chavan, V. S., &amp; Khandagale. (2019). IDENTIFICATION OF MISCONCEPTIONS IN SCIENCE : TOOLS, TECHNIQUES &amp; SKILLS FOR TEACHERS.\r\n[13] Clement, J. (1993). Using bridging analogies and anchoring intuitions to deal with students\u2019preconception in physics. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, 1241\u20131257:Doi: 10.1002\/tea.3660301007.\r\n[14] Skelly, K. M. (1993). The Development and Validation of a Categorization of Sources of Misconceptions in Chemistry. In Novak, J. D. (Ed.) The Proceedings of the Third International Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational Strategies in Science and Mathematics, Misconceptions Trust, (pp. 1\u201340). New York, USA: Ithaca. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mlrg.org\/proc3pdfs\/Skelly_Chemistry.pdf.\r\n[15] Suprapto, N. (2020). Do We Experience Misconceptions?: An Ontological Review of Misconceptions in Science. Studies in Philosophy of Science and Education, 1(2), 50-55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46627\/sipose.v1i2.24.\r\n[16] Svinicki, M.( 1993). What they don&#8217;t know can hurt them The role of prior knowledge in learning. Essays on Teaching Excellence Toward the Best in the Academy5, pp1993-94.\r\n[17] Zhou, G. (2008). Understanding Student Cognition Throughan Analysis of Their Preconceptions in PhysicsThe Alberta Journal of Educational Research Vol. 54, No. 1, Spring 2008, 14-29.\r\n[18] Kuczmann, I. (2017). \u201cThe structure of knowledge and students\u2019 misconceptions in physics,\u201d AIP Conf.Proc., vol. 1916, no. December, 2017, doi:10.1063\/1.5017454.\r\n[19] Davis, B. (1997). Science Teaching Reconsidered. Committee on Undergraduate Science Education. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press. https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/read\/5287\/chapter\/5.\r\n[20] Gooding, J., &amp; Metz, B. (2011). From misconceptions to conceptual change. The Science Teacher, 78(4), 34.\r\n[21] CUSE. (1997). Committee on Undergraduate Science Education. (1997). Misconceptions as Barriers to Understanding Science. National Academy Press.\r\n[22] DiSpezio, M. (2010). Misconceptions in the science classroom. Science scope, 34(1), 16.\r\n[23] Kambouri, M. (2015). Children&#8217;s preconceptions of science: How these can be used in teaching. Early Years Educator, 16(11), 38-44.\r\n[24] Priyadi, R. (2021). Are &#8230;pre-service teachers\u2019 still having misconceptions? study in static fluid topicAIP Conference Proceedings 2330, 050014 (2021); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0043441Published Online: 02 March 2021.\r\n[25] Schmidt, H. J. (1997). Students&#8217; misconceptions\u2014Looking for a pattern. Science Education, 81(2), 123-135.\r\n[26] Suma, K., Sadia, I. W., Pujani, N. M., &amp; Rapi, N. K. (2019). Investigating students\u2019 preconception of some electromagnet topics. Paper presented at theJournal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1317, The 3rd International Conference on Mathematics, Sciences, Education, and Technology 4\u20135 October 2018, Padang, Indonesia\r\n[27] Duit, R., &amp; Treagust, D. F. (2003). Conceptual change: A powerful framework for improving science teaching and learning. International Journal of Science Education, 25(6), 671-688.\r\n[28] Tippett, C. D. (2010). Refutation Text in Science Education: A Review of Two Decades of Research. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 8, 951\u2013970. Doi: 10.1007\/s10763-010-9203-x.\r\n[29] Agiande, D. U., Wiliams, J. W., Dunnamah, A. Y., &amp; Tumba, D. P. (2015). Conceptual change theory as teaching strategy in environmental education. European Scientific Journal, 11 (35), 395-408.\r\n[30] Denbel, D. G. (2014). Students\u2019 misconceptions of the limit concept in a first calculus course. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(34), 24-40.\r\n[31] Taber, K. S. (2011). Constructivism as educational theory: Contingency in learning, and optimally guided instruction. In J. Hassaskhah (Ed.), Educational Theory (pp. 39-61). New York: Nova. From https:\/\/camtools.cam.ac.uk\/wiki\/eclipse\/Constructivism.html.\r\n[32] Patil, S. J., Chavan, R. L., &amp; Khandagale, V. S. (2019). Identification of misconceptions in science: Tools, techniques &amp; skills for teachers. Aarhat Multidisciplinary International Education Research Journal (AMIERJ), 8(2), 466-472.\r\n[33] Ozarslan, M., &amp; \u00c7etin, G. (2018). Biology Students&#8217; Cognitive Structures about Basic Components of Living Organisms. Science Education International, 29(2).\r\n[34] Gurel, D. K. (2015). A Review and Comparison of Diagnostic Instruments to Identify Students\u2019 Misconceptions in Science. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science &amp; Technology Education 11 (5) , 989-1008.\r\n[35] Wandersee, J. H., Mintzes, J. J., &amp; Novak, J. D. (1994). Research on alternative conceptions in science. In: Gabel, D.L., Ed., Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning , Macmillan, New York, 177-210.\r\n[36] Brassil, C. E., &amp; Couch, B. A. (2019). Multiple-true-false questions reveal more thoroughly the complexity of student thinking than multiple-choice questions: a Bayesian item response model comparison. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 1-17.\r\n[37] Couch, B. A., Hubbard, J. K., &amp; Brassil, C. E. (2018). Multiple\u2013true\u2013false questions reveal the limits of the multiple\u2013choice format for detecting students with incomplete understandings. BioScience, 68(6), 455-463.\r\n[38] Lahner, F. M., L\u00f6rwald, A. C., Bauer, D., Nouns, Z. M., Krebs, R., Guttormsen, S., . . . Huwendiek, S. (2018). Multiple true\u2013false items: a comparison of scoring algorithms. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 23(3), 455-463.\r\n[39] Kurniawan, Y. (2018). Investigation of the Misconception in Newton II Law, J. Pena Sains.5(1) 11: doi: 10.21107\/jps.v5i1.3879.\r\n[40] Muliyani, R., &amp; Kaniawati, I. (2015). Identification of Quantity Students\u2019 Misconceptions on Hydrostatic Pressure with Three Tier-Test.Global Trends in Academic Research, 2(2), 716-721. Retrieved from www.globalilluminators.org.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">E.Mudzamiri; T.Manyeredzi; N. Zezekwa, &#8220;Misconceptions about the Concepts of Continuity and Continuity Equation by Physics Undergraduates in Teacher Capacity Development Program&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.388-393 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/388-393.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/388-393.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/misconceptions-about-the-concepts-of-continuity-and-continuity-equation-by-physics-undergraduates-in-teacher-capacity-development-program\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Misconceptions about the Concepts of Continuity and Continuity Equation by Physics Undergraduates in Teacher Capacity Development Program<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbed612 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cbed612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbed6e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbed6e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbed83e\" data-id=\"cbed83e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbed965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbed965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbeda02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbeda02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbedb55\" data-id=\"cbedb55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbedc74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbedc74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbedd12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbedd12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbede53\" data-id=\"cbede53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbedf62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbedf62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbedffe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbedffe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbee14c\" data-id=\"cbee14c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbee24c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbee24c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbee2ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbee2ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbee42e\" data-id=\"cbee42e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbee530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbee530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbee5c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbee5c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbee712\" data-id=\"cbee712\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbee81c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbee81c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbee8b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbee8b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbeea0f\" data-id=\"cbeea0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbeeb20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbeeb20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Domestic Violence on Psychological Adjustment of Adolescents in Secondary Schools in Zone B Senatorial District of Benue State: Implications for Counselling<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Iordaah Terumbur Agba (Ph.D)- December 2021- Page No.: 394-400<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbeebbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbeebbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbeed36\" data-id=\"cbeed36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbeee62 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbeee62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study was an attempt to examine the influence of domestic violence on psychological adjustment of adolescents in secondary schools in Zone B Senatorial District of Benue State Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of the study, three objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted a survey research design. The population for the study was 35, 949 senior secondary school students in 85 public secondary schools in Zone B Senatorial District of Benue State. A sample of 379 students who are victims of Domestic Violence was used for the study. The sample size was selected using purposive sampling technique. A questionnaire titled &#8220;Domestic Violence and Psychological Adjustment Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The questionnaire was validated by experts and its reliability was established using Cronbach Alpha Method where a coefficient of 0.94 was obtained. Data collected for the study was analyzed using descriptive statistics of Means and Standard Deviation to answer the research questions and Chi-Square statistic to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings of the study revealed that domestic violence has significant negative influence on adolescents&#8217; self-esteem and depression in Secondary schools in Zone B Senatorial District of Benue State. The finding also revealed that domestic violence significantly influence adolescents\u2019 aggressive behaviors negatively. The researcher concluded that, domestic violence in homes has the tenacity to negatively influence adolescents\u2019 psychological adjustment in secondary schools. The study recommended this school counsellors and minors should intensify efforts in the area of providing secondary school students who we supposed to domestic violence with ideas that can help them improve their self-esteem, skills and strategies like storytelling and sharing personal experiences that could limit depression among secondary school students. Both school authority and school counselors should intensity efforts at initiating programmes that could limit aggressive behaviours among Secondary school students who are exposed to domestic violence.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 394-400\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iordaah Terumbur Agba (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations &amp; General Studies, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aihie, O. S. (2009). Prevalence of Domestic Violence in Nigeria: Implications for Counselling. Edo Journal of Counselling, 2(1) 1-8\r\n[2] American School Counsellor Association (2009). The role of the professional school counsellor. Professional School Counseling, 4; 81-85\r\n[3] Bauer, N. S., Herrenkohl, T. L, Lozano, P.,Rivara, F. P., Hill, K. G. &amp; Hawkin, J.D. (2006) Childhood bullying exposure to intimate partner violence. American Academy of Paediatrics, 118, 235-242. Google Scholar: Crossref, Meldlin ISI.\r\n[4] Campebell, J. C. &amp;Lewwandowisk, L. A. (1997). Mental and Physical Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence on Women and Children. North America: Psychiatric Clinic of North America, 20(2), 353-374.\r\n[5] Hester, M. (2006). Asking about domestic violence: Implications for practice. In Humphreys and N. Stanley (eds), Domestic Violence and Child Protection: Directions for good practice. London: Jessica Kingsley.\r\n[6] Imhonde, H. O., Aluede, O. &amp;Oboite, W. (2009). Domestic Violence and Adolescent Psychological Functioning among econdary School Students in Benin Metropolis of Nigeria. European Journal of Educational Studies, 1(1), 1-6\r\n[7] Jaffe, P. &amp;Ashbourne, L., (2002). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. An early childhood educators\u2019 handbook to increase understanding and improve community responses. London, ON: Centre for Children &amp; Families in Justice System.\r\n[8] Mathias, J. L., Mertin, P. &amp; Murray, A. (2011). The psychological functioning of children from backgrounds of domestic violence. Australian Psychologist, 30, 47-56\r\n[9] Meltzer, H., Doos, L., Vostanis, P., Ford, T. &amp; Goodman, R. (2009). The Mental Health of Children Who Witness Domestic Violence. Child and Family Social Work, 14(4): 49\r\n[10] Schiff, M. &amp;Mckay, M. M. (2004). Urban Youth Disruptive Behavioural Difficulties: Exploring Association with Parenting and Gender: Family Process, 42(40), 517-529\r\n[11] Shertzer, B. &amp; Stone, S. C. (1976). Fundamentals of Guidance. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston.\r\n[12] Siemienuk, R. A. Krentz, H. B., Gish, J. A. &amp; Gill, M. J. (2010). Domestic Violence Screening: Prevalence and Outcomes in a Canadian HIV Population. AIDS patient cure and STDs.\r\n[13] Singer, M. I., Miller, D. B., Guo, S., Slovak, K. &amp; Frierson, T. (2008). The mental health consequences of children\u2019s exposure to violence. Cleveland, OH: Cayahoga County Community Mental Health Research Institute, Mandela School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University.\r\n[14] Spaccarelli, S., Coastworth, J. D. &amp; Bowden, B. S. (2005). Exposure on serious family violence among incarcerated boys; its association with violent offending and potential mediating variables. Violent and Victims, 10, 163-182.\r\n[15] Taibat, A. O. &amp; Oluwafemi, O. I. (2017). The Impact of domestic violence on a child academic performance in Owo Local Government Area. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences.3{2), 1-23\r\n[16] UNICEF. (2004). Children in plain sight: a statistical analysis of violence against children. New York: UNICEF\r\n[17] Wolf, D. A., Wilson, S. &amp; Gaff, P. G. (2003). Children witness between parents: Critical issues in Behavioural Science and Social Adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(2), 95-104\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iordaah Terumbur Agba (Ph.D), &#8220;Influence of Domestic Violence on Psychological Adjustment of Adolescents in Secondary Schools in Zone B Senatorial District of Benue State: Implications for Counselling&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.394-400 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/394-400.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-domestic-violence-on-psychological-adjustment-of-adolescents-in-secondary-schools-in-zone-b-senatorial-district-of-benue-state-implications-for-counselling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Domestic Violence on Psychological Adjustment of Adolescents in Secondary Schools in Zone B Senatorial District of Benue State: Implications for 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbf0075 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbf0075\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbf01d8\" data-id=\"cbf01d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf02ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbf02ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbf03a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbf03a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbf04f2\" data-id=\"cbf04f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf0601 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf2e93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbf2e93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbf2f5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbf2f5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbf30d5\" data-id=\"cbf30d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf31e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbf31e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbf3297 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbf3297\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbf33ed\" data-id=\"cbf33ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf34fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbf34fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbf359b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbf359b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbf370f\" data-id=\"cbf370f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf381e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbf381e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial literacy of employees in managing financial crisis: A case study of indigenous banks in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kofi Owiredu-Ghorman &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 401-412<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cbf38c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cbf38c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cbf3a6b\" data-id=\"cbf3a6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbf3bbc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cbf3bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">It is believed that employees who are more financially literate tend to make more reasonable predictions about their company&#8217;s investment and work hard to save their companies from collapsing. The study aims to evaluate the effect of employee financial literacy on the financial crisis of indigenous banks in Ghana. The study used five big traditional banks in Ghana. The researcher used a quantitative research approach and a multiple case study method. Structured questionnaire was used to solicit information from the employees of the selected banks. It was found that there is a positive and significant correlation between financial literacy and financial crises. The possibility of better financial literacy will lead to a decline in financial crises in the banking sector, such that financial literacy explains a decline in financial crises. Furthermore, employees have high levels of the knowledge acquisition dimension of financial literacy but low levels in the application dimension It is recommended that managers of banks focus on financial literacy training that centers on the application dimension of financial literacy. Training should emphasize calculation skills for interest rates, inflation, time value of money, and the stock market. It is suggested that bank management use all available means to ensure that the adoption and implementation of financial literacy strategies for their employees is prioritized.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 401-412\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kofi Owiredu-Ghorman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy Sunyani Technical University, P. O. Box 206, Sunyani, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abreu, M., &amp; Mendes, V. (2010). Financial literacy and portfolio diversification. Quantitative finance, 10(5), 515-528.\r\n[2] Agarwalla, S. K., Barua, S. K., Jacob, J., &amp; Varma, J. R. (2013). Study of Informal Financial Markets.\r\n[3] Almenberg, J., &amp; Dreber, A. (2015). Gender, stock market participation and financial literacy. Economics Letters, 137, 140-142.\r\n[4] Almenberg, J., &amp; S\u00e4ve-S\u00f6derbergh, J. (2011). 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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12), 1125 1132.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kofi Owiredu-Ghorman, &#8220;Financial literacy of employees in managing financial crisis: A case study of indigenous banks in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.401-412 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/401-412.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc04240 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc04240\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc043ac\" data-id=\"cc043ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc044cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc044cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc04571 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc04571\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc046d9\" data-id=\"cc046d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc047e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc047e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc0488d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc0488d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc04a01\" data-id=\"cc04a01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc04b10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc04b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Socio- Communication Difficulties Entail and the Recommended Research Based Intervention Strategies<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dalphine C. Ndiema, George Mathenge Wairungu (PhD). &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 413-419<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc04baf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc04baf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc04d3e\" data-id=\"cc04d3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc04e8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc04e8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the last three decades, there has been an unprecedented rate of increase in the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in every 59 children in USA has ASD.\r\nASD is a dyad of disabilities with a major hall mark feature being socio-communication difficulties. The feature significantly affects interaction and lowers the quality of life of individuals with ASD. To address its implication, a multidisciplinary team approach is critical especially in this era of inclusive education. The main aim of this paper is to assemble and consolidate relevant literature on what Socio-communication difficulties entail as well as the appropriate research-based intervention strategies. This creates a one \u2018stop shop\u2019 source of reference for multidisciplinary team members who may not be experts in the field of Autism Speech Disorder. To achieve this, Google Scholar search engine was used to search for Articles and research findings from peer reviewed journals on the deficit and appropriate intervention strategies. Only articles that clearly addressed characteristics and intervention strategies were considered. The main electronic data sources used include Jstor, Eric digest and EBSCO. This study is a therefore a product of an extensive in-depth qualitative desk top research.\r\nChallenges in socio-communication abilities are significantly associated with poor theory of mind as well as comorbidity in learners with ASD. The article summarizes the categories of comorbidity first, socio-communication difficulties and finally scans through contemporary research-based intervention strategies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 413-419\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dalphine C. Ndiema<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>George Mathenge Wairungu (PhD).<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Akemo\u011flu, Y., &amp; Dinnebeil, L. (2015). Coaching Parents to Use Naturalistic Language and Communication Strategies. Young Exceptional Children, 20 10.1177\/1096250615598815\r\n[2] Alpert, J.S (2021). Autism: A spectrum Disorder. The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 134, 6, 702-702\r\n[3] Angela, M. R. &amp; Richard, D. T., (2008). Co-occurrence of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: phenomenology and treatment, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8:4, 657-669, DOI: 10.1586\/14737175.8.4.657\r\n[4] Antshel, K. M., Zhang-James, Y., &amp; Faraone, S. V., (2013). The comorbidity of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 13(10), 1117\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.2013.840417\r\n[5] Azhagiri.M, Mishra, S., Joshi, S., &amp; Srivastava. A., (2021) An Integrated System for Initial Prediction of Autism Spectrum Disorder. International Journal of Performability Engineering, 17,6: 504-510.\r\n[6] Blenner, S., Reddy, A., &amp; Augustyn, M. (2011). Diagnosis and management of autism in childhood. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 343, d6238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d6238\r\n[7] Brasic, J.R. (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mediscap ehttps:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/912781-overview\r\n[8] Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A. &amp; Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 35(3), 213\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.2002.35-213\r\n[9] Charman, T. (2003). Why is joint attention a pivotal skill in autism?. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 358(1430), 315\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2002.1199\r\n[10] Ching Hong,T., Kuan Lin Chen, Hsing Jung Li, Kuan Hsu Chen , Chao Wei Hsu , Chun Hsiung Lu , Kuan Ying Hsieh &amp; Chien Yu Huang, (2020). The symptoms of autism including social communication deficits and repetitive and restricted behaviors are associated with different emotional and behavioral problems. Sci Rep 10, 20509.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-76292-y\r\n[11] Denworth, L. (2018). Social communication for people with ASD. Spectrum News c\/o Simons Foundation: New York, NY 10010-7037\r\n[12] Muratori, F., Turi, M., Prosperi, M., Narzisi, A., Valeri, G., Guerrera, S., Santocchi, E., Apicella, F., Lattarulo, C., Calderoni, S., &amp; Vicari, S. (2019). Parental Perspectives on Psychiatric Comorbidity in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorders Receiving Publicly Funded Mental Health Services. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00107\r\n[13] Flippin, M., Reszka, S., &amp; Watson, L. R. (2010). Effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on communication and speech for children with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. American journal of speech-language pathology, 19(2), 178\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1058-0360(2010\/09-0022)\r\n[14] Frasier-Robinson, M. (2015). The Alert Collector: Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Guide to the Latest Resources. Reference &amp; User Services Quarterly, 55(2), 113-117. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5860\/rusq.55n2.113\r\n[15] Frye R. E. (2018). Social Skills Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Biological Origins and Progress in Developing Therapeutic Agents. CNS drugs, 32(8), 713\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-018-0556-y\r\n[16] Gabis, L., Pomeroy, J., &amp; Andriola, M. R. (2005). Autism and epilepsy: cause, consequence, comorbidity, or coincidence?. Epilepsy &amp; behavior : E&amp;B, 7(4), 652\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.08.008\r\n[17] Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., &amp; Schneider, J. (2009). Comparative Study of Children With ADHD Only, Autism Spectrum Disorder + ADHD, and Chronic Multiple Tic Disorder + ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5), 474\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054708320404\r\n[18] Gordon-Lipkin, E., Marvin, A. R., Law, J. K., &amp; Lipkin, P. H. (2018). Anxiety and Mood Disorder in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD. Pediatrics, 141(4), e20171377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-1377\r\n[19] Gorenstein, M. &amp; Giserman, K., Fieldman, E., Isensten, E., Donnelly, L., Wang, A.T &amp; Foss-Feig, J. (2020). Brief Report: A Job Based Social Skills Program (JOBSS) for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 50. 10.1007\/s10803-020-04482-8.\r\n[20] Grossi, D., Marcone, R., Cinquegrana, T., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2013). On the differential nature of induced and incidental echolalia in autism. Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 57(10), 903\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2012.01579.x\r\n[21] Hardman,S.E. (2013). Effects Of Teacher Gender On Screening For Social, Emotional, And Behavioral Concerns For A Middle School Population. Special Education, and teaching commons, 3391-3420.\r\n[22] Worth, T., W. (2008). Eye Contact and Autism, AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 108, 11, 21\r\n[23] Hung, K. (2013). Epilepsy Cormobidity of Autistic Children. Epilepsy Journal vol 2, 3\r\n[24] Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., &amp; Council on children with disabilities, section on developmental and behavioral pediatrics, (2020). Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1), e20193447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-3447\r\n[25] Judge, S. &amp; Towned, G. (2013). Perceptions of the design of voice output communications aids. International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorder 48,4,366-381. http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12012\/full\r\n[26] Kasari, C., Gulsrud, A. C., Wong, C., Kwon, S., &amp; Locke, J. (2010). Randomized controlled caregiver mediated joint engagement intervention for toddlers with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 40(9), 1045\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-010-0955-5\r\n[27] Kirsch, A.C., Huebner, A.R.S, Mehta, S.Q., et al., (2020). Association of Comorbid Mood and Anxiety Disorders With Autism Spectrum Disorder. JAMA Pediatr.174(1):63\u201370. doi:10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.4368\r\n[28] Madipakkam, A. R., Rothkirch, M., Dziobek, I., &amp; Sterzer, P. (2017). Unconscious avoidance of eye contact in autism spectrum disorder. Scientific reports, 7(1), 13378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13945-5\r\n[29] Mang\u2019ombe, A.S. &amp; Wairungu, G.M. (2021). Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of contemporary literature on Common Communication Difficulties and Recommended Research Based Intervention Strategies. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation 7, 4. 2321-2705.\r\n[30] May, B. (2020). Comorbid ADHD More Prevalent in Boys, Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychiatry advisor\r\n[31] Neely, L., Gerow, S., Rispoli, M. et al. Treatment of Echolalia in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord 3, 82\u201391 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-015-0067-4\r\n[32] Neitzel, J. (2008). Overview of peer-mediated instruction and intervention for children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. Chapel Hill, NC: National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina.\r\n[33] Parsons, L., Cordier, R., Munro, N., Joosten, A., &amp; Speyer, R. (2017). A systematic review of pragmatic language interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. PloS one, 12(4), e0172242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172242\r\n[34] Patra, S., &amp; Kar, S. K. (2021). Autism spectrum disorder in India: a scoping review. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 33(1-2), 81\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540261.2020.1761136\r\n[35] Paul, R., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., &amp; Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Perception and production of prosody by speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 35(2), 205\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-004-1999-1\r\n[36] Rudy J. R ( 2020). How Speech Patterns in Autism Can Affect Communication. VeryWell health. https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/autistic-speech-and-prosody-259883\r\n[37] Rylaarsdam , L. &amp; Guemez-Gamboa, A. (2019). Genetic causes and modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 13, 385 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2019.00385\r\n[38] Saleh, M. &amp; Adel, A. (2016).Joint attention impairment in Autism a clinical picture rationale and functional MR findings. Open access peer reviewed chapter. https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/52566\r\n[39] Schoen, S., E., Paul, R., &amp; Volkmar, F. (2014). Assessing pragmatic language in autism spectrum disorder: the Yale in vivo Pragmatic Protocol. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research: JSLHR, 57(6), 2162\u20132173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-14-0040\r\n[40] Simmons, T. (2020). Social Communication Deficits in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Speech Language Pathology Posters. Fontbonne University. https:\/\/griffinshare.fontbonne.edu\/slp-posters\/6\/\r\n[41] Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., &amp; Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f\r\n[42] Simonoff,. E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler S., Loucus T., &amp; Baird G., (2008). Psychiatric disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence Comorbidity and Associated factors in a population-Derived Sample Journal of American Academy of child and adolescent psychiatry 47 8 921-929.DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f\r\n[43] Singh, K., Connors, S. L., Macklin, E. A., Smith, K. D., Fahey, J. W., Talalay, P., &amp; Zimmerman, A. W. (2014). Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(43), 15550\u201315555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1416940111\r\n[44] Tammy, W. (2008). Eye Contact and Autism. American Journal of Nursing: 108, 11 &#8211; p 21\r\n[45] Unruh, K.E., McKinney, W.S., Bojanek, E.K. et al. (2021). Initial action output and feedback-guided motor behaviors in autism spectrum disorder. Molecular Autism 12, 52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00452-8\r\n[46] Van -Steensel, F. J., B\u00f6gels, S. M., &amp; de Bruin, E. I. (2013). Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comparison with Children with ADHD. Journal of child and family studies, 22(3), 368\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-012-9587-z\r\n[47] Vismara, L.A., &amp; Bogin, J. (2009). Steps for implementation: Pivotal response training. Sacramento, CA: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, The M.I.N.D. Institute, The University of California at Davis School of Medicine.\r\n[48] Wairungu, G.M. (2020). Sensory Processing Disorder in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume 7, Issue 6, 2321-2705.\r\n[49] Xu, G., Strathearn,L., Liu, B., Bao, W. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among US Children and Adolescents, 2014-2016. JAMA. 319 (1):81\u201382. doi:10.1001\/jama.2017.17812\r\n[50] Yoshikawa, Y., Kumazaki, H., Matsumoto, Y., Miyao, M., Kikuchi, M., &amp; Ishiguro, H. (2019). Relaxing Gaze Aversion of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Consecutive Conversations With Human and Android Robot-A Preliminary Study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00370\r\n[51] Zajic, M. C., McIntyre, N., Swain-Lerro, L., Novotny, S., Oswald, T., &amp; Mundy, P. (2018). Attention and written expression in school-age, high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism : the international journal of research and practice, 22(3), 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361316675121\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dalphine C. Ndiema, George Mathenge Wairungu (PhD). &#8220;Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Socio- Communication Difficulties Entail and the Recommended Research Based Intervention Strategies&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.413-419 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/413-419.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/413-419.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/learners-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-what-socio-communication-difficulties-entail-and-the-recommended-research-based-intervention-strategies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Socio- Communication Difficulties Entail and the Recommended Research Based Intervention Strategies<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc05d33 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc05d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc09807\" data-id=\"cc09807\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0992d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc0992d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc099d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc099d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc09b37\" data-id=\"cc09b37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc09c54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc09c54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc09cf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc09cf5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc09e67\" data-id=\"cc09e67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc09f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc09f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Influencing Women and Youths Honey Producers into Honey Value Addition in Manicaland of Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mwandifura John, Dr Chikazhe, Dr Mashavakure, N., Dr Manyeruke, Mharidzo Innocent, Zinyama M, Mudyahoto R- December 2021- Page No.: 420-429<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc0a01c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc0a01c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0a1c0\" data-id=\"cc0a1c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0a31b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc0a31b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of the study was to establish the effect of women and youth entrepreneurship on the sustainability of rural livelihood through honey and other products value addition. The aim of this paper is to determine factors that influence the honey value addition by women and youth entrepreneurs. The paper looked at some of the factors that affect women and youth entrepreneurship and suggested the ways these factors can be solved to enhance women and youth entrepreneurship.\r\nThe review paper established that youth and women entrepreneurship is mostly motivated by push and pull factors as well as driven by extrinsic and intrinsic factors for an individual. It was also established that women and youth entrepreneurs were affected mostly by social attitudes towards women and youth in business, access to credit, poor networking, expectations of women and youth and education level of women and youth when trying to sustain their livelihoods. These challenges are faced by youth and women. For the youth, human capital developed at early stage forms the base for future success in business and reduces the chances of unemployment at above the youth age. Youth and women Entrepreneurship is a driving force which helps to reduce poverty in rural areas and help to grow the economy of the country.\r\nYouth and women are two different groups of entrepreneurs that have to be approached carefully and have different dynamics. Unemployment rate in Zimbabwe is at an alarming level among young people, while at the same time women are viewed as inferior in business community as compared to men entrepreneurs. Youth and women in Zimbabwe have similar problems to start and operate own business. The top problems are poor access to finance to start and grow the business, poor business management skills and lack of specialized support entrepreneurial programs. High level of corruption in Zimbabwe strengthens these problems and causes brain drain to other countries to start businesses in foreign land. Women and youth need a strong support from policy makers and government institutions in order to increase their entrepreneurial ability.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 420-429\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2021<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mwandifura John<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Chikazhe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Mashavakure, N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Manyeruke<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mharidzo Innocent<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zinyama M<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEzekiel Guti University, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mudyahoto R<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEzekiel Guti University, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adjare, O. S., 1990. Beekeeping in Africa FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome, Italy. : FAO.\r\n[2] Agritex, 2017. Beekeeping Situation in Zimbabwe, Harare: Government Printers.\r\n[3] Ajao, A. &amp; Oladimeji, Y. U., 2013. Assessment of Contribution of Apicultural Practices to Household Income and Poverty Alleviation in Kwara State, Nigeria. International journal of science and nature. I.J.S.N., 4(4), pp. 687-698.\r\n[4] Akanji, O., 2006. Micro-Finance as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction.. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial, 4 August, 39(4), pp. 18-52.\r\n[5] Aldrich, H., C., Z. &amp; Jones, T., 1986. Small Business Still Speaks with the Same Voice: A Replication of \u201eThe Voice of Small Business and the Politics of Survival\u201f., s.l.: s.n.\r\n[6] Aldrich, J., 1989. History and Methodology of Econometrics Oxford Economic Papers. Community Development Journal, 41(1), pp. 35-49.\r\n[7] Antonios, E. et al., 2017. Comparison of Traps Collecting Propolis by Honey Bees. 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Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 10(1), pp. 4-38.\r\n[12] Berem, R., Obare, G. &amp; Owuor, G., 2010. \u201cIs value addition in honey a panacea for poverty reduction in ASAL in Africa? Empirical evidence from Baringo District, Kenya,\u201d. Cape Town, S.A, Joint 3rd AAAE and 48th AEASA Conference.\r\n[13] Botha, M., 2006. Measuring the effectiveness of the women entrepreneurship programme, as a training intervention, on potential, start-up and established women entrepreneurs in South Africa., Pretoria: s.n.\r\n[14] Bradbear, N., 2004. Beekeeping and sustainable livelihoods, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.\r\n[15] Bradbear, N., Fisher, E. &amp; Jackson, H., 2002. Strengthening livelihoods: Exploring the role of beekeeping in development. Bee World, 13(7), pp. 67-85.\r\n[16] Brush, M., Nixo &amp; Scott, W., 2010; Modeling the role of macroalgae in a shallow sub-estuary of Narragansett Bay. RI (USA, s.n.\r\n[17] Bryceson, D. F., 2002. 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Zimbabwe Beekeeping, Harare: Government Printers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mwandifura John, Dr Chikazhe1, Dr Mashavakure, N., Dr Manyeruke, Mharidzo Innocent, Zinyama M, Mudyahoto R, &#8220;Factors Influencing Women and Youths Honey Producers into Honey Value Addition in Manicaland of Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.420-429 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/420-429.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc0bbec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc0bbec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0bd35\" data-id=\"cc0bd35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0be42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc0be42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc0bedc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc0bedc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0ec21\" data-id=\"cc0ec21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0ed7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc0ed7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc0ee48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc0ee48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0efb3\" data-id=\"cc0efb3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0f0d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc0f0d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc0f184 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc0f184\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0f2ff\" data-id=\"cc0f2ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0f417 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc0f417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Awareness of Integrated Reporting in Ghana :A Case Study at Asante Akim Central Municipality<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Job Boahen, Dr. Ephraim Awinbugri Armstrong- December 2021- Page No.: 430-436<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc0f4b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc0f4b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0f640\" data-id=\"cc0f640\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc0f76e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc0f76e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe advocacy of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) focuses on the adoption of integrated reporting (I.R.) to mitigate the apparent lapses of corporate social responsibility (C.S.R.) reports. In Ghana, MMDAs serve as development agents, and comprehensive financial and integrated reporting is critical for stakeholders&#8217; trust and investors&#8217; willingness to engage in the Assembly.\r\nThe research used a quantitative research design, with 100 respondents out of a total population of 250 receiving questionnaires. Using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions, the researcher used descriptive statistics to analyse the data (SPSS, 22.0).\r\nThe findings show that even though there is 85% awareness of integrated reporting and its apparent benefits, the Assembly is yet to fully adopt I.R. in its reporting process. The study thus recommended full adoption of I.R. by the Assembly as a means of adherence to the assurance standards ISAE3000 and AA1000AS and enhanced public confidence in its reporting process, leading to attraction of investors therein.\r\nThe research concluded that there was a high level of awareness of integrated reporting at Asante Akim Central Municipality\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 430-436\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51222<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Job Boahen<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD(c) Accounting,Valley View University, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ephraim Awinbugri Armstrong<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer (CODeL), University of Education, Winneba, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abeysekera, I. (2013), &#8220;A template for integrated reporting&#8221;, Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 227-245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/14691931311323869\r\n[2] Ackah, P., &amp; Lamptey, L.L. (2017). Corporate social responsibility reporting (CSRR) by the banking industry in a developing economy. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 2(3), 1-10\r\n[3] Ackers, B., &amp; Eccles, N.S. (2015). Mandatory corporate social responsibility assurance practices: The case of King III in South Africa. Accounting, Auditing &amp; Accountability Journal, 28(4), 515-550.\r\n[4] Adams, C. A. (2015). The international integrated reporting council: A call to action. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 27, 23\u201328. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1016\/j.cpa.2014.07.001\r\n[5] Adhikariparajuli, Mahalaxmi, Abeer H., &amp; Fletcher M., (2021). Integrated Reporting Implementation and Core Activities Disclosure in U.K. Higher Education Institutions. Administrative Sciences 11: 86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/admsci 11030086.\r\n[6] Aras, G., Kutlu Furtuna, O. and Hacioglu Kazak, E. (2021), &#8220;Toward an integrated reporting framework in higher education institutions: evidence from a public university&#8221;, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJSHE-12-2020-0504\r\n[7] Awinbugri A.E., &amp; Boahen J., (2021) .IFRS Adoption and Earnings Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Account Res. 9(3):204\r\n[8] Bananuka, Juma, Zainabu T., &amp; Laura O., (2019). The adoption of integrated reporting: A developing country perspective. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 17: 2\u201323.\r\n[9] Beretta, V., C. Demartini, &amp; S. Trucco. (2019). State of the art of I.R. disclosure in Europe. A research agenda. Economia Aziendale Online 10 (2): 203\u2013217.\r\n[10] Camilleri, M.A. (2018). Theoretical insights on integrated reporting: The inclusion of non-financial capitals in corporate disclosures. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 23 (4): 567\u2013581.\r\n[11] Carol A. Adams (2018) Debate: Integrated reporting and accounting for sustainable development across generations by universities, Public Money &amp; Management, 38:5, 332-334, DOI: 10.1080\/09540962.2018.1477580\r\n[12] Deegan, C.M., (2019). Legitimacy theory. Accounting, Auditing &amp; Accountability Journal. 32 (8): 2307\u20132329.\r\n[13] Ernst and Young. (2018). Ernst &amp; Young&#8217;s Excellence in Integrated Reporting Awards, 2018. Retrieved from http:\/\/integratedreportingsa. org\/ircsa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/ey-excellence-in-integrated- reporting-awards-2018.pdf\r\n[14] IIRC. (2013). The international &lt; I.R.&gt; framework. http:\/\/www.theiirc.org\/wp-content\/uploads.\r\n[15] IIRC (2015). Applying the integrated reporting concept of &#8216;capitals&#8217; in the banking industry.\r\n[16] King Report IV. (2016). Corporate Governance for South Africa 2016. Available online: www.oidsa.co.za\/resource\/resmgr\/king\/_iv_ Report\/IoDSA_King_IV_Report_-_WebVe.pdf .\r\n[17] Maama H. &amp; Mkhize M., (2020). Integrated reporting practice in a developing country\u2014Ghana: legitimacy or stakeholder oriented? International Journal of Disclosure and Governance.\r\n[18] M.I.A., ACCA. (2016). MIA-ACCA integrated reporting survey contents. https:\/\/goo.gl\/2tzi9o\r\n[19] Omran, M. A., &amp; Ramdhony, D. (2015). Theoretical Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: A Critical Review. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 5(2), 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5296\/ijafr.v5i2.8035\r\n[20] Oshika, T., &amp; Saka, C. (2017). Sustainability KPIs for integrated reporting. Social Responsibility Journal, 13(3), 625\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SRJ-07-2016-0122\r\n[21] Selimoglu, S.K. &amp; Yesilcelebi, G. (2021), &#8220;Integrated Reporting and Combined Assurance: A Qualitative Research on the Awareness in Turkey*&#8221;, \u00d6zen, E., Grima, S. and Gonzi, R.D. (Ed.) New Challenges for Future Sustainability and Wellbeing (Emerald Studies in Finance, Insurance, and Risk Management), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 463-482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-80043-968-920211025\r\n[22] Su, W., Peng, M. W., Tan, W., &amp; Cheung, Y.-L. (2016). The Signaling Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility in Emerging Economies. Journal of Business Ethics, 134(3), 479\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-014-2404-4\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Job Boahen, Dr. Ephraim Awinbugri Armstrong, &#8220;Awareness of Integrated Reporting in Ghana :A Case Study at Asante Akim Central Municipality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.430-436 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51222\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/430-436.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/awareness-of-integrated-reporting-in-ghana-a-case-study-at-asante-akim-central-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Awareness of Integrated Reporting in Ghana :A Case Study at Asante Akim Central Municipality<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc10588 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc10588\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc107cf\" data-id=\"cc107cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc108e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc108e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc10992 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc10992\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc10ae0\" data-id=\"cc10ae0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc10bf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc10bf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc10c92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc10f9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc110e9\" data-id=\"cc110e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc111f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc111f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc11292 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc11292\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc113e3\" data-id=\"cc113e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc14085 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc14085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc141c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc141c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc14388\" data-id=\"cc14388\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc144c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc144c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1456a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1456a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc146e7\" data-id=\"cc146e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc14820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc14820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Awareness of Human Resource Accounting in Ghana: Evidence from Tertiary Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Philip Opoku &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 437-441<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc148cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc148cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc14a64\" data-id=\"cc14a64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc14b9f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc14b9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper focused on the awareness of Human Resource Accounting among Tertiary students in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Quantitative research approach was used in the study. The study used convenient sampling technique to select 20 Tertiary Institution among the 37 topnotch and highly rated tertiary institutions in Ghana and distributed self-contracted questionnaire among 300 students from the sampled Tertiary Institutions, out of which 200 were retrieved, only 180 was valid for further analysis. Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data through Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, 20.0) software. Results showed that there is 83% level of awareness of Human Resource Accounting among tertiary students in the greater Accra Region of Ghana. The findings implies that even though there is an awareness among tertiary students, the understanding on Human resource accounting is limited. Judging from the findings the researcher recommends that Human Resource Accounting should be encapsulated into the courses of studies for Commerce, Management studies and other Finance related programs at the various tertiary institution.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 437-441\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51223<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Philip Opoku<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting &amp; Finance, Valley View University-Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2133\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahmed, A. C. A. (2010). Human resource accounting (HRA): Techniques and accounting treatment. http:\/\/works.bepress.com\/asif_ahmed\r\n[2] Akintoye, I. R. (2012). The Relevance of Human Resource Accounting to Effective Financial Reporting. International Journal of Business Management &amp; Economic Research, 3(4).\r\n[3] Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.\r\n[4] Avazzadehfath, F., &amp; Raiashekar, H. (2011). Decision-making based on human resource accounting information and its evaluation method. Asian Journal of Finance &amp; Accounting, 3(1), E14. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5296\/ajfa.v3i1.883\r\n[5] Cascio, W., &amp; Boudreau, J. (2010). Investing in people: Financial impact of human resource initiatives. Ft Press.\r\n[6] Cherian, J., &amp; Farouq, S. (2013). A review of human resource accounting and organizational performance. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(8), 74-83. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5539\/ijef.v5n8p74.\r\n[7] Chung, K. L., &amp; D\u2019Annunzio-Green, N. (2018). Talent management practices in small-and medium-sized enterprises in the hospitality sector: An entrepreneurial owner-manager perspective. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/WHATT-10-2017-0065\r\n[8] Collings, D. G. (2015). The contribution of talent management to organization success. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of training, development, and performance improvement, 247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2015.04.005\r\n[9] Crane, A., &amp;Ruebottom, T. (2011). Stakeholder theory and social identity: Rethinking stakeholder identification. Journal of business ethics, 102(1), 77-87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-011-1191-4\r\n[10] Enyi, E. P., &amp; Akindehinde, A. O. (2014). Human resource accounting and decision making in postindustrial economy. International Journal, 2(1), 19-35. http:\/\/www.aripd.org\/ijat\r\n[11] Ezeagba, C. E. (2014). The need for inclusion of human resources accounting in the balance sheet. African Research Review, 8(2), 377-392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/afrrev.v8i2.23\r\n[12] Frank, D. H., &amp; Obloj, T. (2014). Firm\u2010specific human capital, organizational incentives, and agency costs: Evidence from retail banking. Strategic Management Journal, 35(9), 1279-1301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2148\r\n[13] Fulmer, I. S., &amp; Ployhart, R. E. (2014). \u201cOur Most Important Asset\u201d a multidisciplinary\/multilevel review of human capital valuation for research and practice. Journal of Management, 40(1), 161-192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0149206313511271\r\n[14] Gallagher, J. E., &amp; Hutchinson, L. (2018). Analysis of human resources for oral health globally: inequitable distribution. International dental journal, 68(3), 183-189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/idj.12349\r\n[15] GARG, J. P. (2017). A Comparative Study of Human Resource Disclosure and Reporting Practices of Selected Public and Private Sector Banks in India. Clear International Journal of Research in Commerce &amp; Management, 8(11).\r\n[16] Greer, C. R. (2021). Strategic human resource management. Pearson Custom Publishing.\r\n[17] Groth, K. M., &amp; Swiler, L. P. (2013). Bridging the gap between HRA research and HRA practice: A Bayesian network version of SPAR-H. Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety, 115, 33-42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2013.02.015\r\n[18] Ibarra, V. C., &amp;Cosico, C. A. (2016). Awareness of human resource accounting practices and costing: evidence from the Philippines. Global Journal of Business Research, 10(4), 27-42.\r\n[19] Islam, M. A., Kamruzzaman, M., &amp; Redwanuzzaman, M. (2013). Human resource accounting: Recognition and disclosure of accounting methods &amp; techniques. Global Journal of Management and Business Research.\r\n[20] Kamoche, K. (2011). Contemporary developments in the management of human resources in Africa. Journal of World Business, 46(1), 1-4.\r\n[21] Khan, R. (2010). Human capital disclosure practices of top Bangladeshi companies. Journal of Human Resource Costing &amp; Accounting.\r\n[22] Kiker, B. F. (1966). The historical roots of the concept of human capital. Journal of political economy, 74(5), 481-499.\r\n[23] Mello, J. A. (2014). Strategic human resource management. Cengage Learning.\r\n[24] Mohammed, J., Bhatti, M. K., Jariko, G. A., &amp;Zehri, A. W. (2013). Importance of human resource investment for organizations and economy: A critical analysis. Journal of Managerial Sciences Volume VII Number, 1, 128.\r\n[25] Patro, C. S. (2013, December). The impact of employee engagement on organization\u2019s productivity. In 2nd International Conference on Managing Human Resources at the Workplace (pp. 13-14).\r\n[26] Savino, D. M., McGuire, K. S., &amp; White, K. M. (2012). Human Asset Measurement: A Comparison of the Artifact-Based Approach versus Input Methods. Journal of Management Policy &amp; Practice, 13(1).\r\n[27] Sharma, N., &amp; Shukla, H. (2014). Accounting Treatment f Human Resource as an Assets in the Companies. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 4(11), 39.\r\n[28] Slavec, A., &amp; Drnov\u0161ek, M. (2012). A perspective on scale development in entrepreneurship research. Economic and business Review, 14(1).\r\n[29] Wardani, R. (2017, July). The Analysis of Interest to Treatment Outpatients Back Based on Management Resource Approach (Man, Money, Material, Machine, Method\/5M). in proceeding surabaya international health conference 2017 (Vol. 1, No. 1).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2134\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Philip Opoku, &#8220;Awareness of Human Resource Accounting in Ghana: Evidence from Tertiary Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.437-441 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51223<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2135\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/437-441.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2136\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/awareness-of-human-resource-accounting-in-ghana-evidence-from-tertiary-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Awareness of Human Resource Accounting in Ghana: Evidence from Tertiary Students<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc159a7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc15c0a\" data-id=\"cc15c0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc15d2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc15d2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc15ddd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc15ddd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc15f44\" data-id=\"cc15f44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1605b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1605b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc16103 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc16103\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1625f\" data-id=\"cc1625f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc16379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc16379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc16420 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc16420\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc16572\" data-id=\"cc16572\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1667c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1667c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1671d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1671d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc16861\" data-id=\"cc16861\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc16971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc16971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc16a10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc16a10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc18b58\" data-id=\"cc18b58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc18d03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc18d03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc18dcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc18dcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc18f8d\" data-id=\"cc18f8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc190c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc190c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Chaplaincy as Ministry of Presence: A Case Study for Learners at Ikhwezi Lomso Comprehensive School<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bulelani Bomela &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 442-447<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc19176 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc19176\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc19325\" data-id=\"cc19325\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc19470 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc19470\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Most public schools in South Africa do not have in their organogram, chaplains to serve the mental, physical, spiritual and emotional needs of learners in public schools. Ikhwezi Lomso Comprehensive School is no exception as it falls under government administered (public) schools. Through an interaction with learners, I have discovered that learners at Ikhwezi Lomso Comprehensive School battle with issues which challenge their mental, physical, spiritual, and emotional capabilities. As a result of this, incidences, such as sexual activities, bullying, self-esteem issues and misuse of narcotic drugs and alcoholic beverages, which affect and disrupt their learning continue to be witnessed resulting in unwanted pregnancies, abortions, Sexually Transmitted infections, abuse of drugs and drinking, and unacceptable general behaviour due to lack of discipline. The study seeks to introduce a ministry of presence in the form of chaplaincy, which will work hand in hand with educators in dealing with behavioural challenges and thereby benefiting parents whose time is occupied by work and other challenges.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 442-447\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51224\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51224<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bulelani Bomela<\/strong>\r\nCape Conference of SDA, South Africa<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] W. Barclay, The Gospel of John. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975.\r\n[2] R.A. Clark, \u201cSociology and Faith: Inviting Students into the Conversation.\u201d In Teaching as an Act of Faith: Theory and Practice in Church-related Higher Education. Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press, 2002.\r\n[3] R. Crick, Outside the gates: The need for, theology, history, and practice of chaplaincy ministries. Oviedo, FL: Higher Life, 2011.\r\n[4] D.L. DuBois and Karcher, M.J. Youth Mentoring: Theory, research, and practise. In D.L. DuBois &amp;M.J. Karcher (Eds), Handbook of youth mentoring (pp 2-11). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Doi: 104135\/9781412996907.nl. Accessed 19 November 2021.\r\n[5] K.O. Ganjel, John, Homan New Testament Commentary Series. Nashville: Broadman &amp; Holman, 2000.\r\n[6] J.M. Fowler, \u201dConsequences of Sin\u201d on Handbook of Seventh day Adventist Theology. Hagerstown, MD: Review &amp; Herald, 2000.\r\n[7] Anthony Giddens, and Philip W. Sutton, Sociology: Introductory Readings. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2010).\r\n[8] Stephen A. Grulan and Marvin K. Mayers, Cultural Anthropology: A Christian Perspective. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1988).\r\n[9] Hsiao, YC.,Chaing, H.Y. and Chein, L.Y,. 2010, \u2018An exploration of the status of spiritual health among nursing students in Taiwan\u2019, Nurse education Today 30(5), 386-392. PMID: 20434243, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2009.05.001.\r\n[10] M. MacKinlay, and Trevitt, C., 2007, \u2018Spiritual Care and ageing in a secular society\u2019, Medical Journal of Australia 186 (10 suppl.), S74-S76. PMID: 17516891.\r\n[11] J. McMillan and S. Schumacher, Research in education: A conceptual introduction, 5th ed. London: Pearson, 2001.\r\n[12] J.T. Sokol, Identity Development throughout the lifetime: an examination of Ericksonian theory, 2009. http\/\/epublications.marquette.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi? Accessed 19 November 2021.\r\n[13] \u201cThe Voice of the Lord\u201d [Gen 3:8], Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary (SDABC), rev. ed., ed. Francis D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review &amp; Herald, 1953-1978.\r\n[14] \u201cI have no husband\u201d [John 4:17], Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary (SDABC), rev. ed., ed. Francis D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review &amp; Herald, 1953-1978.\r\n[15] \u201cSin no more\u201d [John 8:11], Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary (SDABC), rev. ed., ed. Francis D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review &amp; Herald, 1953-1978.\r\n[16] \u201cChristian Lifestyle and Behavior\u201d, Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology, rev. ed., ed. Raoul Dederen. Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 2000.\r\n[17] John Swinton and Harriet Mowat, Practical Theology and Qualitative Research, 2nd Ed. London: scm press, 2016.\r\n[18] E.G. White, Education. Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Associatin1903.\r\n[19] E.G. White, God\u2019s Amazing Grace. Washington, DC: Review &amp; Herald, 1973.\r\n[20] E.G. White, Desire of Ages. Hagerstown, MD: Review &amp; Herald, 2005.\r\n[21] E.G. White, Patriarchs and Prophets. Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 2010.\r\n[22] E.G. White, Prophets and Kings. Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1917.\r\n[23] E.G. White, Patriarchs and Prophets. Washington DC: Review and Herald, 2011.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bulelani Bomela &#8220;Chaplaincy as Ministry of Presence: A Case Study for Learners at Ikhwezi Lomso Comprehensive School&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.442-447 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51224<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/442-447.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/chaplaincy-as-ministry-of-presence-a-case-study-for-learners-at-ikhwezi-lomso-comprehensive-school\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Chaplaincy as Ministry of Presence: A Case Study for Learners at Ikhwezi Lomso Comprehensive School<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1a556 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc1a556\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1afcc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b119\" data-id=\"cc1b119\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1b230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b2ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1b2ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b41e\" data-id=\"cc1b41e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b536 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1b536\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b5d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1b5d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b71d\" data-id=\"cc1b71d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b82d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1b82d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1b8c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1b8c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1ba38\" data-id=\"cc1ba38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1bb54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1bb54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Child Response Styles to Parenting<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD.- December 2021- Page No.: 448-454<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1bbf7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1bbf7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1bd89\" data-id=\"cc1bd89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1bebc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc1bebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThere seem to be overt attention on parenting and numerous studies on the effects of parenting on child\u2019s behaviors and performances. While a parenting style affects a child\u2019s biopsychosociotechno-spiritual development, the child\u2019s response to the parenting also matters. This is an area which seems to have been neglected by many researchers. Egunjobi (2021) thus proposed four child response styles to parenting namely: Adherer, Rejecter, Falser, and Nonchalant. This study is an attempt to substantiate Egunjobi\u2019s proposition about child\u2019s response styles to parenting. A survey design was employed to investigate the child response styles. The study targeted infinite population of anyone aged 11 and older. Through voluntary sampling, 276 persons responded to the online questionnaire administered via WhatsApp, Facebook, and LinkedIn. The data was descriptively analyzed using Percentages and were presented in Tables and Pie Charts. The findings revealed that the respondents identified as Adherers (65.5%), Rejecters (4.8%), Falser (17.2%), and Nonchalant (12.5%). Nonchalant is 100% a child response style to an uninvolved parenting. Although 96.9% indicated being well raised\/trained, more than half (50.7%) of the respondents indicated that they would not raise their children the way they were raised. This is an indication that, although parenting styles have influence on the child upbringing, children may exhibit unique ways of responding to the parenting. Researchers are encouraged to do more investigations in this area of child response styles for better understanding of a child\u2019s behaviors.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 448-454\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51225<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPsycho-Spiritual Institute, Marist International University College, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abrams, D. (2018, November 26). Deviance. Encyclopedia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/deviance\r\n[2] Awoniyi, T.A. (1975). Omoluwabi: The Fundamental Basis of Yoruba Traditional Education. In Abimbola, Wande ed. Yoruba Oral Tradition. Ibadan University Press\r\n[3] Baumrind D. 1966. Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887-907.\r\n[4] Bomester, O. (2012). Exploring closeness in parent-adolescent relationships (PAR) in a semi-rural, low income community in the Western Cape Province of South Africa (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town\r\n[5] Capriola, P. (2019, January 27). When Can a Child Make Their Own Decisions? https:\/\/strategiesforparents.com\/when-can-a-child-make-their-own-decisions\/\r\n[6] Daines, C. L., Hansen, D., Novilla, M.L.B., et al. (2021). Effects of positive and negative childhood experiences on adult family health. BMC Public Health 21, 651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10732-w\r\n[7] Dessel, G. V. (2013, February). How to determine population and survey sample size? CheckMarket. https:\/\/www.checkmarket.com\/blog\/how-to-estimate-your-population-and-survey-sample-size\/\r\n[8] Dewar, G. (2018). Parenting styles: An evidence-based, cross-cultural guide https:\/\/www.parentingscience.com\/parenting-styles.html#gallery[pageGallery]\/0\/%20%20Parenting%20styles:%20An%20evidence-based,%20cross-cultural%20guide%20%C2%A9%202010-2018%20Gwen%20Dewar\r\n[9] Egunjobi, J. P. (2014). Be Blessed: Reflections and Christian Teachings. JoyzyPius Publications.\r\n[10] Egunjobi, J. P. (2021). Parenting Styles and Child Response. Unpublished Book Chapter.\r\n[11] Egunjobi, J. P. (2020). Biopsychosociotechno-Spiritual Selfcare During Covid-19 Lockdown. Http:\/\/ doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.12562.58566\r\n[12] Egunjobi, J. P. (2019, November). You are the Success. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/337464190_YOU_ARE_THE_SUCCESS\r\n[13] Fayemi, A. K. &amp; Macaulay-Adeyelure, O. C. (2009). A Philosophical Examination of the Traditional Yoruba Notion of Education and its Relevance to the Contemporary African Quest for Development. Thought and Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK) New Series, Vol.1 No.2, pp.41-59.\r\n[14] Godden, B. (2004). Sample Size Formulas. Journal of Statistics, 3, 66.\r\n[15] Goode, E. (2000). Deviant Behavior, Sixth Edition. https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/deviant-behavior-sixth-edition\r\n[16] Higuera, V. (2019, September 20). What Is Uninvolved Parenting? https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/parenting\/uninvolved-parenting\r\n[17] Kowalski, P. (2018, September 6). Myth: Children Raised in Similar Ways Have Similar Personalities. https:\/\/www.psychologicalscience.org\/teaching\/myth-children-raised-in-similar-ways-have-similar-personalities.html\r\n[18] Maccoby, E. E. &amp; Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent\u2013child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (ed) and E. M. Hetherington (vol. ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). Wiley.\r\n[19] Mackes, N. K., Golm, D., Sarkar, S., Kumsta, R., Rutter, M., Fairchild, G., Mehta, M. A., &amp; Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2020, January). Early childhood deprivation is associated with alterations in adult brain structure despite subsequent environmental enrichment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117 (1) 641-649. Http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1911264116\r\n[20] Majasan, J.A. (1967). Yoruba Education: Its Principles, Practice and Relevance to Current Educational Development. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n[21] Makwakwa, T. (2011). Emerging adulthood: Examining the relationship between parenting styles and decision-making of university resident students (Unpublished master thesis). University of the Western Cape, Cape Town.\r\n[22] Morin, A. (2021, October 9). 4 Types of Parenting Styles and Their Effects on Kids. Verywell family. https:\/\/www.verywellfamily.com\/types-of-parenting-styles-1095045\r\n[23] Moyo, A. R. (2012). The influence of parenting styles and practices on the identification of goals and aspirations of Grade 11 learners in the Western Cape (Unpublished master thesis). University of the Western Cape, Cape Town.\r\n[24] Niki Reading. (2018, January 8). Brain Development Series, Part I. In Children Institute. https:\/\/childinst.org\/brain-development-series-part-i\/\r\n[25] \u201cParenting.\u201d (n.d.). Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/parenting. Accessed 28 Apr. 2021.\r\n[26] Plomin, R. (2011) Commentary: Why are children in the same family so different? Non-shared environment three decades later. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 82\u2013592\r\n[27] Roman, N. V., Makwakwa, T., &amp; Lacante, M. (2016). Perceptions of parenting styles in South Africa: The effects of gender and ethnicity. Natasha Tidwell (Reviewing Editor). Cogent Psychology, 3:1, www.doi.org\/10.1080\/23311908.2016.1153231\r\n[28] Zander, M. (2019, April 12). A Milestone Developmental Stage: The Age of Reason. https:\/\/www.scholastic.com\/parents\/family-life\/social-emotional-learning\/development-milestones\/age-reason.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD., &#8220;Child Response Styles to Parenting&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.448-454 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51225<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/448-454.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/child-response-styles-to-parenting\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Child Response Styles to Parenting<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1cfe9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc1cfe9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1d567\" data-id=\"cc1d567\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1d677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1d677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1d71c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1d71c\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"cc1da14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1db5f\" data-id=\"cc1db5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1dc76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1dc76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1dd13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1dd13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1de51\" data-id=\"cc1de51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1df5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1df5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1dff3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1dff3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e140\" data-id=\"cc1e140\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1e245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e2e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1e2e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e45f\" data-id=\"cc1e45f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e56b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1e56b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Fostering the professional capital of teachers in digital capabilities<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Valeria Pandolfini- December 2021- Page No.: 455-461<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e606 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc1e606\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e795\" data-id=\"cc1e795\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1e8e8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc1e8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe article focuses on teacher professionalism, taking into account the challenges related to the growing digitizing of teaching and learning processes and educational environments, especially in light of the great challenges posed by COVID-19 in the educational sector. First, the article proposes an evaluative framework based on the Capability Approach to investigate the complex links between education and technologies, and the impacts on teachers\u2019 collaborative work. Second, the notion of teachers\u2019 professional capital is contextualized in the digital era, and the impact of the diffusion of digital technologies on teachers\u2019 collaborative practices is examined. Then, some policy recommendations are provided, focusing on teachers\u2019 training programs and the implications of adopting the Capability Approach to tackle such issues. The questions arising refer to the types of capital that have to be developed in the teaching profession, which are linked to the diffusion of digital media in the educational sector, and the means for fostering teachers\u2019 capability development.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 455-461\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51226\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51226<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Valeria Pandolfini<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science of Education, University of Genoa, Italy\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Argentin, G. 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Factors affecting teachers&#8217; adoption of technology in classrooms: Does school size matter? International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 6(1), 63-85.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Valeria Pandolfini, &#8220;Fostering the professional capital of teachers in digital capabilities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.455-461 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51226<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc1fe52\" data-id=\"cc1fe52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc1ff69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc1ff69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2000b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2000b\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-element-cc20910 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc20910\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc20a5c\" data-id=\"cc20a5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc20b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc20b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc20c0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc20c0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc20d79\" data-id=\"cc20d79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc20e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc20e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Asian-Led Civil Societies Domiciled in Nairobi City and the Struggle for political and Constitutional Reforms in Post-independent Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Charles Kinanga Moywaywa, Mr. Edwin Omari Nyagaka- December 2021- Page No.: 462-466<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc20f2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc20f2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc210a5\" data-id=\"cc210a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc211d8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc211d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper examines the contributions of Asian led-civil societies domiciled in Nairobi city in the struggle for political and constitutional reforms in Kenya in the post-independence period. This paper is anchored on a liberal democratic theoretical perspective. Liberal democracy as advanced by John Locke, argues that the natural law guarantees every individual right to life, liberty and protection of private property. Thus this paper uses this approach to demonstrate that Asians used civil societies in Nairobi city to champion for the protection of their natural rights and that of the other Kenyans. The key objectives of the paper are to: conceptualize and trace the historiography of civil societies in the context of Kenya, secondly, to interrogate the contributions of the Asian-led civil societies domiciled in Nairobi city in the agitation for political and constitutional reforms in post-independent Kenya and finally, to examine the role of Nairobi Asian luminaries in agitation for electoral reforms between 1997 and 2017. This paper adopts a descriptive survey design and utilizes both primary and secondary data. Similarly, the paper utilizes both stratified and purposive sampling techniques to identify research informants. This paper reveals that the Asian luminaries used civil societies to champion for political reforms and constitutional review process in Kenya, especially in the 1990s. Further, these Asian-led civil societies acted as the vehicles for litigation of public interest cases with the major aim of promoting the rule of law, democracy and good governance.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 462-466\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Charles Kinanga Moywaywa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer at the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, South Eastern Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Edwin Omari Nyagaka <\/strong><\/span>\r\nM.A Graduate in Political Science, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Awaaz Voices Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2018\r\n[2] Awaaz Voices Vol.10, Issue 2, 2013\r\n[3] Awaaz Voices, Vol.9 Issue I, 2012\r\n[4] Branch, D. (2011). Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963-2011. New Haven: Yale University Press.\r\n[5] Daily Nation August 29, 2017\r\n[6] Daily Nation December 27, 2007\r\n[7] Daily Nation March 27, 2013\r\n[8] Diamond, L.; Greene, A. and Oyediran, O. (1997). Transition Without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society under Babangida. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.\r\n[9] International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), (1990). ICJ to Send Observer to Kenya Trial. www.icj.org.\r\n[10] Katumanga, M. (2000). Civil Society and the Politics of Constitutional Reforms in Kenya: A Case Study of the National Convention Executive Council (NCEC). Nairobi: SAREAT.\r\n[11] Maganda, W. (2012). \u2018Political Participation and Alienation of Racial Minorities in Africa: The Kenya Asian Community Experience (1963-2013).\u2019 M.A Thesis, University of Nairobi.\r\n[12] Mamdani, M. (1995). \u201cA Critique of the State and Civil Society Paradigm in Africanist Studies\u201d, in Mamdani, M. and Wamba-dia-Wamba, E. (eds), African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy. Dakar: CODESTRIA\r\n[13] Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: London: Princeton University Press\r\n[14] Michel, A. (2015). Indian Africa: Minorities of Indian and Pakistanis Origin in Eastern Africa. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki wa Nyota Publishers.\r\n[15] Moywaywa, C. K. (2017). Effects of the Post-independent Political Environment on Hindu-Christian Relations in Kenya, IJER, vol. 5 (8), p. 231-246.\r\n[16] Mutua, M. (2008). Kenya\u2019s Quest for Democracy: Taming the Leviathan. Boulder, Colo: Rienner Publishers.\r\n[17] Mutung\u2019a, W. (1999). Constitution Making from the Middle: Civil Society and Transition Politics in Kenya, 1992-1997: Nairobi: SAREAT.\r\n[18] Nasong\u2019o, S. (2014). Revisiting \u2018the Two Faces of Civil Society\u2019 in Constitutional Reform in Kenya. In Murunga, G., Okello, D. and Sjogren, A. Kenya: The Struggle for a New Constitutional Order. London: Zed Books Publishers.\r\n[19] Nowrojee, P. (2014). \u201cLegal Profession 1963-2013: All This Can Happen Again-Soon\u201d, in Ghai, Y. and Ghai, J. (eds). The Legal Profession and the New Constitutional Order in Kenya. Nairobi: Strathmore University Press.\r\n[20] Nzomo, M. (2003). \u201cCivil Society in the Kenyan Political Transitio, 1992-2002,\u201d in Oyugi, W.; Wanyande, P. and Mbai, C. The Politics of Transition in Kenya: From KANU to NARC. Nairobi: Heinrich Boll Foundation.\r\n[21] Sunday Nation August 27, 1995\r\n[22] Sunday Nation June 22, 1997\r\n[23] www.katibainstitute.org. Accessed on 9\/11\/2021\r\n[24] www.kenyanlaw.org. Accessed on 23\/10\/2018\r\n[25] Zahid Rajan \u2013O.I, 20\/05\/2017 \u2013 Executive Director of Awaaz Magazine based at Embakasi; 55 years\r\n[26] Zarina Patel, O.I, 20\/05\/2017 \u2013 An Asian biographer and right activist based in Nairobi; 82 years\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Charles Kinanga Moywaywa, Mr. Edwin Omari Nyagaka, &#8220;Asian-Led Civil Societies Domiciled in Nairobi City and the Struggle for political and Constitutional Reforms in Post-independent KenyaAsian-Led Civil Societies Domiciled in Nairobi City and the Struggle for political and Constitutional Reforms in Post-independent Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.462-466 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/462-466.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/462-466.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/asian-led-civil-societies-domiciled-in-nairobi-city-and-the-struggle-for-political-and-constitutional-reforms-in-post-independent-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Asian-Led Civil Societies Domiciled in Nairobi City and the Struggle for political and Constitutional Reforms in Post-independent KenyaAsian-Led Civil Societies Domiciled in Nairobi City and the Struggle for political and Constitutional Reforms in Post-independent Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc22c65 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc22c65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc22d56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc22d56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc22ef9\" data-id=\"cc22ef9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2301c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2301c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc230c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc230c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc23226\" data-id=\"cc23226\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2333d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2333d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc233dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc233dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2352a\" data-id=\"cc2352a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2363a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2363a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc236d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc236d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2381d\" data-id=\"cc2381d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2392d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2392d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc239c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc239c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc23b18\" data-id=\"cc23b18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc23c1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc23c1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc23cbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc23cbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc23e14\" data-id=\"cc23e14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc23f20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc23f20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc23fb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc23fb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2412b\" data-id=\"cc2412b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc24249 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc24249\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Appraisal of the Federal Polytechnics (Amendment) Act, 2019 in Nigeria: Issues and Options for Stronger Polytechnics Education in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Onwudinjo Louis Ejike, Adama Jane, Arc. Ilo Winnie Nneka- December 2021- Page No.: 467-471<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc242ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc242ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc24462\" data-id=\"cc24462\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc24584 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc24584\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe mandate of polytechnic education all over the world is to produce middle and high level manpower in technology, and applied sciences to engender development. The purpose is to produce more technically trained graduates. A new Federal Polytechnics (Amendment) Acts 2019 came into being in Nigeria on May 20th 2019. The Act amended the Federal Polytechnics Act Cap F17, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. Some of the innovations brought about by the new law include introduction of high level manpower into the mandates of Polytechnic education in Nigeria, inclusion of the Deans and Directors to the Management Committee of the Polytechnics and the mandates that they should be meeting every month, abolishment of second tenure for the Principal Officers of the Polytechnics, the mandates that only Chief Lecturers from the Polytechnic sector can be appointed the Rector, harmonization of the 65 years as the compulsory retirement age for both Academic and Non-Academic staff of the Polytechnics in Nigeria amongst others, while the observed limitations include the discrimination against the State and Private Polytechnics in Nigeria, that only one Non-Academic staff included in the composition of the Governing Council, that the Registrar of the Polytechnics in Nigeria is no longer by the Law a member of the Governing Council and Academic Board,the exclusion of the representatives of the regulatory body, the NBTE from the composition of the Governing Council, the new Act did not streamline the Powers, functions and relationships between the Governing Council and Management of the Polytechnics in Nigeria, the Act only provides for the qualifications of the Rector and did not stipulates the qualifications for other principal officers, that Director of Works of the Polytechnics excluded from the principal officers of the polytechnics. Some recommendations were proffered which include amongst others that the regulatory body of the Polytechnics in Nigeria, NBTE should liaise with the Federal Ministry of Education and send directives to the 36 State Commissioners of Education in Nigeria compelling them to initiate and forward bills to their respective Houses of Assembly for the domestication of the Federal Polytechnic (Amendment) Act, 2019 to all the State Government owned and private Polytechnics, in Nigeria.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 467-471\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Onwudinjo Louis Ejike<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adama Jane<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arc. Ilo Winnie Nneka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Horticulture and Landscaping, Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adesina, S. (2008). Foundation Studies in Education. Ibadan: University Press Ltd.\r\n[2] Aino, O. (2000). The dynamics of Business teacher preparation in Nigeria. Business Education Journal, 2(2), 49-52.\r\n[3] Akinsola, M. K. (2000). Enriching Science Technology and Mathematics Education: Effect of Resource in Geometry. Journal of STAN, Annual Conference Proceedings,\r\n[4] Ejike C (2019), \u2018Polytechnic Education: The Engine of Nigeria\u2019s Industrial Growth and Development\u2019; 10th Anniversary lecture presented at Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo on 2nd October, 2019.\r\n[5] Federal Polytechnic of Nigeria (Amendment) ACT 2019\u2019 https:\/\/net.nbte.gov.ng.\r\n[6] Ofoefuna M. (2002). Functional Approach to Educational Technology. Onitsha: Africana Fep. Publishers.\r\n[7] Okoh, N. (2009). Business Education: Vision and Mission for sustainable economy: A keynote. Business Education Journal, 3(2), 1-8.\r\n[8] Okorie, C. O. (2004). Issue in Nigeria Teacher Education. Aba: Span Publishing Ltd.\r\n[9] Okoro, O. M. (2005). Programme Evaluation in Education. Anambra: Pacific Publishers Ltd.\r\n[10] Okoro, O. M. (2009). Principle and Methods in Vocational and Technical Education. Nsukka: University Trust Publishers\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Onwudinjo Louis Ejike, Adama Jane, Arc. Ilo Winnie Nneka, &#8220;Appraisal of the Federal Polytechnics (Amendment) Act, 2019 in Nigeria: Issues and Options for Stronger Polytechnics Education in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.467-471 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/467-471.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/467-471.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/appraisal-of-the-federal-polytechnics-amendment-act-2019-in-nigeria-issues-and-options-for-stronger-polytechnics-education-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Appraisal of the Federal Polytechnics (Amendment) Act, 2019 in Nigeria: Issues and Options for Stronger Polytechnics Education in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc25372 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc25372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc25444 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc25444\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2ae29\" data-id=\"cc2ae29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2afd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2afd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b098 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2b098\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b20e\" data-id=\"cc2b20e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b32a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2b32a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b3cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2b3cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b51e\" data-id=\"cc2b51e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b62f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2b62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b6cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2b6cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b817\" data-id=\"cc2b817\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b91a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2b91a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2b9bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2b9bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2bb09\" data-id=\"cc2bb09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2bc14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2bc14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2bcae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2bcae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2be02\" data-id=\"cc2be02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2bf0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2bf0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2bfaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2bfaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2c114\" data-id=\"cc2c114\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2c21f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2c21f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Logotherapy and Cognitive-attribution Therapy on the Academic Adjustment of Undergraduate Repeaters in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adeola Shobola (Ph.D) &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 472-478<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2c2c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2c2c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2c43e\" data-id=\"cc2c43e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2c57c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc2c57c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study ascertained the effects of Logotherapy (LT) and Cognitive-Attribution Therapy (CAT) on the academic adjustment of undergraduate repeaters in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria using experimental research design. From a population comprising all repeating undergraduate students of the university, a sample of 60 undergraduate repeaters was selected across three faculties using purposive, snowball and simple random sampling techniques. An instrument titled Academic Adjustment of Undergraduate Repeaters Questionnaire (AAURQ) was used to collect data andit was analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)and post-hoc (Scheffe) test. The results showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest levels of academic adjustment of the undergraduate repeaters (t = 2.04; p = 0.046 &lt; 0.05), there was a significant effect of Logotherapy on the academic adjustment of the students (F (1, 37) = 8.87; p = 0.005 &lt;0.05]; also a significant effect of cognitive-attribution therapy on the academic adjustment of the students [F (1, 37) = 26.8; p = 0.000 &lt; 0.05] respectively. However, cognitive-attributive therapy (p = 0.000; p &lt; 0.05) improved the participants\u2019 academic adjustment more significantly than Logotherapy (p = 0.08; p &gt; 0.05). The study therefore concluded that cognitive-attribution therapy could be employed in improving academic adjustment of repeating undergraduate students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 472-478\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeola Shobola (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abolghasami, S., Saeadi, S. &amp;Morri, N. (2012). The effect of guided imagery and logotherapy on depression, anxiety, and hopefulness in women with cancer in Ahwaz. Woman and Culture, 2(5), 31-47.\r\n[2] Aguinaldo, J. L. &amp; de Guzman, R. (2014). The effectiveness of logo-bibliotherapy on the depression of selected Filipinos suffering from Myasthenia Gravis. Asian Journal of Natural &amp; Applied Sciences, 3(2), 31-39.\r\n[3] Armstrong, L. L. &amp; Manion, I. G. (2013). Meaningful youth engagement as a protective factor for youth suicidal ideation. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(1), 20-27.\r\n[4] Asadi, M., Shafiabadi, A., Panahali, A., &amp;Habibollahzade, H. (2012). The effectiveness of group logotherapy in reducing job burnout. AndishehvaRaftar (Applied Psychology),6(22), 69-78.\r\n[5] Boyraz, G., Horne, S. G., &amp; Waits, J. B. (2015). Accepting death as part of life: Meaning in life as a means for dealing with loss among bereaved individuals. Death Studies, 39(1), 1-11.\r\n[6] Forsyth, D. R., Lawrence, N. K., Burnette, J. L., &amp; Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Attempting to improve the academic performance of struggling college students by bolstering their self-esteem: An intervention that backfired. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(4), 447-459.\r\n[7] Haynes, T. L., Perry, R. P., Stupnisky, R. H., &amp; Daniels, L. M. (2009). A review of attributional retraining treatments: Fostering engagement and persistence in vulnerable college students. Higher Education; Handbook of Theory and Research, 29, 227-272.\r\n[8] Martin, N. K. &amp; Dixon, P. N. (1989). The effects of freshman orientation and locus of control on adjustment to college. Journal of College Student Development, 30, 362-367.\r\n[9] Moomal, Z. (1999). The relationship between meaning in life and mental well-being. South African Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 42-48.\r\n[10] Noel, J. G., Forsyth, D. R., &amp; Kelley, K. N. (1987). Improving performance of failing students by overcoming their self-serving attributional biases. Basic and Applied Psychology, 8, 151-162.\r\n[11] O\u2019Connor, K. &amp; Chamberlain, K. (1996). Dimensions of life meaning: A qualitative investigation at mid-life. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 461-477.\r\n[12] Omoyemiju, M. A. (2017). Effect of cognitive restructuring and social skills therapies on internet addiction among undergraduate students in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria. Being a Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria.\r\n[13] Raju, M. V. R. &amp; Rahamtulla, T. K. (2007). Adjustment problems among school students. Journal of Indian Academic of Applied Psychology, 33 (1), 73-79.\r\n[14] Ruthig, J. C., Perry, R. P., Hall, N. C., &amp;Hladkyj, S. (2004). Optimism and attributional retraining: Longitudinal effects on academic achievement, test anxiety, and voluntary course withdrawal in college students. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(4),709-730.\r\n[15] Seligman, M. (1994).What you can change and what you can&#8217;t. New York: Knopf.\r\n[16] Seligman,M.(1995).The effectiveness of psychotherapy: Consumer reports study. American Psychologist, 50(12), 965-974.\r\n[17] Shobola, A. A. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive-attribution therapy on shame and guilt feelings of women exposed to spousal rejection in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 21-27.\r\n[18] Stoever, S. (2001). Multiple predictors of college adjustment and academic performance for undergraduates in their first semester. Being a dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, University of Texas, USA.\r\n[19] Wilson, T. D., &amp; Linville, P. W. (1982). Improving the academic performance of college freshmen: Attribution theory revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 367-376.\r\n[20] Wong, P. T. P. (1998b). Implicit theories of meaningful life and the development of the Personal Meaning Profile (PMP). In P. T. P. Wong and P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp.111-140). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adeola Shobola (Ph.D), &#8220;Effects of Logotherapy and Cognitive-attribution Therapy on the Academic Adjustment of Undergraduate Repeaters in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.472-478 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/472-478.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/472-478.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-logotherapy-and-cognitive-attribution-therapy-on-the-academic-adjustment-of-undergraduate-repeaters-in-obafemi-awolowo-university-ile-ife\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Logotherapy and Cognitive-attribution Therapy on the Academic Adjustment of Undergraduate Repeaters in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2d3c9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc2d3c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2d4a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2d4a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2f416\" data-id=\"cc2f416\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2f64f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2f64f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2f71f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2f71f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2f8ac\" data-id=\"cc2f8ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2f9d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2f9d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2fa76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2fa76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2fbcd\" data-id=\"cc2fbcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2fcdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2fcdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc2fd82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc2fd82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc2fed0\" data-id=\"cc2fed0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc2ffde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc2ffde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc30078 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc30078\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc301c5\" data-id=\"cc301c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc302cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc302cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3036e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3036e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc304b1\" data-id=\"cc304b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc305ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc305ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc30668 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc30668\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc307db\" data-id=\"cc307db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc308ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc308ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Legal Case on Bid Rigging of Electronic Identity Card Procurement in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eny Budi Sri Haryani, Anna Maria Tri Anggraini &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 479-484<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3099e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3099e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc30b23\" data-id=\"cc30b23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc30c56 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc30c56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The prohibition of bid rigging is regulated in the Competition Law, which is in accordance with Article 22 of Law No. 5 Year 1999 of Indonesia concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. Whereas the elements of bid rigging include: (1) elements of business actors; (2) elements ofconspiring; (3) elements of other parties; (4) elements of regulating and or determining the winner of the tender; (5) elements of unfair business competition. Because it is stated as a rule of reason behavior, the legal case of bid rigging requires legal proof before it is declared that a violation has occurred. The conspiracy to procure electronic identity card (e-IDCard), which is the object of this research, occurred at the Ministry of Home Affairs of Indonesia, in 2011-2012 Fiscal Year. The type of research is normative and descriptive, with qualitative analysis using secondary data and drawing conclusions deductively. HowBusiness Competition Supervisory Commission (BCSC) of The Republic Indonesia proves that elements of bid rigging are fulfilled is the main problem of this research. That according to the BCSC&#8217;s decision No. 03\/KPPU-L\/2012 horizontal and vertical conspiracy occurred, namely horizontally between Reported Party II (PNRI Consortium) and Reported Party III (Astragraphia Consortium), vertically occurred between Reported Party I (Tender Committee) and Reported Party II (PNRI Consortium), with sanctions in the form of money fine. However, the results of this study stated that the BCSC&#8217;s decision was not correct legally or wrong decision.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 479-484\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51227\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51227<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eny Budi Sri Haryani<\/strong>\r\nStudy Program of Marine Engineering, Institute of Transportation and Logistics Trisakti, Jakarta of Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anna Maria Tri Anggraini<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Law, Trisakti University, Jakarta of Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Asmah, A. (2019). Implementation of Final Sanctions on the Case of National Road Tender Collaboration. Judicial Journal, 12(2), 197-214.\r\n[2] Anggraini, A. M. (2003). Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition Perse Illegal or Rule of Reason. Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia.\r\n[3] Business Competition Supervisory Commission (BCSC) of The Republic Indonesia. (2020). The Strategic Plan of the Commission of Supervisory and Business Competition of Indonesia for the Year 2020-2024.\r\n[4] Business Competition Supervisory Commission (BCSC) of The Republic Indonesia. (2019). Regulation No. 1 Concerning Procedures for Handling Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition in Indonesia.\r\n[5] Business Competition Supervisory Commission (BCSC) of The Republic Indonesia. (2019). Annual Report.\r\n[6] Business Competition Supervisory Commission (BCSC) of The Republic Indonesia&#8217;s Decision Number 03\/KPPU-L\/2012 Regarding Alleged Violations of Article 22 of Law on Indonesia Number 5 of 1999 Relating to Tenders for Application of National NIK-Based Identity Cards (e-IDCard) 2011 to 2012 With Sources of State Budget of Indonesia, Funds DIPA Directorate General of Population and Civil Registration of the Ministry of Home Affairs of Indonesia for Fiscal Year 2011 and 2012.\r\n[7] Business Competition Supervisory Commission (BCSC) of The Republic Indonesia. (2010). Regulation No. 1 Concerning Procedures for Handling Cases.\r\n[8] Business Competition Supervisory Commission (BCSC) of The Republic Indonesia. (2010). Regulation No. 2 Concerning Guidelines for Article 22 of Law of Indonesia Number 5 of 1999 Concerning the Prohibition of Bid Rigging.\r\n[9] Haryani, E. B. S. (2021).Bid Rigging in the Procurement of Electronic Identity Cards for Fiscal Years 2011 and 2012: A Study of the Supreme Court Decision Number 55K\/Pdt.Sus-KPPU\/2014. Jakarta: Undergraduate Thesis Program, Faculty of Law, Trisakti University.\r\n[10] Hanson, S. (Ed.). (2018). Legal method and reasoning. Routledge.\r\n[11] Kumalasari, D. M. S. (2017). Business competition law: a study of the concept of proof of a price fixing agreement in business competition. Setara Press.\r\n[12] Law of Indonesia Number 5 of 1999 Concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition.\r\n[13] Maheswari, A. A. (2020). Limitation, Authority and Involvement of KPPU in Tender Conspiracy Cases according to Business Competition Law. Jurist-Diction, 3(5), 1581-1596.\r\n[14] Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 54 of 2010 Concerning Government Procurement of Goods\/Services.\r\n[15] Singleton, R., Bruce, C., Straits, M. Straits, M., and Ronald J. M. (2018).Approaches to Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[16] Sutedi, A. (2019). Legal Aspects of Procurement of Goods and Services and Various Problems, Second Edition, Third Printing. Jakarta: Sinar Graphic.\r\n[17] Soekanto, S. (2015). Introduction to Legal Studies.Jakarta: University of Indonesia (UI-Press) Publisher.\r\n[18] Sirait, R. A. M. (2020). Prohibition of collaboration in tender based on Law number 5 of 1999 concerning prohibition of monopoly practices and unfair business competition. Tanjungpura Law Journal, 4(2), 178-190.\r\n[19] The Criminal Code of Indonesia. (1918). Government of Indonesia.\r\n[20] Zihaningrum, A., &amp; Munawar, K. (2016). Legal Enforcement of Bid Rigging Based on Law Number 5 of 1999 Concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition.Journal of Private Law, Faculty of Law Sebelas Maret University, Vol. IV, No. 1.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eny Budi Sri Haryani, Anna Maria Tri Anggraini &#8220;A Legal Case on Bid Rigging of Electronic Identity Card Procurement in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.479-484 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51227<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/479-484.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-legal-case-on-bid-rigging-of-electronic-identity-card-procurement-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Legal Case on Bid Rigging of Electronic Identity Card Procurement in Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc31a73 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc31a73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc31b4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc31b4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc39949\" data-id=\"cc39949\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc39afe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc39afe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc39bca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc39bca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc39d43\" data-id=\"cc39d43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc39eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc39eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc39f5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc39f5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3a0b7\" data-id=\"cc3a0b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3a423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3a423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3a4fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3a4fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3a688\" data-id=\"cc3a688\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3a7a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3a7a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3a840 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3a840\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3a997\" data-id=\"cc3a997\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3aa9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3aa9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3ab3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3ab3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3ac84\" data-id=\"cc3ac84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3ad94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3ad94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3ae2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3ae2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3af9e\" data-id=\"cc3af9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3b0ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3b0ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Terrorism and Nigeria\u2019s National Development<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ezeadilieje, Ella Chioma, Wonah, Emmanuel- December 2021- Page No.: 485-491<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3b169 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3b169\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3b2e9\" data-id=\"cc3b2e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3b429 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc3b429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper examined the impact of terrorism on the national development of Nigeria. This thrust became necessary following the spate of losses in both human and material resources, in the wake of increase in terrorist activities in Nigeria. Using the Marxist political economy approach, the paper contends that terrorism emerged from Nigeria\u2019s national development process. From this perspective, it could be understood as evidence of the failure of national development. Data for the study were gathered through secondary sources, while analysis was done qualitatively. The paper recommended, among other things, that the best way to curb terrorism in Nigeria is through aggressive pursuit of all-inclusive national development.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 485-491\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezeadilieje, Ella Chioma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDoctoral Candidate, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wonah, Emmanuel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Political and Administrative Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Achimug, H., Stephen, M.R. &amp; Aliyu, A. (2013). Public administration and the challenge of national development in Nigeria: Issues and concerns. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 113-118.\r\n[2] Adah, B.A. &amp; Abasilim, U.D. (2015). Development and its challenges in Nigeria: A theoretical discourse. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(6), 275-281.\r\n[3] Adedayo, A.A. (2018). Implications of Boko Haram terrorism on national development in Nigeria: A critical review. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(16), 480-489.\r\n[4] Ake, C. (1981). A political economy of Africa. Longman Group Ltd.\r\n[5] Akindele, R.I., Oginni, B.O. &amp; Agada, S.A. (2013). National development and political corruption in Nigeria: Leadership at crossroad. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(9), 170-179.\r\n[6] Ali, Y.M., Musa, B.M. &amp; Fada, K.A. (2019). Implications of Boko Haram insurgency on small and medium enterprises in Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Management Sciences, 14(1), 96-107.\r\n[7] Alifa, D. (Dec. 29, 2010). Bomb attack: Senate condemns Mutallab\u2019s action; Exonerates other Nigerians from terrorism. The Guardian Nigeria.\r\n[8] Bawa, B. (2017). National development: Meaning and problems. https:\/\/www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/society\/national-development-meaning-and-problems\/76824.\r\n[9] Chomsky, N. (2001). 9-11. Seven Stories Press.\r\n[10] Counter Terrorism Guide (2020). Boko Haram. https:\/\/www.dni.gov\/nctc\/groups\/boko_haram.html.\r\n[11] Ebeh, J.I. (2015). National security and national development: A critique. International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 4(2), 1-14.\r\n[12] Enders, W. &amp; Sandler, T. (2002). Patterns of transnational terrorism, 1970-1999: Alternative time-series estimates. International Studies Quarterly, 46(1), 145-165.\r\n[13] Kia, B. &amp; Vurasi, S.S. (2013). Political elites and the challenges of national development: The Nigerian experience. European Scientific Journal, 9(31), 161-172.\r\n[14] Lukpata, V.I. (2013). National interest and national development in Nigeria. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research (IJPAMR), 2(1),63-68.\r\n[15] Majekodunmi, A. (2015). Terrorism and counter-terrorism in contemporary Nigeria: Understanding the emerging trends. Journal of Policy and Development Studies, 9(4), 128-145.\r\n[16] Marx, K. (1970). A contribution to the critique of political economy. Progress Publishers.\r\n[17] Nwanegbo, C.J. &amp; Odigbo, J. (2013). Security and national development in Nigeria: The threat of Boko Haram. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(4), 285-291.\r\n[18] Obaji, P. (March 23, 2021). Boko Haram won\u2019t stop targeting schools in Nigeria. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/03\/23\/boko-haram-nigeria-kidnappings-school-children\/.\r\n[19] Obi, E.A. &amp; Obikeze, S.O. (2005). Development planning in Nigeria: Issues and prospects. In E.A. Obi, A.M. Okolie &amp; S.O. Obikeze (Eds.), State and economy. Bookpoint Ltd.\r\n[20] Oghator, E. &amp; Okoobo, R. (2014). Towards sustainable development in less-developed countries: Foreign assistance revisited. The Nigerian Journal of Administrative Science, 5(10), 201-208.\r\n[21] Oriakpa, K. (2009). Tackling the development quagmire in Benue State. Paper presented at the 4th General Congress of Benue State branch of NACCIMA, Homeland Hotel, Makurdi, June 2nd \u2013 3rd, 2009.\r\n[22] Purab, A. (2018). Conceptualising national development in the Asia Pacific region.\r\nhttps:\/\/www.studyranksonline.com\/10636\/what-is-national-development.\r\n[23] Ruby, C.L. (2002). The definition of terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9-14.\r\n[24] The Fronteira Post (Jan. 16, 2010). Is Nigeria a terrorist risk state? The Fronteira Post.\r\n[25] The Guardian Nigeria (July 24, 2017). Despite decades of funding, literacy level in the northern states remains low. https:\/\/guardian.ng\/news\/despite-decades-of-funding-literacy-level-in-the-northern-states-remains-low\/.\r\n[26] Tilly, C. (2004). Terror, terrorism, terrorists. Sociological Theory,22(2), 5-13.\r\n[27] Udama, R.A. (2013). Understanding Nigeria terrorism, its implications to national peace, security, unity and sustainable development: A discuss. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 8(5), 100-115.\r\n[28] U.S. Department of State. (2000). Patterns of global terrorism, 2000. http:\/\/www.governmentguide.com\/govsite.adp?bread=*Main&amp;url=http%3A\/\/www.governmentguide.com\/ams\/clickThruRedirect.adp%3F55076483%2C16920155%2Chttp%3A\/\/www.state.gov.\r\n[29] UNICEF (April 13, 2018). More than 1,000 children in northeastern Nigeria abducted by Boko Haram since 2013. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press-releases\/more-than-1000-children-northeastern-nigeria-abducted-boko-haram-since-2013\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ezeadilieje, Ella Chioma, Wonah, Emmanuel, &#8220;Terrorism and Nigeria\u2019s National Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.485-491 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/485-491.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/485-491.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/terrorism-and-nigerias-national-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Terrorism and Nigeria\u2019s National Development<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3c240 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3c325\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3c4bc\" data-id=\"cc3c4bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3c5da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3c5da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3c678 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3c678\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3c7ca\" data-id=\"cc3c7ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3c8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3c8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3c97b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3c97b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3cacf\" data-id=\"cc3cacf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3cbd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3cbd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3f707 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3f707\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3f939\" data-id=\"cc3f939\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3fa85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3fa85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3fb47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3fb47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3fcac\" data-id=\"cc3fcac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc3fdc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc3fdc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc3fe6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc3fe6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc3ffca\" data-id=\"cc3ffca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc400d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc400d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc40177 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc40177\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc402df\" data-id=\"cc402df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc403f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc403f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Freire\u2019s Conception of Critical Consciousness on Mitigating Teenage Pregnancy<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>John Kibwage Nyangaresi &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 492-495<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc40492 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc40492\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc4060f\" data-id=\"cc4060f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4073f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc4073f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The role of critical consciousness is to impart proactive skills paramount for mitigating teenage pregnancy. The article is anchored on a philosophical approach which puts more emphasis on rational being, based on logical reasoning or rational reasoning and abstract approach at the expense of empirical perspective and standpoints. This article therefore examines the need of Freire\u2019s conception of critical consciousness on mitigating teenage pregnancy in schools. The article appeals to the implications of Paulo Freire\u2019s components of critical reflection, political efficacy and critical action in addressing the issue of teenage pregnancy. The article used critical Method of Philosophical consultancy. The study clearly stands out that if teenage pregnancy is to be addressed effectively, then educators must integrate Freire\u2019s critical consciousness and its pillars systematically in the curriculum. Also, the article filtrates out the key stakeholders who can collectively work together to address the issue of teenage pregnancy at large.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 492-495\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Kibwage Nyangaresi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States (2nd ed). New York: Rowman&amp; Littlefield\r\n[2] Case, R. (2013). The mind&#8217;s staircase: Exploring the conceptual underpinnings of children&#8217;s thought and knowledge. Psychology Press.\r\n[3] DiAngelo, R. (2018). White Fragility: Why It&#8217;s so Hard for White People to Talk About Racism. Boston: Beacon Press\r\n[4] Diemer, M. A., Rapa, L. J., Park, C. J., &amp; Perry, J. C. (2014). Development and validation of the critical consciousness scale. Youth &amp; Society. doi:10.1177\/0044118X14538289.\r\n[5] Diemer, M. A., Rapa, L. J., Voight, A. M., &amp;McWhirter, E. H. (2016). Critical consciousness: A developmental approach to addressing marginalization and oppression. Child Development Perspectives, 10(4), 216\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ cdep.12193\r\n[6] Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder.\r\n[7] Freire, P. (1993). Pedagog\u00eda de la esperanza: un reencuentro con la pedagog\u00eda del oprimido. Siglo.\r\n[8] Freire, Paulo.( 1973). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum Press. Print\r\n[9] Houser N O, Overton S. (2001). Reconciling Freedom and Control in the Early Grades: Toward a Critical Consciousness for a Freedom of Choice. Theory &amp; Research in Social Education.29(4):582\u2013616. doi: 10.1080\/00933104.2001.10505958.\r\n[10] Jemal, A. (2017). Critical consciousness: A critique and critical analysis of the literature. The Urban Review, 49(4), 602-626.\r\n[11] Ladson-Billings, G. (2009). The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass\r\n[12] Mezirow, J. (1998). On Critical Reflection. Adult Education Quarterly, 48(3), 185\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/074171369804800305\r\n[13] Moore, M. (2018). Reply to critics. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21(6), 806-817.\r\n[14] Namwamba, T. D. (2007). Elements and Pedagogy of Critical Thinking. Nairobi: Dale Publishers\r\n[15] Rothenberg, J. E. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,417,366. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.\r\n[16] Shin, R. Q., Ezeofor, I., Smith, L. C., Welch, J. C., &amp; Goodrich, K. M. (2016). The development and validation of the Contemporary Critical Consciousness Measure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 210-223. doi:10.1037\/cou0000137\r\n[17] Watts RJ, Diemer MA, Voight AM. (2011). Critical consciousness: Current status and future directions. In: Flanagan CA, Christens BD, editors. Youth civic development: Work at the cutting edge. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. Vol. 134. pp. 43\u201357.\r\n[18] Watts RJ, Flanagan C. (2007). Pushing the envelope on youth civic engagement: A developmental and liberation psychology perspective. Journal of Community Psychology. ;35:779\u2013792. doi: 10.1002\/jcop.20178.\r\n[19] Watts RJ, Griffith DM, Abdul-Adil J. (1999) Sociopolitical development as an antidote for oppression &#8211; theory and action. American Journal of Community Psychology. ;27:255\u2013271.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Kibwage Nyangaresi, &#8220;Freire\u2019s Conception of Critical Consciousness on Mitigating Teenage Pregnancy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.492-495 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/492-495.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/freires-conception-of-critical-consciousness-on-mitigating-teenage-pregnancy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Freire\u2019s Conception of Critical Consciousness on Mitigating Teenage Pregnancy<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc42c28 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc42c28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc42ece\" data-id=\"cc42ece\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc42ff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc42ff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc430a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc430a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"cc433da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc4352f\" data-id=\"cc4352f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4364a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc4364a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc436e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc436e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc4383a\" data-id=\"cc4383a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc43944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc43944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc439eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc439eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc43b31\" data-id=\"cc43b31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc43c3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc43c3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc43cd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc43cd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc43e21\" data-id=\"cc43e21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc43f23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc43f23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc43fbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc43fbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc44133\" data-id=\"cc44133\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc44249 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc44249\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Dynamics in the Practice of Bukusu Circumcision Ritual Inkenya; Impact of the Inter-Christian Fellowships Evangelical Mission, 1988-2012<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Godfrey Banda Mayende &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 496-521<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc442e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc442e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc4448c\" data-id=\"cc4448c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc445e5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc445e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper is an extract from a Master of Arts Degree Thesis that was presented to Graduate School of Kenyatta University-Kenya in April 2017. The study interrogated the Impact of the Inter-Christian Fellowship Evangelical Mission (IcFEM) on circumcision rituals among the Bukusu community of Kimilili constituency, Bungoma County in the former province of Western Kenya. In this paper however, our contention is to examine one of the objectives addressed in the above mentioned study; the Impact of the Inter-Christian Fellowships Evangelical Mission on circumcision rituals among the Bukusu community of Kimilili Sub-county. Significant to the our findings is the fact that Bukusu circumcision ritual played a wide spectrum of infinite socio-political and economic role in the society and as such, our contention was to demonstrate how status quo was altered upon the inception of new concepts that were not familiar with the traditional setup of the Babukusu. It should be observed that the corroboration of both primary and secondary data was very significant in conducting the field research whose findings were fruitful for the development of this paper. It is indeed true that the target population in the research that preceded this paper was selected using purposive sampling and majority of this population was from the local community within Kimilili Constituency comprising the Bukusu people. Oral Interview (abbreviated as O.I in the entire text) was a key research instrument that was successfully administered to generate substantive findings (Refer to the list of the informants provided in the references section). That aside, significant information was also gathered from the Kenya National Archives (abbreviated as KNA) to enrich the findings of this research.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 496-521\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51228\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51228<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Godfrey Banda Mayende<\/strong>\r\nPh.D. Student, Department of Public Affairs and Environmental Studies of Laikipia University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\na) Published and unpublished sources\r\n[1]. Aseka, E. M. (1989), Political Economy of Buluhya Land,1900-1964, Ph.D. Dissertation, Nairobi; KenyattaUniversity.\r\n[2]. Bloom, L.&amp; Ottong, J. G. (1987), Changing Africa, an Introduction to Sociology. London;Macmillan Publishers.\r\n[3]. Clayden G &amp; Lissauer, (2011), Illustrated Text Book of Pediatrics, Fourth Edition. New York: ISBN.\r\n[4]. De Wolf, J. (1977), Differentiation and Integration in Western Kenya: A study of Religious Innovation and Social Change among the Bukusu. The Hague: Mouton.\r\n[5]. Doornobs, M. (1975),Regalia Galore, the Decline and Eclipse of Ankole Kingship. Nairobi: EALB.\r\n[6]. Egesah, O. &amp; Bailey, R. C. (2006). Assessment of Clinical and Traditional Male Circumcision Services in Bungoma District, Kenya: Complication Rates and Operational Needs, Special report.\r\n[7]. Engels, F. &amp; Marx, K. (1952), Manifesto of the Communist Party, London: William Benton Publishers.\r\n[8]. Fanon, F. (1963), The Wretched of the Earth,Great Britain: Mcgibbon &amp; Kee.\r\n[9]. Fedders, A. &amp; Salvadori, C. (1979), Peoples and Cultures of Kenya. Nairobi; Trans-Africa.\r\n[10]. Havilland, W. A. (1975),Cultural Anthropology, Florida; Harcourt Brace Company.\r\n[11]. Hoogvelt, A. M. M, (1976).The Sociology of Developing Societies. London: Macmillan Educational Publishers.\r\n[12]. Hulme, M. &amp; Turner, M. (1990), Sociology and Development, THEORIES, POLICIES ANDPRACTICES, Portsmouth; Biddles Ltd, Guildford.\r\n[13]. Kakai, W. P. (1992), Social Concept in the Initiation Rituals of the Abatachoni, a HistoricalStudy, M.A Thesis, Kenyatta University Press.\r\n[14]. Kenyatta, J. (1978), Facing Mount Kenya, London; Warburg publishers.\r\n[15]. Khamalwa, W. (2004), Identify, Power and Culture: Imbalu Initiation Ritual among the Bamasaba of Uganda.Bayreuth; Thielmann &amp; Eckhard Breitinger.\r\n[16]. Magesa, L. (1998), African Religion, Limuru; Kolbe Press.\r\n[17]. Makila, F. E. (1978), An Outline History of the Babukusuof Western in Kenya. Nairobi; K.L.B.\r\n[18]. (1982),The Significance of Chetambe Fort in Bukusu, Department of Culture official Monograph.\r\n[19]. Makokha, K. T. (1993), Relationship between Morality andReligion: A case of Babukusu of Western Kenya,M.A Thesis, Kenyatta University.\r\n[20]. Moi, D. (1983), Kenya, 1963-1983, Kenya Official Handbook. Nairobi: Government of the Republic of Kenya.\r\n[21]. Moi, D. (1986),Kenya African Nationalism, Nyayo Philosophy and Principles,Nairobi: MacmillanPublishers.\r\n[22]. Mugambi, J. &amp; Karima, N. (1976), The African Religious Heritage, a Text Book Based on Syllabus 228 of Kenya Certificate Education,Nairobi; OxfordUniversity Press.\r\n[23]. Mugenda, O. M. and Mugenda, A. G. (1999),Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Nairobi: Acts Press.\r\n[24]. Muller, M, et al (2009). Male Circumcision for Preventionof Heterosexual Acquisition of HIV in Men, NewYork: Cochrane Database of System Reviews.\r\n[25]. Muraya, M. W. (2009), Colonial Transformation of Female Circumcision and its Impact on Women\u2019s Role andGender Relations among the Gikuyu of KiambumFrom 1895 to 1963. Nairobi; Kenyatta University,M.A Thesis.\r\n[26]. Mutunda, S. N. (2009). Through a Female Lens: Aspects ofMasculinity in Francophone African Women\u2019sWriting, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona.\r\n[27]. Nabie, S. (2008), A Strategic Action for Mitigating the Spread of HIV\/AIDS Through Traditional Circumcision Practice in Bungoma North, East, South and West Districts and Mt. Elgon, TransNzoia, Teso and Lugari Districts in July\/August 2008, Unpublished paper.\r\n[28]. The Nation Newspaper of 11th August 2004.\r\n[29]. Obel, A. (1995), Curbing the HIV\/AIDS Menace Effectively, Nairobi: Circuit City Limited.\r\n[30]. Parrinder, G. (1976), African Traditional Religion, NewYork: Green-wood press publishers.\r\n[31]. Peristiany, J. G. (1939), The Social Institution of the Kipsigis, London: Routledge and Kegan.\r\n[32]. Peters, G. B. (1995), The Politics of Bureaucracy, an Introduction to Comparative and Public Administration, New York: Longman.\r\n[33]. Segal, L. (1999),Why Feminism? Oxford, Blackwell.\r\n[34]. Shell, D.&amp; Hernlund, Y. (2000), \u201cFemale Circumcision\u201d inAfrica, Colorado; Lynne Rienner Publisher.\r\n[35]. Silverman, E. K.(2004), Anthropology and Circumcision,in a journal of Annual Review of AnthropologyVol. 33 p 419-45.\r\n[36]. Simiyu, R. N. (2011), Socio \u2013 Cultural Significance of Circumcision Songs within a Changing Babukusu Community of Bumula Division, M.A Thesis, Nairobi: Kenyatta University Publishers.\r\n[37]. Spear, T. (1981), Kenya\u2019s Past, An Introduction to Historical Methods in Africa, United Kingdom: Longman Group Limited.\r\n[38]. Tignor, R. L. (1976), The Colonial Transformation of Kenya, New Jersey. Princeton University.\r\n[39]. Wafula, P.W. (2000),Politics and Nationalism in Colonial Kenya: The Case of the Babukusu of Bungoma District, C. 1894-1963, M.A Thesis, Kenyatta University.\r\n[40]. Wafula, P.W.(2003),The History of CommunityRelations across the Kenya-Uganda Boarder; The Case of the Babukusu and Bagisu, C. 1884-1997, Ph.D. Thesis,Kenyatta University.\r\n[41]. Wagner, G. (1949), The Bantu of North Kavirondo, vol 1.New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[42]. Wanyama, M. (2005), Form and Context of African Music; A Case Study of Bukusu Circumcision Music,Ph.D. Thesis,Pretoria; Pretoria University.\r\n[43]. Wanyama, M. and Egesah, O. (2015),Ethnography and Ethno-music of Babukusu Traditional Male Circumcision; Messaging, Symbolism and Rationale, Moi University: DOI:10.13189\/sa.2015.030102\r\n[44]. Wasambo, W. (2014),A Traditional Ritual Ceremony as Edurama: A Case Study of Imbalu Ritual among the Bukusu of Western Kenya, Ph.D. Thesis. Nairobi; Kenyatta University.\r\n[45]. Wasike, C. (2013), Textualizing Masculinity: Discourses of Power and Gender Relations in Manguliechi\u2019s Bukusu After burial Oratory Performance (khuswala kumuse),Unpublished Thesis,Johannesburg; University of Witwatersrand.\r\n[46]. Wasilwa, I. M. M. (2014), Traditional Cultural ApproachAwareness on HIV\/AIDS, Circumcision trainingmanual, Bungoma: Kenya Charter.\r\n[47]. (2006),Lukembe Sikhebo Association of Kenya Circumcision Objectives (Lubito), Bungoma: Kenya Charter.\r\n[48]. Were, G. S. (1967), A History of the Abaluhya of Western Kenya. Nairobi; E.A.L.B.\r\n[49]. Were, E. A. (2012), Community Involvement in theIntegration of Science and Technology in Traditional Male Circumcision Practices: A Case of Bungoma County Kenya,Methodist University (Nairobi Campus).\r\n[50]. WHO, (2009), Traditional Male Circumcision among theyoung People, Public Health Perspective in the context of HIV Prevention. Geneva: WHO printing services.\r\nb) Archival sources\r\n[1]. KNA, DC\/NN 3\/1\/: 1902-1916, Political record book, North Kavirondo part 1: General Description of the District.\r\n[2]. KNA, MISS\/54\/212: 1919, Report of the work at Kitosh Station, By J. W. Ford.\r\n[3]. KNA, DC\/NN 3\/5\/: 1912-1936, Political Records: Hut and Poll Tax.\r\n[4]. KNA, PC\/NZA 3\/31\/8\/1: 1913, Ethnology of Tribes of North Kavirondo District by Dunda\r\n[5]. KNA, DC\/EN\/3\/2\/4: 1929-1935, Political Records, Ethnology\r\n[6]. KNA, DC\/NN 10\/1\/5: 1946-1949, Dini Ya Musambwa.\r\n\r\nc) Oral evidence\r\n[1] Alex Tabalia Wekesa, 63 years old, interviewed on 29th August 2015 at Lumuli village, Kamusinde location, Kimilili constituency. He is a retired forester.\r\n[2] Ben Nyongesa, 73 years old, interviewed on 23rd August 2014 at Sitabicha Village, Kimilili rural sub-location, Kimilili constituency. Veterinary practitioner by profession.\r\n[3] Benedict Kunusia Wanjala, 49 years old, interviewed on 3rd December 2014 at Malaha Village, Maeni Location. He is the Chief of Maeni location.\r\n[4] Edward Chikati, 39 years old, interviewed on 6th December 2014 at Sitabicha village, Kimilili rural sub-location. He is the area assistant Chief.\r\n[5] Gabriel Naulikha Kunusia, 93 years, interviewed on 9th August 2014 at Matoma village, Kamasielo Sub-location, Kimilili constituency. He is a retired Primary School teacher.\r\n[6] Gabriel Wamalwa Murutu, 64 years old, interviewed on 13th December 2014 at Buko village, Sikhendu sub-location, Maeni Location, Kimilili constituency. He is a retired Primary School teacher.\r\n[7] Godwin Masika Makokha, 49 years old, interviewed on 17th November 2014 at Kaptola village, Kibingei location, Kimilili constituency. He is a teacher at Bituyu FYM Primary School and also holds a B.Ed. (arts) degree from Kenyatta University.\r\n[8] Hosea Wasike, 83 years old, interviewed on 20th September 2014 at Kamutiong\u2019i village, Kamusinga sub-location, Kibingei Location, Kimilili constituency. A medical doctor by profession.\r\n[9] Henry Mwambu Murutu, 61 years old, interviewed on 13th December 2014 at Buko village, Sikhendu sub-location, Maeni Location, Kimilili constituency.\r\n[10] Jackson Nabiswa Walekhwa, 91 years old, interviewed on 16th August 2014 at Kamusinde village, Nasusi Sub-location, Kimilili constituency. He is a retired primary school teacher.\r\n[11] James Khalaba, 72 years old, interviewed on 3rd August 2014 at Bituyu village, Kimilili Division, Kimilili constituency. He is a traditional circumciser and also chairs the association of Lukembe circumcisers.\r\n[12] Joseph Nyongesa Cheloti, 65 years old, interviewed on 18th November 2014 at Matoma village, Kamasielo Sub-location, Kimilili constituency. He is a member of the Bukusu council of elders\u2019 board based in Bungoma town.\r\n[13] Lesley Sankey, 65 years old, interviewed on 26th August 2015 at IcFEM\u2019s offices, Kibingei Location, Kimilili constituency. She is a native of the United Kingdom but currently works as the personal assistant to the director of IcFEM.\r\n[14] Macdon Namungu Juma, 49 years old, interviewed on 26th August 2015 at IcFEM\u2019s offices, Kibingei Location, Kimilili constituency. He is the deputy director in charge of operations and the Mission chaplain.\r\n[15] Margaret Soita, 56 years old, interviewed on 28th August 2015 at Dreamland Mission Hospital, Kibingei Location, Kimilili constituency. She is the administrator of the Hospital.\r\n[16] Moses Banda Wafula, 77 years old, interviewed on 2nd August 2014 at Kibisi Village, Sikhendu Sub-location, Kimilili constituency. A former member of Kenya National Farmers Union (KNFU) and currently a peasant farmer.\r\n[17] Musikiti Kusimba, 56 years old, interviewed on 23rd August 2014 at Chetambe estate, Kimilili Town, Kimilili constituency. He formerly worked with the National Intelligence Service of Kenya.\r\n[18] Patrick Biboko, 49 years old, interviewed on 26th August 2015 at IcFEM\u2019s offices, Kibingei Location, Kimilili constituency. He is the assistant director, Mercy and Justice Pillar.\r\n[19] Patrick Nabisiolo Kituyi, 77 years old, interviewed on 16th November 2014 at Matoma Village, Kamasielo Sub-location, Kimilili constituency. A student of renowned Bukusu orator, Manguliechi.\r\n[20] Priscilla Lusike Namwenya, 63 years old, interviewed on 2nd August 2014 at Kibisi Village, Sikhendu Sub-location, Kimilili constituency. Practices farming.\r\n[21] Richard Makhanu Wafula, 55 years old, interviewed on 12th July 2015 at Kahawa Wendani estate, Kasarani constituency, Nairobi. He holds a PhD (Kiswahili) from Kenyatta University and he currently chairs the Kiswahili department at the same University.\r\n[22] Roseline Nelima Nandabi, 45 years old, interviewed on 17th August 2014 at Kaptola village, Kibingei location, Kimilili constituency. She is a teacher at Khwiroro AC primary school and currently pursuing a B.Ed. (arts) degree at Kenyatta University.\r\n[23] Ruth Eshimuli Nabie, 51 years old, interviewed on 28th August 2015 at Dreamland Mission Hospital, Kibingei Location, Kimilili constituency. She is the wife to Mr. Nabie. She is also the Chief Executive Officer of the Hospital.\r\n[24] Solomon Nabie, 53 years old, interviewed on 27th August 2015 at IcFEM\u2019s offices, Kibingei Location, Kimilili constituency. He is the director of IcFEM.\r\n[25] Willington Wambani Wafula, 69 years old, interviewed on 19th August 2014 at Matoma village, Nasusi Sub-location, Kimilili constituency. He is a traditional circumciser.\r\n[26] Winy Wanyama, 53 years old, interviewed on 3rd December 2014 at Nasusi trading center, Nasusi Location, she is the area Chief of Kamusinde location.\r\n[27] Wycliffe Tabani Wepukhulu, 58 years old, interviewed on 6th January 2015 at Sikhendu village, Sikhendu sub-location, Maeni Location, Kimilili constituency. He is the former mayor of Kimilili municipality and also served as the councilor of Maeni ward up to December 2007.\r\n[28] Zipporah Naulikha Kunusia, 66 years old, interviewed on 9th August 2014 at Matoma village, Nasusi Sub-location, Kimilili constituency.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Godfrey Banda Mayende &#8220;The Dynamics in the Practice of Bukusu Circumcision Ritual Inkenya; Impact of the Inter-Christian Fellowships Evangelical Mission, 1988-2012&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.496-521 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51228<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/496-521.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-dynamics-in-the-practice-of-bukusu-circumcision-ritual-inkenya-impact-of-the-inter-christian-fellowships-evangelical-mission-1988-2012\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Dynamics in the Practice of Bukusu Circumcision Ritual Inkenya; Impact of the Inter-Christian Fellowships Evangelical Mission, 1988-2012<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc481bd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc481bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc482a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc482a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc4846a\" data-id=\"cc4846a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4859e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc4859e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc4896c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc4896c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc48ac3\" data-id=\"cc48ac3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc48bda elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc48ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc48ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc48f71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc48f71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc490cf\" data-id=\"cc490cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc491dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc491dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc49276 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc49276\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc493c3\" data-id=\"cc493c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc494c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc494c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc49561 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc49561\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc496d0\" data-id=\"cc496d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc497eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc497eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Interest Rate Deregulation on Gross Domestic Savings in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mathias A. Chuba- December 2021- Page No.: 522-528<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc49889 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc49889\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc49a06\" data-id=\"cc49a06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc49b38 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc49b38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nNigeria embarked on interest rate deregulation in August, 1987 in order to increase gross domestic savings through an increase in interest rate. The results of previous studies with respect to the impact of interest rate deregulation on gross domestic savings in Nigeria are mixed. This paper argues that interest rate deregulation does not have positive impact on gross domestic savings in Nigeria because savings depends on income rather than interest rate. The main objective of this paper is to determine the impact of interest rate deregulation on gross domestic savings in Nigeria from 1970-2019 using a dummy variable regression technique. The result of the investigation indicates that interest rate deregulation has an insignificant negative impact on gross domestic savings in Nigeria. The gross domestic product has a significant positive relationship with gross domestic savings in Nigeria. The Keynesian proposition that savings are mainly determined by income rather than interest rate is applicable in Nigeria. The classical theory of interest rate and the theory of high interest rate policy that was popularized by McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) are not applicable in Nigeria. The target of economic policy should be gross domestic product and not interest rate because naturally gross domestic saving will increase if gross domestic product increases in Nigeria.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 522-528\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51229<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mathias A. Chuba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Achievers University Owo, Km 1, Idasen-Ute Road, P. M. B. 1030, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aghevli, B. B. and Boughton, J. M. (1990); National Saving and the World Economy: Why have saving rates declined since the early 1970s? Some reasons, and the policy measures needed to stimulate saving, in Finance &amp; Development, June Edition.\r\n[2] Akinola, G. W. and Omolade, A. (2013); Savings, Gross Capital Formation and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria (1975-2008), JOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 1(2), 19-25.\r\n[3] Amacher, R. C. and Ulbrich, H. H. (1986); Principles of Macroeconomics, South-Western Publishing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.\r\n[4] Asamoah, G. N. (2008); The Impact of the Financial Sector Reforms on Savings, Investment and Growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Ghana, International Business and Economic Research Journal, 7(10), 73-84.\r\n[5] Chuba, M. A. (2021); The Paradox of Thrift: Empirical Evidence in Nigeria, International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 04(10): 3026-3035.\r\n[6] Collins, S. M. (1991); Saving Behavior in Ten Developing Countries, in B. D. Douglas and J. B. Shoven, (eds): National Saving and Economic Performance. National Bureau of Economic Research, University of Chicago Press.\r\n[7] Corbo, V. and Schmidt-Hebbel, K. (1991); Public Policies and Saving in Developing Countries, Journal of Development Economics, 36: 89-115.\r\n[8] Deaton, A. (1992); Understanding Consumption. Oxford University Press.\r\n[9] Edwards, S. (1994); Why are Latin America\u2019s Saving Rates so Low?, Manuscript, presented at the Conference on Growth Prospects in Latin America, Bogota (Colombia), June.\r\n[10] Fry, M. J. (1988); Money, Interest and Banking in Economic Development, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.\r\n[11] Giovannini, A. (1983); The Interest Elasticity of Savings in Developing Countries: The Existing Evidence, World Development, 11(7): 601-607.\r\n[12] Giovannini, A. (1985); Saving and the Real Interest Rate in LDCs, Journal of Development Economics, 18(2-3): 197-217.\r\n[13] Gupta, K. L. (1987); Aggregate Savings, Financial Intermediation, and Interest Rate, Review of Economics and Statistics, 69(2): 303-11.\r\n[14] Japelli, T and Pagano, M. (1994); Saving, Growth, and Liquidity Constraints, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106: 83-109.\r\n[15] Jhingan, M. L. (2003); Macro-Economic Theory, 11th Revised and Enlarged Edition, Vrinda Publications (P) Ltd, Delhi.\r\n[16] Johansen, S. (1988); Statistical Analysis of Cointegrating Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12: 231-54.\r\n[17] Keynes, J. M. (1936); The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Harcourt, Brace and Co., New work.\r\n[18] McKinnon, R. (1973); Money and Capital in Economic Development, Washington D. C.: Brookings Institution.\r\n[19] Modigliani, F. (1990); Recent Declines in the Saving Rate: A Life Cycle Perspective, Manuscript, Frisch Lecture, Sixth World Congress of the Econometric Society, Barcelona (August).\r\n[20] Onwumere, J. U. J., Okore, A. O. and Ibe, I. G. (2012); The Impact of Interest Rate Liberalization on Savings and Investment: Evidence from Nigeria, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(10): 130-136.\r\n[21] Phillips, P. C. B. and Perron, P. (1988); Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression, Biometrika, 75(2): 335-346. DOI: 10.1093\/biomet\/75.2.335.\r\n[22] Schmidt-Hebbel, K.; Webb, S, and Corsetti, G. (1992); Household Saving in Developing Countries: First Cross-Country Evidence, World Bank Economic Review, 6(3): 529-547.\r\n[23] Shaw, E. S. (1973); Financial Deepening in Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[24] Simon-Oke, O. O. and Jolaosho, O. M. (2013); Real Interest Rate and Savings Mobilization in Nigeria, International Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability, 1(2): 28-40.\r\n[25] Soyibo, A. and Adekanye, F. (1992); Financial System Regulation, Deregulation and Savings Mobilization in Nigeria, African Economic Research Consortium, Research Paper 11, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[26] Udude, C. C. (2015); Impact of Interest Rate on Savings on the Nigeria\u2019s Economy (1981-2013), Journal of Policy and Development Studies, 9(3): 73-82.\r\n[27] WDI, 2020. The World Bank Data.\r\n[28] Yusuf, S. and Peters, R. K. (1984); Savings Behaviour and its Implication for Domestic Resource Mobilization: The Case of the Republic of Korea, World Bank Staff Working Paper, No. 628, Washington DC: The World Bank.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mathias A. Chuba, &#8220;Impact of Interest Rate Deregulation on Gross Domestic Savings in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.522-528 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51229<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/522-528.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-interest-rate-deregulation-on-gross-domestic-savings-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Interest Rate Deregulation on Gross Domestic Savings in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc51550 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc51550\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc51f33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc51fcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc51fcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc52121\" data-id=\"cc52121\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5222f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc5222f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc522d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc522d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc52420\" data-id=\"cc52420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc52529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc52529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc525c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc525c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc52710\" data-id=\"cc52710\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5281f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc5281f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc528bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc528bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc52a21\" data-id=\"cc52a21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc52b33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc52b33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Community Structure and Distribution of the Ordo Anura in the Unmul Samarinda botanical Gardens (KRUS), Samarinda City, East Kalimantan<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lariman- December 2021- Page No.: 529-534<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc52bd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc52bd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc52d51\" data-id=\"cc52d51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc52e82 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc52e82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nUnmul Samarinda Botanical Gardens is a forest that grows naturally, along with population growth and the development of the city of Samarinda, the Unmul Samarinda Botanical Gardens (KRUS) is in the middle of the city. The Unmul Samarinda Botanical Garden is expected to function as an educational forest that supports science. Since 2001, Mulawarman University together with the Samarinda City government have developed a nature recreation\/ecotourism function. In KRUS Forest, apart from high-level vegetation, shrubs, low-level vegetation and mosses are also found. Wild animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and other aquatic animals also still exist in this area. This study aims to determine the diversity, evenness and dominance of the order anura. The method used in collecting data on the diversity of the Anura order is the Visual Encounter Survey (VES). For sample identification and data processing, it is carried out at the Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawaman University, Samarinda. Research results show that the composition of the order Anura in the Unmul Samarinda Botanical Gardens (KRUS) consists of 18 species, 6 families and 108 individuals. Species with the highest number of individuals were Limnonectes paramacrodon and Pulchranapicturata. The index of species diversity of the order Anura is moderate with a value of 2.26, the index of evenness is relatively even with a value of 0.79 and the dominance index indicates that there is no dominant species with a value of 0.17. There are several factors that pose a threat to the species of the Anura order in the Educational forest of the Unmul Samarinda Botanical Gardens (KRUS), such as tourism activities and coal mining which makes the forest fragmented.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 529-534\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51230<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lariman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBiology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University\r\nJl. Barong Tongkok No.4 Kampus Gunung Kelua Samarinda, East Kalimantan\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ardiyansyah, D. and Priyono, A. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation in Indonesia. Proceedings. Seminar on research results from the Department of Forest Resources Conservation. Bogor. 181 pages.\r\n[2] Alikodra, H.S. 2010. Wildlife Management Techniques. Bogor: IPB Press.\r\n[3] [IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Conservation International, and Nature Serve. 2008. Major Threats. http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/amphibians\/major_threats.htm.\r\n[4] [IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Conservation International, and Nature Serve. 2017. Major Threats. http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/amphibians\/major_threats.htm.\r\n[5] Brower, J. E., and Zar, J. H. 1977. Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology. Book. Brown Co Publisher, Iowa. USA\r\n[6] Darmawan, B. 2008. Amphibian Diversity in Various Habitat Types: A Case Study in Ex-HPH PT Rimba Karya Indah Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. Essay. Bogor Agricultural Institute. Bogor. 78 pages.\r\n[7] Duellman, W. E., and Trueb, L. 1994. Biology of Amphibians. Book. Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr. London.\r\n[8] Goin, C. J., Goin, O. B., and Zug, G. R. 1978. Introduction to Herpetology. Book. W.H Freeman and Company. San Francisco. 378 pages.\r\n[9] Heyer, W. R., Donnelly, M. A., Diarmid, M. C., Hayek, L. C., and Foster MS. 1994. Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Amphibians. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.\r\n[10] Inger, R. F., and Iskandar, D. T. 2005. A collection of amphibians from West Sumatra, with a description of a new species of Megophrys (Amphibia: Anura). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53(1): 133\u2013142.\r\n[11] Inger, R. F., and Stuebing, R. B. 1997. A Field guide to the Frogs of Borneo. Book. Natural History Publications. Sabah. 205 pages.\r\n[12] Iskandar, D. T. 1998. Java and Bali Amphibians\u2013Field Guide Series. Research and Development Center for Indonesian Research Institute of Sciences. Bogor. ruler. 2003. Amphibious Field Guide for the Leuser Ecosystem. Book. The Gibbon Foundation and the PILI-NGO Movement. Bogor.\r\n[13] Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Book. Saunders. Philadelphia.\r\n[14] Putra, K., Rizaldi. Djong Hon Tjong. 2012. Anura (Amphibia) Community in Three Types of Aquatic Habitats in Harapan Forest Area, Jambi. Andalas University Biology Journal. 1(2): 156-165.\r\n[15] Pratomo, H. 1994. Diversity and Ecology of the Genus Rana (Amphibia: Ranidae) in Bogor, Sukabumi and Cianjur areas. Postgraduate Thesis. Bogor Agricultural Institute. Bogor.\r\n[16] Stebbins, R. C., and Cohen, N. W. 1997. A Natural History of Amphibians. Book. Princeton Univ. New Jersey.\r\n[17] Solahudin AM. 2003. Diversity of waterbird species in LebakPampangn, Pampangan District, OganKomeringIlir Regency, South Sumatra. Essay. University of Lampung. Bandar Lampung\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lariman, &#8220;Community Structure and Distribution of the Ordo Anura in the Unmul Samarinda botanical Gardens (KRUS), Samarinda City, East Kalimantan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.529-534 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51230<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/529-534.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/community-structure-and-distribution-of-the-ordo-anura-in-the-unmul-samarinda-botanical-gardens-krus-samarinda-city-east-kalimantan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Community Structure and Distribution of the Ordo Anura in the Unmul Samarinda botanical Gardens (KRUS), Samarinda City, East Kalimantan<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc56a91 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc57a30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc57a30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc57b7d\" data-id=\"cc57b7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc57c92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc57c92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc57d34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc57d34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc57e88\" data-id=\"cc57e88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc57f8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc57f8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc5802a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc5802a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc58194\" data-id=\"cc58194\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc582a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc582a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Motivation for Entrepreneurial Engagement among Youths in Ogun State: Push and Pull Factors Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>JIMOH, Tajudeen Adisa, ADEBAYO, Adewale Bashir- December 2021- Page No.: 534-540<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc58344 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc58344\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc584cc\" data-id=\"cc584cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc58616 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc58616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study was carried out to determine the factors responsible for the motivation of youths into entrepreneurship. It assessed the motivational impact of push and pull factors on the youths\u2019 entrepreneurial engagement. The study was carried out in Ogun State and the population comprised all youth entrepreneurs in the State. It is an ex post factor in design but employed survey approach with the use of questionnaire for data collection. A cross-sectional survey of 300 youth entrepreneurs from the three senatorial districts of the state was done in which 100 youth entrepreneurs were randomly selected from each of Ogun West, Ogun East and Ogun Central Districts. Descriptive and inferential analysis of data collected revealed higher relative contribution of push factors to the entrepreneurship engagement of the youths than the pull factors. This informed the conclusion that entrepreneurship engagement of the youths was largely stimulated by negative economic situations and compelling factors such as unemployment, job insecurity, economic hardship, poor conditions of available jobs, etc. Among others, it was recommended that governments and stakeholders in national economic building and development should put mechanisms in place towards providing support, enablement and appealing conditions capable of igniting youths\u2019 passion for entrepreneurship as desirable alternative for their economic engagement and productive living.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 534-540\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>JIMOH, Tajudeen Adisa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nOffice Technology and Management Department, The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ADEBAYO, Adewale Bashir<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRegistry Department, The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ajagbe, A. 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The influence of sociocultural environments on the performance of nascent entrepreneurs: Community culture, motivation, self-efficacy and start-up success. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 24(9-10), 917-945. DOI: 10.1080\/08985626.2012.742326\r\n[17] Ismail, N., Nasir, M. &amp; Rahman, R. (2021). Factors that influence women to be involved in entrepreneurship: A case study in Malaysia. Creative Education, 12, 837-847. doi: 10.4236\/ce.2021.124060.\r\n[18] Jahangir-Kabir, A. N. M. (2018). Factors contributing to the entrepreneurial development in Bangladesh: A study on Rajshahi City. Asian Business Review, 8, 49-58\r\n[19] Kosa, A. &amp; Mohammed, I. (2017). Uncovering the backings to passion: Why do small firm owners\/managers engage in entrepreneurship? Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 6(20).\r\n[20] Levie, J, &amp; Autio, E. (2013). Growth and growth intentions: A meta-analysis of existing evidence. ERC White Papers, 1. Birmingham, UK Enterprise Research Centre.\r\n[21] Lim, D., Oh, C., &amp; DeClercq, D. (2016). Engagement in entrepreneurship in emerging economies: Interactive effects of individual-level factors and institutional conditions. International Business Review, 25(4), 933\u2013945.\r\n[22] Lucas, J. &amp; Marie, D. (2017). Engagement of young graduate in entrepreneurship. Sweden: Linnaeus University.\r\n[23] Minniti, M., &amp; Nardone, C. (2007). Being in someone else\u2019s shoes: The role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2-3), 223-238. DOI: 10.1007\/s11187-006-9017-y\r\n[24] OECD &amp; European Commission (2014). Supporting youth in entrepreneurship: Summary report of a policy development seminar organized by the OECD and European Commission. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/cfe\/leed\/SummaryReportSeminarYouthEntrepren eurshipRev.pdf\r\n[25] Serazul, I. (2012). Pull and push factors towards small entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. Journal of Research in International Business Management , 2(3), 65-72\r\n[26] Seth, S. (2021). Why entrepreneurship is important to the economy. https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/articles\/personal-finance\/101414\/why-entrepreneurs-are-important-economy.asp\r\n[27] Shane, S., Locke E. A., &amp; Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13(2), 257-279. DOI:10.1016\/S1053-4822(03)00017-2\r\n[28] Sharma, K. (2015). Relative importance of push and pull factors in entrepreneurial selection for tourismpreneur. Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, 4.\r\n[29] Viguria, L. (2015). Why young entrepreneurs are so important. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2015\/10\/why-young-entrepreneurs-are-so-important\/\r\n[30] Yousefi, M. &amp; Marzuki, A. (2015). An analysis of push and pull motivational factors of international tourists to Penang, Malaysia. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 16(1), 40-56.\r\n[31] Zwan, P., Thurik, R., Verheul, I. &amp; Hessels, J. (2016). Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. Eurasian Business Review, 6(3), 273\u2013295.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">JIMOH, Tajudeen Adisa, ADEBAYO, Adewale Bashir, &#8220;Motivation for Entrepreneurial Engagement among Youths in Ogun State: Push and Pull Factors Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.534-540 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/534-540.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/534-540.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/motivation-for-entrepreneurial-engagement-among-youths-in-ogun-state-push-and-pull-factors-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Motivation for Entrepreneurial Engagement among Youths in Ogun State: Push and Pull Factors Analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc59448 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-element-cc5da7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc5da7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc5dbe7\" data-id=\"cc5dbe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5dcf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc5dcf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc5dd97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc5dd97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc5dee3\" data-id=\"cc5dee3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5dff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc5dff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e097 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc5e097\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e1e1\" data-id=\"cc5e1e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e2eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc5e2eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e38e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc5e38e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e4f4\" data-id=\"cc5e4f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e607 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc5e607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Level of Water Governance in Schools and its Effect on Student Participation in Education<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wambeye K.M, Wasike, D.W, Obino, P.O &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 541-549<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e6a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc5e6a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e825\" data-id=\"cc5e825\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5e94f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc5e94f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Adequate access to water, hygiene and sanitation is every human\u2019s and child\u2019s right. These do not reflect national policies aspirations and are not adequate to student\u2019s needs, affecting their health, well-being, performance and participation at school in Kenya. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted to sample from boarding schools that were sampled to take part in a study conducted in Bungoma County in the Western region of Kenya.Stratified sampling was employed in choosing the Schools while questionnaires, interview schedules, document analysis and focus groups were used to gather data. The model was not able to significantly predict the level of water governance in schools and its effect on student participation in education and hence concluded that every boarding secondary school should develop a drinking water access plan. This study provides an empirical pattern of participation in education influenced by WASH in schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 541-549\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51231\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51231<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wambeye K.M<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wasike, D.W<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science &amp; Mathematics Education, Kibabii University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obino, P.O<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences, Kibabii University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abadzi H (2009) Instructional Time Loss in Developing Countries: Concepts, Measurement, and Implications. World Bank Res Obser 24: 267\u2013290.\r\n[2] Akhmouch. A. and Clavreul. D. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance: \u201cPracticing What We Preach\u201d with the OECD Water Governance Initiative. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\r\n[3] Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage Publications, Incorporated.\r\n[4] Dillingham, R. &amp;. Guerrant, R. L. (2004). Childhood Stunting: Measuring and Stemming the Staggering Costs of Inadequate Water and Sanitation. The Lancet.\r\n[5] Elsevier B.V. (2016), Addressing governance and management challenges in small water supply systems \u2013 the integrity management approach in Kenya. Available at www.sciencedirect.com. Accessed in February 2018.\r\n[6] Elsevier B.V. (2016), Addressing governance and management challenges in small water supply systems \u2013 the integrity management approach in Kenya. Available at www.sciencedirect.com. Accessed in February 2018\r\n[7] Flora, D. B. (2018). Statistical Methods for the Social and Behavioural Sciences A Model-Based Approach SAGE Publications.\r\n[8] Freeman MC, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, et al. (2012).Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation programme on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health. 17: 380\u2013391.\r\n[9] George, M. &amp; Isaac M., (2009). Water Policy, Accessibility and Water Ethics in Kenya, 7 Santa Clara J. Int&#8217;l L. 177. Available at: http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.scu.edu\/scujil\/vol7\/iss1\/3 12th November 2017\r\n[10] Githuku, C. (2009). Assessment of the Environmental Risks of Wastewater reuse in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Nairobi. MSc Thesis, JKUAT.\r\n[11] Government of Kenya -Transition Authority (2015). Draft final report on functional analysis and competency assignment of functions in the water sector. Nairobi.\r\n[12] Jasper C, T., Bartram, J., (2012).Water and Sanitation in Schools: A Systematic Review of the Health and Educational Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9: 2772\u20132787.\r\n[13] Kenya Bureau of Statistics (2010). Kenya 2009 Population and housing census highlights. Retrieved from www.Planning.go.ke. 16th February 2017.\r\n[14] Kenya National Bureau of statistics (2016). Bungoma County multiple cluster survey 2013\/2014 final report. Nairobi. Kenya\r\n[15] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Kenya 2009 Population and housing census highlights. Retrieved from www.Planning.go.ke. 10th Jan 2018\r\n[16] Kombo, D.K and Tromp D.L (2006). Introduction to Research Methodology. Pauline\u2019s Publications Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[17] Kwena, R. &amp;Moronge, M. (2015). Determinants of sustainability of rural water projects in Kenya: a case study of the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV) supported water schemes in Kajiado County. The Strategic Journal of Business and Change Management, 2(2)(124), 2025-2077.\r\n[18] Lucie L, Nzioki R, Feuerstein L (2016) Addressing Governance and Management Challenges in Small Water Supply Systems \u2013 The Integrity Management Approach in Kenya. Aquatic Procedia Volume 6, Pages 39-50\r\n[19] Muganda O. M. &amp;Mugenda A.G., (1999), Research Methods. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS).Nairobi.\r\n[20] Nyanchaga, E. N (2011). Importance of Water in Kenya Challenges and Reforms. University of Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[21] UNDP (2007). Improving Water Governance in Kenya through Human Rights Based Approach. A Mapping and Baseline Report.: http:\/\/ebookbrowse.com\/baseline-report-hrba-kenya-pdf-d107548951.\r\n[22] Water Kenya report (2006), Kenya National Water Development Report 2nd UN World Water Development Report \u2018Water: A shared responsibility UN-WATER\/WWAP\/2006\/12\r\n[23] Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB), (2009). Water and Sanitation Coverage in Kenya. Impact report, Nairobi.\r\n[24] Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB), (2009). Water and Sanitation Coverage in Kenya. Impact report, Nairobi.\r\n[25] Wayne K. Hoy, Curt M. Adams (2015). Quantitative Research in Education Second Edition. SAGE Publications.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wambeye K.M, Wasike, D.W, Obino, P.O, &#8220;Level of Water Governance in Schools and its Effect on Student Participation in Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.541-549 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51231<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/541-549.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/level-of-water-governance-in-schools-and-its-effect-on-student-participation-in-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Level of Water Governance in Schools and its Effect on Student Participation in Education<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc5f783 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc5f783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-id=\"cc62e31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc62fa5\" data-id=\"cc62fa5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc630c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc630c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc63172 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc63172\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc632ea\" data-id=\"cc632ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc633fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc633fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc634a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc634a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc63631\" data-id=\"cc63631\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc63766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc63766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc63817 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc63817\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6399d\" data-id=\"cc6399d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc63ab2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc63ab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Instrumental Performance of Female Students at Atwima Nwabiagya District<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Peter Opoku Ware (Rev. Father), Dr. Peter Obeng &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 550-576<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc63b56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc63b56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc63d2a\" data-id=\"cc63d2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc63edb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc63edb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to explore the level of instrumental skills and setbacks female student\u2019s in Atwima Nwabiagya experience in playing drums and other musical instruments. The study adopted a case study methodology and a purposive sampling technique was employed to select three Junior High Schools in the district. In each of the schools, five participants from each school were selected for the study also purposively. The research was based on data collected from 15 female students. The main instruments used for the study were observation and interview. The study revealed the following findings: teachers normally exempt females from drumming, but instead encourage them to dance because of their flexibility in nature, gender stereotyping of certain cultures affects their choices of certain musical instruments. Parent\u2019s preventing girls from handling musical instruments due to their religious beliefs and other customs in their communities. The results indicated how important it is for teachers to develop the will (i.e. self-efficacy) and the skill(i.e. competence) to teach music and dance if they are to develop music competencies needed to provide adequate music opportunities for their future students (Males and Females). Teachers are encouraged not to exempt females from drumming. As a way forward, I suggest that women should form cultural groups\/troupes where they take full responsibility from the playing of the master drum adowa dance up to the singing to encourage others to follow suit like the women Mm\u025bnson cultural troupe at Cape Coast.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 550-576\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Opoku Ware (Rev. Father)<\/strong>\r\nAkropong D\/A Junior High School, Ghana Education Service, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Peter Obeng<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Creative Arts, Offinso College of Education, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abeles, H. F., &amp; Porter, S. Y. (1978).The sex stereotyping of musical instruments.Journal of Research in Music Education, 26(2), 65-75.\r\n[2] Agak, H. O. (1998). 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Father), Dr. Peter Obeng &#8220;Instrumental Performance of Female Students at Atwima Nwabiagya District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.550-576 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/550-576.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/550-576.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/instrumental-performance-of-female-students-at-atwima-nwabiagya-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Instrumental Performance of Female Students at Atwima Nwabiagya District<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc64e7f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc64e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6a81b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6a81b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6a8bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6a8bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6aa1a\" data-id=\"cc6aa1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6ab2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6ab2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6abc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6abc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6ad1c\" data-id=\"cc6ad1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6ae21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6ae21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6aec6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6aec6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6b035\" data-id=\"cc6b035\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6b14b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6b14b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Institutional Arrangements for Sustainable Forest Resources Management in Edo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>David E. Eighemhenrio- December 2021- Page No.: 577-583<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6b1e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6b1e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6b360\" data-id=\"cc6b360\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6b487 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc6b487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe unending decrease of the world\u2019s forest resources has become a great global debate. Ineffective forest resources management strategies have often be blamed for the uncontrolled rate of forest resources harvests. Institutions, the fourth factor of production in the economy, matters so much, because of cost \u2013 benefit effects. Forestry in developing countries often suffer from poor supply of institutions and so not only becomes less competitive than that of developed countries, but also less well managed than other sectors in the same countries. These underscore this research; evaluation of institutional arrangements for sustainable forest resources management in Edo State. The research aims to evaluate the performance of the state\u2019s legal framework and give recommendations for ensuring sustainable forest resources management. The data for the study were captured through questionnaire administration, Focus group discussions, interview schedules, oral testimony field observation and institutional decomposition. A total of 50 senior staff of the ministry of Agriculture and the department of Forestry were interviewed. Results from the studies shows that there are 48 governments forest reserves totaling 439,139.02 hectares. The government manages forests through legal frameworks. It was discovered that the richness in terms of biodiversity of the forests was on the decline, trees spacing becoming wider, timber harvests were continuous and the whole essence of government management, is revenue driven. The paper recommends that both the government and the local people should diversify their sources of income to reduce dependence on forest resources, establishment of forests management committees embracing all the forest stakeholders, sharing the proceeds from forests among the stakeholders, as these will ensure sustainable forest resources management in the state.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 577-583\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David E. Eighemhenrio<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Regional Planning, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adeyoju, S. K. (2001). Forestry for National Development: A Critique of the Nigerian Situation in (Eds) L. Popoola, J. E. Abu and P. I. Oni. Proceedings of 27th Annual Conference of Forestry Administration Of Nigeria, Abuja, September, 2001, pp55-68\r\n[2] Aimufua, D. I. (2001). Institutional Framework for Forestry Policy Implementation in Nigeria, with Particular Reference to Edo State. Proceedings of 29th Annual Conference of Forestry Association of Nigeria, Abuja September 2001, pp142-145\r\n[3] AIPP (2014). Roles and Contributions of Indigenous Women in Sustainable Forest Management in Mekong Countries.\r\n[4] Break, (1998). Forest Resources Study, Nigeria Revised Management Plan, Edo State, FORMECU, FMAWR, Abuja, pp126.\r\n[5] Edo State Department of Forestry (2004). Forestry Administration in Edo State, Department of Forestry, Benin City.\r\n[6] Eighenhenrio, D.E (2015). Analysis of Obstacles to Community\u2019s Role in Sustainable Forest Resources Management: Lessons and Experiences from Edo state, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 5 No. 11, November, 2015\r\n[7] Evans, K. et al. (2010). Future Scenarios as Tool for Collaboration in Forest Communities, SAPIENS 1 (2)\r\n[8] FAO (2000). Global Forest Resources Assessment. FAO Forestry Paper 140. FAO United Nations Rome p. 357\r\n[9] FORMECU, (2002). Forest Resources Study.\r\n[10] Gibson, C.M and Ostrome E. (Eds) (2007). Forest Resources and Institutions. Forest, Trees and People Programme, Working Paper3. F.A.O, Rome \u2013 Italy. L. Gezen, (Eds) New Brienswick, pp 135 &#8211; 153.\r\n[11] Koppen, W. (1918). Classsification der Climate nache Temperature Njerderschiag und Jahersianf Petermanns, 64, pp139 \u2013 203, 243 \u2013 24\r\n[12] Nkruwa A.J. (2000). West Africa: Resource Management Policies and the Tropical Forest, in M. Gills (Eds) Public Policies and Misuse of Forest Resources. World Resources Institute, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[13] North, D.C (2016). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\r\n[14] World Bank (2005). Elements for Forest Reform: World Agro Forestry Centre, Phase 1 Report No. 27325.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">David E. Eighemhenrio, &#8220;Evaluation of Institutional Arrangements for Sustainable Forest Resources Management in Edo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.577-583 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/577-583.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/577-583.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-instituional-arrangements-for-sustainable-forest-resources-management-in-edo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of Institutional Arrangements for Sustainable Forest Resources Management in Edo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6c2bc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc6c2bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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elementor-element elementor-element-cc6cf8f\" data-id=\"cc6cf8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d09b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6d09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d137 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6d137\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d283\" data-id=\"cc6d283\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6d387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d428 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6d428\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d56a\" data-id=\"cc6d56a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d67a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6d67a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d716 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6d716\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d880\" data-id=\"cc6d880\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6d995 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc6d995\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Virginity Testing in Zimbabwe: Preserving Cultural Moral Values or a Violation of Women\u2019s Rights?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>S. Mhembwe, M. Chanhuwa- December 2021- Page No.: 584-592<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6da33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6da33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc6dbac\" data-id=\"cc6dbac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6dce6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc6dce6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nVirginity testing of young women has been one of the most controversial and sensitive subjects in Zimbabwe. On one hand, proponents of African cultural practices view virginity testing as a stop gap measure to preserve societal moral and cultural values especially for teenage girls, whilst on the other hand exponents are of the view that the practice is a wanton violation of women\u2019s and children\u2019s rights. The aim of this paper was to examine the general perception with regards to the practice of virginity testing of teenage girls. To achieve this, data were gathered from existing sources of literature using the secondary data analysis. The findings of the study revealed that virginity testing has been practised over the years in Zimbabwe as societies claimed that it preserves their identity and culture, and that it is also a strategy of combating the spread of HIV\/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Furthermore, the study established that the practice is heavily criticised by the civil society organisations who argued that it violates girls and young women\u2019s rights and deprives them of the power and control over their bodies and sexuality. Thus, the study recommends traditional institutions to follow the laws of the land and protect the rights of young women and girls from abuse by families, religious and ethnic groups.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 584-592\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Mhembwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGender Institute Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Chanhuwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGender Institute Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bulla, F. (2016). The traumatised virgins of Hurungwe. Sunday Mail of 21 August 2016. Available at: http:\/\/www.sundaymail.co.zw\/the-traumatised-virgins-of-hurungwe\/\r\n[2] Chikunda, C. &amp; Shoko, P. (2009). Exploring the relevance and quality of the VaRemba initiation school curriculum and its impact on formal schooling in a rural district in Zimbabwe. Southern Africa Journal of Environmental Education. 26, 193-209.\r\n[3] Chisale, S.S. &amp; Moyo, H. (2016). Church discipline as virginity: Shaping adolescent girl\u2019s sexuality in the Evangelical Lutheran churches in Africa. Alternation. 23 (2), 89-104.\r\n[4] Durojaye, E. (2016). The Human Rights implications of virginity testing in South Africa. An International Journal of Discrimination and the Law. 16 (4), 228-246.\r\n[5] George, E. (2008). Like a virgin? Virginity testing as HIV\/AIDS prevention: Human rights universalism and cultural relativism revisited.\r\n[6] Giddens, A. &amp;Sutton, P.W. (2013). Sociology (7th edition). Polity Press, Cambridge.\r\n[7] Hanzi, R. (2006). Sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child through cultural practices in Zimbabwe: A Human rights perspective. (Unpublished dissertation).\r\n[8] Haralambos, M &amp; Holborn, M. (2013) Sociology: Themes and Perspectives (8th edition). Harper Collins, London.\r\n[9] Kambarami, M. (2006). Femininity, sexuality and culture: Patriarchy and female subordination in Zimbabwe. Africa regional sexuality resource centre. University of Fort Hare. South Africa.\r\n[10] Karombo, S. (2004).Rights- Zimbabwe: Virginity testing strips girls of their dignity. Inter Press Service News Agency. Available at: ipsnews.net\/2004\/02\/rights-zimbabwe-virginity-testing-strips-girls-of-their-dignity-groups\/\r\n[11] Katsanda, K &amp; Thandi, T. (2019). Gender equality and women\u2019s rights under the 2013 Zimbabwean Constitution. In selected aspects of the 2013 constitution and the declaration of rights. Roul Wallenberg Institute. Sweden.\r\n[12] Lakatos, I. (2018). Thoughts on Universalism versus Cultural Relativism, with Special Attention to Women&#8217;s Rights. Pecs Journal of International &amp; European Law. 6.\r\n[13] Le Roux, L. (2006). Harmful traditional practices, (male circumcision and virginity testing of girls) and the legal rights of children (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Western Cape).\r\n[14] Lower, M. (2013). Can and should be human rights universal. E-Relations ISSN2053-8626. Available at: https:\/\/www-e-ir.info\/2013\/12\/01\/can-and-should-human-rights-be-unversal\/\r\n[15] Madlala, S.L. (2001). Virginity testing: Managing sexuality in a maturing HIV\/AIDS epidemic. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 15 (4), 533-552.\r\n[16] Matswetu, V.S. &amp; Bhana, D. (2018). Humandara and hujaya: Virginity, culture, and gender inequalities among adolescents in Zimbabwe. Reproductive Health in sub-Saharan Africa. 11-18.\r\n[17] Mkasi, L. &amp; Rafudeen, A. (2016). Debating virginity testing cultural practises in South Africa: A Taylonian Reflection. Journal of the study of Religion. 29 (2), 118-133.\r\n[18] Mulaudzi, F. M., Chinouya, M., &amp; Ngunyulu, N. (2015). Perceptions of the Vhenda regarding the significance of IKS rituals and customs in women health: The other side of the coin. Journal of Social Sciences. 44 (1), 21-27.\r\n[19] People opposing women abuse (POWA). (nd). To the CEDAW commission virginity testing as a harmful traditional practice.\r\n[20] Thobejane, T.D. &amp; Mdhluli, T.D. (2015). Probing the efficacy of virginity testing on the fight against HIV\/AIDS: The case of the Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development. 8 (7), 11-20.\r\n[21] Siamonga, E. (2017). The art of courtship among the BaTonga.\r\nAvailable at: https:\/\/www.thepatriot.co.zw\/old_posts\/the-art-of-courtship-among-the-batonga\/Virginity testing.\r\n[22] Sibanda, A. (2012). Female pupils undergo virginity tests in front of their male classmates. Bulawayo24news Available at: bulawayo24.com\/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-13798.html\r\n[23] Shumba, H.K. (2016). The survival of VaRemba cultural practice in Zvishavane district, Zimbabwe. (Unpublished dissertation)\r\n[24] Sithole, L &amp; Dziva, C. (2019). Eleminating harmful practices against women in Zimbabwe: Implementing article 5 of the African Women\u2019s Protocol. African Human Rights Law Journal. 568-590.\r\n[25] South African Human Rights Commission. (2003). Harmful social and cultural practices: Virginity testing. Children\u2019s Bill [B70\u2013B2003] Submission to the Select Committee on Social Services (NCOP). Available at :&lt; http:\/\/www. sahrc. org. za\/home\/21\/files\/30% 20SAHRC% 20Submission% 20on% 20Childrens% 20Bill.\r\n[26] Thabethe, S.N. (2008). A case of culture gone awry\u201d: An investigation of female ceremonies and Nyau dance vigils on the rights of teenage girls to education and sexual reproductive health amongst migrant communities in Norton, Zimbabwe. (Unpublished dissertation)\r\n[27] World Health Organization. (2018). Eliminating virginity testing: an interagency statement (No. WHO\/RHR\/18.15). World Health Organization.\r\n[28] World Health Organisation Constitution 1946. Available at: https:\/\/www.wholot.goverance\r\n[29] Women\u2019s United Nations Report Network. (2006). Zimbabwe virginity testing. Available at : https:\/\/wunrn.com\/2006\/03\/zimbabwe-virginity-testing\/\r\n[30] Wurigan, R,. Musingafi, M., &amp; Mugumbate, J. (2020). Lemba\/Remba indigenous knowledge and practice\u2019s contribution to community health and wellbeing in Zimbabwe and other parts of Africa. African Journal of Social Work. 10 (1), 46-51.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S. Mhembwe, M. Chanhuwa, &#8220;Virginity Testing in Zimbabwe: Preserving Cultural Moral Values or a Violation of Women\u2019s Rights?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.584-592 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/584-592.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/584-592.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/virginity-testing-in-zimbabwe-preserving-cultural-moral-values-or-a-violation-of-womens-rights-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Virginity Testing in Zimbabwe: Preserving Cultural Moral Values or a Violation of Women\u2019s Rights?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6eb06 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc6eb06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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data-id=\"cc7370f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7386a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7386a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc73925 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc73925\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc73a8d\" data-id=\"cc73a8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc73bab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc73bab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc73c51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc73c51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc73dab\" data-id=\"cc73dab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc73eb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc73eb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc73f5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc73f5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc740c9\" data-id=\"cc740c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc741dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc741dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leadership Effectiveness on Employee Work Productivity in Surabaya City Government Organizations<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rachmad Kodariawan, Teguh Soedarto &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 593-597<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7427c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7427c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc743ff\" data-id=\"cc743ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc74527 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc74527\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of leadership on employee productivity in the Surabaya City Government organization. The research was conducted in one of the Surabaya City Government organizations and was selected purposively. There are 12 respondents. Then the data that has been obtained is analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Model). The results of the study show that leadership affects work productivity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 593-597\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rachmad Kodariawan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPostgraduate Doctoral Program UPN Veterans East Java, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teguh Soedarto <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPostgraduate Doctoral Program UPN Veterans East Java, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abidin, W.. E. 2003. SurvivalPerusahaan ERA AFTA. www.pikiranrakyat.com\r\n[2] Bjorna, H. 2021. Reputational assets for local political leadership. Heliyon. 7 : 07800.\r\n[3] Drouin, N., M\u00fcller, R., Sankaran, R., Vaagaasar, A.L. 2021. Balancing leadership in projects: Role of the socio-cognitive space. Project Leadership and Society 2 : 100031.\r\n[4] Ferine, K\/F., Aditia, R., Rahmadana, M\/F., Indri. 2021. An empirical study of leadership, organizational culture, conflict, and work ethic in determining work performance in Indonesia&#8217;s education authority. Heliyon. 7:07698.\r\n[5] Gibson, James.L ; Ivancevich, John. M ;Donnely James H. JR, 1991. \u201cOrganizations: Behavior , Structure, Process\u201d. International Student Edition. Seventh Edition. Richard Irwing, Inc. USA.\r\n[6] Hafner, C.A., Sun, T. 2021. The \u2018team of 5 million\u2019: The joint construction of leadership discourse during the Covid-19 pandemic in New Zealand.\r\n[7] Judge, T.A., Cable, D.M., Boudreau, J.W. dan Bretz, R.D., Jr 1995, An Empirical Investigation of the Predictors of Executive Career Success, Personnel Psychology, 48, 485 \u2013 519.\r\n[8] Liu, Y. 2021. Contextual influence on formal and informal teacher leadership. International Journal of Educational Research Open. 2 (2) : 100028.\r\n[9] Mangkuprawira, S. 2000, ManajemenSumberDayaManusiaStrategis, Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta.\r\n[10] Mangkunegara, A. P. 2000, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Perusahaan, Bandung : PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.\r\n[11] Martoyo dan Susilo 2000, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. BPFE. Yogyakarta.\r\n[12] Nguyen, T.M., Malik, A., Budhwar, P. 2022. Knowledge hiding in organizational crisis: The moderating role of leadership. Journal of Business Research. 139 : 161 \u2013 172.\r\n[13] Patzelt, H., Gartzia, L., Wolfe, M.T., Shepherd, D.A. 2021. Managing negative emotions from entrepreneurial project failure: When and how does supportive leadership help employees?\r\n[14] Ravianto, J. 1990. Produktivitas dan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia. Lembaga SaranaInformasi Usaha dan Produktivitas Indonesia.\r\n[15] Ruiz-Palomino, P., Ya\u00b4nez-Araque, B., Jim\u00b4enez-Est\u00b4evez, P., Broncano, S.G. 2021. Can servant leadership prevent hotel employee depression during the COVID-19 pandemic? A mediating and multigroup analysis. Technological Forecasting &amp; Social Change. 174 : 121192.\r\n[16] Ruiz-Palomino, P., Guti\u00b4errez-Broncano, S., Jim\u00b4enez-Est\u00b4evez, P., Hernandez-Perlines, F. 2021. CEO servant leadership and strategic service differentiation: The role of high-performance work systems and innovativeness. Tourism Management Perspectives. 40 100891.\r\n[17] Wayne, J. S, Liden, C. R., Kraimer, L. M., 1999. The Role of Human Capital, Motivation, and Supervisor Sponsorship in Predicting Career Success, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 577 \u2013 595.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rachmad Kodariawan, Teguh Soedarto , &#8220;Leadership Effectiveness on Employee Work Productivity in Surabaya City Government Organizations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.593-597 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/593-597.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/593-597.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/leadership-effectiveness-on-employee-work-productivity-in-surabaya-city-government-organizations-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Leadership Effectiveness on Employee Work Productivity in Surabaya City Government Organizations<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc75525 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc75525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc755fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc755fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7577e\" data-id=\"cc7577e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7589a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7589a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc75944 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc75944\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc75a99\" data-id=\"cc75a99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc75baa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc75baa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc75c45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc75c45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc75d98\" data-id=\"cc75d98\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc75ea7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc75ea7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc75f44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc75f44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7608b\" data-id=\"cc7608b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc76198 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc76198\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc76246 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc76246\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc76392\" data-id=\"cc76392\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc764a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc764a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7653c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7653c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc76688\" data-id=\"cc76688\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7678b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7678b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc76826 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc76826\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc76a0f\" data-id=\"cc76a0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc76b39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc76b39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Mathematics Learning Based on the CIPP Model<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yusri Wahyuni, Ambiyar, Ishak Aziz &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 598-601<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc76bda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc76bda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc76d50\" data-id=\"cc76d50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc76e84 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc76e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to determine the evaluation of online mathematics learning using the CIPP model. The subjects in this study were 4 teachers who taught mathematics at SMP Negeri 15 Padang. The data analysis technique uses a qualitative case study analysis that is evaluative. The CIPP evaluation model is an evaluation model consisting of context, input, process, and product. Context evaluation, mathematics learning has covered most of the quality and suitability of mathematics learning objectives according to the school&#8217;s vision and mission. In context, the results of the analysis obtained the percentage belonging to the good category. Judging from the input that includes students, curriculum, teaching materials, teachers, and infrastructure to achieve the objectives of the mathematics learning program, they are in a good category. Evaluation of the mathematics learning process includes evaluating the requirements for the implementation of learning and the implementation of learning. In the process, the percentage is included in the good category. Judging from the product evaluation regarding teacher learning tools and learning achievement, it is included in the good category.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 598-601\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yusri Wahyuni<\/strong>\r\nDoctoral Study Program of Educational Sciences, Padang State University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ambiyar<\/strong>\r\nPadang State University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ishak Aziz<\/strong>\r\nPadang State University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Hamdani, AR and Asep Priatna. 2020. The Effectiveness of Implementation of Online Learning (Full Online) During the Covid19 Pandemic at Elementary School Levels in Subang Regency. Scientific Journal of PGSD STKIP Subang. Vol. VI. No. 01.\r\n[2] Hamzah, et al. 2014. Research Variables in Education and Learning. Jakarta: PT. Ina Publicatama.\r\n[3] Hidayati, Abna. 2010. Evaluation of Utilization of Information Communication Technology (ICT) Program Using the CIPP Model in Middle Schools in Padang City . Scientific Journal of Education. 10(2) : 76 \u2013 80.\r\n[4] Lemay, David John., Bazelais, Paul., &amp; Doleck, Tenzin. 2021. Transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers in Human Behavior Reports . 4 (August-December).\r\n[5] Mas&#8217;ud, Zein and Darto. 2012. Evaluation of Mathematics Learning. Pekanbaru: Riau Sovereignty.\r\n[6] Muflih, Suhaib., Abuhammad, Sawsan., Al-Azzam, Sayer., Alzoubi, Karem H., Muflih, Mohammad., &amp; Karasneh, Reema. 2021. Online learning for undergraduate health professional education during COVID-19: Jordanian medical students&#8217; attitudes and perceptions. Heliyon. 7 (9).\r\n[7] Sugiyono. 2007. Educational Research Methods Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&amp;D Approaches. Bandung: Alphabeta.\r\n[8] Stufflebeam, Daniel L. 2002. The CIPP Model For Evaluation, in Daniel L. Stufflebeam, et al. (eds), Evaluation in Education and Human Service. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher.\r\n[9] Zhang G., N. Zeller, R. Griffith, D. Metcalf, J. Williams, C. Shea, &amp; K. Misulis. 2011. Using the Context, Input, Process, and Product Evaluation Model (CIPP) as a Comprehensive Framework to Guide the Planning, Implementation, and Assessment of Service-learning Programs. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement. 15(4): 61-62.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yusri Wahyuni, Ambiyar, Ishak Aziz &#8220;Evaluation of Mathematics Learning Based on the CIPP Model&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.598-601 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/598-601.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/598-601.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-mathematics-learning-based-on-the-cipp-model\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of Mathematics Learning Based on the CIPP Model<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c1dc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc7c1dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c2c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7c2c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c463\" data-id=\"cc7c463\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7c592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c63d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7c63d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c793\" data-id=\"cc7c793\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c8ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7c8ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7c94e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7c94e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7caa0\" data-id=\"cc7caa0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7cbed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7cbed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7cc95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7cc95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7cde4\" data-id=\"cc7cde4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7ceff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7ceff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d0e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7d0e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d2b4\" data-id=\"cc7d2b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d3ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7d3ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d49c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7d49c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d603\" data-id=\"cc7d603\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7d714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d7bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7d7bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7d92d\" data-id=\"cc7d92d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7da43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7da43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Farmers\u2019 Perceptions of Effect of Open-Grazing on Food Production in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Owigho, Ogheneovo, Eromedoghene Ezekiel Ovoh &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 602-606<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7dae3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7dae3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7dc65\" data-id=\"cc7dc65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7dd9b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc7dd9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study investigated farmers\u2019 perceptions of effect of open-grazing on food production in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State. It was necessitated by persistent shortage and rising prices of food stuff in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State. The shortage of food could be partially from Fulani-herdsmen and farmers clashes which have contributed to the loss of lives and properties, crop destruction and abandonment of farm settlement. The research objectives of the study were to determine farmers\u2019 perceptions of effect of open-grazing on food production in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State and examine the strategies to tackle the problems of open-grazing on food production in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State. Survey research design was employed for the study. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire administered to 123 farmers drawn using purposive sampling technique. Data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The results of study revealed among others that the farmers perceived the effect of open-grazing on food production to include: destruction of crops in the farmland by cattle, increase in soil erosion that adversely affect crops in the farmland, shortage of food due to low harvest of farm products, high cost of food items and decrease of soil organic matter that adversely affect crop production. It was concluded that open-grazing is destructive and have far reaching consequences on crop production in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State in Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Federal Government of Nigeria should establish modern cattle ranches in each state and lease to herdsmen for rearing their cattle\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 602-606\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Owigho, Ogheneovo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Delta State University, Abraka Campus, PMB 95074, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eromedoghene Ezekiel Ovoh <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Delta State University, Abraka Campus, PMB 95074, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akuul, T. &amp; Kizito, K.M. (2019).Efficacy of Benue State Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Law 2017 and farmers-herders conflict resolution. FUDMA Journal of Politics and International Affairs, 2(2), 105-115.\r\n[2] Chukwuemeka, E.E.O., Aloysius, A. &amp; Eneh, M.I. (2018).The logic of open grazing in Nigeria: Interrogating the effect on sustainable development. International Journal of Family Business and Management Studies, 2(1), 1-17.\r\n[3] Igbokwe-Ibeto, C.J., Nnaji, I.L. &amp; Mac-Ozigbo, A. (2021).Open grazing, food insecurity and sustainable human development in Nigeria: A horn of dilemma. KIU Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 63-71.\r\n[4] Iloanya, K.O. &amp; Chukwuemeka, E.E.O. (2020).Effect of open grazing on sustainable development of Nigeria (2005-2019).International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance &amp; Management Research, 4(20), 18-51.\r\n[5] Jooji, I.T. (2020).An Assessment of the effect of the Benue State Open-Grazing Bill: A perspective from the Fulani Herdsmen. International Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences, Environmental Studies &amp; Technology, 5(1), 93-101.\r\n[6] Lezuya, S.B. (2021). Impact of the farmers and herdsmen conflict on food security; Focus on Taraba State. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 5(3), 564-573.\r\n[7] Madube, T.K., Nuwe, J.B., Opara, A.J. &amp; Anne, T. (2018).The effects of livestock grazing on the socio-economic livelihoods of the communities along the Riparian of River Benue, Adamawa AtateBigeria.International Journal of Advanced Research, 6(6), 852-860.\r\n[8] Mohammed, A.M. &amp; Abdul, A. (2020). Solutions to herder-farmers conflict in Nigeria: The academic perspectives and business implications. International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship, 10(1), 101-112.\r\n[9] Nnebedum, C., Abadi, J.L. &amp; Obasi, H.O. (2019). Personnel management practices adopted by principals in administration of secondary schools in Awka Education Zone, Anambra State. Educational Process International Journal, 8(1), 32-43.\r\n[10] Olaojo, B.O., Amiriheobu, F.I., Ekperi, G.W. &amp; Nwata, A.T. (2020).Critical analysis of Fulani herdsmen crisis and its impact on national development as perceived by literate citizens. International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences and Strategic Management Techniques, 7(1), 143-154.\r\n[11] Ukhurebor, K.E. &amp; Adetunji, C.O. (2020).Environmental impact of open grazing in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Food, Drug and Health Law, 9(1), 8-15.\r\n[12] Taiye, O.A., Dauda, M.M. &amp; Emmanuel, A.O. (2017).Assessment of the effects of emerging grazing policies on land degradation in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 21(6), 1183-1187.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Owigho, Ogheneovo, Eromedoghene Ezekiel Ovoh , &#8220;Farmers\u2019 Perceptions of Effect of Open-Grazing on Food Production in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.602-606 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/602-606.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/602-606.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/farmers-perceptions-of-effect-of-open-grazing-on-food-production-in-isoko-north-and-south-local-government-areas-of-delta-state-nigeria-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Farmers\u2019 Perceptions of Effect of Open-Grazing on Food Production in Isoko North and South Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7eba5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc7eba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7ec74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7ec74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7edfa\" data-id=\"cc7edfa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7ef21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7ef21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7efc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7efc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f121\" data-id=\"cc7f121\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7f235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f30d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7f30d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f46b\" data-id=\"cc7f46b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f57c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7f57c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f61a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7f61a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f775\" data-id=\"cc7f775\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f879 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc7f879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc7f919 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc7f919\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc7fa5a\" data-id=\"cc7fa5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc83fee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc83fee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc840cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc840cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc84272\" data-id=\"cc84272\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8439a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc8439a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc84440 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc84440\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc845c6\" data-id=\"cc845c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc846d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc846d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Portrayal of Ananse as a Deceptive Character In <i>\u2018Anansesem\u2019<\/i>: Evidence from Yaw Asare\u2019s Ananse in the Land of Idiots<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Evans Asante, Maxwell Mpotsiah- December 2021- Page No.: 607-616<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc84781 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc84781\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc84916\" data-id=\"cc84916\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc84a4d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc84a4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nUThis paper focused on deception, which has been identified as one of the attributes of Ananse, the Spider in all contexts of Ghanaian folklore. The paper is an analytical discourse which derives its source of reference from Yaw Asare\u2019s Ananse in the land of idiotsa play based on the Ghanaian story telling tradition. The analysis of deception is rooted on Buller &amp; Burgoon\u2019s (1996) Interpersonal Deception Theory. In the final analysis, the paper concluded that Ananse exhibited various forms of deceptive postures in all his dealings and engagements at different levels. Ananse as a character is also portrayed as epitome of man in the Ghanaian social context.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 607-616\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evans Asante<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Theatre Arts, Winneba, Ghana University of Education, Winneba, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maxwell Mpotsiah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of English Language, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Addo, Anita A. (2013). Ananse as a Folkloric Character in New Ghanaian Drama. Published M.Phil Thesis. Legon: University of Ghana.\r\n[2] Angmor, C. (2001). Contemporary Literature in Ghana 1911\u20131978. A Critical Evaluation. Accra: Royal Associates.\r\n[3] Asante, &amp; Edu, (2018). \u201cFrom \u2018Anansesem\u2019 toAnansegoro: \u2018Literarising\u2019 Akan Folktales\u201d. International Journal of Advanced Research and Development.3 (1):348\u2013353.\r\n[4] Asare, Y. (2006). Ananse in the Land of Idiots. Accra: Study Ghana Foundation.\r\n[5] Asiedu, A. (2011).Metamorphoses of a trickster: Kweku Ananse in Modern African Theatre. A paper presented at the 54th Annual Conference of the International Federation of Theatre Research, Osaka University, Osaka Japan, 7th\u201313thAugust, 2011.\r\n[6] Buller, B. &amp;Burgoon, J. K. (1996). \u201cInterpersonal Deception Theory\u201d. Communication Theory6 (3): 203\u2013242.\r\n[7] Burgoon, K. &amp; Buller, D. B. (1996). \u201cInterpersonal Deception Theory: Reflections on the Nature of Theory Building and the Theoretical Status of Interpersonal Deception Theory\u201d. Communication Theory6 :311\u2013328.\r\n[8] Burgoon, J. K., et al (2001). \u201cDoes Participation affect Deception Success? A Test of the Interactivity Principle\u201d. Human Communication Research27 (4): 503 &#8211;\r\n[9] Cole, T. (2001). \u201cLying to the One You Love: The Use of Deception in Romantic Relationships\u201d. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 18 (1): 107\u2013129.\r\n[10] Crowley, D. (1971). Folktale Research in Ghana. Accra: Ghana University Press.\r\n[11] Deandrea, P. (2004). \u201cTrans(l)atlantici-con: The many shapes of Ananse in contemporary literatures\u201d. Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2 (1): 1\u201326.\r\n[12] DePaulo, B. M. &amp;Kashy, D. A.(1998).\u201cEveryday Lies in Close and Causal Relationships\u201d. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1): 63\u201379.\r\n[13] Mireku-Gyimah, P. (2018). \u201cThe Other Side of Ananse of Akan folktales\u201d. GUMAGA: International Journal of Language and Literature. 3: 23\u201330.\r\n[14] Okpewho, I. (1992). African Oral Literature: Backgrounds, Characters and Continuity. Indiana: Indiana University Press.\r\n[15] Owusu-Ansah, et al (2014).Kwadwoan notes on Core Literature: Ananse in the Land of Idiots, No Sweetness Here and African Poetry. Accra: Kwadwoan Publishing.\r\n[16] Peacock, S.J. (2015).\u201cTrickster or colonizer: The latent effects of colonialism in Efua Sutherland\u2019s play \u2018The Marriage of Anansewa\u2019\u201d. Journal of Literature and Art Studies. 5 (6): 399\u2013407.\r\n[17] Pierce, A. (1968). \u201cThe didactic essence of Efua Sutherland\u2019s plays\u201d. Women in Africa Literature Today. 71\u201380.\r\n[18] Seiler, W. (2011).Communication: Making Connections. Boston: Pearson\/Allyn and Bacon.\r\n[19] Sutherland, T. E. (1975). The Marriage of Anansewa. UK: Longman Group Limited.\r\n[20] Sutherland-Addy, E. (2007). Creating for and with children; Efua Sutherland\u2019s children\u2019s plays.The Legacy of Efua Sutherland: Pan-African Cultural Activism.Banbury: Ayebia Clarke Publishing Limited.\r\n[21] Spurlin, W. T. (2013).\u201cShifting Geo-political borders\/shifting sexual borders: Textual and Cultural renegotiations of national identity and sexual dissidence in Postcolonial Africa\u201d. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 13: 69\u201379.\r\n[22] Tekper, M. (2008). \u201cPlaying Kweku Ananse and the Ghanaian mindset\u201d. Daily Graphic: 7.\r\n[23] Tekpetey, K.(2006). \u201cKweku Ananse: A Psychological Approach\u201d. Research in AfricanLiteratures. 37 (2): 234\u2013244.\r\n[24] Tsikerdekis, M. &amp;Zeadally, S. (2014). Online Deception in Social Media. Information Science Faculty Publications 12: 1\u201316.\r\n[25] Vrij, A. &amp; S. R. (1996). \u201cLie experts\u2019 belief about nonverbal indicators of deception\u201d. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 20 (1): 65\u201380.\r\n[26] Wagner, L. (2011).Disharmony and Matchless: Interpersonal Deception Theory in online Dating. Published M.A. Thesis. Lynchburg: Liberty University.\r\n[27] Zhou, L, et al (2004). \u201cLanguage Dominance in Interpersonal Deception in Computer-Mediated\u201d. Computers in Human Behavior 20 (3): 381\u2013402.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Evans Asante, Maxwell Mpotsiah, &#8220;The Portrayal of Ananse as a Deceptive Character In <i>\u2018Anansesem\u2019<\/i>: Evidence from Yaw Asare\u2019s Ananse in the Land of Idiots&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.607-616 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/607-616.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/607-616.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-portrayal-of-ananse-as-a-deceptive-character-in-anansesem-evidence-from-yaw-asares-ananse-in-the-land-of-idiots-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Portrayal of Ananse as a Deceptive Character In <i>\u2018Anansesem\u2019<\/i>: Evidence from Yaw Asare\u2019s Ananse in the Land of Idiots<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8585b 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc85f6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc85f6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc860da\" data-id=\"cc860da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc861df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc861df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc86281 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc86281\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc863c3\" data-id=\"cc863c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc864d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc864d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc8656a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc8656a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc866b5\" data-id=\"cc866b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc867bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc867bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc8951d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc8951d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc89722\" data-id=\"cc89722\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc89857 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc89857\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc89905 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc89905\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc89a87\" data-id=\"cc89a87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc89baa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc89baa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Residents\u2019 Perception of Radio Coverage of Kidnappings in Selected Towns of Akoko North-West Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Raphael Olugbenga ABIMBOLA, Ph.D, Mary Folayemi ADEBOYE- December 2021- Page No.: 617-627<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc89c4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc89c4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc89dd1\" data-id=\"cc89dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc89f08 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc89f08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examinee residents\u2019 perception of radio coverage of kidnappings of residents of selected towns of Akoko North-West Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria, by bandits who are mainly herders, through the stations\u2019 news bulletins and other programmes. Two stations operating in the state: Sunshine F.M 96.5 Alalaye, a government owned station and Adaba 88.9 FM, privately owned station were used. It adopts survey method, using questionnaire and interview guide as instruments to collect data from a sample of 255 respondents\u2019 resident in the sleepy towns of Arigidi, Erusu, Ibaram, Ikaram, and Ajowa in the local government area. Findings revealed that respondents are, to a large extent, exposed to Sunshine F.M 9.5 Alalaye and Adaba 88.9 F. M\u2019s news bulletins and programmes. Respondents perceive the two stations\u2019 reportage on kidnapping as adequate but emphasise the need for a much wider network of information and government intervention in the security network of the affected areas. The study recommends that reportage of news and other programme contents that are kidnapping related should be presented in a manner to shed light on the achievement of government and its agencies towards ending the insecurity as well as sensitizing the citizens on protective and preventive measures. It also asks government to deploy a combined team of security agencies including the army, the police, the stae security network code named Amotekun and local villangte personnel\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 617-627\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raphael Olugbenga ABIMBOLA, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Folayemi ADEBOYE<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ade, O. (2013), \u2018The kidnapping business\u2019 in Oyedeyi. (2014) Press coverage of the prevalence of kidnapping in Nigeria Chp.2.P.18.\r\n[2] Adewale, K (2009). The Bad Business called Kidnapping in mongabay.com http\/allaafrica.com\/stories\/200901090767.html\r\n[3] Alagbe J. (2021) Nigeria\u2019s 10 unforgettable kidnapping cases retrieved 10th January, 2021 https:\/\/www.google.com\/amp\/punchng.com\/nigerias-10-unforgetablekidnapping-cases\/%3famp.\r\n[4] Briggs, R. (2009). The Kidnapping Business. Guide of Security controllers Newsletter.\r\n[5] Canagarajah, S. (2010). &#8220;Internationalizing Knowledge Construction and Dissemination&#8221;. The Modern Language Journal. 94 (4): 661\u2013664. doi:10.1111\/j.1540-4781.2010.01105. x.\r\n[6] DeFleur,M.,&amp; Ball-Rokeach,S.(1989). Theories of mass communication. White Plains: New York: longman\r\n[7] Ezemenaka, K.E. 2018. Kidnapping: a security challenge in Nigeria, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 8(2): 233-246. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.9770\/ jssi.2018.8.2(10)\r\n[8] Iduh, S. (2011). &#8220;The key challenges to peace in Nigeria&#8221;. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education. 3 (8) 121-134.\r\n[9] Inyang, D.J. &amp; Abraham, U.E. (2013), The social problem of kidnapping and its implications on the socio-economic development of Nigeria. A study of Uyo metropolis, Mediterranaen journal of social sciences, 5(6), 531-544.Doi:10.5901\/mjss,2013v4n6p5n31\r\n[10] Kayode A. (2020) Strategic Communications Project Report. Mitigating the Impact of Media Reporting of Terrorism \u2013 Case Study of the #BringBackOurGirls Campaign\r\n[11] Kolawole.S. &amp; Umejei E. (2021) History of Radio in Nigeria, retrieved from https:\/\/medialandscapes.org\/country\/nigeria\/media\/radio.\r\n[12] Kyrian, I. (2017). Intelligence reports and kidnapping. Dawn, May 17, 9.\r\n[13] Muobike, O. I. (2018). The Guardian and the Nation newspapers framing of the abduction of Chibok girls. International Journal of Communication: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication Studies. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication.\r\n[14] Nwabueze, C. &amp; Ebeze, E. (2013), \u201cMass media relevance in combating insecurity in Nigeria\u201d, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 861-870.\r\n[15] Nwadiorah, C. E. and Nkwocha, I. B. (2011). &#8220;Kidnapping for Ransom: A prevalent urban Pandemic Available: https:\/\/www.umes.edu\/AJCJS\/Content\/Forms\/CFP-Form\/mofoluwawo-o-m-AJCJS-docx\/\r\n[16] Ngwama, J.C. (2014). Kidnapping in Nigeria: An Emerging Social Crime and the Implications for the Labour Market. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(1), 1-13.\r\n[17] Oarhe, O. Aghedo, I. (2010). The Open Sore of a Nation: Corruption Complex and Internal Security in Nigeria. African Security, 3(1), 127- 147.\r\n[18] Okoro, N., &amp; Odoemelam, C. C. (2013). Print media framing of Boko haram insurgency in Nigeria: A content analytical study of the Guardian, Daily Sun, Vanguard and Thisday newspapers. Research on Human and Social Sciences, 3(11), 86-95.\r\n[19] Olayede, I. B. (2011), Mass Media, Public Interest and national Security in a Democracy: An Examination of correlation. In Oso, l. Soola, D. and Pate, U. (Eds.), Media, Governance and Development: Issues and Trends. Mushin: Primus Prints &amp; Communication, pp. 61-68.\r\n[20] Oluwole. J. (2018) Kidnapping in Ondo State retrieved December 23, 2018. from https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/regional\/ssouth-west\/302572-ondo-under-siege-of- kidnappers-ritual-killers.hltml\r\n[21] Orlu, H. C. (2017). Perception of the Nigerian Television Authority and Channels Television reportage of the Chibok school girls abduction among residents of South-East Nigeria. European Scientific Journal. 13(23), retrieved on August 8, 2020 from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19044\/esj.2017.v13n23p176\r\n[22] Oshio, E. (2009). The challenge of national security and development. P.13 Retrieved May 13 2021 from http\/\/www.nigerianlawguru.com\/artticls\/constitutional%20law\/challenge % 20 0f%20national%20security%20and% 29developement, pdf\r\n[23] Suresh, K. (2003) Theories of Communication, retrieved July 30, 2021 from https:\/\/www.peoi.org\/Courses\/Coursesen\/mass\/fram2.html\r\n[24] Wikipedia. (2013). \u201cKidnapping\u201d: http:\/\/ en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/kidnapping (accessed April 1,2021).\r\n[25] UKEssays. (November 2018). Theories of perception. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays.com\/essays\/psychology\/theories-perception-2618.php\/vref=1\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Raphael Olugbenga ABIMBOLA, Ph.D, Mary Folayemi ADEBOYE, &#8220;Residents\u2019 Perception of Radio Coverage of Kidnappings in Selected Towns of Akoko North-West Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.617-627 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/617-627.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/617-627.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/residents-perception-of-radio-coverage-of-kidnappings-in-selected-towns-of-akoko-north-west-local-government-ondo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Residents\u2019 Perception of Radio Coverage of Kidnappings in Selected Towns of Akoko North-West Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8ad99 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc8ad99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc8b4e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc8b4e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc8b634\" data-id=\"cc8b634\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8b742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc8b742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc8b7dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc8b7dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc8b92d\" data-id=\"cc8b92d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8bd7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc8bd7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc8eaa3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc8eaa3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc8ecd0\" data-id=\"cc8ecd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8ee17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc8ee17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc8eed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc8eed1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc8f063\" data-id=\"cc8f063\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8f187 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc8f187\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Senior High School Students\u2019 Perceptions and Practices of Citizenship<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rolando C. Portezo, Jr., Ronaldo SP. Elicay, Ph.D. &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 628-644<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc8f22e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc8f22e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc8f3df\" data-id=\"cc8f3df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8f546 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc8f546\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was conducted to examine the citizenship status among senior high school (SHS) students. It identified and described students\u2019 perceptions and practices of citizenship; its underlying components manifested in perceptions and practices, and the predominant type of citizenship. Furthermore, the predictors of the predominant type of citizenship through their socio-demographic characteristics were determined as well. It made use of a quantitative predictive correlation to achieve the objectives of the study. Four hundred eleven (411) Grade 11 students of Ateneo de Naga University SHS from the different strands of the first semester in SY 2020-2021 responded to the 57-item online survey. Results showed that students&#8217; top citizenship perceptions were rights, a set of responsibilities, commitment for the good of others, taking pride in the country&#8217;s traditions and culture, and a sense of belongingness. In contrast, the top citizenship practices included helping others, taking care of the environment, observance of rules and regulations, treating people equally, and voting every election. The three underlying components of citizenship perceptions were rights and responsibilities, relationship connections, and legal features, while citizenship practices were manifested by active engagement, institutional participation, and cultural concerns. Committed citizenship was the predominant type among them but no socio-demographic factors were significant to determine their predominant type of citizenship. In general, the study recommended that the Department of Education should design attainable programs of citizenship education. Also, the Junior High School (JHS) teachers should regularly review and revisit their syllabus, textbook, and teaching strategies to strengthen citizenship. In addition, Senior High School teachers (SHS) should reinforce citizenship participation in programs and activities initiated in the JHS driven by the advocacy for active engagement, social and civic responsibilities. Future researchers should use the data using a qualitative approach to validate results. They should also consider other socio-demographic factors like membership in organization\/s, participation in competitions, socio-economic status, and location (urban or rural) to understand how these factors influence students&#8217; predominant type of citizenship.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 628-644\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rolando C. Portezo, Jr.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAteneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ronaldo SP. Elicay, Ph.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAteneo De Naga University, Naga City, Philippines.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ak, M. (2018). Citizenship perception of university students: The G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University sample. Karadeniz ArastirmalariMerkezi, 15(57), 153\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12787\/karam1289\r\n[2] Akar, B. 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American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00028312041002237\r\n[61] Wood, B. E., Taylor, R., Atkins, R., &amp; Johnston, M. (2018). Pedagogies for active citizenship: learning through affective and cognitive domains for deeper democratic engagement. Teaching and Teacher Education, 75, 259\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2018.07.007\r\n[62] Yigit, M. F. (2016). Citizenship perceptions of university students. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(2), 40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/ijhe.v5n2p40\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rolando C. Portezo, Jr., Ronaldo SP. Elicay, Ph.D. , &#8220;Senior High School Students\u2019 Perceptions and Practices of Citizenship&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.628-644 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/628-644.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/628-644.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/senior-high-school-students-perceptions-and-practices-of-citizenship\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Senior High School Students\u2019 Perceptions and Practices of Citizenship<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9043a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc9043a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9050c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9050c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9068c\" data-id=\"cc9068c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc907a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc907a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9084c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9084c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc909a3\" data-id=\"cc909a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc90dbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc90dbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc90e60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc90e60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc90faa\" data-id=\"cc90faa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc910b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc910b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc91151 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc91151\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc91298\" data-id=\"cc91298\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9139a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9139a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc92a0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc92a0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc92beb\" data-id=\"cc92beb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc92d1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc92d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc92dd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc92dd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc92f5b\" data-id=\"cc92f5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc93073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc93073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Farmers\u2019 Exposure to CBN COVID -19 Agricultural Loan Information for Food Security in Otuoke, Bayelsa State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD, Blessing Onyinyechukwu Umunnah &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 645-652<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc93119 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc93119\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc932ae\" data-id=\"cc932ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc933f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc933f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Access to agricultural information and its dissemination among large scale farmers are critical to ensuring food security and adequacy, particularly in Nigeria being the most populous African country and the poverty headquarters of the world according to a United Nations ranking. The novel coronavirus outbreak in 2019 has likely aggravated the consequences of insufficient food availability and circulation in Nigeria, resulting in food shortages and a decline in agricultural product production. To this end, the Nigerian government through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) inaugurated the COVID-19 relief fund loan aimed at ameliorating the financial difficulties faced by large scale and prospective farmers in carrying out their farming business. Farmers in Otuoke, Bayelsa state, were used as respondents in this study to assess farmers&#8217; access to and dissemination of CBN COVID-19 relief fund agricultural loan information. The major objectives are to ascertain farmers\u2019 level of awareness of the CBN COVID-19 relief fund agricultural loan and their major channel of receiving the information as well as determining how their level of access to the loan information was significant in obtaining or not obtaining the loan. Based on Knowledge Gap Theory of Communication, the study adopted the survey research design in conducting the research with a sample size of 400 drawn using Taro Yamane\u2019s formula. Findings revealed that farmers in Otuoke, Bayelsa state are exposed to the CBN COVID-19 agricultural loan information resulting in a high awareness level among farmers and their major channels of receiving information were seminars, workshops and interpersonal communication. However, it was discovered that the majority of the farmers could not obtain the loan because of their inability to comprehend the information on how to apply for it online thereby hampering the objectives of the government initiative to address food security in the area. The study recommends that, that the government domesticates the process of addressing food security through loans and other intervention funding so that local farmers can benefit from it and alleviate poverty<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 645-652\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Blessing Onyinyechukwu Umunnah<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English and Communication Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adio, E. O., Abu, Y., Yusuf, S. K., and Nansoh, S. (2016). Use of Agricultural Information Sources and Services by Farmers for Improve Productivity in Kwara State. Library Philosophy and Practice, 18.\r\n[2] Agwu A.E., Ekwueme, J.N. and Anyanwu A.C. (2018). Adoption of improved agricultural technologies disseminated via radio farmer programme by farmers in Enugu state, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(9):1277-1286.\r\n[3] Akanni O.F., Ojedokun C.A., Olumide- Ojo O., Kolade R.I and Tokede A.M. (2019).Access to Agricultural Information among Rural Farmers \u2013A Case of Ido Local Government Area Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB), Vol-4, Issue-6, pp. 1781 \u2013 1787 .\r\n[4] Amadi, O. (2020). Covid-19: CBN Introduces Guidelines for N50bn Targeted Credit Facility. CBN Updates, No: 2695-2394 Vol. 2 No. 4 page 7.\r\n[5] Bakare, A. (2020). CBN Moves to Cushion the Impact of COVID-19 Crisis.CBN Updates, No: 2695-2394 Vol. 2 No. 4 page 1.\r\n[6] Birch, N. (2013). The knowledge gap theory of communication, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https:\/\/www.grin.com\/document\/269683.\r\n[7] Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (2021). CBN Adds $120M to COVID-19 Pandemic Relief Fund for Loans to MSMEs, Households in Nigeria. https:\/\/www.findevgateway.org\/news\/cbn-adds-120m-covid-19-pandemic-relief-fund-loans-msmes-households-nigeria.\r\n[8] Dey, B. L., Prendergast, R., &amp; Newman, D. (2008). How can ICTs be used and appropriated to address agricultural information needs of Bangladeshi farmers? In Global Development Journal Vol. 2011, Issue 3, p. 21.\r\n[9] Donohue, G. A., Tichenor, P. J., and Olien, C. N. (1975). Mass media and the KG: A hypothesis revisited. Communication Research.2(1): 3\u201323.\r\n[10] Guardian (13 October, 2021) World Food Day: FG sets aside N600bn loan support for 2.4m farmers \u2013 Buhari. https:\/\/guardian.ng\/news\/2021-world-food-day-fg-sets-aside-n600bn-loan-support-for-2-4m-farmers-buhari\/.\r\n[11] Kaske, D. (2020). Information needs and seeking behavior of farmers in Southern Ethiopia. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal).4341. ]https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/libphilprac\/4341.\r\n[12] Kishore, D., and Gupta, V. (2011). ICTs for Agricultural Extension\u202f: A study in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), 48(3), 1\u201312.\r\n[13] Masuki. F. G., Kamugisha, R., Mowo, J. G, Tanui, .J. Tukahirwa J., Mogoi, J. and Adera, E.O. (2010). Role of mobile phones in improving communication and information delivery for agricultural development: lesson from south western Uganda. ICT and Development Research Voices for Africa. International Federal for Information Processing (IFIP), Technical Commission 9 \u2013 Relationship between Computers and Society Workshop at Makere University, Uganda 22-23 March.\r\n[14] Mgbenka R. N. and Mbah E.N. (2016). A Review of Smallholder Farming in Nigeria: Need for Transformation. International Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Studies.Vol.3, No.2, pp.43 &#8211; 54.\r\n[15] Mittal, S. and Tripathi, G. (2009).Role of mobile phone technology in improving small farm productivity.Agricultural Economics Research Review, 22, 451-459.\r\n[16] Mitra S, Dilip M, Maximo T and V Sujata V. (2018).Asymmetric Information andMiddleman Margins: An Experiment with Indian Potato Farmers. The Review ofEconomics and Statistics, MIT Press100(1): 1-13.\r\n[17] Mojeed, A. (November 12, 2020).CBN launches another programme to provide up to N2 billion loan to farmers. Premium Times. https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/agriculture\/agric-news\/425907-cbn-launches-another-programme-to-provide-up-to-n2-billion-loan-to-farmers.html\r\n[18] Nwammuo, A. N. and Nwafor, G. U. (2019).Evaluation of Level of Awareness and Information Diffusion of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies.International Journal of Informatics, Technology &amp; Computers, Volume 5, Issue 1, page 11 \u2013 22.\r\n[19] Nzonzo, D. and Moganmbi, H. (2016). An analysis of communication and information communication technologies adoption in irrigated rice production in Kenya. InternationalJournal of Education and Research, 4 (12), 295-316.\r\n[20] Obi, I. and Nwafor, G.U. (2021).Access to and Diffusion of Climate Change Adaptation Information among Rice Farmers in Southeast Nigeria.International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), Volume V, Issue XI, pp. 354 \u2013 365\r\n[21] Ojekunle, A. (December 30, 2020). SPECIAL REPORT: How inefficiency, lack of transparency flaw CBN\u2019s \u20a650bn COVID-19 loan to small businesses. Dataphyte.Available at https:\/\/www.dataphyte.com\/latest-reports\/covid19nigeria\/special-report-how-inefficiency-lack-of-transparency-flaw-cbns-%E2%82%A650bn-covid-19-loan-to-small-businesses\/\r\n[22] Owolade, E. O., and Kayode, A. (2012). Information-seeking behavior and utilization among snail farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria: Implications for sustainable animal production. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 19(3), 39\u201349.\r\n[23] Rao, N. H. (2007). A framework for implementing information and communication technologies in agricultural development in India.Library Philosophy and Practice 74, 491\u2013518.\r\n[24] Siyao, P. O. (2012). Barriers in accessing agricultural information in Tanzania with a gender perspective: The case study of small-scale sugar cane growers in Kilombero district. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 51(1), 1\u201319.\r\n[25] Taremwa, N. K.,Macharia, I., and Bett, E. (2021). Characterization of smallholder farmers and agricultural credit institutions in Rwanda. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, Volume 21, Number 1, pp. 17343 \u2013 17364\r\n[26] Thuo, M., and Njoroge, R. W. (2018). Information Needs and Seeking Behavior of Young Small-Scale Dairy Farmers in Murang\u2019a County, Kenya. Journal of Applied Information Science, 6(2), 21\u201327.\r\n[27] The World Bank Group (2021). Agriculture and Food. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/agriculture\/overview#1\r\n[28] Tologbonse, D., Fashola, O., and Obadiah, M. (2009). Policy Issues in Meeting Rice Farmers Agricultural Information Needs in Niger State. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 12(2).\r\n[29] U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) (2021).USAID Launches $3 million Grants to Support Food Security Challenge in Nigeriahttps:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/nigeria\/press-releases\/usaid-launches-3-million-grants-support-food-security\r\n[30] Yaseen, M., Xu, S., Yu, W. and Hassan, S. (2016) Farmers\u2019 Access to Agricultural Information Sources: Evidences from Rural Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 5, 12-19.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gideon Uchechukwu Nwafor PhD, Blessing Onyinyechukwu Umunnah &#8220;Evaluation of Farmers\u2019 Exposure to CBN COVID -19 Agricultural Loan Information for Food Security in Otuoke, Bayelsa State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.645-652 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/645-652.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/645-652.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-farmers-exposure-to-cbn-covid-19-agricultural-loan-information-for-food-security-in-otuoke-bayelsa-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of Farmers\u2019 Exposure to CBN COVID -19 Agricultural Loan Information for Food Security in Otuoke, Bayelsa State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc94221 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9430c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9447f\" data-id=\"cc9447f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc945dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc945dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc946c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc946c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc94842\" data-id=\"cc94842\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9496e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9496e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc94a15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc94a15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc94b6b\" data-id=\"cc94b6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc94db6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc94db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc94e7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc94e7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc94ff7\" data-id=\"cc94ff7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc95119 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc95119\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc951bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc951bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc95315\" data-id=\"cc95315\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc95424 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc95424\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc954c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc954c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9560f\" data-id=\"cc9560f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9580a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9580a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc958ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc958ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc95a54\" data-id=\"cc95a54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc95b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc95b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Self-Directed Learning: It\u2019s Role in Learning and Implication for Instruction<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emmanuel N. Ogu, O.P., PhD- December 2021- Page No.: 652-655<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc95c10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc95c10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc95d9f\" data-id=\"cc95d9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc95ecf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc95ecf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper intends to enlighten educators of adults about some essential elements of self-directed learning and the role of a facilitator. It aims at stimulating thoughts and questions about adult learning. Knowing how adults learn is crucial to educators in facilitating adult learning. The application of strategies for self-directed learning allow adult learners to advance their studies while fulfilling family, work and other commitments (Khiat, H 2015). Developing qualitative processes and programs can enhance self-directed learning. They can provide a conducive learning environment that promotes student growth and facilitates proficiency and professionalism. By developing qualities built around adult appropriate methodologies, teachers can help to enhance student cognition.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 652-655\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51232<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel N. Ogu, O.P., PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDominican University, Samonda, Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBattelle for kids, (2019). Partnership for 21st century learning: Framework for 21st Century learning definitions. http:\/\/ static battelleforkids.org\/document\/p21\/ Framework definitions BFK.pdf.\r\n[2]\tBlondy, C, A. (2007). Evaluation and Application of Andragogical Assumption to the  Adult online Learning Environment. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(2), 1. \r\n[3]\tBrandt.W.C (2020). Measuring student success skills: A Review of the literature on Self-directed learning. Dover, NH: National center for the improvement of Education Assessment.\r\n[4]\tBrookfield, S .D. (1986). Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning. Great Britain. Jossey Boss.  \r\n[5]\tBurge, L. (1988). Beyond Andragogy: Some Explorations for Distance Learning Design Journal of Distance Education, 3(1), 3-9.\r\n[6]\tFrancis, H. (2017).The Role of Technology in Self-directed learning: A Review. Surrey, England: ACS Center for inspiriting mind.\r\n[7]\tKhiat,H. (2015). Measuring Self-directed learning: A diagnostic tool for adult learners. Journal Of University teaching and learning Practice Vol 12, Issue 2.\r\n[8]\tKnowles, M (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. New York: Association Press\r\n[9]\tKnowles, M. (1980). An Andragogical Model of Human Resource Development. The Modern Practice of Adult Education Review, ed. Chicago: Associated Press\/Follett.\r\n[10]\tKnowles, M. (1984). Andragogy in Action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. \r\n[11]\tMorris, T.H (2019). Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing World. International Review of Education, 65, 633-653. Published online by UNESCO Institute for life-long learning and Springer Nature.\r\n[12]\tNational Center for Education Statistics (2002). Statistics of Adult learners on education and public school district finance information.  http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/coe\/2002\/analyses\/nontraditional\/sa01.asp:\r\n[13]\tNational Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy (2002). Review of Models of Adults learning and their Implications for Literacy and Numeracy.  http:\/\/www.nrdc.org.uk\/projects_details.asp?ProjectID=12\r\n[14]\tPink, D (2009). Drive: The Surprising Truth about what motivates us. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.\r\n[15]\tPint rich, P (2004). A Conceptual Framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16,385-407\r\n[16]\tReinders, H. (2010). Towards classroom pedagogy for learner autonomy: A Framework of independent language learning skills. Australian journal of Teacher Education, 35(5), 39-55.\r\n[17]\tRyan, R.M &#038; Deci, E.L (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67.\r\n[18]\tSpeck, Marsha (Spring 1996). Best Practice in Professional Development for Sustained Educational Change. ERS Spectrum\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel N. Ogu, O.P., PhD,  &#8220;Self-Directed Learning: It\u2019s Role in Learning and Implication for Instruction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.652-655 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51232<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/652-655.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/self-directed-learning-its-role-in-learning-and-implication-for-instruction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Self-Directed Learning: It\u2019s Role in Learning and Implication for Instruction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc96cf4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc96cf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc96de8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc96de8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc96f7b\" data-id=\"cc96f7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc970d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc970d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc97180 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc97180\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc98eb8\" data-id=\"cc98eb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc99058 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc99058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9912b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9912b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9929e\" data-id=\"cc9929e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc993b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc993b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc99458 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc99458\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc995ac\" data-id=\"cc995ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc996b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc996b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc99772 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc99772\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc998dc\" data-id=\"cc998dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc999e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc999e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc99a88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc99a88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc99bde\" data-id=\"cc99bde\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc99cf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc99cf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc99d90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc99d90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc99f1c\" data-id=\"cc99f1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9a037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9a037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Choosing Physics as a Specialization in Graduate Studies: Views and Factors Affecting It<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mae Anne R. Migue  &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 656-663<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9cc3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9cc3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9cf8f\" data-id=\"cc9cf8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9d0f3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cc9d0f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Physics is one of the complex science subject and students taking tertiary science education courses do not choose physics as their specialization. The Philippine Normal University was also experiencing the same, only few graduate students choose the said subject as a specialization. With this, the researcher seeks to find out the views and factors affecting the situation.  The data shows that the p-value calculated for the negative views towards Physics as well as factors affecting it is less than (<) the \u03b1 which is 0.05. Thus, the negative views towards Physics and the factors affecting it has significant relationship with the decision of choosing Physics as a major.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 656-663\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51233<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mae Anne R. Migue<\/strong><\/span>\r\nVisayas State University- Tolosa Campus, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAksakalli, A., Salar, R., &#038; Turgut, U. (2016). Investigation of the reasons of negative perceptions of undergraduate students regarding the modern physics course. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 44\u201055 .\r\n[2]\tAl-Omari, W., &#038; Miqdadi, R. (2014). The epistemological perceptions of the relationship between physics and mathematics and its effect on problem-solving among pre-service teachers at yarmouk university in jordan. International Education Studies, ISSN 1913-9020 Vol. 7, No. 5.\r\n[3]\tCrisostomo, A.L., Ramos, H.J. and Rabago, L.M. (2010). Practical and explorational physics.    Metro Manila. Vibal Publishing House Inc. \r\n[4]\tCutnell, J.D. and Johnson, K.W. (2013) Introduction to physics 9th edition. John Wiley &#038; Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.\r\n[5]\tEkici, E. (2016). \u201cWhy do I slog through the physics?\u201d understanding high school students\u2019 difficulties in learning physics. Journal of Education and Practice , ISSN 2222-1735 Vol.7, No.7.\r\n[6]\tHamelo, S. (2016). Interest of grade ten students toward physics among other science subjects, case of Wolaita Soddo town governmental secondary schools, Ethiopia. Journal of Education and Practice , ISSN 2222-1735 Vol.7, No.25.\r\n[7]\tKAPUCU, S., \u00d6\u00c7AL, M. F., &#038; \u015e\u0130M\u015eEK, M. (2016). Evaluating high school students\u2019 conceptions of the relationship between mathematics and physics: development of a questionnaire. Science Education International, Vol. 27, Issue2, 2016, 253-276.\r\n[8]\tK\u0131z\u0131lc\u0131k, H. \u015e., &#038;Yava\u015f, P. \u00dc. (2017). Pre-service Physics Teachers\u2018 opinions about the difficulties in understanding introductory quantum physics topics. Journal of Education and Training Studies, E-ISSN 2324-8068 Vol. 5 No. 1.\r\n[9]\tKorur, F., &#038;Ery\u0131lmaz, A. (2012). Teachers\u2019 and students\u2019 perceptions of effective physics teacher characteristics. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, Issue 46, Winter 2012,, 101-120.\r\n[10]\tSahin, M., Caliskan , S., &#038;Dilek, U. (2015). Development and validation of the physics anxiety rating scale. International Journal of Environmental &#038; Science Education, 10(2), 183-200.\r\n[11]\tSaleh, S. (2014). Malaysian students\u2019 motivation towards Physics learning .European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education  , Vol. 2, No. 4, 2014, 223\u2010232.\r\n[12]\tSemela, T. (2010). Who is joining physics and why? Factors influencing the choice of physics among Ethiopian university students. International Journal of Environmental &#038; Science Education, Vol. 05, No. 03.\r\n[13]\tStiles-Clark, L., &#038; MacLeod, K. (2016). Choosing to major in Physics, or not: factors affecting undergraduate decision making. European J of Physics Education, Volume 7 Issue 1 ISSN: 1309-7202 .\r\n[14]\tOrleans, A. (2007). The condition of secondary school physics education in the Philippines: Recent development and remaining challenges for substantive improvements. Australian Educational Researcher Vol.34 No.4 April 2007\r\n[15]\tVeloo, A., Nor, R., &#038; Khalid, R. (2015). Attitude towards physics and additional mathematics achievement towards physics achievement. International Education Studies; Vol. 8, No. 3, ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mae Anne R. Migue,  &#8220;Choosing Physics as a Specialization in Graduate Studies: Views and Factors Affecting It&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.656-663 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51233<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/656-663.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/choosing-physics-as-a-specialization-in-graduate-studies-views-and-factors-affecting-it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Choosing Physics as a Specialization in Graduate Studies: Views and Factors Affecting It<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e02b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cc9e02b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e102 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9e102\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e282\" data-id=\"cc9e282\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e3b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9e3b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e452 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9e452\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e5ac\" data-id=\"cc9e5ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e6e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9e6e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e78a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9e78a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e8df\" data-id=\"cc9e8df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9e9f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9e9f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ea8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9ea8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ebe7\" data-id=\"cc9ebe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ecf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9ecf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ed92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc9ed92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca78ce\" data-id=\"cca78ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca7a6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cca7a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cca7b3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cca7b3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca7cb5\" data-id=\"cca7cb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca7dd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cca7dd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cca7e7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cca7e7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca8005\" data-id=\"cca8005\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca811f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cca811f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Logical Framework, Project Environment Enablers and Sustainability of Caritas Projects in Meru County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Julius Kaburu Agostino, Professor Dorothy Ndunge Kyalo PhD, Dr Angelina Sabina Mulwa PhD      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 664-678<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cca81ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cca81ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca835f\" data-id=\"cca835f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca8497 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cca8497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of utilization of logical framework as monitoring and evaluation tool on sustainability of community agricultural projects supported by Caritas in Meru County, Kenya with project environment enablers as a moderating effect. A pragmatic research paradigm and a descriptive survey research design were adopted. The target population was 59 smallholder farmer groups and 24 Caritas Meru staff. The sample size was 51 smallholder farmer groups andthe total sample size was 177 respondents comprising 153 group leaders and 24 project officers.The data collection tools were questionnaire and an interview guide. The collected data were coded and entered into the SPSS 5th edition for analysis. The qualitative data was analyzed by way of grouping similar responses together and identifying the main themes from them. The multiple linear regression models were used to determine the link between dependent and independent variables. The study found out that utilization of Logical Framework (R^(2 )=0.438 t=32.892 P=0.000\u02c20.05) had a statistically significant influence on the sustainability of community agricultural projects supported by Caritas in Meru County, Kenya. The findings revealed that there was a positive correlation r=0.256 between the project environment enablers and the sustainability of community agricultural projects.The study found out that the relationship between utilization of logical framework and sustainability of community agricultural projects supported by Caritas in Meru County, Kenya depended on the project environment enablers. The researcher recommends that organizations dealing with the community project should utilize logical framework as monitoring and evaluation tool, factor in project environment enablers in project plan, and involve critical stakeholders.  They should also train farmer groups\u2019 leaders on leadership and management skills, train farmers on utilisation of information communication technology such as use of internet. They should train farmers on record keeping and conflict management practices to avoid collapse of groups.The researcher suggests that a similar study be undertaken to find out the influence of other monitoring and evaluation tools on sustainability of community projects. A comparable study including other non-governmental organizations working on community agricultural projects is advised.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 664-678\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51234\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51234<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Julius Kaburu Agostino<\/strong>\r\nPhD Candidate, Department of Management Science and Project Planning, University of Nairobi, Kenya                                                                                                                                                       \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Dorothy Ndunge Kyalo (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya      \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Angelina Sabina Mulwa (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya                                                                                           \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdelback, T., &#038; Johansson, N. I. C. L. A. S. (2013). Success Factors in Large Infrastructure Projects: The contractor\u2019s perspective. Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology.\r\n[2]\tAl-Tmeemy, S. M. H. M., Abdul-Rahman, H., &#038;Harun, Z. (2011). Future criteria for success of building projects in Malaysia. International Journal of Project Management, 29(3), 337-348.\r\n[3]\tAziz, R. F., &#038; Abdel-Hakam, A. A. (2016). Exploring delay causes of road construction projects in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55(2), 1515-1539.\r\n[4]\tCaritas Internationalis Food Security Study Summary Report (2015)https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/caritas-internationalis-food-security-study-summary-report-may-2015\r\n[5]\tCaritas Kampala Report,2020 Sustainable Agriculture Program (SAP)https:\/\/www.caritaskampala.org\/projects\r\n[6]\tCaritas Meruwebsite (2020) http:\/\/caritasmeru.org\/water.html\r\n[7]\tCaritas Nairobi Report (2020) Milky Project https:\/\/www.caritasnairobi.org\/food-security-livelihoods\/\r\n[8]\tCaritas New Zealand report (2016) Growing the future \u2013 A Caritas Action for sustainable agriculture &#038; livelihoodhttps:\/\/caritas.org.nz\/newsroom\/stories\/growing-future-%E2%80%93-caritas-action-sustainable-agriculture-livelihood\r\ncommunities: a case of Kiambaa Constituency, Kenya \r\n[9]\tFare Eastern Agriculture Report (2018). Caritas Asia to develop sustainable farminghttps:\/\/www.fareasternagriculture.com\/crops\/agriculture\/caritas-asia-to-develop-sustainable-farming(PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2020.\r\n[10]\thttp:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080\/handle\/123456789\/4583\r\n[11]\tIFAD Annual Report (2009). Smallholders, food security and the environment. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development.\r\n[12]\tIFADAnnual Report (2013). Smallholders, food security and the environment. Rome: International Fund forAgricultural Development.Journal of Business &#038; Change Management, 6 (2), 132 \u2013 152.\r\n[13]\tKaino, Julius C. (2013). Usefulness of Logframe Approach in Monitoring and Evaluation of Health Sector Donor Funded Projects in Kenya. Master of Business Administration Thesis, University of Nairobi.\r\n[14]\tKenya, Republic of (2013). Kenya Vision 2030, Second Medium Tem Plan 2013-2017. Nairobi: Ministry of Devolution and Planning, Nairobi.\r\n[15]\tKinoti and Emily K,(2011) Factors influencing ownership of development projects by the   \r\n[16]\tKumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage Publications Limited.\r\n[17]\tMcDavid, J. C., Huse, I., &#038; Hawthorn, L. R. (2018). Program evaluation and performance measurement: An introduction to the practice. Sage Publications.\r\n[18]\tMerten, D.M., and Wilson A.T. (2018). Program Evaluation Theory and Practice, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Guide. New York, Guilfrd Press.\r\n[19]\tMiako (2018) Monitoring and evaluation tools and the performance of irrigation projects in Kiambu County, Kenya. Unpublished Thesis, University of Nairobi.\r\n[20]\tMilika, Ruth M. (2011) Dignity in Healthcare \u2013 a Practical Approach for Nurses and Midwives 23(10):8-8\r\n[21]\tMilka, W. (2011). Guide to logical framework approach. Republic of Serbia www.naturaltherapypage.com accessed October 2021\r\n[22]\tMugo, J.N., Karanja, N.N., Gachene, C.K., Dittert, Gitari, H.I., &#038; Schulte-Geldermann, E. (2016).  Response of Potato crop to selected nutrients in Central and eastern highlands of Kenya. Cogent Food &#038; Agriculture vol. 7, 2021 \u2013 issue 1\r\n[23]\tMuriungi, T.M.&#038;Mbugua, J. (2020). Determinants of Sustainability of Community Based Ecotourism Development Projects in Kenya. A Case of Northern Rangeland Trust Conservancy, Meru County.\r\n[24]\tMutegi (2015) Factors influencing the performance of community-driven development projects. a case of Kenya Agricultural Productivity Project MeruCounty, Kenya.Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n[25]\tMutugi, M., and Kiiru, W. (2015). Biodiversity, Local Resources, National Heritage, Regional Concern: The case of mau Forest, Kenya. European Scientific Journal 1 (Special Edition): 681-691\r\n[26]\tNewcomer, K. E., Hatry, H. P., &#038;Wholey, J. S. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of practical program evaluation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass &#038; Pfeiffer Imprints, Wiley.\r\n[27]\tNjeri, J. W., &#038;Omwenga, J. Q. (2019). Influence of monitoring and evaluation practices on \r\n[28]\tOmona, J. (2013). Sampling in Qualitative Research: Improving the quality of research outcomes in Higher Education. Vol. 4 No. 2\r\n[29]\tOrme, J.G., and Combs-Orme, T. (2009). Multiple Regression with Discrete Dependent Variable. Oxford University Press Inc. New York. Paper https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/5209f0b64.pdf\r\n[30]\tPerson (2016) Understanding community-based protection Protection Policy \r\n[31]\tSelestin, R(2018) The role of monitoring and evaluation on the sustainability of the road construction project in Bagamoyodistrict  tanzaniahttp:\/\/repository.sustainable projects \u2013 A case study of the national aids control council. The Strategic \r\n[32]\tTavakol &#038; Dennick(2011). Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s  Alpha. International Journal of Medical Education. 2011; 2: 53-55\r\n[33]\tWideman, R. M. (2015). Total Project Management of Complex Projects, Improving Performance with Modern Techniques Presentations in five cities in India for The Consultancy Development Centre, New Delhi, India, \r\n[34]\tWilson,F.M. (2018). Organisational Behaviour and Work. A Critical Introduction, 5th edition. Oxford University Press, united Kingdom\r\n[35]\tZohrabi, M. (2013). Mixed-Method Research: Instruments, Validity, Reliability and Reporting Findings. Theory &#038; practice in language studies, 3(2).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Julius Kaburu Agostino, Professor Dorothy Ndunge Kyalo PhD, Dr Angelina Sabina Mulwa PhD     &#8220;Logical Framework, Project Environment Enablers and Sustainability of Caritas Projects in Meru County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.664-678 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51234<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/664-678.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/logical-framework-project-environment-enablers-and-sustainability-of-caritas-projects-in-meru-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Logical Framework, Project Environment Enablers and Sustainability of Caritas Projects in Meru County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca99ad elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cca99ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cca9b53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cca9b53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cca9e14\" data-id=\"cca9e14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccaa056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccaa056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccaa1c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccaa1c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb0eef\" data-id=\"ccb0eef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb105d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccb105d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccb1120 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccb1120\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb12a4\" data-id=\"ccb12a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb13cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccb13cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccb1474 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccb1474\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb15d0\" data-id=\"ccb15d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb16d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccb16d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccb177e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccb177e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb18e6\" data-id=\"ccb18e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb19fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccb19fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccb1a98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccb1a98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb1bee\" data-id=\"ccb1bee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb1cff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccb1cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccb1d9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccb1d9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb1f25\" data-id=\"ccb1f25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb2043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccb2043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>New Media Platform and the marketing of Product and Services in Nigeria a Study of Jumia Online marketing and Shopping Out Fit<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abubakar Bappayo, Ahmad Abubakar, Abubakar Na&#8217;alolo- December 2021- Page No.: 679-687<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccb20e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccb20e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccb2273\" data-id=\"ccb2273\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb23c5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ccb23c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study was conducted to find out the marketing of product using new media and marketing of new product. Case study jumia. In recent years, social media has become everywhere and most important for social media networking, content sharing and online accessing. The objective of the study was to determine the awareness and attitude of customers towards online shopping and to identify the various challenges faced by online customers of jumia. The researcher used the purposive method, the questionnaires were used as instrument of data collection for the study. Based on the data collected, and having been analyzed, it is recorded that it\u2019s about 300 respondents which represents 79% are aware of online shopping and they also shop online. It was also recorded that majority of respondent shop online using Jumia. And in terms of attitude of consumers towards online shopping 77% of respondents agreed that they enjoy shopping online while 23% said they don\u2019t enjoy shopping online, from these findings it is clearly seen that the attitude of consumers towards online shopping is good. Finding also reveals that late delivery is one of the major challenge confronting customers of Jumia online shopping. Therefore, based on findings, the study established that online shopping is well known and used by respondent. It also reveals that respondents patronize online shopping to an extent. Respondent identify late delivery as one of the challenges of online shopping. The researcher recommends that, Retailers of online product should ensure that delivery matches what was requested by customers and online marketers should improve delivery services in terms of price and offer delivery discount.  \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 679-687\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Bappayo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmad Abubakar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Na&#8217;alolo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Bauchi State Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAgichten, E., Carlos, C., Donato, D., and Aristides, G. 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(2002); Managing the Customer Experience; Financial Times\/PrenticeHall, \tLondon.\r\n[35]\tTang, Q.G.U.B., and Whinston, A.B. (2012). Content Contribution for Revenue Sharing and Reputation \tin Social Media: A Dynamic Structural Model.Journal of Management Information Systems, \t29:41-75.\r\n[36]\tTrattner, C., and Kappe.F. (2012). Social Stream Marketing on Facebook: A case Study International \tJournal of Social and Humanistic Computing.  \r\n[37]\tTaylor Nelson Sofres, TNS (2002); Government Online: An International Perspective;AnAnnual \tGlobal Report; Available at unpan1.un.org\/intrados\/groups\/public\/documents\/\u2026\/UNPAN007044.pdf Assessed15\/8\/15.\r\n[38]\tVellido P.J et al. (2000); Quantitative Characterization and Prediction of On-line Purchase Behaviour: \tA Latent Variable Approach; International Journal of Electronic Commerce; Vol.4 No.4 p83-104.\r\n[39]\tWatson, R.P., Leyland, F.P., Berthon, P. and Zinkham, G. (2012). \u201cU-commerce: expanding   the universe of marketing\u201d, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 30 no. 4, pp. 333-347.\r\n[40]\tWeinberg, T. (2009). \u201cThe new community rules: Marketing on the social Web\u201d. Sebastopol, CA:   \tO\u201fReilly Media Inc. (www.edutechwiki.unige.ch\/en) \r\n[41]\tXiang, Z., and U. Gretzel. (2000). \u201cRole of social media in online travel information search\u201d, Tourism Management 31:179\u2013188.    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abubakar Bappayo, Ahmad Abubakar, Abubakar Na&#8217;alolo,  &#8220;New Media Platform and the marketing of Product and Services in Nigeria a Study of Jumia Online marketing and Shopping Out Fit&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.679-687 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/679-687.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/679-687.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/new-media-platform-and-the-marketing-of-product-and-services-in-nigeria-a-study-of-jumia-online-marketing-and-shopping-out-fit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>New Media Platform and the marketing of Product and Services in Nigeria a Study of Jumia Online marketing and Shopping Out Fit<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccb3267 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ccb3267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccbb555 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccbb555\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccbb7cc\" data-id=\"ccbb7cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbb914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccbb914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccbb9dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccbb9dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccbbb45\" data-id=\"ccbbb45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbbc61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccbbc61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccbbd15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccbbd15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccbbe6f\" data-id=\"ccbbe6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbbf8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccbbf8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc030 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccbc030\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc175\" data-id=\"ccbc175\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc290 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccbc290\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc33a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccbc33a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc492\" data-id=\"ccbc492\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc5a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccbc5a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc63d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccbc63d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc7b1\" data-id=\"ccbc7b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc8b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccbc8b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>E-waste related heavy metals in Harare, Zimbabwe, a pending environmental and public health disaster<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mandevere, B. PhD, Wiechers, H. PhD  &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 688-697<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccbc954 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccbc954\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccbcaed\" data-id=\"ccbcaed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccbcc32 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ccbcc32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of the study was to examine the presence of e-waste related heavy metals in soil and water around Harare and to review the management strategies of electronic waste in Harare, Zimbabwe. Interviews, observations and laboratory tests were employed to harness data. Secondary datafrom previous literature and other records were also consulted. Findings revealed that heavy metals related to electronic waste were fast becoming a threat to Harare. The management of e-waste in general is not proper as e-waste is disposed on dumpsites commingled with general waste as in open dumps along roadsides in the residential areas.  The authorities have no mechanism or law in place to handle e-waste and informal recyclers have taken advantage of this, but are exposed to a number of health problems. There is need to come up with a sustainable e-waste management strategy by the Environmental Management authorities as well as legislation that clearly focuses on this technology driven type of waste which seems dormant but can erupt anytime to the detriment of the environment and public health.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 688-697\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mandevere, B. PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wiechers, H. PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbalansa, S., El Mahrad., Icely,  J and Newton, A. (2021) Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: The GOOD, The BAD and the UGLY.https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/journal\/sustainability\r\n[2]\tBalde, C.P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., and Huisman, J., (2015) The global e-waste monitor-2014, United Nations University, IAS-SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany.\r\n[3]\tGovernment of Zimbabwe. (2002) Environmental Management Act 20:27. Harare: Government Printers \r\n[4]\tGweme. F and Maringa. H. (2016) E-Waste in Zimbabwe and Zambia. Science and Industrial Research and Development Centre (SIRDIC) Harare Zimbabwe. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/305807572\r\n[5]\tHalim, L and Suharyanti, Y.(2020) E-Waste: Current Research and Future Perspectiv on Developing Countries.http:\/\/ojs.uajy.ac.id\/index.php\/IJIEEH\r\n[6]\tJerie, S. (2014) Generation and management of household waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Harare  and Mutare, Zimbabwe. The Dyke Midlands state University Press.\r\n[7]\tJyothi, J.R. (2020) Heavy Metal Source and their Effects on Human Health. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/105772\/intechopen.95370\r\n[8]\tKuper, J., and Hojsik, M., (2008) Poisoning the poor: Electronic Waste in Ghana. Journal Number 155 Greenpeace.org\r\n[9]\tMaphosa, V. andMaphosa, M. (2020) E-waste Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic Literature review.http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2020.1814503\r\n[10]\tMaringa. H., Stan. G. V., and  Brooking. G. (2013 ) E-Waste in Zimbabwe. http:\/\/www.unep.org\/gpwm\/FocalAreas\r\n[11]\tMutsau. S., Billiant. E., Mungafi. C.C., (2015) Electronic Waste Management in Zimbabwe: A slow Onset Public Health Disaster\r\n[12]\tNamias, J., (2013) The Future of Electronic Waste Recycling in the United States:Obstacles and Domestic Solutions. Columbia University: Earth Engineering Centre\r\n[13]\tNjagi. J.M., Akunga. D.N., Njagi M.M., Ngugi. M.P. and Njagi.E.M.N., (2016) Heavy Metal Pollutionof the Environment by Dumpsites: A Case of Kadhodeki Dumpsite International Journal for Science Research Volume 2 Issue 2 pp191-197\r\n[14]\tWilliams, E., (2002) International Activities on E-waste and Guideline for Future Work. In: Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Material Cycle and Waste Management in Asia (NIES E-Waste Workshop), December 14 \u2013 15, NIES, Tsuka, Japan\r\n[15]\tZaranyika, M.F. (1997) Sources and level of pollution along Mukuvisi River: A review pp 35- 42 Lake Chivero A Polluted Lake.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mandevere, B. PhD, Wiechers, H. PhD,  &#8220;E-waste related heavy metals in Harare, Zimbabwe, a pending environmental and public health disaster&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.688-697 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/688-697.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/688-697.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/e-waste-related-heavy-metals-in-harare-zimbabwe-a-pending-environmental-and-public-health-disaster\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>E-waste related heavy metals in Harare, Zimbabwe, a pending environmental and public health disaster<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc33a9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ccc33a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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elementor-element elementor-element-ccc42a9\" data-id=\"ccc42a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc43b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccc43b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccc4455 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccc4455\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccc45a6\" data-id=\"ccc45a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc46c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccc46c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccc4762 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccc4762\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccc48d3\" data-id=\"ccc48d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc49dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccc49dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Informal Cross-Border Trade on Student School Attendance in Secondary School in Busia County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lilian Amweno, Prof John shiundu, Prof Stanley Mutsotso      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 699-706<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccc4a7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccc4a7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccc4bf2\" data-id=\"ccc4bf2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc4d2a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ccc4d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of informal cross border trade on students\u2019 participation in education and academic achievement in the secondary schools in Busia County. The study specifically examined the various informal cross border trade activities that influence students school attendance, determined the socioeconomic factor that drive learners into participating in informal cross border trade and established the influence of informal cross border trade on students retention, completion and academic achievement. The study was guided by George Homans Rationale Choice Theory and Albert Bandura\u2019s\u2019 Social Learning theory. Research adopted descriptive survey research design. The targeted population comprised of 34 School Principals, 68 Guidance and Counseling teacher, 476 students, 10 Quality Assurance and Standard Officer and 10 Community leaders. Simple random sampling technique  was used to select a sample size of 389 secondary  students and 59 teacher while saturated sampling technique  was used for31 principals, 10 Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and 10 community leaders. The study found out that students in secondary school participate in various informal cross border trade activities that were categorized as: transport operations, retail trade, industrial related activities, service provision activities and worst forms of informal cross border trade. The study established that involvement in informal cross border trade affected students\u2019 attendance, punctuality, discipline and retention which in turn affect their academic achievement due to lack concentration and commitment in their studies. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that informal cross border trade is a major challenge to the children\u2019s right to access and succeed in education in Busia County, Kenya.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 699-706\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lilian Amweno<\/strong>\r\nMasindeMuliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya                                                                                                                                                       \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof John shiundu <\/strong>\r\nMasindeMuliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya  \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof Stanley Mutsotso <\/strong>\r\nKibabii University, Kenya                                                                                   \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBrown, E.D. (2007) Competitive advantage and the resource based views of the firm. Retrieved from http:\/\/ ericbrown.com\/competitive advantage-and-the-resource based-view of-the; firm.\r\n[2]\tBusia County, (2013) Busia County Integrated Development Plan 2013-2017\r\n[3]\tGovernment of Kenya. (2005) , Achieving MDGs in Kenya, Ministry of Planning and National Development: Nairobi, Government Printers.\r\n[4]\tKombo, D.K and Tromp, D.L.A (2006) Proposal Writing and Thesis Proposal: An Introduction. Nairobi Kenya; Publications Africa.\r\n[5]\tLesser. C, Leeman E.M.(2009) \u201c Informal Cross Border Trade Facilitation Reform in Sub- Saharan Africa Final Report OECD Trade Policy Workin Paper No 86. Paris, France.\r\n[6]\tMugenda, O. M and Mugenda, A. G (2003) Research methods. (Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.Nairobi Acts Press).\r\n[7]\tMugenda, O.M. &#038;Mugenda , A.G.(1999) Research Methods :Quantitative and qualitative Approsches . Nairobi: Acts Press.\r\n[8]\tOjijo, G.A, (2016) Influence of Fishing Activities on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Rachuonyo North Sub-County,Kenya Unpublished Thesis\r\n[9]\tRepublic of Kenya, (2003), Educational Sector Strategic Plan and Implementation Matrices; 2003-2007; Nairobi; Ministry of Education and Technology. Nairobi; MOEST\r\n[10]\tShiundu J. S. and Omulando S. J. (1992) Curriculum: Theory and practices in Kenya Nairobi.Oxyford University Press.\r\n[11]\tUNESCO (2007) \u201cGender and Education for ALL.\u201dThe leap to Equality. Paris UNESCO\r\n[12]\tUNESCO, (2007) The Right to Education.  Retrieved from \r\nwww.unesco.org\/education\/information\/wer\/pDfeng\/wholewer.PDF.\r\n[13]\tUNESCO, (2005), Global Monitoring Report Literacy for life. Pans Author.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lilian Amweno, Prof John shiundu, Prof Stanley Mutsotso     &#8220;Influence of Informal Cross-Border Trade on Student School Attendance in Secondary School in Busia County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.699-706 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/699-706.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/699-706.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-informal-cross-border-trade-on-student-school-attendance-in-secondary-school-in-busia-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Informal Cross-Border Trade on Student School Attendance in Secondary School in Busia County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cccf6ef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cccf958\" data-id=\"cccf958\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cccfa83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cccfa83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cccfb24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cccfb24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cccfc81\" data-id=\"cccfc81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cccfd8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cccfd8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cccfe2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cccfe2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cccff7d\" data-id=\"cccff7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd0099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd013b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd013b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd028a\" data-id=\"ccd028a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd0390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0459 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd0459\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd05a1\" data-id=\"ccd05a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd06ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd06ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0746 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd0746\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0899\" data-id=\"ccd0899\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd099b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd099b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0a3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd0a3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0ba4\" data-id=\"ccd0ba4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0cb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd0cb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exploring the Nexus between Corruption and all share index of Nigeria Capital Market<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Onyekachi Chibueze Onuoha, Nonso John Okoye, Udemadu Frank Chika &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 707-715<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0d4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd0d4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd0ec1\" data-id=\"ccd0ec1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd1003 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ccd1003\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study examined Nigeria corruption perception index and Nigeria transparency index: its effect on all share index of Nigerian capital market. Specifically, the study determined the effect of Nigeria corruption perception index and corruption perception index on Nigeria capital market performance indicator as all-share index. The study is anchored on social disorganization theory which states that behaviour is influenced primarily by one\u2019s environment and that corruption and other deviant and criminal behaviour are a result of the weakened mechanism of social control. The study used descriptive statistics in the analysis and E-view 10 was used. The findings show that there is a significant effect of the Nigeria corruption perception index and Nigeria transparency index on all share index of the Nigerian capital market. This has a wide implication for the capital market in Nigeria as a continued increase in corruption index would adversely affect the all share index. The work recommended that capital market regulators should speedily adopt and enact policies that proactively address fraudulent practices in the Nigerian capital market\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 707-715\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onyekachi Chibueze Onuoha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperative Economics and Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nonso John Okoye  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Udemadu Frank Chika  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperative Economics and Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdebayo, O. G. and Topson, A. O. (2014). Bank Frauds and Forgeries in Nigeria: A Study of the Causes, Types, Detection and Prevention. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance(IOSR-JEF) 4 (2), 41-50 www.iosrjournals.org\r\n[2]\tAkingbolunge A. (2006). Civil Society and anti-corruption crusade in Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(1), 75.86\r\n[3]\tAkindele, R.I. (2011). Fraud as a negative Catalyst in the Nigerian banking industry. Johnson Publishers Limited\r\n[4]\tAkers, R.L., and Sellers, C.S. (2009).Criminology theories (5thed). NY: Oxford University Press.\r\n[5]\tBernard, T.J., Snipes, J.B., and Gerould, A.L. (2010).Vold\u2019s Theoretical criminology (6th ed).York, NY: Offord University Press. \r\n[6]\tChene, M. (2014).The impact of corruption on growth and inequality. Transparency International.\r\n[7]\tColombatto, E. (2003). Why is corruption tolerated? Review of Australian Economics, 16(4), 363-379.\r\n[8]\tDYCK, I.J, Morse, A. and Zing ales. L (2017). How pervasive is cooperate fraud and who blows the whistle on corporate fraud? A Journal of Nigerian fraud.\r\n[9]\tJohnson, M. (1998). Fighting systemic corruption: Social foundations for institutional reform. European Journal of Research, 10(1), 85-105.\r\n[10]\tKaufman. D, Kraay, A and Maastrzzi, M (2018).The effect of fraud on the economy; International Journal on Finance 21, 1-7.\r\n[11]\tMeng, Q. and  Friday, P.C. (2010). Corruption in transitional China: A theoretical conceptualization. In V. Konarska, &#038; J. Lachowski (Eds).Major problems of contemporary criminal law, criminology and victimology.Wolterskluwer Publishing Office.Polish Branch.\r\n[12]\tNatalia (2016).Corruption Perception Index. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/. Retrieved: February 18, 2018.\r\n[13]\tNwaze, C. (2009). Bank fraud exposed with cases\u2019 and preventive measures. Lagos; control and surveillance Associates Ltd.\r\n[14]\tNwude, C. (2006). Quality and Internal control challenges in contemporary Nigerian banking. Zenith economic quarterly. Zeninth bank Plc 3(2), 23-28   \r\n[15]\tNwankwo, O. (2011). The effect of capital market in an economy.International journal of business and Management vol. 6. No. 10\r\n[16]\tOjeaga, P. Ikpefan, O. and Odejimi, D. (2014). Do High Customer Bank Deposits Incite Management Fraud? Examining Causes of Management Fraud in the Nigerian Banking\r\n[17]\tPerkins, R. Radelet, Lindauer and Block (2012). Social Inclusion and Recovery. London: Baoillere Tindall.\r\n[18]\tSteenbeek, W. and Hipp, J.R. (2011). A longitudinal test of social disorganization theory: Feedback effects among cohesion, social control, and disorder. Corminology 49(3), 833-871.\r\n[19]\tTravits, M. (2010). Why do people engage in corruption? The case of Estonia social forces, theory and the explanation of crime; A guide for new century. Contemporary sociology; A journal of Reviews. 33(6), 716\r\n[20]\tWorld bank report (2007). \r\n[21]\tYartey, C. A., and Adejasi, C. K. (2007). \u201cStock Market Development in Sub-Saharan African: Critical Issues and Challenges.\u201d IMF Working paper No. 07\/209.IMF.\r\n[22]\tYartey, C. A. (2010). The institutional and macroeconomic determinants of stock market development in emerging economies, Applied Financial Economics 20: 1615\u20131625.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/09603107.2010.522519\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onyekachi Chibueze Onuoha, Nonso John Okoye, Udemadu Frank Chika ,  &#8220;Exploring the Nexus between Corruption and all share index of Nigeria Capital Market&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.707-715 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/707-715.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/707-715.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exploring-the-nexus-between-corruption-and-all-share-index-of-nigeria-capital-market\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Exploring the Nexus between Corruption and all share index of Nigeria Capital Market<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd2284 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ccd2284\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd2361 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd2361\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd24e8\" data-id=\"ccd24e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd2617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd2617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd26c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd26c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd281b\" data-id=\"ccd281b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd29f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd29f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd2f29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd2f29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd307c\" data-id=\"ccd307c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd318f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd318f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3229 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd3229\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3375\" data-id=\"ccd3375\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd3480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3520 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd3520\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd366c\" data-id=\"ccd366c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd3771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd380b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd380b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3978\" data-id=\"ccd3978\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccd3a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Use of Makassarese Language Based on Politeness Strategies: Review of the Universality of Yassi\u2019s Theoretical Framework<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nurjannah Syarifuddin, Abdul Hakim Yassi, Harlinah Sahib- December 2021- Page No.: 716-722<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3b31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccd3b31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3ca4\" data-id=\"ccd3ca4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd3dc8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ccd3dc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study is aimed to revisiting the politeness framework of Yassi\u2019s. The study discusses the factor that influenced someone in used politeness strategies of heritage language in South Sulawesi especially Makassarese language. The methodology of this research is used qualitative method. The data were observed randomly from native speakers of Makassarese in did communication. On Yassi\u2019s theoretical framework found there are six politeness strategies. The strategies are deference in non-kinship, deference in kinship intimacy in non-kinship, intimacy in kinship, hierarchy in non-kinship and hierarchy in kinship. Yassi\u2019s exposed that the ages is one of the important part in politeness. A positive politeness strategy is used when communicate with friends, usually used casual and direct speech. When communicate with the older used negative politeness. In this study the writer found there are eight strategies that influenced someone in used politeness strategy to complete Yassi\u2019s theory. The new strategy is educated in non-kinship and educated in kinship. This study found someone will respect if did communicate with the educated people even though they are younger or older also kinship or in kinship.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 716-722\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51235<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nurjannah Syarifuddin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHasanuddin University, Indonesia \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdul Hakim Yassi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHasanuddin University, Indonesia \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harlinah Sahib<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHasanuddin University, Indonesia \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\tBrown, P., &#038; Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. In Questions and Politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56-311). Cambridge University Press.\r\n[2].\tBrown, P., Levinson, S. C., &#038; Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.\r\n[3].\tCreswell, J. W., &#038;Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing AmongFiveApproaches. Sage Publications.\r\n[4].\tHolmes, J. (2013). Women, Men and Politeness. Routledge.\r\n[5].\tIdris, A. M. S., Adliah, A., &#038; Alfina, S. (2020).Multilingual Interaction in Classroom Context. Eternal (English, Teaching, Learning, and Research Journal), 6(2), 381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24252\/Eternal.V62.2020.A13.\r\n[6].\tLeech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics London: Longman Group Ltd.\r\n[7].\tSaleh, N. J., Yassi, A. H., &#038; Rahman, F. (2021). Strategy of Apology in Buginese: A Sociolinguistic Study. ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 4(2)188-196.\r\n[8].\tScollon, R.,Scollon,S.B.K.  (1995). Intercultural Communication: A DiscourseApproach(Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell.\r\n[9].\tYassi, A. H. (1996). Negating and affirming a proposition in Makassarese: A cross-cultural communication study. Unpublished Master Research Paper. Department of Linguistics, The University ofSydney, NSW. Australia.\r\n[10].\tYassi, A. H. (2016). Model kerangkateorikesantunan yang efektifmengkajipolakesantunanbahasa-bahasa di Indonesia: Mempertanyakankeuniversalitasankerangkateorikesantunan Brown &#038;Levinson. In Prosiding Seminar AntarBangsa (ASBAM.) ke-5. Hal (pp. 19-28).\r\n[11].\tYassi, A. H. (2016a). Model kerangkateorikesantunan yang efektifmengkajipolakesantunanbahasa-bahasa di Indonesia: Mempertanyakankeuniversalitasankerangkateorikesantunan Brown &#038; Levinson. In Prosiding Seminar AntarBangsa (ASBAM.) ke-5. Hal (pp. 19-28).\r\n[12].\tYassi, A. H. (2016b). Pemetaanpolasistemkesantunanbudayabahasa-bahasa Sulawesi Selatan dan Barat (Sulselbar): Harmonisasikehidupansosialbertetangga. In Prosiding Seminar NasionalBulanBahasaFakultasIlmuBudayaUniversitasHasanuddin (pp. 11-12).\r\n[13].\tYassi, A. H. (2017). Ancangan model kerangkateorikesantunan yang efektifmengkajibudayabahasa-bahasa heritage di Asia: Review terhadapkeuniversalitasankerangkateorikesantunan Brown &#038; Levinson. Linguistik Indonesia, 35(2), 159-186.\r\n[14].\tYassi, A. H. (2018). Mapping the Politeness Systems of Heritage Language Culture of South Sulawesi, Indonesia: Ages and Politeness Strategies. In The 2nd International Conference on Culture, Art, Language, and Literature in Digital Humanities: Academic and Creative Challenges (pp. 1-16).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nurjannah Syarifuddin, Abdul Hakim Yassi, Harlinah Sahib,  &#8220;The Use of Makassarese Language Based on Politeness Strategies: Review of the Universality of Yassi\u2019s Theoretical Framework&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.716-722 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51235<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/716-722.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-use-of-makassarese-language-based-on-politeness-strategies-review-of-the-universality-of-yassis-theoretical-framework\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Use of Makassarese Language Based on Politeness Strategies: Review of the Universality of Yassi\u2019s Theoretical Framework<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccdcd7b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ccdcd7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccdce54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccdce54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccdd1d9\" data-id=\"ccdd1d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccdd4dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccdd4dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccdd5b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccdd5b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce8632\" data-id=\"cce8632\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce898a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cce898a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cce8aa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cce8aa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce8dd3\" data-id=\"cce8dd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce907f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cce907f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cce914e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cce914e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce92dc\" data-id=\"cce92dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce93f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cce93f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cce949f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cce949f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce960b\" data-id=\"cce960b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce971b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cce971b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cce97b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cce97b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce990c\" data-id=\"cce990c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce9a28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cce9a28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cce9ac9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cce9ac9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce9c3c\" data-id=\"cce9c3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cce9d51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cce9d51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>What is Shared Vision on Effective Leadership<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Christopher Banura Ruyooka- December 2021- Page No.: 723-724<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cce9df7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cce9df7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cce9f74\" data-id=\"cce9f74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccea0a7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ccea0a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nAs indicated by Senge (1990), a shared vision is a force that touches people&#8217;s hearts, a force of impressive power. More so, a shared vision helps transform the company into mine and ours, where employees begin to take responsibility for their work and maintain an environment dominated by teamwork.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 723-724\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christopher Banura Ruyooka  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Business and Management Studies, Ibanda University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBell, B. S., &#038; Kozlowski, S. W. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group &#038; Organization Management, 27(1), 14-49. Retrieved from:  https:\/\/ecommons.cornell.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1813\/76175\/VirtualTeamsandLeadership.pdf? sequence=1\r\n[2]\tKayworth, T. R., &#038; Leidner, D. E. (2002). Leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams cited from cited in Mahmood, S. A., Siddiqui, S. W., and Junaid, M. (2014). Factors affecting shared vision in organizations culture. Journal of Basic &#038; Applied Scientific Research. 4 (7), 140-150. Retrieved from: http:\/\/J.Basic.Appl.Sci.Res\r\n[3]\tLynn, G.S. and Akgun, A. (2001). Project visioning: its components and impact on new product success, The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18(6), 374-87. Retrieved from:\r\nhttps:\/\/www.academia.edu\/download\/50054453\/s0737-6782_2801_2900110-2201611026711-w1rs24.pdf\r\n[4]\tPearce, C. L. (2004). The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadership to transform knowledge work. The Academy of Management Executive, 18(1), 47-57. Retrieved from:  https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Craig-\r\n[5]\tPearce\/publication\/279401039_The_Future_of_Leadership_Combining_Vertical_and_Shared _Leadership_to_Transform_Knowledge_Work\/links\/55ef01f908aedecb68fd8ef2\/The-Futureof-Leadership-Combining-Vertical-and-Shared-Leadership-to-Transform-KnowledgeWork.pdf\r\n[6]\tQuigley, J. V. (1994). Vision: How leaders develop it, share it, and sustain it. Business Horizons, 37(5), 37-41. Retrieved from: \r\nhttps:\/\/go.gale.com\/ps\/i.do?id=GALE%7CA15859244&#038;sid=googleScholar&#038;v=2.1&#038;it=r&#038;linkacc ess=abs&#038;issn=00076813&#038;p=AONE&#038;sw=w\r\n[7]\tReardon, K.K. (1991). Persuasion in Practice cited in Mahmood, S. A., Siddiqui, S. W., and Junaid, M. (2014). Factors affecting shared vision in organizations culture. Journal of Basic &#038; Applied Scientific Research. 4 (7), 140-150. Retrieved from: http:\/\/J.Basic.Appl.Sci.Res\r\n[8]\tSenge, P.M. (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization cited in Mahmood, S. A., Siddiqui, S. W., and Junaid, M. (2014). Factors affecting shared vision in organizations culture. Journal of Basic &#038; Applied Scientific Research. 4 (7), 140-150. Retrieved from: http:\/\/J.Basic.Appl.Sci.Res.. \r\n[9]\tShamir, B., &#038; Howell, J. M. (1999). Organizational and contextual influences on the emergence and effectiveness of charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 257283. Retrieved from:https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/S1479-357120180000009020\/full\/html\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Christopher Banura Ruyooka,  &#8220;What is Shared Vision on Effective LeadershipWhat is Shared Vision on Effective Leadership&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.723-724 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/723-724.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/723-724.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/what-is-shared-vision-on-effective-leadership\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>What is Shared Vision on Effective LeadershipWhat is Shared Vision on Effective Leadership<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccebf27 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ccebf27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccec00f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccec00f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccec1a2\" data-id=\"ccec1a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccec2cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccec2cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccec378 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccec378\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccec4ff\" data-id=\"ccec4ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccef31c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccef31c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccf216d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccf216d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccf2475\" data-id=\"ccf2475\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccf26c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccf26c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccf2808 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccf2808\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccf2add\" data-id=\"ccf2add\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccf2d00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccf2d00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccf2e32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccf2e32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccf30f6\" data-id=\"ccf30f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccf32e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccf32e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccf34e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccf34e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccf373b\" data-id=\"ccf373b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccf395c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccf395c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccf3a9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccf3a9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ccf3d28\" data-id=\"ccf3d28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccf3ee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccf3ee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ownership Structure and Performance of Selected Quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kazeem Toyin Cynthia, Omole Ilesanmi Isaac- December 2021- Page No.: 725-735<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ccf4014 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ccf4014\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd00053\" data-id=\"cd00053\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd002c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd002c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study evaluated the effect of equity ownership structure on the financial performance of selected quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The focus of the evaluation is on the relationship between ownership structure variables (managerial, institutional and foreign) on firm performance (Return on Equity and Return on Asset).  Data were collected for this study through secondary source for the period 2011 \u2013 2020. 60 manufacturing firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange were purposively sampled.Data were collected on variables such as institutional owners\u2019 equity, managerial ownership equity, foreign ownership equity, Total Assets, shareholders\u2019 fund and earnings after interest and tax was collected from the Annual Reports of companies. Data collected was analyzed using tables, descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. Also, the data collected were subjected to pooled General Least Square, Random and Fixed Effects regression model in testing the hypotheses of the study. It was discovered thatall the variables i.e. (ROTA, ROE, MON, LEV, LASSET, ION, FON and AGE) had correlation coefficients that were very low and less than 0.9 having either positive or negative values.It was discovered that all the series showed high level of consistency because all mean and median values were within the maximum and minimum values of the series. The deviation of the actual data from their mean value were exceptionally high, typically demonstrated by the relatively high value of the standard deviations. The study recommended that improvement should be made on corporate governance to focus on sound equity ownership structure to attract foreign investors. Likewise, Industrial investors should emphasize the importance of inclusion of institutional investors in companies ownership structures and collisions between the directors and dominant shareholders should be prevented  \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 725-735\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kazeem Toyin Cynthia<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration and Management, School of Business     and   Management Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omole Ilesanmi Isaac<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, School of Business and Management Studies, Federal Polytechnic,\r\nIle-Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbosede, A. 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Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, 4(3), 123-148.\r\n[30]\tMcConnell, J and Servaes, H (1995): Equity ownership and two faces of debt\u2016. Journal of Financial Economics, 39, pp 131-157.\r\n[31]\tMudi, O. L. (2017). Ownership structure and financial performance of firms listed at the Nairobi securities exchange. University of Nairobi Department of Business Administration (Finance), 1(2), 1-67.\r\n[32]\tNora, A.A. &#038; Anis, F.M. (2015), Ownership Structure and Bank Performance, Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(4), 24-37.\r\n[33]\tSanda, A.U, Mikailu, A.S and Garba, T (2010):\u2015Corporate governance mechanisms and firm financial performance in Nigeria\u2016, AERC Research Paper 149, Nairobi.\r\n[34]\tSyed, S. and Norjaya, M. (2010) An Investigation into the Antecedents of Customer Satisfaction of Online Shopping. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 5, 71-78.\r\n[35]\tUwalomwa K. S &#038; Olamide M. G (2012), The impact of board structure on corporate financial performance in Nigeria, International Journal of Business and Management 5(10), 50-68.\r\n[36]\tWahba, H. J. M. Gov (2014). Capital structure, managerial ownership and firm performance: evidence from Egypt. Journal of Management &#038; Governance 18(4), 1041 &#8211; 1061. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kazeem Toyin Cynthia, Omole Ilesanmi Isaac,  &#8220;Ownership Structure and Performance of Selected Quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.725-735 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/725-735.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd08655\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd087ae\" data-id=\"cd087ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd088f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd088f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd08cbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd08cbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd08e0e\" data-id=\"cd08e0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd08f1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd08f1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd08fb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd08fb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd09108\" data-id=\"cd09108\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd0920d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd0920d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd092ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd092ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd09421\" data-id=\"cd09421\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd09532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd09532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>From Diplomacy to Contestation: Paradigm Shifts in the Zambia-China Relations, 1964-2011<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Euston Kasongo Chiputa  &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 736-748<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd095d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd095d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd09767\" data-id=\"cd09767\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd098b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd098b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2141\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2141\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Between 1964 and 2011, relations between Zambia and China saw paradigm shifts from \u2018mutual\u2019 diplomatic relations to economic relations and eventually to contestation. China was an important pillar of the anti-colonial struggle in Zambia and the southern African sub-region. She provided economic and morale aid, logistical support, infrastructure building and education training for Zambia and other southern African countries. From 1964 until 1971, Zambia gave unflinching diplomatic support to China\u2019s cause for readmission to the United Nations. The 1964-2011 period saw the Zambia-China relationship undergo trio paradigm shifts; from China being an aid and loans provider to being an investor, from Chinese state-directed aid and loans to Chinese state and private investments in Zambia. From 2000, the Zambian people contested what they saw as Chinese invasion of their economic space. This paper explores these paradigm shifts in the Zambia-China relations between 1964 and 2011. The paper investigates whether China\u2019s relationship with Zambia gravitated from a benefactor-beneficiary relationship to \u2018mutual\u2019 benefit; punctuated by contestation by Zambians or whether the relations were tantamount to a Chinese \u201ccolonisation\u201d of Zambia\u2019s economic landscape. Data for this paper was collected from official Zambian and Chinese government records and correspondence at the National Archives of Zambia. Other data was collected from the Archives of the United National Independence Party (UNIP) in Lusaka and from newspapers and secondary sources. These sources were subjected to comprehensive literature analysis to arrive at the conclusion that 1964 and 2011 the Zambia-China relations underwent three paradigm shifts from \u2018mutual\u2019 diplomatic relations to economic relations and eventually to contestation between.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 736-748\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51236<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2142\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2142\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Euston Kasongo Chiputa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Historical and Archaeological Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2143\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2143\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\t\u2018\u00a31.2m. may be lost on deal\u2019, Times of Zambia, Thursday, 13th July, 1967.\r\n[2]\tAbraham, Curtis, \u2018China\u2019s long History in Africa\u2019, NewAfrican magazine, 11 March 2015.\r\n[3]\tAlden, Chris, \u2018Red Star, Black Gold\u2019, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 32, No. 104\/105, Outlining the Wheels of Imperialism (June-Sept. 2005), pp. 415-419.\r\n[4]\tBaah, Yaw, Anthony and Jauch, Herbert (eds.) 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elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2144\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2144\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Euston Kasongo Chiputa,  &#8220;From Diplomacy to Contestation: Paradigm Shifts in the Zambia-China Relations, 1964-2011&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.736-748 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51236<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2145\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2145\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/736-748.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2146\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2146\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/from-diplomacy-to-contestation-paradigm-shifts-in-the-zambia-china-relations-1964-2011\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>From Diplomacy to Contestation: Paradigm Shifts in the Zambia-China Relations, 1964-2011<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd0a763 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd0a763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1a3d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1a3d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1a5a7\" data-id=\"cd1a5a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1a6dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1a6dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1a793 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1a793\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1a8f7\" data-id=\"cd1a8f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1aa1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1aa1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1aac4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1aac4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1ac1f\" data-id=\"cd1ac1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1ad2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1ad2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1addf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1addf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1af24\" data-id=\"cd1af24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1b02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b0c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1b0c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b215\" data-id=\"cd1b215\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1b317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b3b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1b3b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b4f7\" data-id=\"cd1b4f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b601 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1b601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b699 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1b699\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b807\" data-id=\"cd1b807\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b91b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1b91b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Industrialization strategies and model for Senegal<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Diadama Ismaila      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 749-759<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1b9b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1b9b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1bb48\" data-id=\"cd1bb48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1bc84 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd1bc84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">After gaining independence, mainly in the 1960s, most African countries began to focus on promoting their industrialization. There was indeed a conviction among African leaders that industrialization was necessary to ensure self-sufficiency and reduce dependence on the advanced countries. Senegal also attempted at industrialization in the post-independence years but has had mixed results due to the absence of a clear policy attributable in particular to insufficient knowledge of its industrial sector. The purpose of this study is to propose strategies and an alternative model that could enable Senegal to develop its industry, based on some Asian latecomer\u2019s example, findings, industrial main obstacles and recommendations analyzed in the previous parts. It should be made right clear that there is no single best-emerging market model. In the course of development, each country follows its path based on its human, economic, and natural resources. However, whatever way it takes, most of the emerging market has put industry at the heart of its economy structural transformation.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 749-759\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51237<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Diadama Ismaila<\/strong>\r\nPHD scholar of Industrial Economics, School of Economics, Jilin University, China\r\n                                                                                 \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbbott, L. F. (2003). Theories of industrialisation and enterprise development. London: Good Book.\r\n[2]\tAdejugbe, M. A. (2004). \u201cIndustrialization, Distortions &#038; Economic Development in Nigeria since1950\u201d in M. O.A. (ed.), Industrialization, Urbanization and Development in Nigeria 1950-1999, Lagos: Cocept Publications Ltd.\r\n[3]\tAfrican Development Bank, (2008). African Development Report 2007. African Development Bank, Abidjan\r\n[4]\tAICD (Agence Nationale de la Statistique and ICF International) (2012). \u20182010-11 Senegal Demographic and Health and Multiple Indicators Survey: Key Findings\u2019. Calverton, MD: ANSD and ICF International\r\n[5]\tANSD, Rapport provisoire de l\u2019enqu\u00eate sur l\u2019\u00e9tat des lieux de l\u2019industrie au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, (2017).\r\n[6]\tBolaky, B. A. (2011). The role of industrialisation in economic development: theory and evidence.UNCTAD.\r\n[7]\tDiagne, Y.S. and fall, A. (2007). Impact des infrastructures publiques sur la productivit\u00e9 des entreprises au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. Direction de la Pr\u00e9vision et des Etudes Economiques, ao\u00fbt 2007.\r\n[8]\tDiop M. M. (2015). \u00ab Quels secteurs pour quelle croissance \u00e9conomique au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal? \u00bb.\r\n[9]\tKaldor, N. (1967), Strategic Factors in Economic Development, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.\r\n[10]\tLee, S., Nam, Y., Lee, S., &#038; Son, H. (2016). Determinants of ICT innovations: A cross-country empirical study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 110, 71e77.\r\n[11]\tLin, J.Y. &#038; Monga, C., (2011). Growth identification and facilitation: The role of the State in the dynamics of structural change. Development Policy Review 29(3). 259\u2013310.\r\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7679.2011.00534.x.\r\n[12]\tMamadou Moustapha Kass\u00e9, (2013). L\u2019industrialisation de l\u2019Afrique est possible: quel mod\u00e8le pour le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal? L\u2019harmattan, Novembre 2013.\r\n[13]\tMandara, (2018). &#8220;Topic: Appraisal of the Impact of Industrialization on Economic Growth in Nigeria.&#8221;\r\n[14]\tIOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) 20.1 (2018): 01-10.\r\n[15]\tMbaye A. A., (2006). \u00ab \u00c9tude sur la prise en compte de la politique commerciale dans les strat\u00e9gies de\r\nd\u00e9veloppement: CAS du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal \u00bb.\r\n[16]\tMbaye A.A, (2002). \u00ab An Industry Level Analysis of Manufacturing Productivity in Senegal \u00bb, Africa region Working paper Series N\u00b0 41\r\n[17]\tNguyen, Van Ha. (2010). An alternative strategy for catch-up economy in Vietnam, a lesson for developing countries. Journal of The institute of Business and Economic Research Inha University. (ISSN 1225-4703).\r\n[18]\tRapport DGPPE, (2017). \u00ab Quelles strat\u00e9gies pour le secteur de l\u2019\u00e9nergie au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal? \u00bb.\r\n[19]\tRepublique Du Senegal (2014), \u00ab Plan Senegal Emergent \u00bb. Republic of Senegal\/UNDP (1997). \u2018L\u2019industrie S\u00e9n\u00e9galaise de 1992 \u00e0 1995\u2019. Dakar: Republic of\r\nSenegal\/UNDP\r\n[20]\tSolow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70 (1)Todaro, M. P. &#038; Smith, S. C. (2011). Economic development (11th Edition). Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited The World Bank (2012), World Bank Development Indicators. Washington D.C.\r\n[21]\tSzirmai, A., (2012). Industrialisation as an engine of growth in developing countries 1950\u20132005. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 23 (December (4)), 406\u2013420.\r\n[22]\tUNIDO, (2004). \u201cIndustrialization, Environment and Millennium Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa,\u201d Industrial Development Report.\r\n[23]\tUNCTAD (2011). Statistical database. Retrieved from unctad.org.\r\n[24]\tWorld Bank (2005) Doing Business in Africa, Oxford University Press\r\n[25]\tWorld Bank (n.d.). \u2018Enterprise Survey\u2019. Available at: \/www.enterprisesurveys.org\/.\r\n[26]\tWorld Bank, World Development Indicators (Washington, DC: World Bank)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Diadama Ismaila     &#8220;Industrialization strategies and model for Senegal&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.749-759 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51237<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/749-759.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/industrialization-strategies-and-model-for-senegal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Industrialization strategies and model for Senegal<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1cab2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd1cab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1e4ab\" data-id=\"cd1e4ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1e648 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1e648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1e713 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1e713\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1e8b9\" data-id=\"cd1e8b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1e9db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1e9db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1ea8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1ea8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1ebef\" data-id=\"cd1ebef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1ecfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1ecfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1ed9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1ed9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1eef4\" data-id=\"cd1eef4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1f002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f0a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1f0a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f1e4\" data-id=\"cd1f1e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f2f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1f2f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f397 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1f397\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f4d9\" data-id=\"cd1f4d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f5de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1f5de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f679 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1f679\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f7e7\" data-id=\"cd1f7e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f904 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd1f904\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Changing Pedagogies in Adult Education Teaching and Learning: Heutagogy an Option<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okorie, Christiana Uzoaru (Ph.D) &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 760-769<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd1f9a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd1f9a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd1fb29\" data-id=\"cd1fb29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd1fc60 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd1fc60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study investigated the issue of changing pedagogies in teaching and learning of adult education at post graduate level in Nigeria. It was guided by three research objectives and questions. The study built was built heutagogy approach to teaching and learning which is hinged on student-centeredness where student play immediate and on-going role in what they learn, when to learn and how they learn. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Population of the study comprised lecturers in the department of adult education in Universities in South-South Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. Only lecturers who teaches post graduate students were purposively sampled. The researcher used a structured questionnaire designed with google form to gather data for the study. Data was collected via electronic mailing. Findings shows that lecturers that teaches post graduate students in Adult and Non-Formal Education Departments in Nigeria Universities still engage in pedagogical teaching and learning in their post graduate class; they also agreed that there is need to change pedagogies in teaching and learning due challenges involve in the changes associated with the present knowledge economy. But the lecturer\u2019s level of awareness of heutagogy as a teaching and learning approach for 21st century learners is low. The researcher thus recommended that lecturers should avail themselves opportunities of training and re-training in new ways of teaching in the 21st century to meet up with the challenges of present knowledge economy.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 760-769\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51238\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51238<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okorie, Christiana Uzoaru (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAgon\u00e1cs N, Matos JF. (2019) Heutagogy and self-determined learning: A review of the published literature on the application and implementation of the theory. Open Learn J Open Distance e-Learn, 34:223\u201340.\r\n[2]\tAnshu ST (2012). Principles of assessment in medical education. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee; Portfolios in learning &#038; assessment. 173\u20139.\r\n[3]\tArgyris C, Schon DA. (1992) Theory in practice: increasing professional effectiveness. Jossey-Bass Inc, San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.\r\n[4]\tBakare, T.V. (nd).The probability, prospect and efficacy of Heutagogy in distance learning for lifelong and continuing education in Nigeria. Assessed online from https:\/\/ir.unilag.edu.ng\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/7620\/heut%20current%20pp1ii%20corr22.pdf?isAllowed=y&#038;sequence=1.\r\n[5]\tBlaschke LM. (2012) Heutagogy and lifelong learning: A review of heutagogical practice and self\u2011determined learning. Int Rev Res Open Distance Learn 13, 56-71. Available from: http:\/\/www.irrodl.org\/index.php\/irrodl\/.\r\n[6]\tBlaschke, L.M. (2016). Strategies for implementing self-determined learning (heutagogy) within education: A comparison of three institutions (Australia, South Africa, and Israel). A Master Thesis submitted to Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg Program.\r\n[7]\tCanning, N. (2010) Playing with heutagogy: exploring strategies to empower mature learners in higher education, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 34:1, 59-71, DOI: 10.1080\/03098770903477102.\r\n[8]\tChacko TV. Emerging pedagogies for effective adult learning: From andragogy to heutagogy. Arch Med Health Sci [serial online] 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 27];6:278-83. Available from: https:\/\/www.amhsjournal.org\/text.asp?2018\/6\/2\/278\/248661\r\n[9]\tCole, K. (2019). Pedagogy in education: More than a buzzword. Assessed online from https:\/\/www.schoology.com\/blog\/pedagogy-education-more-buzzword.\r\n[10]\tFreire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed: 30th Anniversary Edition (Kindle Edition). Retrieved from Amazon.com.\r\n[11]\tFreire, P. (2008). The \u201cbanking\u201d concept of education.\u201d Ways of reading. 8th ed. Bartholomae, David and Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford- St. Martin\u2019s.\r\n[12]\tHase, S. and Kenyon, C. (2001) Moving from andragogy to heutagogy: Implications for VET, AVETRA, Adelaide, March. Available at http:\/\/www.avetra.org.au\/Conference_Archives\/2001\/abstracts.shtml\r\n[13]\tHase, S., &#038; Kenyon, C. (2000). From andragogy to heutagogy. Ultibase Articles, 5, 1-10.\r\n[14]\tKuit, J.A., &#038; Fell, A. (2010). Web 2.0 to pedagogy 2.0: A social-constructivist approach to learning enhanced by technology. In Critical design and effective tools for e- learning in higher education: Theory into practice (pp. 310-325). United States: IGI Global.\r\n[15]\tL\u00e9on-Henri, D.D.P (2021): What is the difference between didactics and pedagogy?. Assessed online from https:\/\/reflectiveteachingjournal.com\/\r\n[16]\tMicheletti, G. (2010) Re-Envisioning Paulo Freire&#8217;s &#8220;banking concept of education&#8221; Inquiries Journal, 2(2),1.\r\n[17]\tThe World Bank. (2003). Lifelong learning in the global knowledge economy: Challenges for developing countries. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Retrieved from http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTLL\/Resources\/Lifelong-Learning-in\u2026\r\n[18]\tTorres, C. A. (1994). Introduction. In M. Escobar, A. L. Fernandez, &#038; G. Guevara-Niebla; Paulo Freire on higher education: A dialogue at the National University of Mexico. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 1-25.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okorie, Christiana Uzoaru (Ph.D) ,  &#8220;Changing Pedagogies in Adult Education Teaching and Learning: Heutagogy an Option&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.760-769 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51238<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/760-769.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/changing-pedagogies-in-adult-education-teaching-and-learning-heutagogy-an-option\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Changing Pedagogies in Adult Education Teaching and Learning: Heutagogy an Option<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd20a52 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd20a52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd36222 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd36222\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd36460\" data-id=\"cd36460\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd365a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd365a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd36663 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd36663\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd367dd\" data-id=\"cd367dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd368fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd368fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd369ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd369ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd36b0e\" data-id=\"cd36b0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd36c1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd36c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd36cb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd36cb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd36e0b\" data-id=\"cd36e0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd36f1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd36f1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd36fbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd36fbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3710b\" data-id=\"cd3710b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3720d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3720d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd372af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd372af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd373f6\" data-id=\"cd373f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd374ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd374ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd37599 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd37599\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd37705\" data-id=\"cd37705\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3780f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3780f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Redesigning Life with New Science: The Fine Line<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Fariel Shafee- December 2021- Page No.: 770-777<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd378af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd378af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd37a27\" data-id=\"cd37a27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd37b66 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd37b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nWe look into specific aspects of human civilisation the depend on inter-connectivity among related and unrelated individuals.  The dependence may be need based or of more fundamental biological nature.  Hence the cohesive factors may be rational reciprocity, trust or more instinctive attributes such as loyalty and faith.  The biological dependence of members of a complex social structure as well as possible artifacts of local needs and needs of specific periods contribute to the structure the social network as individuals and the environment interact.  Hence, stratification is created that are either fundamental or superficial.  We analyse the possibilities of shifting the balance of average traditional human behavioural equilibria by introducing modern technologies especially in the fields of enhancement and reproduction.  We imagine extreme scenarios to and surmise possible compensations for modern adaptation in behaviour by legal and social means given the uncertainties and complexities of artificially disturbing delicate biological interconnections. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 770-777\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51239\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51239<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fariel Shafee<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLLB, University of London, 2020\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tArakawa,Y,C. Nishida-Umehara C.,MatsudaY,,Sutou S., Suzuki H., (2002). X-chromosomal localization of mammalian Y-linked genes in two XO species of the Ryukyu spiny rat. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 99 (1\u20134): 303\u20139. doi:10.1159\/000071608.PMID 12900579. S2CID 39633026.\r\n[2]\tBowman-Smart, H., (2021). Orphans by Design,: The Future of Genetic Parenthood.Bioethics. 35: 23-30.\r\n[3]\tBuck,Silus A.,(2021). Vesicular glutamate transporter modulates sex differences in dopamine neuron-vulnerability to age-related neurodegeneration. Aging Cell. 20(5).\r\n[4]\tBwire, GM.,(2020). Coronavirus: Why Men are More Vulnerable to Covid-19 Than Women? [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 4]. SN Compr Clin Med. 1-3. doi:10.1007\/s42399-020-00341-w\r\n[5]\tCharlesworth, B, Dempsey N D.,. (April 2001). A model of the evolution of the unusual sex chromosome system of Microtus oregoni. Heredity. 86 (Pt 4): 387\u201394.doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2001.00803.x. PMID 11520338. S2CID 34489270.\r\n[6]\tChmielewski, Wendy E.,(2001). Review of Desire and Duty at Oneida: Tirzah Miller&#8217;s Intimate Memoir. Utopian Studies. 12 (1): 176\u2013178. ISBN 9780815621690. JSTOR 20718260.\r\n[7]\tCohen, IG.,(2017). Sperm and Egg Donor Anonymity: Legal and Ethical Issues. The Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Ethics.\r\n[8]\tCrow, J.,(2002). Unequal by nature: a geneticist\u2019s perspective on human differences. Daedalus.131(1):81-88.\r\n[9]\tDominus, S.,.(2019). Sperm Donors Cannot Remain Anonymous Anymore. Here\u2019s What that Means.  New York Times Magazine. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/06\/26\/magazine\/sperm-donor-questions.html.\r\n[10]\tDouglas, T., and Devolder, K.,(2019). A conception of genetic parenthood. Bioethics. 33(1): 54\u201359.\r\n[11]\tDworkin,R.,.(2003). Equality, Luck and Hierarchy.  Philosophy and Public Affairs. 31: 190.\r\n[12]\tEliot, L.,Ahmed A.,, Khan H., Patel J.,(2021). Dump the &#8216;dimorphism&#8217;: Comprehensive synthesis of human brain studies reveals few male-female differences beyond size. Neuroscience &#038;Biobehavioral Reviews. 125: 667 DOI: 10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026\r\n[13]\tEllis, N.,(Oct 19, 2021). Lost Lineage: The Quest to Identify Black American\u2019 Roots.  The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/nation\/2020\/02\/25\/lost-lineage-quest-identify-black-americans-roots\/\r\n[14]\tEpstein, Sonia F. and Whitehouse P. N.,(April 30, 2020).  Inheriting the Ivy League: The Market for Educated Egg and Sperm Donors.The Harvard Crimson.\r\n[15]\tFischman, J.,(April 23, 2014). Reprieve for Men: Y chromosome is not vanishing. Scientific American. The Human Protein Atlas. https:\/\/www.proteinatlas.org\/ENSG00000184895-SRY\/tissue.  Accessed Oct 24, 2021.\r\n[16]\tHegel, G. W. F. and Dayide S. W.,(1896). Hegel&#8217;s Philosophy of right. London: G. Bell.\r\n[17]\tKlein, S. and FlanaganK..(2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immuno.l 16,626\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2016.90.\r\n[18]\tMarrocco, J. andMcEwen B. S. (2016). Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.\r\n[19]\tMueller, S., Wang D.,Fox, M. D., Michael, B. T.,YeoT.,Sepulcre J.,Sabuncu, M. R.., Shafee R.,, Lu, J.,Hesheng.L.,(2013).  Individual Variability in Functional Connectivity Architecture of the Human Brain.  Neuron. Volume 77, Issue 3: 586-595, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.12.028.\r\n[20]\tMundy, L.(March 31 2002). A world of their own. The Washington Post. Accessed April 6 2002 at http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/articles\/A23194\u20132002Mar27.html\r\n[21]\tPlato. (1943). Plato&#8217;s The Republic.New York :Books, Inc.\r\n[22]\tPymont K.,(2014).  Thinking of excluding children from your inheritance? It may be harder than you think, Kingsley Napley Dispute Resolution Law Blog, 17 July 2014, https:\/\/www.kingsleynapley.co.uk\/insights\/blogs\/dispute-resolution-law-blog\/thinking-of-excluding-children-from-your-inheritance-it-may-be-harder-than-you-think\r\n[23]\tRehbein, E, Hornung J., Sundstr\u00f6mPoromaa I.,Dernt B.,(2021).  Shaping of the Female Human Brain by Sex Hormones: A Review.Neuroendocrinology. 111:183-206. doi: 10.1159\/000507083.\r\n[24]\tRippon, G. (2019). The Gendered Brain, Random House\r\n[25]\tWarren, WC.,Hillier,LW. et al., (2008).Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution. Nature. 453 (7192): 175\u201383.\r\n[26]\tWilliams, S. CP.,(2014).  Y chromosome is more than a sex switch, Science, 23 April, 2014\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fariel Shafee,  &#8220;Redesigning Life with New Science: The Fine Line&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.770-777 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51239<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/770-777.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/redesigning-life-with-new-science-the-fine-line\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Redesigning Life with New Science: The Fine Line<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd38996 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd38996\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d03e\" data-id=\"cd3d03e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d14e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3d14e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d1ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd3d1ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d347\" data-id=\"cd3d347\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d45a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3d45a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d4fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd3d4fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d647\" data-id=\"cd3d647\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d759 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3d759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d801 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd3d801\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3d951\" data-id=\"cd3d951\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3da5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3da5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd3daf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd3daf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3dc49\" data-id=\"cd3dc49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3dd4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3dd4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd3dde7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd3dde7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3df4e\" data-id=\"cd3df4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3e075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3e075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rapid Study on the Impact of COVID-19 on the Personal and Official Wellbeing of PAC Staffs<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Vivetha Gunaretnam   &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 778-784<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd3e117 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd3e117\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd3e2a5\" data-id=\"cd3e2a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3e3e0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd3e3e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper addresses the impact of COVID- 19 on the personal and official wellbeing of PAC staff. The term COVID-19 can be defined as Coronavirus disease for 2019. According to World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. The term personal wellbeing is a good, satisfactory, and desirable state of personal existence or life. It represents the personal aspect of the quality of the life (Janek Musek, 2014). According to International Labor Organization (ILO, 2015), workplace wellbeing is related to all aspects of working life, from the quality and safety of the physical environment to how workers feel about work, their working environment, the climate of the work, and work organization. The term Mental Health can be defined as a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his\/her ability can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and can contribute to his or her community (WHO, 2015). This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 on the personal and official wellbeing of the Psychological Advisory Center (PAC) Staff. PAC is a well-known established organization that aims to promote the psychological wellbeing of the people globally and locally. Staff\u2019 are working in the organization and the researcher aimed to find out the COVID-19 impact on their personal and official wellbeing. In exploring the dependent variable of the impact of the COVID-19, the present paper discusses the independent variable such as personal and official wellbeing by accessing the knowledge; heard\/seen stories, awareness of the symptoms, preventative measures, the government interventions. The criteria of Personal life impact, explore the impact as a person, impact as a family member, affecting needs and services, security, friendship, intimacy, and sense of connection. In exploring the official life with PAC, working conditions, decision-making skills, interaction with other colleagues, and working hours have been examined during the COVID-19 period. \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 778-784\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51240<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vivetha Gunaretnam  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational Institute of Social Development, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAlexis Nicole Smith, M. B. (2019). Making the invisible visible: Paradoxical effects of intersectional invisibility on the career experiences of executive Black women. Academy of Management Journal, 1705\u20131734.\r\n[2]\tAllen, T. D. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 40\u201368. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100615593273\r\n[3]\tAllison L. Williams, A. C. (2018). Improving resilience among employees high in depression, anxiety, and workplace distress. International Journal of Research in Management, 4\u201322.\r\n[4]\tAntonakis, J. B. (2016). Charisma: An ill-defined and ill-measured gift. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 293\u2013319. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062305\r\n[5]\tBakker, A. B. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 273\u2013285. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ocp0000056\r\n[6]\tBakker, A. B. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 273\u2013285. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ocp0000056\r\n[7]\tBapuji, H. E. (2020). Organizations and societal economic inequality: A review and way forward. The Academy of Management Annals, 60\u201391. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/annals.2018.0029\r\n[8]\tC Vandenberghe, G. L. (2019). A dynamic model of the effects of feedback-seeking behavior and organizational commitment on newcomer turnover. Journal of Management. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0149206319850621\r\n[9]\tCristina B. Gibson, J. L. (2006). Unpacking the Concept of Virtuality: The Effects of Geographic Dispersion, Electronic Dependence, Dynamic Structure, and National Diversity on Team Innovation. SAGE Journals. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2189\/asqu.51.3.451\r\n[10]\tD. P. Bhave, L. H. (127\u2013164). Privacy at work: A review and a research agenda for a contested terrain. Journal of Management, 2020.\r\n[11]\tDeRosa, D. M. (2007). The medium matters: Mining the long-promised merit of group interaction in creative idea generation tasks in a meta-analysis of the electronic group brainstorming literature. Computers in Human Behavior, 1549\u20131581. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2005.07.003\r\n[12]\tDiamond, M. J. (1998). Guns, germs, and steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years. New York: Random House, New York.\r\n[13]\tDiener, E. (2009). Time, money, and subjective well-being. Salt Lake City.\r\n[14]\tDurkheim, E. (1922). Education et Sociologie. Milano: Ledizioni.\r\n[15]\tGanti, A. (2019). Social Responsibility. John Hopkins University and Medicine. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/s\/socialresponsibility.asp\r\n[16]\tGelfand, M. (2019). Rule makers, rule breakers: Tight and loose cultures and the secret signals that direct our lives. New York: Scribner. ( October 2020). Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 on Employment in the Private sector, Sri Lanka . Colombo 2, Sri Lanka: IFC Women in Work Program.\r\n[17]\tHale T, A. N. (2021). A global panel database of pandemic policies. Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker.\r\n[18]\tJahoda, M. (1982). Employment and unemployment: a social-psychological analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[19]\tJanekMusek, M. P. (2014). Personal Well-Being. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-0753-5_2148\r\n[20]\tLuis L. Martins, L. L. (2004). Virtual Teams: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go From Here? Sage Journals. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jm.2004.05.002\r\n[21]\tMahees, M. T. (June 2021). Politics of Corona Pandemic in Sri Lanka: A Sociological Analysis. Research Gate, 871-875.\r\n[22]\tMark Mortensen, P. J. (2001). CONFLICT AND SHARED IDENTITY IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED TEAMS. International Journal of Conflict Management, 1044-4068. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/eb022856\r\n[23]\tMcDermott, R. C.-L. (2017). Hope for help-seeking: A positive psychology perspective of psychological help-seeking intentions. The Counseling Psychologist, 237\u2013265. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011000017693398\r\n[24]\tMS. PRITHIVI, D. A. (2020). A STUDY ON IMPACT OF COVID IN WORK LIFE BALANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN CHENNAI. Journal of Ancient History and Archeology.\r\n[25]\tMurthy, V. (September 26, 2017). Work and the Loneliness Epidemic :Reducing isolation at work is good for business. Harvard Business Review Home.\r\n[26]\tOprea, B. T. (2019). Effectiveness of job crafting interventions: A meta-analysis and utility analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 723\u2013741. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1359432X.2019.1646728\r\n[27]\tP. C. Nell, N. F. (2020). Avoiding digitalization traps: Tools for top managers. In Business Horizons. Advance online publication.\r\n[28]\tSchroeder, J. R. (2019). Handshaking promotes deal-making by signaling cooperative intent. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 743\u2013768. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000157\r\n(2020). Sri Lanka and the COVID &#8211; 19 crisis. Impact on the incomes of Sri Lankan households.UNICEF .\r\n[29]\tSymptoms of COVID-19. (2021, February 22). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention : https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/symptoms-testing\/symptoms.html\r\n[30]\tT. D Allen, E. C. (2014). Work\u2013family boundary dynamics. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior.\r\n[31]\tXiaohui Chen, Z. Q. (2020, May 13). COVID-19: Government interventions and the economy. Retrieved from VOXeu: https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/government-interventions-covid-19-and-economy\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Vivetha Gunaretnam ,  &#8220;Rapid Study on the Impact of COVID-19 on the Personal and Official Wellbeing of PAC Staffs&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.778-784 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51240<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/778-784.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rapid-study-on-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-personal-and-official-wellbeing-of-pac-staffs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Rapid Study on the Impact of COVID-19 on the Personal and Official Wellbeing of PAC Staffs<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3f208 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd3f208\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd43846\" data-id=\"cd43846\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd439b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd439b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd43a77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd43a77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd43bf3\" data-id=\"cd43bf3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd43d0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd43d0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd43dbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd43dbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd43f10\" data-id=\"cd43f10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd44020 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd44020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd440bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd440bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd4422a\" data-id=\"cd4422a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd44339 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd44339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd443e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd443e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd44539\" data-id=\"cd44539\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4464e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd4464e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd446ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd446ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd44835\" data-id=\"cd44835\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd44943 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd44943\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd449e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd449e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd44b4f\" data-id=\"cd44b4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd44c61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd44c61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Science and Scientific Methodology with A Critical View; Does Science Make Mistakes?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abdullah Murat Tuncer      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 785-789<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd44cff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd44cff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd44e82\" data-id=\"cd44e82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd44fba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd44fba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despite its many definitions exist, science, in a concise way, is described as methodical and systematic knowledge, that carries, always and everywhere, qualities of validity and certainty and that is obtained through academic research methods and attested by way of implementation. (Britannica.com\/science, 2021). The attempt of human-being to build up knowledge and make laws by studying in a methodical manner and a systematic way, based on observing, experimenting and reasoning is called science. Scientific knowledge, on the other hand, is knowledge that has been obtained via scientific methods (acikders.ankara.edu.tr 2021). The resulting data must be universally valid. Likewise, researchers ought to be unbiased and research has to be objective.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 785-789\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullah Murat Tuncer<\/strong>\r\nConley American University, T\u00fcrkiye\r\n                                                                                 \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tCartwright S. (1851) Drapetomania; Report of the Diseases and Physiological Peculiaritis of the Negro Race. The New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. May 691-715.\r\n[2]\tChurchman CW and Ackoff RL. (1947) Ethics and science. Philosophy of Science. 14;269-271.\r\n[3]\t\u00c7etiner M. Bilim bizi kand\u0131r\u0131yor mu? Destek Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. \u0130stanbul. 2021.\r\n[4]\tElliott KC.(2020) A taxonomy of transparency in Science. Canadian J Philosophy. 1-14.\r\n[5]\tGeorgiou GP, Georgiou C and Kilani A. (2021) How the language we speak determines the transmission of covid-19. Irish J Med Science 190;1343.\r\n[6]\tGutting G. Scientific Methodology. Chapter 63 P.423. in. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science.First Edition. Edited by WH Newton-Smith. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2000.\r\n[7]\tJanos G, Italo S. Bonferroni-Type Inequalities with applications, probability and its applications. Springer Verlag. 1996. New York. USA.\r\n[8]\tKate M. Bubar, Kyle Reinholt, Stephen M. Kissler, Marc Lipsitch, Sarah Cobey, Yonatan H. Grad, Daniel B. Larremore.(2021) \u201cModel-informed COVID-19 Vaccine Prioritization Strategies by Age and Serostatus\u201d. Science, 371;916-21.\r\n[9]\tKhishfe R. (2012) Nature of science and decision making. International J Scie Edu. 34;67-100. \r\n[10]\tMorton SG. Crania Americana: Or A Comparatif View Of The Skulls Of Various Aboriginal Nations Of America. Philadelphia and London. 1839.\r\n[11]\tPopper K. Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u00c7evirenler. Aka \u0130, Turan \u0130. Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. 11.Bask\u0131. 2021. \u0130stanbul.\r\n[12]\tSingh N. (2016) Ancient scientific methodology. Int J Adv Res 4;1860-61.\r\n[13]\tSmith GD, Brastland M and Munafo M.(2020) Covid-19\u2019s known unknowns. BMJ 371;3979.\r\n[14]\t\u015een C,Mert \u0130S.(2020) Bilimsel ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fi \u00f6znel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bilimsel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yapan nedir? Ad\u0131yaman \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi. 35;219-244.\r\n[15]\tWhite K.  P.41; An introduction to the sociology of health and illness. London. Sage.2002.\r\n[16]\thttps:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/analiz\/D\u00fcnya-saglik-orgutunun-kovid-19-kronolojisi-celiskiler-soru-isaretleri-kaos-ve-abd-faktoru\/1809458 (October 2021)\r\n[17]\thttps:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/covid-19-language-transmission-5080018 (October 2021)\r\n[18]\thttps:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/media-resources\/science-in-5\/episode-26-vaccine-dosage? (September 2021)\r\n[19]\t https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/science (November 2021)\r\n[20]\thttps:\/\/acikders.ankara.edu.tr\/pluginfile.php\/73646\/mod_resource\/ content\/0\/1.%20%C3%9Cnite.pdf (November 2021)\r\n[21]\tPanda SC. (2006) Medicine science or art. Mens Sana Monogr. 4: 127\u2013138.\r\n[22]\thttps:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Sociology\/Introduction_to_Sociology\/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)\/01%3A_Sociology\/1.04%3A_The_Sociological_Approach\/1.4B%3A_Levels_of_Analysis-_Micro_and_Macro (February 2021)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdullah Murat Tuncer     &#8220;Science and Scientific Methodology with A Critical View; Does Science Make Mistakes?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.785-789 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/785-789.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/785-789.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/science-and-scientific-methodology-with-a-critical-view-does-science-make-mistakes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Science and Scientific Methodology with A Critical View; Does Science Make Mistakes?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd45db0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd45db0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd45e80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd45e80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd45ffc\" data-id=\"cd45ffc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd469a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd469a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd46db4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd46db4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd46f08\" data-id=\"cd46f08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4700d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd4700d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd470b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd470b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd471f5\" data-id=\"cd471f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd47304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd47304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd473a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd473a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd474ec\" data-id=\"cd474ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd475ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd475ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd4768f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4768f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd477d7\" data-id=\"cd477d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd478ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd478ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd4798f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4798f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd47b08\" data-id=\"cd47b08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd47c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd47c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Naming System for Villages and Borough in Cirebon Regency: A Study of Toponyms in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nani Darheni &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 790-801<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd47cd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd47cd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd47e57\" data-id=\"cd47e57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd47f91 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd47f91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aimes to describe &#8220;The Naming System for Villages and Borough in Cirebon Regency: A Study of Toponyms\u201d with used descriptive-ethnographic methods Spradley (2013) and Sudaryanto (2015). Data sources are derived from some village names\/borough in Cirebon District, in the form of (a) written sources (literature study) and (b) oral sources. The direction of the discussion is (1) Tracking of toponymous areas and the origin of the source\/language; (2) Description of morphological constructions; and (3) Construction of toponym philosophical meanings\/representations in the names of villages\/borough in Cirebon District. The results of the study in the discussion are based on: (1) Source Name: Direction of winds, Water and maritime elements, Figure, Flora, and others; (2) Origin of language, namely (Javanese Cirebon, Sundanese language, Sundanese language + Javanese Cirebon, JC-Indonesian, Indonesian, Kawi language, Sanskerta, Chinese language, Javanese + Sundanese language, and Arabic; (3) Toponyms in the names of villages in Cirebon District represent meanings and philosophies related to: (a) The Relationship between man and the Creator (God Almighty), (b) Human-Human; (c) Human-Nature; and (d) Human-the Unseen\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 790-801\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51241<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nani Darheni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBalai Bahasa Provinsi Jawa Barat, West Java Provincial Language Center, Indonesian\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAlwi, H., Dardjowidjojo, S., Lapoliwa, H., &#038; Moeliono, A. M. (2003). Tata bahasa baku bahasa Indonesia.\r\n[2]\tAnshari, B. I., Dede, M., Tirtayasa, R., &#038; Musthafa, K. (2017). Kajian Etnosemantik Dalam Toponimi Wilayah Kabupaten Dan Kota Cirebon. Teknologi Bahasa Dan Budaya Dalam Penelitian Leksikologi Dan Leksikografi, 64&#8211;69.\r\n[3]\tAyanovna, N. L. (2014). The Role of Old Turkic Place Names in Teaching History. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 1054\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.05.177\r\n[4]\tBrown, B. (1947). Studies in Linguistics Relativity. In E. E. et al Maccoby (Ed.), Headings in Social Psychology. Hold Rinehart and Winston.\r\n[5]\tCamalia, M. (2015). Toponimi Kabupaten Lamongan (Kajian Antropologi Linguistik). PAROLE: Journal of Linguistics and Education, 5(1), 74\u201383.\r\n[6]\tChaer, A. (2008). Morfologi bahasa indonesia: Pendekatan Proses. Rineka Cipta.\r\n[7]\tDarheni, N. (2018). Regional Toponymy in Cirebon Regency: An Ethnolinguistic Study.\r\n[8]\tHall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices (Vol. 2). Sage.\r\n[9]\tHertley, J. (2010). Communication, cultural and media studies: konsep kunci. Jalasutra.\r\n[10]\tHough, C. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Oxford University Press.\r\n[11]\tKostanski, L. (2009). \u201cWhat\u2019s in a name?\u201d: place and toponymic attachment, identity and dependence: a case study of the Grampians (Gariwerd) National Park name restoration process. Dissertation, March.\r\n[12]\tKridalaksana, H. (1996). Pembentukan kata dalam bahasa Indonesia. Gramedia.\r\n[13]\tLauder, A. F., &#038; R.M.T.Lauder, M. (2009). Berbagai kajian linguistik. Pesona Bahasa, 220\u2013248.\r\n[14]\tMuntele, I. (2018). Hydronymy and its geographical relevance in historical Moldavia. Diacronia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17684\/i8a119en\r\n[15]\tNida, E. A. (1957). Morphology; the Descriptive Analysis of Words. University Press.\r\n[16]\tOgden, C. K., &#038; Richards, I. A. (1923). The meaning of meaning: A study of the influence of thought and of the science of symbolism.\r\n[17]\tPrihadi. (2015). The Cultural Background of Toponim System of Hamlets\/Villages in Yogyakarta Special Province (An Antropolinguistic Study). Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(6).\r\n[18]\tR.M.T.Lauder, M. (2013). \u201cPeran Toponimi dalam Pelestarian Budaya dan Pembentukan Jati Diri Bangsa.\u201d Seminar Nasional Toponim, 9\u201318.\r\n[19]\tRamlan, L. (2008). Tayub cirebonan: artefak budaya masyarakat priyayi. Sunan Ambu Press.\r\n[20]\tRuspandi, J., &#038; Mulyadi, A. (2014). Fenomena Geografis di Balik Makna Toponimi di Kota Cirebon. Jurnal Gea, 14(23).\r\n[21]\tSadiyana, S., &#038; Pariwisata, J. B. (Indonesia). D. K. dan. (2007). Kamus bahasa Cerbon-Indonesia. Disbudpar Prov. Jawa Barat. https:\/\/books.google.co.id\/books?id=F-XDcQAACAAJ\r\n[22]\tSalzman, Z. (1990). Toponymy of the Bigar Region in the Romanian Barat. Anthropological Linguistics, 32(12), 139\u2013148.\r\n[23]\tSpradley, J. P. (2013a). The Ethnographic Interview. Tiara Wacana Yogya.\r\n[24]\tSpradley, J. P. (2013b). The Ethnographic Interview (M. Z. Elizabeth (trans.)). Tiara Wacana Yogya.\r\n[25]\tStanberg, S. (2016). River Namesi. In C. Hough (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming.\r\n[26]\tSudaryanto. (2015). Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar Penelitian Wahana Kebudayaan Secara Linguistis. Sanata Dharma University Press.\r\n[27]\tSudjana, T. D. (2005). Kamus bahasa Cirebon. Humaniora Utama Press. https:\/\/books.google.co.id\/books?id=papkAAAAMAAJ\r\n[28]\tTaylor, S. (2016). Methodologies in Place-name Research. In The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming.\r\n[29]\tVan Langendonck, W., &#038; Van de Velde, M. (2016). Names and Grammar. In The Oxford handbook of names and naming.\r\n[30]\tWahidin. (2006). Metode Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Sangga Buana\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nani Darheni ,  &#8220;The Naming System for Villages and Borough in Cirebon Regency: A Study of Toponyms in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.790-801 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51241<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/790-801.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-naming-system-for-villages-and-borough-in-cirebon-regency-a-study-of-toponyms-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Naming System for Villages and Borough in Cirebon Regency: A Study of Toponyms in Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd49e3a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd49e3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd49f21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd49f21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd4a11d\" data-id=\"cd4a11d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4a264 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd4a264\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd4a33a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4a33a\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4a97a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd4aac1\" data-id=\"cd4aac1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4abe6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd4abe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd4ac84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4ac84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd4adcd\" data-id=\"cd4adcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4aedb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd4aedb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd4af78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4af78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b0bf\" data-id=\"cd4b0bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b1c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd4b1c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b263 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4b263\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b3dd\" data-id=\"cd4b3dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd4b4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leveraging the Pension Industry for Sustained Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria through Targeted Investments<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Peter Imouokhome- December 2021- Page No.: 802-805<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b58c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd4b58c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b6fe\" data-id=\"cd4b6fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4b82b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd4b82b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe Nigerian pension industry has been in existence for over seventeen years with the first established promulgation of the pension law coming into force in 2004. The 2014 Pension reform Act has however repealed the provisions of the erstwhile law helping to establish a well-regulated industry.\r\nThe resilience and magnitude of current pension funds notwithstanding, there is still a largely untapped market which gives some signs of a huge prospect in this industry. It is projected that the pension industry will lead the growth of the Nigerian economy for the next decades if more attention is paid to a targeted investment of funds in the real sector and in instruments that promise increased returns for contributors \u2013 employees even in the face of high inflation and prevalent currency depreciation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 802-805\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51242\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51242<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Imouokhome<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tNational Bureau of Statistics (2021) 2021 Statistical Bulletin\r\n[2]\tNational Pension Commission (2014) Pension Reform Act\r\n[3]\tNational Pension Commission (2020) Approved 2020 Annual Report. Nigeria. P.45. P.29. p.35\r\n[4]\tNational Pension Commission (2021) Second Quarter Report. Nigeria. P.12. P.18. P.22\r\n[5]\tOECD (2021) Pension Funds in Figure. P.2\r\n[6]\tSajo, I. and Li, B. (2017) Financial Development, Export and Economic Growth in Nigeria. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7, 2239-2254. doi: 10.4236\/tel.2017.77153.\r\n[7]\tWale Odutola, Low Pension Penetration At 11% Worries Contributory Pension Scheme (CPS) Operators. 2021.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Peter Imouokhome,  &#8220;Leveraging the Pension Industry for Sustained Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria through Targeted Investments&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.802-805 December 2021 \r\nDOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51242<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/802-805.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/leveraging-the-pension-industry-for-sustained-economic-growth-and-development-in-nigeria-through-targeted-investments\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Leveraging the Pension Industry for Sustained Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria through Targeted Investments<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd5e6ee elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd5e6ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd5e7d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd5e7d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd5e95c\" data-id=\"cd5e95c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd5ea8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd5ea8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd5eb38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd5eb38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd5ec91\" data-id=\"cd5ec91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd5eda4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd5eda4\" 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd5f6a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd5f6a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd5f74e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd5f74e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd5f896\" data-id=\"cd5f896\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd5f9a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd5f9a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd5fa3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd5fa3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd5fba8\" data-id=\"cd5fba8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd5fcb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd5fcb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Consumer Behavior within the Covid-19 Pandemic A Systematic Review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Perera K.J.T., Fernando P.I.N., Ratnayake R.M.C.S., Udawaththa U.D.I.C- December 2021- Page No.: 806-812<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd5fd54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd5fd54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd5feef\" data-id=\"cd5feef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd60032 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd60032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nCOVID-19 spreads globally with a unique makeup and high intensity. During this global pandemic, addressing &#8220;consumer behavior&#8221; could send signals to the industrial sector, and it is worthwhile to identify the hidden antecedents of consumer behavior during the pandemic. The study&#8217;s main purpose is to organize and standardize current knowledge on pandemic hoarding behavior. The methodology section is followed by the analysis and discussion portion, which comprises a) citation analysis, which was done to analyze developing research publications on consumer behavior during a pandemic, and b) comprehensive analytical models within the literature. Research papers were selected from well-known research databases such as Web of Science, J Store, and Google Scholar, and the analysis included 43 research papers. The research consist with two sections: (a) citation analysis and (b) identifying comprehensive analytical models. The citation analysis revealed three major themes: (1) panic buying behavior during pandemics, (2) new trends in pandemic buying, and (3) online buying behavior during pandemics. Furthermore, review propose Ling &#038; Ho (2020) model be aligned to fill a need in consumer behavior research. Moreover, findings reveal a unique perspective on government policymaking that will aid in improving the effectiveness of governments&#8217; existing lockdown policy measures by governing and controlling individuals&#8217; behaviors and attitudes, allowing for a more holistic and integrated response to the pandemic. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 806-812\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Perera K.J.T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management, Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fernando P.I.N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management, Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ratnayake R.M.C.S.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management, Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Udawaththa U.D.I.C.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management, Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbe, S. 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Consumers&#8217; Mobility, Expenditure and Online-Offline Substitution Response to COVID-19: Evidence from French Transaction Data. Available at SSRN 3588373.\r\n[14]\tBogenberger, K., &#038; Weikl, S. (2012). Quality management methods for real-time traffic information. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 54, 936-945.\r\n[15]\tDurante, K. M., &#038; Laran, J. (2016). The effect of stress on consumer saving and spending. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(5), 814-828.\r\n[16]\tFern\u00e1ndez-Villaverde, J., &#038; Jones, C. I. (2020). Estimating and Simulating a SIRD Model of COVID-19 for Many Countries, States, and Cities. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1\u201358.\r\n[17]\tFernando, I., Perera, J., Udawaththa, I., Rathnayake, C., &#038; Madushani, M. (2021). Consumer Stockpiling Behaviour within the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review. Available at SSRN 3770202.\r\n[18]\tFlatters, P., &#038; Willmott, M. (2009). Understanding the post-recession consumer. Harvard Business Review, 87(7\/8), 106-112.\r\n[19]\tFong, M. W., Gao, H., Wong, J. Y., Xiao, J., Shiu, E. Y. C., Ryu, S., &#038; Cowling, B. J. (2020). Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings-international travel-related measures. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(9),2298\u20132299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2609.201990\r\n[20]\tGao, X., Shi, X., Guo, H., &#038; Liu, Y. (2020). To buy or not buy food online: The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the adoption of e-commerce in China. PloS one, 15(8), e0237900\r\n[21]\tGlobal surveys of consumer sentiment during the coronavirus crisis | Marketing &#038; Sales |McKinsey &#038; Company. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2021, from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business functions\/marketing-and-sales\/our-insights\/global-s Urveys-of-consumer-sentiment-during-the-coronavirus-crisis\r\n[22]\tHall, M. C., Prayag, G., Fieger, P., &#038; Dyason, D. (2020). 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An Insight into Online Buying Behaviour of Customers in Punjab, India during Covid-19 Pandemic.\r\n[28]\tKeane, M., &#038; Neal, T. (2021). Consumer panic in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of econometrics, 220(1), 86-105.\r\n[29]\tKim, R. Y. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on consumers: Preparing for digital sales. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 48(3), 212-218.\r\n[30]\tKuruppu, G. N., &#038; De Zoysa, A. (2020). COVID-19 and panic buying: an examination of the impact of behavioural biases. Available at SSRN 3596101.\r\n[31]\tLara Koslow, Jean Lee, Aparna Bharadwaj, Kanika Sanghi, and N. J. (2020). COVID-19 Consumer Sentiment Snapshot #4 | BCG.\r\n[32]\tLeung, J., Chung, J. Y. C., Tisdale, C., Chiu, V., Lim, C. C. W., &#038; Chan, G. (2021). Anxiety and Panic Buying Behaviour during COVID-19 Pandemic-A Qualitative Analysis of Toilet Paper Hoarding Contents on Twitter. 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Global Psychiatry,3(2), 249-254\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Perera K.J.T., Fernando P.I.N., Ratnayake R.M.C.S., Udawaththa U.D.I.C,  &#8220;Consumer Behavior within the Covid-19 Pandemic A Systematic Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.806-812 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/806-812.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd61b56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd61c9e\" data-id=\"cd61c9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd61da2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd61da2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd61e48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd61e48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd61f8b\" data-id=\"cd61f8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd62096 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd62096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6212e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6212e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd62274\" data-id=\"cd62274\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd62379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd62379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd62410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd62410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd62574\" data-id=\"cd62574\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd62691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd62691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>School and Community partnership in promoting Quality education in Ghana: Issues from Atwima Nwabiagya District<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Samuel Danquah, Benedict Osei Owusu, PhD and Asare Amoah   &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 813-819<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6272a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6272a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd628af\" data-id=\"cd628af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd629f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd629f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">It has become obvious in recent years that Ghanaian public education system is struggling to connect with the specific communities, families and more especially the children it serves. Hence, the study was conducted to unearth schools and community partnership in promoting quality education in Ghana. Descriptive survey design was the research design for the study. In all 16 junior secondary schools in the Atwima Nwabiagya district of Ashanti Region of Ghana were sample. The respondents were 24 head teachers, 148 teachers and 73 community members.  Questionnaire was the data collection instrument. Pearson correlation and multiple regression procedure were used to analyse the data. The analysis led to a conclusion that school community relations in Atwima Nwabiagya district were effective. Among the conclusions of this research was that there are so many strategies that can be employed to connect schools and their communities to achieve quality education. The study recommends that schools should necessarily understand the opinion of communities regarding both broad educational issues and day to day operation of the schools. Again, vigorous effort should be made at both the state and local government level to sensitize citizens on the need for their participation in the education of their children.   \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 813-819\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel Danquah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTutor, Department of Science, Kumasi Secondary Technical Senior High School, Kumasi \u2013 Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benedict Osei Owusu, PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Educational Studies, Akenten-Appiah Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (Formerly University of Education, Winneba) College of Agriculture Education, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana-West Africa\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asare Amoah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Educational Leadership, University of Education-Winneba, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdams, J. &#038; Smith, T. 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Perspectives of Teachers and Key Educational Stakeholders on Basic Education Policy Formulation \tProcesses in Ghana: A Qualitative Evidence from One District (Doctoral dissertation, North-eastern University).\r\n[36]\tWilkinson, C., &#038; Cave, E. (2018). Teaching and managing: Inseparable activities in schools. Routledge.  \r\n[37]\tZuckerman, S. J. (2019). Making sense of place: A case study of a sensemaking in a rural school-community partnership.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samuel Danquah, Benedict Osei Owusu, PhD and Asare Amoah ,  &#8220;School and Community partnership in promoting Quality education in Ghana: Issues from Atwima Nwabiagya District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.813-819 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/813-819.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/813-819.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" 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District<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6386a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd6386a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b638 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6b638\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b7c5\" data-id=\"cd6b7c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b8ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6b8ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6b994 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6b994\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6baf9\" data-id=\"cd6baf9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6bc0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6bc0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6bcb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6bcb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6be0a\" data-id=\"cd6be0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6bfc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6bfc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c113\" data-id=\"cd6c113\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c22a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6c22a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c2ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6c2ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c43b\" data-id=\"cd6c43b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c551 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6c551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Building Back Better of Covid 19 Learning Loss: A systematic Review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nina Alfa Rizkana, Muhamad Ayub, Sofia F. Sulaeman      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 820-827<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c5fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6c5fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c77e\" data-id=\"cd6c77e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6c8c3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd6c8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Build back better became a concern for policymakers after the Covid 19 shock hit the world of global education. Education stakeholders need to look at the evidence that has been taken by some States in intervening. It is important for decision makers to choose what strategy is most appropriate for better education build back. But no research synthesis has attempted to compile the finding from different studies.  The purpose of this study is to state the evidence of mitigating learning loss. The article identifies a number of strategies that has been taken to intervene and provide basis for refining the research on mitigating the learning loss.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 820-827\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nina Alfa Rizkana<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of State Jakarta\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhamad Ayub<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of State Jakarta\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sofia F. Sulaeman<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of State Jakarta\r\n\r\n   \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAlinda, J. A. and V. (2018). Basic Education curriculum effectiveness in East Africa: A descriptive analysis of primary mathematics in Uganda using the \u2018Surveys of Enacted Curriculum\u2019 Julius Atuhurra + and Violet Alinda +. 1\u201340.\r\n[2]\tAndrabi, T., Daniels, B., &#038; Das, J. (2021). Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. Journal of Human Resources, 128182, 0520-10887R1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3368\/jhr.59.2.0520-10887r1\r\n[3]\tAngrist, N., Bergman, P., Brewster, C., &#038; Matsheng, M. (2020a). Stemming Learning Loss During the Pandemic: A Rapid Randomized Trial of a Low-Tech Intervention in Botswana. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3663098\r\n[4]\tAngrist, N., Bergman, P., Brewster, C., &#038; Matsheng, M. (2020b). Stemming Learning Loss During the Pandemic: A Rapid Randomized Trial of a Low-Tech Intervention in Botswana. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/SSRN.3663098\r\n[5]\tArmitage, R., &#038; Nellums, L. B. (2020). Considering inequalities in the school closure response to COVID-19. The Lancet Global Health, 8(5), e644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30116-9\r\n[6]\tBetebenner, W, D., Wenning, &#038; J., R. (2021). Understanding Pandemic Learning Loss and Learning Recovery: The Role of Student Growth &#038; Statewide Testing. January, 1\u201315.\r\n[7]\tBlasko, Z., Costa, P. da, &#038; Schnepf, S. V. (2021). Learning Loss and Educational Inequalities in Europe: Mapping the Potential Consequences of the Covid-19 Crisis by Zsuzsa Blask\u00f3, Patricia da Costa, Sylke V. Schnepf\u202f:: SSRN. IZA Institute of Labour Economics, 14298. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3833230\r\n[8]\tBurns, B. C., Ph, D., &#038; Skidmore, S. (n.d.). Waterford Upstart\u202f: A Targeted Support to Combat COVID Learning Loss.\r\n[9]\tCiavarella, C., Fumanelli, L., Merler, S., Cattuto, C., &#038; Ajelli, M. (2016). School closure policies at municipality level for mitigating influenza spread: A model-based evaluation. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1918-z\r\n[10]\tDomenico, L. Di, Pullano, G., Coletti, P., Hens, N., &#038; Colizza, V. (2020). Expected impact of school closure and telework to mitigate COVID-19 epidemic in France. Epicx-Lab.Com, 1\u201315. www.epicx-lab.com\/covid-19.html]\r\n[11]\tEngzell, P., Frey, A., &#038; Verhagen, M. D. (2021). Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(17). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.2022376118\r\n[12]\tGuran, A. M., Cojocar, G. S., &#038; Moldovan, A. (2020). Designing Edutainment Software for Digital Skills Nurturing of Preschoolers. A Method Proposal. Proceedings &#8211; 2020 ACM\/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society, ICSE-SEIS 2020, 63\u201370.\r\n[13]\tHardt, D., Nagler, M., &#038; Rincke, J. (2020). Online Teaching Effective- COVID-19 Pandemic.\r\n[14]\tHassan, H. (2021). CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND \u201c Low-tech \u201d distance education\u202f: A remedy of the learning loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 02.\r\n[15]\tHill, B. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Nursing, 29(8), 456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/bjon.2020.29.8.456\r\n[16]\tHode, L. (2018). What Will It Take? Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 36(12), 629\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pho.2018.4550\r\n[17]\tHuremovic, D. (2019). Psychiatry of Pandemics. Psychiatry of Pandemics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-15346-5\r\n[18]\tJackson, C., Vynnycky, E., Hawker, J., Olowokure, B., &#038; Mangtani, P. (2013). School closures and influenza: Systematic review of epidemiological studies. BMJ Open, 3(2), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002149\r\n[19]\tKaffenberger, M. (2021). Modelling the long-run learning impact of the Covid-19 learning shock: Actions to (more than) mitigate loss. International Journal of Educational Development, 81(December 2020), 102326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2020.102326\r\n[20]\tKress, J. (2020). How California \u2019 s Charter Schools Mitigated Learning Loss. California Charter Schools Association, November, 1\u201312.\r\n[21]\tKurniawan, H., &#038; Budiyono. (2021). Heroe\u2019s model: Case study to reduce students\u2019 learning loss and anxiety. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(3), 1122\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18844\/CJES.V16I3.5830\r\n[22]\tLewis, S. J., Munro, A. P. S., Smith, G. D., &#038; Pollock, A. M. (2021). Closing schools is not evidence based and harms children. The BMJ, 372, 18\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n521\r\n[23]\tMaldonado, J. E., &#038; De Witte, K. (2021). The effect of school closures on standardised student test outcomes. British Educational Research Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/berj.3754\r\n[24]\tNugroho, D., Pasquini, C., Reuge, N., &#038; Amaro, D. (2020). COVID-19: How are Countries Preparing to Mitigate the Learning Loss as Schools Reopen? Trends and emerging good practices to support the most vulnerable children. Innocenti Research Briefs, 2020\u201320, 1\u20139. https:\/\/www.unicef-irc.org\/publications\/1119-covid-19-how-are-countries-preparing-to-mitigate-the-learning-loss-as-they-reopen.html\r\n[25]\tPier, L., Hough, H. J., Christian, M., Bookman, N., Wilkenfeld, B., &#038; Miller, R. (2021). Covid-19 and the educational equity crisis: Evidence on learning loss from the CORE data collaborative. Policy Analysis for California Education. Https:\/\/Edpolicyinca.Org\/Newsroom\/Covid-19-and-Educational-Equity-Crisis.\r\n[26]\tPritchett, L., &#038; Beatty, A. (2015). Slow down, you\u2019re going too fast: Matching curricula to student skill levels. International Journal of Educational Development, 40(2015), 276\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2014.11.013\r\n[27]\tReuge, N., Jenkins, R., Brossard, M., Soobrayan, B., Mizunoya, S., Ackers, J., Jones, L., &#038; Taulo, W. G. (2021). Education response to COVID 19 pandemic, a special issue proposed by UNICEF: Editorial review. International Journal of Educational Development, 87, 102485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IJEDUDEV.2021.102485\r\n[28]\tSabates, R., Carter, E., &#038; Stern, J. M. B. (2021). Using educational transitions to estimate learning loss due to COVID-19 school closures: The case of Complementary Basic Education in Ghana. International Journal of Educational Development, 82, 102377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IJEDUDEV.2021.102377\r\n[29]\tTomasik, M. J., Helbling, L. A., &#038; Moser, U. (2021). Educational gains of in-person vs. distance learning in primary and secondary schools: A natural experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic school closures in Switzerland. International Journal of Psychology, 56(4), 566\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijop.12728\r\n[30]\tUnited Nations Educational, S. and C. O., United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, World Food Programme, World Bank, &#038; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2020). Framework for reopening schools. 1\u20135.\r\n[31]\tZhao, Y. (2021). Build back better: Avoid the learning loss trap. Prospects, 0123456789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11125-021-09544-y\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nina Alfa Rizkana, Muhamad Ayub, Sofia F. Sulaeman     &#8220;Building Back Better of Covid 19 Learning Loss: A systematic Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.820-827 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/820-827.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/820-827.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/building-back-better-of-covid-19-learning-loss-a-systematic-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Building Back Better of Covid 19 Learning Loss: A systematic Review<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6d6f7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd6d6f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6d7c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6d7c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6d938\" data-id=\"cd6d938\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6da71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6da71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6db0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6db0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6dc69\" data-id=\"cd6dc69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6df01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6df01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6dfc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6dfc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e124\" data-id=\"cd6e124\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e23c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6e23c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e2db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6e2db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e42e\" data-id=\"cd6e42e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e53d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6e53d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e5dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6e5dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e71f\" data-id=\"cd6e71f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e830 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6e830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6e8cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6e8cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6ea19\" data-id=\"cd6ea19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6eb22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6eb22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6ebc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6ebc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6ed2f\" data-id=\"cd6ed2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6eef2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd6eef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An analysis of the effects of supply chain risk management on resilience to economic risk. A case of Pharmaceutical retailers in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dumisani Mawonde, Casper Demberere and Regis Muchowe &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 828-831<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd6efdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd6efdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd6f18b\" data-id=\"cd6f18b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd6f2b8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd6f2b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study has analysed of supply chain risk management on resilience to economic risk in pharmaceutical retailers in Zimbabwe. A mixed method research approach was adopted in the form of descriptive research design and data was collected using questionnaires and interviews.  The IBM SPSS version 16 software was used to analyse quantitative data whilst thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. A total of 100 questionnaires were sent to pharmaceutical retailing firms and 92 questionnaires were completed and returned to the researcher on time and were used for data analysis. Face to face interviews were successfully conducted with 10 key informants in pharmaceutical retailing firms. The findings of the study show that supply chain risk management had a significant positive effect on resilience to economic risks. The study concluded that supply chain risk management helps pharmaceutical retailers to be resilient to economic risks. Therefore, it was recommended that pharmaceutical retailers must adopt supply chain risk management strategies such as risk identification, risk planning, risk avoidance and risk pooling in order to be resilient to economic risks.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 828-831\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dumisani Mawonde<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Casper Demberere <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Regis Muchowe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAgrawal, A., De Meyer, A., and Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2014). Managing value in supply chains: Case studies on the sourcing hub concept. California Management Review 56(2), 23-54. doi:10.1525\/cmr.2014.56.2.23\r\n[2]\tAigbogun, O., Ghazali, Z., and Razali, R. (2014). A framework to enhance supply chain resilience: The case of Malaysian pharmaceutical industry. Global Business &#038; Management Research, 6, 219-228. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gbmr.ioksp.com\r\n[3]\tBai, C., and Sarkis, J. (2012). Supply-chain performance-measurement system management using neighborhood rough sets. International Journal of Production Research, 50, 2484-2500. doi:10.1080\/00207543.2011.581010\r\n[4]\tBaryannis., G., Validi., S., Dani., S., Antoniou., G., (2019). Supply chain risk management and artificial intelligence: state of the art and future research directions. International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 57, (7), pp: 2179 &#8211; 2202. doi.org\/10.1080\/00207543.2018.1530476\r\n[5]\tCelly, K.S., Frazier, G.L., 1996. Outcome-based and behavior-based coordination efforts in channel relationships. Journal of Marketing Research 33 (2), 200\u2013210.\r\n[6]\tGilmore. S., (2014). Local currency bonds needed to fill Asia\u2019s infrastructure financing gap. Emerging Markets. Retrieved from http:\/\/www. emergingmarkets.org\/Article\/3337340\/Local currency-bonds-needed-to-fill-Asias-infrastructure-financing-gap.html\r\n[7]\tHeale, R., and Twycross, A., (2015). Research made simple: End of Life Journal. Retrieved from http:\/\/ebn.bmj.com\/content\/early on 15 January 2017\r\n[8]\tKrejcie V.R and Morgan W.D (1970). \u201cDetermining Sample Size for Research Activities\u201d. The NEA Research Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp 99.\r\n[9]\tLee, C., and Ulferts, G. (2011). Managing Supply Chain Risks and Risk Mitigation Strategies. North Korean Review, Vol 7 (2), pp: 34-44. \r\n[10]\tMarch JG, Shapira Z. Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking. Management Science 1987; 33(11):1404\u201318\r\n[11]\tMeyer, A., Niemann, W., Uys, G. and Beetge, D., (2019), an exploration of supply chain risk management in the South African third-party logistics industry\u2019, ActaCommercii 19(1), a612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ac.v19i1.612\r\n[12]\tNurmaya Musa., S., (2012). Supply Chain Risk Management: Identification, Evaluation and Mitigation Techniques. Link\u00f6ping University. Sweden \r\n[13]\tPeck H. (2006). Reconciling supply chain vulnerability, risk and supply chain management. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 2006; 9(2):127\u201342.\r\n[14]\tSinghal, P., Agarwal, G., and Mittal, M. L. (2011). Supply chain risk management: review, classification and future research directions. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 6(3), 15-42\r\n[15]\tScholten, K., Sharkey Scott, P. and Fynes, B., (2014), \u2018Mitigation processes \u2013 Antecedents for building supply chain resilience\u2019, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal Vol 19 (2), pp: 211\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/SCM-06-2013-0191\r\n[16]\tSum. V., (2012). Economic policy uncertainty in the U.S. and Europe: A cointegration test. http:\/\/papers.ssm.com\/soI3\/papers.cfm?abstracUd=2074114. (Accessed 24 June 2013)\r\n[17]\tWegner, D. (2002). The Illusion of Conscious Will. MIT Press\r\n[18]\tWieland, A. and Marcus Wallenburg, C., (2012), \u2018Dealing with supply chain risks: Linking risk management practices and strategies to performance\u2019, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management Vol 42 (10), pp: 887 \u2013 905. doi.org\/10.1108\/09600031211281411\r\n[19]\tZahiri, B., and M. Pishvaee. (2017). \u201cBlood Supply Chain Network Design Considering Blood Group Compatibility Under Uncertainty.\u201d International Journal of Production Research 55 (7): 2013\u20132033\r\n[20]\tZhao, L., Huo, B., Sun, L., and Zhao, X., (2013), The impact of supply chain risk on supply chain integration and company performance: a global investigation, Supply Chain Management, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 115-131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13598541311318773\r\n[21]\tZiegenbein, A. (2007): Supply Chain Risk \u2013 Identification, Assessment and Mitigation. vdfHochschulverlag Z\u00fcrich\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dumisani Mawonde, Casper Demberere and Regis Muchowe ,  &#8220;An analysis of the effects of supply chain risk management on resilience to economic risk. A case of Pharmaceutical retailers in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.828-831 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/828-831.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/828-831.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-analysis-of-the-effects-of-supply-chain-risk-management-on-resilience-to-economic-risk-a-case-of-pharmaceutical-retailers-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An analysis of the effects of supply chain risk management on resilience to economic risk. A case of Pharmaceutical retailers in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd700ef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cd700ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd70532 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd70532\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd70681\" data-id=\"cd70681\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd707a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd707a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd7083c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd7083c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd7098d\" data-id=\"cd7098d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd70a97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd70a97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd70b3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd70b3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd70c8c\" data-id=\"cd70c8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd71dc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd71dc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd71f03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd71f03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd721d9\" data-id=\"cd721d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd72340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd72340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd7240b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd7240b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd7256f\" data-id=\"cd7256f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd7269c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd7269c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd72744 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd72744\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd728ba\" data-id=\"cd728ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd729d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd729d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Transactional Leadership on Students\u2019 Unrest in Public Boarding Schools in Bungoma County in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Moses Wakachala, Sarah Likoko, Jane Barasa- December 2021- Page No.: 832-837<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd72a7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd72a7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd72c03\" data-id=\"cd72c03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd72d26 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd72d26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIncidences of student indiscipline in public learning institutions in Kenya have been rising sharply over the past decade culminating into many cases of school unrests.  Consequently, loses of property and lives, insecurity and compromised quality of education have taken root in the schools raising questions as to whether Principals of the institutions undertake appropriate practices that can enhance order in leadership of public Secondary Schools under their jurisdiction. The study therefore sought to determine the influence of transactional leadership on student unrest. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 76 deputy principals, 152 teachers and 3,040 form four students in public boarding secondary schools.  Multistage sampling was used in this study where schools were clustered into two categories. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 12 schools and 480 form four students from the categories. Purposive sampling was then used to select 12 deputy principals in charge of administration, 24 heads of boarding sections and teachers in charge of guidance and counselling departments in the schools. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data from the respondents. Reliability of the instruments was determined through test-retest method and a Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.734 was computed, which was considered sufficient for use of the questionnaires in the actual study. Research instruments were availed to supervisors who ascertained the relevance of items hence the validity of the instruments. Data was analysed using frequencies, means and the independent samples t-test statistics were conducted to compare differences between the two independent groups of schools. The study however did not establish a significant effects of transactional leadership style on student unrest. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 832-837\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51245\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51245<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moses Wakachala<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sarah Likoko<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jane Barasa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tIyaya, (2017). The Relationship between Principal Leadership Style and Student Discipline Problems in Secondary Schools. International journal of humanities and social studies 5 (7). Retrieved on 10\/7\/2020 at www.theijhss.com\r\n[2]\tKatolo, G.N., Mungai, G.A., &#038; Malela, K.P. (2016). Principals\u2019 Leadership Practices and Their Influence on Students\u2019 Discipline in Public Secondary Schools in Makindu Sub County, Kenya. IOSR-JMCE. 13 (5). Retrieved on Sept 25th, 2019 at https:\/\/www.iosrjournals.org\r\n[3]\tMuga, O.P., Onyango A.G., &#038; Nyerere J. (2017). Leadership Styles Practiced by Principals in Public Secondary Schools in Siaya, Kisumu and Kajiado Counties, Kenya. European Journal of Education Studies 3 (9). Retrieved on 24th Nov, 2019 at https:\/\/www.10.5281\/zenodo.846450\r\n[4]\tNguni, S., Sleegers, P. &#038; Denessen, E. (2015). Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers&#8217; job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviour in primary schools: The Tanzanian case. Tandfonline accessed on 19\/7\/2020 at http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/09243450600565746\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Moses Wakachala, Sarah Likoko, Jane Barasa,  &#8220;Effect of Transactional Leadership on Students\u2019 Unrest in Public Boarding Schools in Bungoma County in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.832-837 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51245<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/832-837.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-transactional-leadership-on-students-unrest-in-public-boarding-schools-in-bungoma-county-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Transactional Leadership on Students\u2019 Unrest in Public Boarding Schools in Bungoma County in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd85f01 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd86169\" data-id=\"cd86169\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd86294 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd86294\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd86338 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd86338\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd86494\" data-id=\"cd86494\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd865a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd865a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd8663f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd8663f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd8678e\" data-id=\"cd8678e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd868a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd868a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd86948 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd86948\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd86a9e\" data-id=\"cd86a9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd86baa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd86baa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd86c53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd86c53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd86d9a\" data-id=\"cd86d9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd86ed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd86ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd86f83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd86f83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd8713a\" data-id=\"cd8713a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd87273 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd87273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd87324 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd87324\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd874ac\" data-id=\"cd874ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd875c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd875c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Representation of the Rohingyas in Media and New Media: Narrative, Analysis, and Re-thinking<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abdur Rahim, Sadat Zaman Khan   &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 838-842<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd87673 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd87673\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd87810\" data-id=\"cd87810\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd87940 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd87940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Among the recent most-talked issues in the international arena, the Rohingya issue in Myanmar draws the attention of the critical circles. Representation of them in the media and new media covers a vast critical space because of their complex position in the country as Muslims and minority. Moreover, their anthropological and religious resemblance with the people of the neighbouring country Bangladesh has more complicated the issue. The world is divided into two poles regarding Myanmar\u2019s claim of the Rohingyas\u2019 non-nationality and Bengali identity. The topic is relentlessly discussed in both media and new media. The representation is mixed in the media because of different political interests while it is almost one dimensional in the new media. This paper, first of all, shows the way of the representation of the Rohingyas in the media and the new media regarding their exodus to the neighbouring country Bangladesh, and their lives as refugees. Secondly, it highlights how the conventional media fail to bring out the realities about an ethnic group suppressed in multifaceted ways and thirdly, it analyses the role of the new media where discourses appear relentlessly from different sources irrespective of religions, cultures, boundaries, and ideologies.    \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 838-842\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51246\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51246<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdur Rahim<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature (DELL), Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sadat Zaman Khan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature (DELL), Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAllan, Stuart. The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism. Routledge, 2009\r\n[2]\tAlencar, Amanda, \u201cRefugee Integration and Social Media: A Local and Experiential Perspective\u201d. Information, Communication, and Society. UK: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2017. Available at http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2017.1340500. viewed on 22nd September, 2018   \r\n[3]\tBerry, Mike, Garcia-Blanco, Inaki, Moore, Kerry. \u201cPress Coverage of the Refugee and Migrant Crisis in the EU: A Content Analysis of Five European Countries\u201d. Available at http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/56bb369c9.pdf, Dec 2015. Viewed on 21st September, 2018. \r\n[4]\tBhatia, Monish, Poynting, Scott, Tofail, Waqas. (Edt.). Media, Crime, and Racism. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. P. 169 \r\n[5]\tChinenye, M., \u201cPrint Media Objectivity and Advertising Revenue\u201d. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Ethopia. \r\n[6]\tChun, Wendy Hui, Keenan, Thomas, (Edt.), New Media, Old Media: A History and Theory Reader. New York: Routledge, 2006. Web \r\n[7]\tCole, T. J., The Great Brexit Swindle: Why the Mega Rich and Free Market Fanatics Conspired to Force Britain from the European Union. W. Sussex: Clairview Books Ltd., 2016. Web \r\n[8]\tCorfe, Robert, Freedom from America: For Safeguarding Democracy &#038; the Economic &#038; the Cultural Integrity of Peoples. Southgate Green: Arena Books, 2006. Web         \r\n[9]\tCroteau, David, Hoyness, William, The Business of Midia: Corporate Media and the Public Interest. New Delhi: Pine Forge Press, 2006. Web\r\n[10]\tFarjana, Kazi Fahmida, Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees: Contested Identity and Belonging, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017 \r\n[11]\tFourie, Peter J., (Edt), Media Studies: Media Hitory, Meida and Society. Capetown: Juta &#038; Company Ltd., 2008. Web \r\n[12]\tGreen, Todd H., Presumed Guilty: Why We Should Not Ask Muslims to Condemn Terrorism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2018\r\n[13]\tMcQuail, Denis. \u201cMedia Policy: Premature Obsequies?\u201d. Edt. Howard Tumber, Media Power, Professionals, and Policies. Routledge, 2000  \r\n[14]\tNayar, Pramod K., Contemporary Literary and Cultural Theory: From Structuralism to Ecocriticism. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, 2010. Web \r\n[15]\tPinazza, Francisco, (Edt.), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. London: Verso, 2005. Web \r\n[16]\tSaid, Edward, W.,  Orientalism.  London:  Penguine Books Ltd., 1978. Print \r\n[17]\t\u201cThe Rohingya Crisis\u201d, available at https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/specials\/asia\/rohingya. Viewed on 21st  September, 2018. \r\n[18]\t\u201cWho will Help Myanmar \u2019s Rohingya?\u201d, available at https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-38168917. Viewed on 21st September, 2018. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdur Rahim, Sadat Zaman Khan ,  &#8220;Representation of the Rohingyas in Media and New Media: Narrative, Analysis, and Re-thinking&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.838-842 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51246<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd92084\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd921d2\" data-id=\"cd921d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd922dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd922dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd92381 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd92381\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd924c3\" data-id=\"cd924c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd925ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd925ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9266c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9266c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd927d6\" data-id=\"cd927d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9291d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9291d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd929e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd929e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd92ba6\" data-id=\"cd92ba6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd92ce5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd92ce5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Onin Fafak Peninsulacement Relationships in the Network of Nusantara Archepelago Maritime, 1900&#8217;s<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ester Yambeyapdi, Susanto Zuhdi, Didik Pradjoko      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 843-857<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd92d93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd92d93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd92f85\" data-id=\"cd92f85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd930e0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd930e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research aims to explain the characteristics of the Onin Fakfak peninsula and its relations to the Nusantara archipelago. The Onin Fakfak peninsula in the maritime network of Nusantara archipelago has been known since the 7th century during the Sriwijaya empire and in the 12th century, when the name Onin (Wwanim) was mentioned in the book Negarakertagama by Mpu Prapanca, a famous Majapahit poet of his time. The Onin Fakfak peninsula was known as a shipping route with other parts of the archipelago for its trade in the nutmeg spice, in addition to its ability to sail, pirate, and as a center for slave transactions. Nutmeg has an important role in the life of every native Fakfak. In the life cycle of every native child of Mbaham Matta, nutmeg becomes one of the plants that form his daily activities and its use is life knowledge. Picking &#8211; harvesting nutmeg is a symbol of maintaining kinship ties and the responsibility for feeding the family; selling nutmeg is a symbol of building communication and social relations with outsiders; and caring for nutmeg hamlets is a symbol of treating nature wisely.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 843-857\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ester Yambeyapdi<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Cenderawasih, Jayapura\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Susanto Zuhdi<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Didik Pradjoko<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia\r\n\r\n   \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAmal, M Adnan. Kepulauan Rempah-rempah: Perjalanan Sejarah Maluku Utara 1250-1950. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer, 2010. \r\n[2]\tBiro Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Fakfak, Kabuapten Fakfak Dalam Angka 2017.\r\n[3]\tBudiman, Hikmat, dkk. Ke Timur Haluan Menuju Studi Pendahuluan tentang Integrasi Sosial, Jalur Perdagangan, Adat, dan Pemuda di Kepulauan Maluku. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2019. \r\n[4]\tDepartemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. Ternate sebagai Bandar Jalur Sutra. Jakarta: Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, 1999. \r\n[5]\tErnas, Saidin. \u201cIntegrasi Sosial Masyarakat Papua: Studi tentang Dinamika Perdamaian pada Masyarakat Fakfak di Propinsi Papua Barat.\u201d dalam  Ronald Helweldery, 2017, \u201cStrategi Budaya&#8230; \r\n[6]\tFauzi, M dan Razif. Jalur Rempah dan Dinamika Masyarakatnya abad X-XVI: Kepulauan Banda, Jambi, dan Pantai Utara Jawa. Jakarta: Direktorat Sejarah, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2017.\r\n[7]\tHaryono, Daniel. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pustaka Phoenix. 2007. \r\n[8]\tHelweldery, Ronald. \u201cStrategi Budaya Rumpun Etnik Mbaham Matta Kabupaten Fakfak dalam Perjumpaan dengan Agama-Agama dan Otoritas Politik-Ekonomi (Penelusuran Etnografis atas Narasi dan Praktik Sosial)\u201d. Disertasi. Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. Semarang, 2017.\r\n[9]\thttp:\/\/perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id\/lontar\/file? (Online)retrieved on 3 January, 2020.\r\n[10]\thttps:\/\/sancapapua.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/28\/fakfak-kota-pala- (Online)retrieved on  January 5, 2020.  \r\n[11]\tKattopo, E. Nuku: Perjuangan Kemerdekaan di Maluku. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1957. \r\n[12]\tKementerian Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, Direktorat Jenderal Nilai Budaya Seni dan Film. Perspektif Budaya Papua. Jayapura: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, 2012.\r\n[13]\tKoentraningrat and Harsja W.Bachtiar (Eds.), Penduduk Irian Barat. Jakarta: PT. Penerbitan Universiras, 1963. \r\n[14]\tNachrawy, Herry RD. Peranan Ternate Tidore dalam Pembebasan Irian Barat. Jakarta: Yayasan Kie Raha, 2004. \r\n[15]\tNotosusanto, Nugroho. Masalah Penelitian Sejarah Kontenporer: Suatu Pengalaman. Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu, 1978. \r\n[16]\tNyoman Wiyana, dkk. Sejarah Kota Fakfak. Fakfak: Pemda Kabupaten Fakfak, 1991. \r\n[17]\tOnim, J. F. Islam dan Kristen Di Tanah Papua, Meniti Jalan Bersama Hubungan Islam-Kristen dalam Sejarah Penyebaran dan Perjumpaannya di Wilayah Onin Fakfak\u201d. Bandung: Jurnal Info Media, 2010.\r\n[18]\tPamungkas, Cahyo. \u201cDari Sosolot ke Diaspora: Jejak Historis Kekerabatan antara Seram Timur dan Papua Barat dan Dinamikanya saat ini,\u201d dalam Hikmat Budiman, dkk. Ke Timur Haluan Menuju Studi Pendahuluan tentang Integrasi Sosial, Jalur Perdagangan, Adat, dan Pemuda di Kepulauan Maluku. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2019. \r\n[19]\tPusat Studi Kependudukan dan Kebijakan Universitas Gajah Mada dan Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Fakfak Provinsi Papua Barat. \u201cRingakasan Eksekutif Pemetaan Kemiskinan di Kabupaten Fakfak Tahun 2015\u201d\r\n[20]\tReid, Anthony. Asia Tenggara dalam Kurun Niaga 1450-1680. Jilid II \u201cJaringan Perdagangan Global\u201d. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Indonesia, 2011. \r\n[21]\tRidwan al-Makassary, Dialog dan Radikalisme Agama diTanah Papua (Jayapura: FKUB Papua, 2016), dalam  Ronald Helweldery. \u201cStrategi Budaya Rumpun Etnik Mbaham Matta Kabupaten Fakfak dalam Perjumpaan dengan Agama-Agama dan Otoritas Politik-Ekonomi (Penelusuran Etnografis atas Narasi dan Praktik Sosial)\u201d. Disertasi. Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. Semarang, 2017. \r\n[22]\tRumbewas, D., Masmur Asso, et.al.Peta Suku Bangsa Di Tanah Papua, yang disusun oleh Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia: Dinas Kebudayaan Pemerintah Provinsi Papua, 2009.\r\n[23]\tSamosir Lefaan, Ina V dan Heppy Leunard Lelapary. Jati Diri Perempuan Asli Fakfak. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar, 2016.\r\n[24]\tSinaga, Rosmaida. Masa Kuasa Belanda Di Papua (1898 \u2013 1962). Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2013.\r\n[25]\tSwantoro, P. Perdagangan Pala Abad XVII. Jakarta: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia), 2019.\r\n[26]\tTaweatubun, Hasan. \u201cPerkembangan Islam di Semenanjung Onin (Fakfak).\u201d Skrips (Tidak diterbitkan). Jayapura: Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Penddidikan Universitas Cenderawasih. 2007. \r\n[27]\tTurner, Jack. Sejarah Rempah: Dari Erotisme sampai Imperialisme. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu, 2011. \r\n[28]\tUsmany, Dessy Polla, Saberia, Rosmaeda Sinaga, Editor Susanto Zuhdi. Kerajaan Fatagar: dalam Sejarah Kerajaan-kerajaan di Fakfak Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Kepel Press, 2014. \r\n[29]\tWidjojo,  Muridan. Pemberontakan Nuku: Persekutuan Lintas Budaya di Maluku-Papua Sekitar 1780-1810. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2013. \r\n[30]\tYambeyapdi, Ester. \u201c Metodologi Sejarah untuk Kepentingan Perkuliahan Mahasiswa Prodi Sejarah Jurusan PIPS, FKIP UNCEN. Jayapura, 2018. \r\n[31]\tYambeyapdi, Ester and Albert Rumbekwan. Sejarah Papua untuk Kepentingan Perkuliahan Mahasiswa Prodi Sejarah Jurusan PIPS, FKIP UNCEN. Jayapura, 2010.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ester Yambeyapdi, Susanto Zuhdi, Didik Pradjoko     &#8220;Onin Fafak Peninsulacement Relationships in the Network of Nusantara Archepelago Maritime, 1900&#8217;s&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.843-857 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/843-857.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/843-857.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/onin-fafak-peninsulacement-relationships-in-the-network-of-nusantara-archepelago-maritime-1900s\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Onin Fafak Peninsulacement Relationships in the Network of Nusantara Archepelago Maritime, 1900&#8217;s<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9af0c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b1a9\" data-id=\"cd9b1a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b2ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9b2ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b395 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9b395\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b501\" data-id=\"cd9b501\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b612 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9b612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b6b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9b6b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b839\" data-id=\"cd9b839\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b94a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9b94a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9b9e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9b9e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9bb36\" data-id=\"cd9bb36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9bc47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9bc47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9bce1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9bce1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9be32\" data-id=\"cd9be32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9bf4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9bf4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9bff8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9bff8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c147\" data-id=\"cd9c147\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c256 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9c256\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c2f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9c2f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c465\" data-id=\"cd9c465\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c56e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9c56e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Parental Involvement and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Day Secondary Schools in Bumula Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sarah Likoko, Jane Barasa, Ismael Mabunde- December 2021- Page No.: 858-861<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c610 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cd9c610\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c79e\" data-id=\"cd9c79e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9c8d7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cd9c8d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study investigated the influence of parental involvement on student\u2019s academic performance. Simple random sampling was used to select 352 form four students from a sample of 13 public day secondary schools in Bumula sub-County. The data was analyzed using percentages, weighted averages, means and one way ANOVA. The study established that parental involvement play a significant role in influencing the academic performance of the students in public day secondary schools.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 858-861\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51247<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sarah Likoko<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jane Barasa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ismael Mabunde<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tKoskei, B. K.(2014). Influence of Parental Involvement on Students\u2019 Academic Performance of Public Mixed Day Secondary Schools in Kuresoi Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research Vol.2 No. 12 December 2014, pg.505\r\n[2]\tLv, B., Zhou, H., Guo, X ., Liu, C., Liu, , Z., &#038;Luo, L.(2016). The Relationship between Academic Achievement and the Emotional Well-Being of Elementary School Children in China: The Moderating Role of Parent-School Communication.Front.Psychol.,\t24June 2016 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00948\r\n[3]\tNadenge, M.G.(2015). \u201cRelationship between Parental Socio-economic Status and Student Academic Achievement: The Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Urban Informal Settlements in Westlands Division, Nairobi County\u201d. Masters Published Thesis, University of Nairobi\r\n[4]\tTopor, D.R.,Keane,S.P., Shelton,T.L,&#038;Calkins, S. D.(2011).Parent involvement and student academic performance: A multiple mediational analysis. HHS Author Manuscripts, PMC302009\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sarah Likoko, Jane Barasa, Ismael Mabunde,  &#8220;Parental Involvement and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Day Secondary Schools in Bumula Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.858-861 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51247<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/858-861.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/parental-involvement-and-students-academic-performance-in-public-day-secondary-schools-in-bumula-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Parental Involvement and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Day Secondary Schools in Bumula Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda0484 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cda0484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda055c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda055c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda06ea\" data-id=\"cda06ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda080e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda080e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda08b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda08b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda0a12\" data-id=\"cda0a12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda0b27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda0b27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda0bc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda0bc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda0d1b\" data-id=\"cda0d1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda0e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda0e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda0edf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda0edf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda1032\" data-id=\"cda1032\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda113b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda113b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda1200 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda1200\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda134f\" data-id=\"cda134f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda1462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda1462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda1504 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda1504\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda1657\" data-id=\"cda1657\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda1764 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda1764\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda183b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda183b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda19cc\" data-id=\"cda19cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda1ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cda1ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Risk Management and Academic Performance of Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jane Barasa, Sarah Likoko, Pamela Khaemba   &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 862-865<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda1b7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda1b7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cda1cee\" data-id=\"cda1cee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda1e33 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cda1e33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between risk management and academic performance in schools. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The study was conducted in 360 public secondary schools in Bungoma County. The target population comprised of 360 Principals, 360 Board of management chairpersons and 360 Directors of Studies. The sample size of the study comprised of 72 Principals, 72 Chairpersons of the Boards of Management and 72 Director of studies. Primary data was collected using closed ended questionnaires and checklists. Data was analysed using frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation correlation and simple linear regression analysis. The study established that there is a positive and significant relationship between risk management and academic performance of public secondary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya (r= 0.261, p<0.05).     \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 862-865\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51248\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51248<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jane Barasa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sarah Likoko <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pamela Khaemba <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tKimani, N. G., Kara, M. A. &#038;Njangi, W. L. (2013). Teacher Factors Influencing Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools in Nyandarua County, Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, March 2013\r\n[2]\tMackatiani et al,( 2014).Peace and development in Africa: prospects and challenges. International affairs and Global strategy, Vol 21 pp 72-78\r\n[3]\tMackatiani,C(2017).Influence of examinations oriented approaches on quality education inprimary schools in Kenya. Journal of education and practice(14)pp51-58 \r\n[4]\tMackatiani et al, 2018; \r\n[5]\tMackatiani, C(2020).Conflict and xenophopia in Africa: Implications for peace education. Journal of leadership,Accountability and Ethics17(3)\r\n[6]\tMackatiani et al, (2020).African response toquality education:Comparative perspectives on quality primary education in Kenya.European journal of education Studies.vol 6(11) pp313-325\r\n[7]\tMackatiani,C. Musembi,J. Gakunga, D.(2017). Quality primary education: Implications of Teachers\u2019 characteristics. European Journal of education studies Vol.3, No.8, pp 635 -649.\r\n[8]\tMackatiani,C. Musembi,J. Gakunga, D.(2018). Learning Achievement: Illusions of Teacher-Centered Approaches in Primary Schools in Kenya. Journal of education and practice Vol.9, No.18, pp 46 -54.\r\n[9]\tNyakundi, O. (2012). Implementation of Safety Standards and Guideline in Public Secondary Schools in Nyeri County. (Unpublished M.Ed.). Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n[10]\tUNESCO (2010). Risk Management Training. Paris, France: UNESCO.\r\n[11]\tUmmu, A. R., Juhaini, J &#038; Nusaibah, M. (2019). An Empirical Study of Enterprise Risk Management Implementation on Performance in Malaysian Public Higher Education. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29 (9s), 962 \u2013 973 \r\n[12]\tMorgan, C. (2014, July 16). Importance of a Robust School Risk Management Program. Mondaq. https:\/\/www.caitlin-morgan.com\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jane Barasa, Sarah Likoko, Pamela Khaemba ,  &#8220;Risk Management and Academic Performance of Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.862-865 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51248<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/862-865.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/risk-management-and-academic-performance-of-public-secondary-schools-in-bungoma-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Risk Management and Academic Performance of Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdaaf1c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdaaf1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdab000 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdab000\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdab192\" data-id=\"cdab192\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdab2ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdab2ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdab382 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdab382\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdab4f1\" data-id=\"cdab4f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdab60d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdab60d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdab6b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdab6b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdab800\" data-id=\"cdab800\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdab920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdab920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdab9c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdab9c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdabb11\" data-id=\"cdabb11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdabc20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdabc20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdabcbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdabcbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdabe48\" data-id=\"cdabe48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdabf57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdabf57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdabffe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdabffe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdac141\" data-id=\"cdac141\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdac24e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdac24e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdac2e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdac2e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdac458\" data-id=\"cdac458\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdac56f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdac56f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Key to Socio-Economic Development of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Aikor, Shirgba Timothy Ph.D      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 866-872<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdac60c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdac60c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdac77c\" data-id=\"cdac77c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdac8b7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cdac8b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In Nigeria, as in many other developing and emerging economies, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute to their socio-economic development and growth hence, successive governments have invested resources in intervention programs aimed at stimulating the sector to achieve sustainable development. The main objectives of the study are to; review the role of SMEs to the socio-economic development of Nigeria, identify current government efforts and challenges to stimulating SMEs performance especially as it relates to wealth creation and employment generation. The study found that; SMEs play a key role in socio economic development of the country especially in the area of employment generation and wealth creation. However, there are prevailing economic and political conditions that have not given room for SMEs to thrive, as evidenced in the internal and external challenging factors they are currently facing in the country despite the enormous government intervention initiatives. It is recommended that government should reform the implementation of these initiatives, ensure programmes continuity due to change on government, fight corruption and insecurity, improve on the business environment and evolve youth re-orientation programme to cause them to embrace entrepreneurship. The methodology adopted for this work is narrative textual case study\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 866-872\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51256<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aikor, Shirgba Timothy Ph.D<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Supply Chain Management, School of Logistics and Innovation Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n   \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tCBN\/SMEDAN (2017). National Survey of Micro, Small and Medium \tEnterprises(MSMEs)Report, 2017 \r\n[2]\tFjose S., Grunfeld L. A. and Green C. 2010. SMEs and growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Identifying SME roles and obstacles to SME growth. MENON Business Economics Publication no. 14\/2010.\r\n[3]\tGbam, B. (2017). Impact of Small and Medium Enterprises on Employment Generation \tin Plateau State Nigeria. Journal of Business and Management.19 (6).47-54.\r\n[4]\tGbande C.P.A. and Aikor S.T(2019) Effect of Enabling Environment on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) growth in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue state. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Development (JAFID). Vol. 2 Jan. 2019, pp 139-148.\r\n[5]\tGbande, C. P. A. (2015). Global Economic Environment: ECWA Productions Limited, (1st edn.), Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.\r\n[6]\tHaibo, Z. &#038; Gerrit, D. (2009). Determinants and Dimensions of Firm Growth in Netherlands. Journal of Business Policy and Research.3 (2). 1- 18.\r\n[7]\tIhua, U. B. (2009). SMEs Key Failure Factors: A Companies between the Unlimited Kingdom and Nigeria. Journal of Social Science.18 (3).199 -207\r\n[8]\tKadiri I.B (2008). Developing small and medium enterprises in Nigeria: problems and prospects in Olujide J.O. (ed) Advances in management. Journal of Management Sciences, Vol. 7 (1): 107-113.\r\n[9]\tKaradag, H. (2015). Financial Management Challenges in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: A strategic Management Approach. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal. 5 (1).26-40.\r\n[10]\tKolade, O. (2013) Venturing under fire: Entrepreneurship education, venture creation, and poverty reduction in conflict-ridden Maiduguri, Nigeria, Education + Training, 60(8):749-766,\r\n[11]\tKriss, E. (2012). Impact of small and medium scale Enterprise on the Economic Growth.EBSU Journal of Business Education.2 (2).45-67.\r\n[12]\tOkwelle, P. C. and Ayonmike, C.S. (2014). Towards value re-orientation of youths on the role of technical vocational education and training (TVET) for sustainable development in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(8):186 &#8211; 191.\r\n[13]\tOsemeke, M. (2012). Entrepreneurship Development and Interventionist Agencies in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science.3(8). 257-\t265. \r\n[14]\tOwualah, S. I., &#038; Obokoh, L. O. (2017). Tackling youth restiveness in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria through entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2:168\u2013179. \r\n[15]\tTende, B. A. (2014). Government Initiatives Toward Entrepreneurship Development in Nigerian. Global Journal of Business Research.8 (1).109-120.\r\n[16]\tUfot, Etuk &#038;Baghebo(2014).Small and Medium  Enterprises(SMEs) and Nigeria Economic \tDevelopment. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Mcser Publishing, Rome Italy, \tVol.5 No 7.\r\n[17]\tUNCTAD (2001). Reports on the Expert Meetings on Improving Competitiveness of SMEs in \tDeveloping Countries: The Role of Finance, including E-finance.\r\n[18]\tUwaifo, V. O. (2010). Technical education and its challenges in Nigeria Journal of Economic Literature 38 (1):11-44.\r\n[19]\tWorld Bank (2016). Evaluation of the World Bank Group\u2019s Support for Investment Climate \tReforms. World Bank, pp. 1,34\r\n[20]\tWorld Bank (2018). World Bank Ease of Doing Business Report, Washington DC\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aikor, Shirgba Timothy Ph.D     &#8220;Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Key to Socio-Economic Development of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.866-872 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51256<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/866-872.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/small-and-medium-enterprisessmes-key-to-socio-economic-development-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Key to Socio-Economic Development of Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb37a4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdb37a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb3879 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb3879\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb3a02\" data-id=\"cdb3a02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb8e10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdb8e10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb8f08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb8f08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb90ae\" data-id=\"cdb90ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb91d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdb91d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb927a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb927a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb93d1\" data-id=\"cdb93d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb94e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdb94e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb958b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb958b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb96d8\" data-id=\"cdb96d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb97dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdb97dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb9893 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb9893\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb99d8\" data-id=\"cdb99d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb9ae6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdb9ae6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb9b81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb9b81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb9cd1\" data-id=\"cdb9cd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb9dd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdb9dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdb9e71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdb9e71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdba00f\" data-id=\"cdba00f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdba145 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdba145\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Spirituality and Burnout in Christian Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working In Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD) &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 873-880<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdba1e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdba1e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdba375\" data-id=\"cdba375\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdba4b6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cdba4b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMinistry burnout is a global issue of concern among the Church ministers across the world. Studies have shown that majority of Church ministers leave ministry prematurely due to burnout which in turn affects their commitment to the Church. Based on the global concern of burnout in ministry among Church ministers, the study was guided by the following objectives: To examine the levels of spirituality among the Catholic religious men and women working in Lodwar Diocese; to establish the relationship between spirituality and burnout in Christian ministry among the Catholic religious men and women are working in Lodwar Diocese. The study adopted an embedded mixed method research design specifically correlational design and phenomenological design. Using census and convenience sampling, a sample size of 131 Catholic religious men and women were included in the study. Quantitative data was collected using Spirituality Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Qualitative data was collected using Focus Group Discussion Guide. Pre-testing of standardized instruments was carried out before the actual data collection to ensure its reliability and validity. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis using SPSS Version 32 while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results from descriptive statistics showed that spirituality was above average. This is because all the subscales scored a mean above 2.5. Specifically, the subscale of Eco awareness had the highest mean (mean=4.39, SD=.38), followed by self- discovery (mean=4.45, SD=.54) and relationships (mean = 4.43, SD=.42). Further, the study found a weak, negative and insignificant correlation between spirituality and burnout in Christian ministry. Emotional exhaustion and self-discovery (r=-0.167; p>0.05) and eco-awareness (r= -0.129; p>0.05). Similarly, depersonalization had weak, negative and insignificant relationship with self-discovery (r=-0.162), relationships (r=-0.108) and eco-awareness (r=-0.066). A weak negative and insignificant relationship was found between personal accomplishment and self-discovery (r= -0.078), relationships (r=-0.036) and eco-awareness (-0.025).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 873-880\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Youth Studies, Tangaza University College, Catholic University of Eastern Africa\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAnthony, B. M., Julius, O., Andrew, E. S., &#038; Tom, S. (2020). \u201cOh God! Why Did You Let Me Have This Disability? Religion, Spirituality and Disability in Three African Countries, Journal of Disability &#038; Religion, 24(1), 64-81, DOI: 10.1080\/23312521.2019.1698387.\r\n[2]\tCreswell, J. W., &#038; Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.\r\n[3]\tDelaney, C. (2003). Spirituality: Development, refinement, and psychometric test- ing of an instrument to assess the human spiritual dimension (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Connecticut.\r\n[4]\tDjafri, F. &#038; Kamaruzaman N. (2017). &#8220;The impact of workplace spirituality on organizational commitment: A case study of Takaful agents in Malaysia&#8221;, Humanomics, 33 (3); 384-396.\r\n[5]\tEmmanuel, S. (2020). How Successful African-American Male Leaders in Predominately White Organizations Integrate Spirituality with Leadership Practice, Journal of Management, Spirituality &#038; Religion, 17(2), 184-208, DOI: 10.1080\/14766086.2019.1697727.\r\n[6]\tErica L. L., Andrew, J. G., &#038; Nathan, A. (2019). Spirituality and Worker Well-Being: Examining The Relationship Between Spirituality, Job Burnout, and Work Engagement, Journal of Religion &#038; Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 38(2), 197-216, DOI: 10.1080\/15426432.2019.1577787.\r\n[7]\tHend, A. (2019). Assessment of Clinical Social Worker&#8217;s Familiarity with and Views about the Integration of Client&#8217;s Religion and Spirituality in Social Work, Journal of Religion &#038; Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 38(2), 180-196, DOI: 10.1080\/15426432.2019.1574691.\r\n[8]\tKennie, L. C. J., &#038; Andrew, T. B. (2019). The Impact of Spirituality and Occupational Stress among Middle School Teachers, Journal of Research on Christian Education, 28(2), 131-150, DOI: 10.1080\/10656219.2019.1631234.\r\n[9]\tKwi, Y., Suk-Hee, K., &#038; Carol, R. A. (2019). Stress and Impact of Spirituality as a Mediator of Coping Methods Among Social Work College Students, Journal of Human Behaviour in The Social Environment, 29(1), 125-136, DOI: 10.1080\/10911359.2018.1491918.\r\n[10]\tMaslach, C., &#038; Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd Ed.). Mountain View: CPP.\r\n[11]\tMaslach, C., &#038; Leiter, M.P. (1997). The Truth about Burnout. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\r\n[12]\tMcLeod, S. A. (2019). Sampling methods. Simply Psychology. https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/sampling.html\r\n[13]\tMiner, M. Dowson, M. &#038; Sterland, S. (2010). Ministry Orientation and Ministry Outcome:  Evaluation of a New Multidimensional Model of Clergy Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(1), 167\u2013188.Doi 10.1348\/096317909&#215;414214.\r\n[14]\tMiner, M., Sterland, S., Dowson, M., &#038; Powell, R. (2013). Spirituality and burnout amongst church leaders: Findings from the 2011 Australian National Church Life Survey. In B. R. Doolittle (Ed.), Psychology of burnout: New research (pp. 157\u2013178). Nova Science Publishers.\r\n[15]\tNaude, J. L. P., &#038; Rothmann, S. (2004). The Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory \u2013 Human Services Survey for Emergency Medical Technicians in Gauteng. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 30 (3), 21-28.\r\n[16]\tPradhan, K. R., Pradhan, S., &#038; Jena, L. K. (2016). The study of workplace spirituality and job outcomes, in Indian information technology industry. International Journal Strategic Business Alliances, 5(1), 54\u201368.\r\n[17]\tSamta, P. P. (2017). Childhood Depression and Spirituality: Insights for Spiritually Sensitive Child-Centred Social Work Interventions, Social Work in Mental Health, 15(4), 373 -396, DOI: 10.1080\/15332985.2016.1222982.\r\n[18]\tThuli, G. M., Lisa, W., &#038; Nicolette, V. R. (2017). Barriers to Integration of Spirituality and Spiritual Care in Occupational Therapy Education in A South African Context, Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 19(1), 61-79, DOI:10.1080\/19349637.2016.1206843.\r\n[19]\tVukani, J. P. (2017). Association between Work Engagement and Dimensions of Burnout among Catholic Priests in Durban Metro, South Africa. http:\/\/repository.tangaza.ac.ke\/\r\n[20]\tWen-Chi, Z., &#038; Jason, D. (2017). Workplace Spirituality Buffers the Effects of Emotional Labour on Employee Well-Being, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 768-777, DOI: 10.1080\/1359432X.2017.1358164.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD) ,  &#8220;Spirituality and Burnout in Christian Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working In Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.873-880 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/873-880.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/873-880.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/spirituality-and-burnout-in-christian-ministry-among-catholic-religious-men-and-women-working-in-rural-areas-a-case-of-lodwar-diocese-in-turkana-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Spirituality and Burnout in Christian Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working In Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbb2f9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdbb2f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbb718 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbb718\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdbca4b\" data-id=\"cdbca4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbcbbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbcbbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbcc7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbcc7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdbcdf0\" data-id=\"cdbcdf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbcf14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbcf14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbcfbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbcfbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd10d\" data-id=\"cdbd10d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd224 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbd224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd2c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbd2c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd426\" data-id=\"cdbd426\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd573 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbd573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd623 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbd623\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd77f\" data-id=\"cdbd77f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd88a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbd88a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbd930 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbd930\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdbda94\" data-id=\"cdbda94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbdba9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbdba9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluating Dimensions of Customer Loyalty in B2C Market of Freight Forwarding Firms in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jayasinghe, J, H. E., Dilara, W. M. T., Rodrigo, M. Y. N., Jayasekara, J. W. C. D., Ilangasekara, A. S. P. &#038; Ilangasekara, S. D.- December 2021- Page No.: 881-891<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbdc4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbdc4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdbdddb\" data-id=\"cdbdddb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbdf24 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cdbdf24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examines the contemporary requirement of evaluating dimensions of customer loyalty in Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Market in freight forwarding Sri Lanka. Accordingly, the researchers have recognized four dimensions of the customer loyalty as service quality, customer satisfaction, relationship quality and perceived value. The first objective of this study was to identify the behaviour of demographic factors of the customers in the B2C market of the freight forwarding industry. The second objective was to identify the association of each dimension towards customer loyalty in the B2C market of the freight forwarding industry in Sri Lanka. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the researchers have demonstrated and interpreted the relationships of sample characteristics and have conducted the Pearson\u2019s correlation analysis from the data collected from the members registered in Export Association of Sri Lanka (EASL). As per the research findings, the researchers discovered a strong positive correlation in each dimension towards customer loyalty. Among these, customer satisfaction recorded the highest strong positive correlation, followed by service quality, relationship quality and perceived value. It is recommended that industry professionals should be more concerned about the influence of these dimensions as they assist to maintain a stable customer base and long-term customer relationships\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 881-891\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jayasinghe, J, H. E.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management and Finance, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dilara, W. M. T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management and Finance, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rodrigo, M. Y. N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management and Finance, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jayasekara, J. W. C. D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management and Finance, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ilangasekara, A. S. 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Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(1), pp 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0092070393211001\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jayasinghe, J, H. E., Dilara, W. M. T., Rodrigo, M. Y. N., Jayasekara, J. W. C. D., Ilangasekara, A. S. P. &#038; Ilangasekara, S. D.,  &#8220;Evaluating Dimensions of Customer Loyalty in B2C Market of Freight Forwarding Firms in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.881-891 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/881-891.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/881-891.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluating-dimensions-of-customer-loyalty-in-b2c-market-of-freight-forwarding-firms-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluating Dimensions of Customer Loyalty in B2C Market of Freight Forwarding Firms in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbedc2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdbedc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbf15b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbf15b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdbf205 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdbf205\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc4e89\" data-id=\"cdc4e89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc4fde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc4fde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc50ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc50ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc520c\" data-id=\"cdc520c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5326 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc5326\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc53d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc53d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc551d\" data-id=\"cdc551d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc562b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc562b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc56ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc56ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc581b\" data-id=\"cdc581b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc5927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc59c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc59c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5b0b\" data-id=\"cdc5b0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5c19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc5c19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5cb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc5cb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5e27\" data-id=\"cdc5e27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5f34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc5f34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Farmers-Herders Clashes in Agatu, Logo and Guma Local Government Areas of Benue State: Analysing its Implication on Food Production<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ilim, Moses Msughter, Amali Suleiman, Lawal, Yakubu Olarewaju- December 2021- Page No.: 892-900<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc5fd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc5fd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc6146\" data-id=\"cdc6146\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc627f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cdc627f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis work was an inquiry into the implication of farmers-herders conflict on agricultural activities in Logo, Agatu and Guma local government areas of Benue state. The main objective of the study was to highlight the consequences of famers-herders conflict on agricultural production in the selected local government areas. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to first divide the local governments into clusters in the first stage, and in the second stage, stratified sampling technique was used to draw the list of all the communities to be studied within the council wards and communities, while simple random sampling was used to select respondents for study in the last stage. Consequently, questionnaires were used as instrument of data collection to survey the opinions of 415 respondents across communities in the three local government areas. The findings of the study revealed that farmers-herders conflict has become a very challenging issue for farmers in Benue state and has impacted negatively on food production. Also that the clashes begin in form of attacks on famer lands and on cattle. Similarly, the study revealed that during the crises, houses are destroyed and communities are displacing dislocating farmers from engaging in serious farming. The study thus concludes that the destruction and displacement of farmers and threat of attack by herders negatively affect agricultural production in Benue state and other agro-business activities. The study calls for more involvement of traditional rulers to manage the conflict, similarly, it is also recommended that law enforcement officers be stationed in affected communities to protect lives and properties; amplifying the call for community policing. Also, the study suggests that the law against open grazing should be modified to serve the purpose of peace and should be respected by all.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 892-900\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ilim, Moses Msughter<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology Federal University Dutsinma, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amali Suleiman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology Federal University Dutsinma, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lawal, Yakubu Olarewaju<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRegistry Department, Federal University Dutsinma, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbati, R. (2020). Inside Nigeria\u2019s Killing Fields. In Sahara Reporters online publication 30\/12\/2020. \r\n[2]\tAlubo, O. (2006). Ethnic Conflict &#038; Citizenship Crises in North Central Nigeria. Ibadan: PEFS.  \r\n[3]\tAver, T (2018). Analyses of Farmers-Herders Conflict and its Effect on Vulnerable Groups in Nigeria between 2012-2018. Unpublished Theses submitted for Exit Defence in the Department of Sociology Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.\r\n[4]\tBest S. G. (2006). The Political Dimensions of Conflicts in the Benue Valley. In Gyuse, T. T. &#038; Ajene O. (eds) Conflicts in the Benue Valley. Makurdi: Benue State University Press.\r\n[5]\tFood &#038; Agriculture Organisation FAO (2001). The State of Food Security in The World. Published in Italy. ISBN:92-5-104628-X.\r\n[6]\tGebehe N.T. (2007). Geo-political perspectives on resource control in the middle-belt region of Nigeria: Per scoping Agriculture in Benue Economy. In: The middle-belt in the shadow of Nigeria. Oracle  Bus. Ltd,  Makurdi. Pp. 132-157.\r\n[7]\tHagher, I. (2002). Beyond hate and violence, understanding the Tiv struggle for citizen right and social justice in Nigeria: Caltop publications Nig. Ltd.\r\n[8]\tHuman Rights Watch (2013). Election or \u201cSelection\u201d? Human Rights Abuse and Threats \tto \tHuman Life in Nigeria. Human Rights Watch, New York.\r\n[9]\tJibo, M; Simbine, A.T; Galadima, H.S. (2001). Ethnic Groups and Conflict Zone in Nigeria, The North Central Zone of Nigeria. Vol 4. The Lords Creation. Ibadan.\r\n[10]\tKer A.I. (2007). Conflicts in Tiv land and their Implications for the Democratisation Process in Nigeria 1980 \u2013 2004. In: The middle \u2013 belt in the shadow of Nigeria. Okpeh OO (Jr.), Okau A and Fwatshak  SU (Eds). Oracle Bus. Ltd, Makurdi.\r\n[11]\tNational Bureau of Statistics NBS (2020). Quarterly Report on Macro Economic Performance in Nigeria.\r\n[12]\tUtsaha, A.P Ugba S, C A and et al (2000). The Dynamics of Conflict management in West \tAfrica: The Case   of Violent Conflict Among the Tiv People of the Middle Belt of \tNigeria. A Paper    Presented at the Allied Academic Conference in Carlifonia USA.\r\n[13]\tYecho, J. I. (2006). An overview of the Tiv-Jukun crisis. In Gyuse T.T. &#038;Ajene, O.(eds.) Conflicts in the Benue Valley. Makurdi: Benue State University Press.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ilim, Moses Msughter, Amali Suleiman, Lawal, Yakubu Olarewaju,  &#8220;Farmers-Herders Clashes in Agatu, Logo and Guma Local Government Areas of Benue State: Analysing its Implication on Food Production&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.892-900 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/892-900.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/892-900.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/farmers-herders-clashes-in-agatu-logo-and-guma-local-government-areas-of-benue-state-analysing-its-implication-on-food-production\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Farmers-Herders Clashes in Agatu, Logo and Guma Local Government Areas of Benue State: Analysing its Implication on Food Production<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc718e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdc718e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc7266 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc7266\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdc73fb\" data-id=\"cdc73fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc752b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc752b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdc75df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdc75df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdccddf\" data-id=\"cdccddf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdccf75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdccf75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcd038 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcd038\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdcd476\" data-id=\"cdcd476\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdcd5e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdcd5e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcd69d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcd69d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdcd80a\" data-id=\"cdcd80a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdcd921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdcd921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcd9c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcd9c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdcdb15\" data-id=\"cdcdb15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdcdc1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdcdc1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcdcc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcdcc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdcde12\" data-id=\"cdcde12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdcdf20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdcdf20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcdfc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcdfc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdce141\" data-id=\"cdce141\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdce252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdce252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Teacher Delocalization Policy on Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools in Loima Sub-County, Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jane Echwa, Simon Kipkenei, Rispah Wepukhulu   &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 901-906<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdce2f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdce2f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdce48a\" data-id=\"cdce48a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdce5af elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cdce5af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between risk management and academic performance in schools. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The study was conducted in 360 public secondary schools in Bungoma County. The target population comprised of 360 Principals, 360 Board of management chairpersons and 360 Directors of Studies. The sample size of the study comprised of 72 Principals, 72 Chairpersons of the Boards of Management and 72 Director of studies. Primary data was collected using closed ended questionnaires and checklists. Data was analysed using frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation correlation and simple linear regression analysis. The study established that there is a positive and significant relationship between Influence of Teacher Delocalization Policy on Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools in Loima Sub-County, Turkana County, Kenya (r= 0.261, p<0.05).     \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 901-906\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51249<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jane Barasa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Simon Kipkenei <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rispah Wepukhulu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tIqbal, A., Aziz, F., Khan, T., &#038; Ali, S. (2016). Relationship between Teachers&#8217; Job Satisfaction and Students Academic Performance. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research(65), 335-344. \r\n[2]\tMampane, P. M. (2012). The Teacher Turnover Criisis. Evidence from South Africa. Business Education and Accreditation, 4(2). \r\n[3]\tMichaelowa, K. (2002). Teacher Job Satisfaction Student Achievement, and the Cost of Primary Education in Frachophone Sub-Saharan Africa. Hamburg: Hamburg Institute of International Economics\r\n[4]\tOlcum, D., &#038; Titrek, O. (2015). The Effect of School Adminsitrators&#8217; Decision-Making Styles on Teachers Job Satisfaction. American Journal of Educational Research , 1926-1046.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jane Echwa, Simon Kipkenei, Rispah Wepukhulu ,  &#8220;Influence of Teacher Delocalization Policy on Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools in Loima Sub-County, Turkana County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.901-906 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51249<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/901-906.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-teacher-delocalization-policy-on-pupils-academic-performance-in-public-primary-schools-in-loima-sub-county-turkana-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Teacher Delocalization Policy on Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools in Loima Sub-County, Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdcf386 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdcf386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcf461 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcf461\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdcf5cd\" data-id=\"cdcf5cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdcf6eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdcf6eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcf786 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcf786\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdcf8eb\" data-id=\"cdcf8eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdcf9fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdcf9fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcfa9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcfa9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd47e0\" data-id=\"cdd47e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd49d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd49d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd4ab0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd4ab0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd4c2a\" data-id=\"cdd4c2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd4d4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd4d4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd4e07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd4e07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd4f58\" data-id=\"cdd4f58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd506c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd506c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd510c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd510c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd5262\" data-id=\"cdd5262\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd536d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd536d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd540d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd540d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd5575\" data-id=\"cdd5575\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd5688 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd5688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of 4PS Conditional Cash Transfer and  Students\u2019 School Attendance  in Don Vicente Romualdez National High School<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Christilyn Juarez Arcayna, Jonelyn Juarez Arcayna, Resty Juarez Arcayna      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 907-922<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd5727 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd5727\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd58ce\" data-id=\"cdd58ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd5a37 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cdd5a37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The conditional cash transfer program of 4Ps is a social program that entails monetary assistance that contributes to the education of beneficiaries. This study aimed at finding out if the implementation of the 4Ps conditional cash transfer program in terms of health and education is related to the students\u2019 school attendance. The respondents of this study were 4Ps recipient students of Don Vicente Romualdez National High School. A descriptive &#8211; correlational study was employed utilizing a representative sample of all 4Ps beneficiaries from Grade 7 to Grade 12. Findings revealed that the implementation of 4Ps Conditional Cash Transfer programs in terms of health and education grants is high. Findings also revealed that students\u2019 percentage of school attendance met the standard requirements of 4Ps and DepEd policy, which is 80% of the total number of days. It is then recommended that the Philippine Government continue the implementation of 4Ps and design additional programs for beneficiaries who graduated through the CCT.\r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 907-922\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51250\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51250<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christilyn Juarez Arcayna<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education, Commission On Higher Education, Philippines \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonelyn Juarez Arcayna<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education, Commission On Higher Education, Philippines \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Resty Juarez Arcayna<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education, Commission On Higher Education, Philippines \r\n\r\n\r\n   \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdebayo, F., (2015). 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Retrieved May 26, 2019,  from https:\/\/www.learning-theories.com\r\n[80]\tVelarde, R., &#038; Fernandez, L., (2011). Philippines Welfare and distributionalimpacts of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from ResearchGate website: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/254456352_Welfare_and_distributionalimpacts_of_the_Pantawid_Pamilyang_Pilipino_Program\r\n[81]\tYemtsov, R., (2015). Philippines: CCT Proven to Keep Poor Children Healthy and in School. The State of Social Safety Nets 2015. The World Bank. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org\r\n[82]\tZimmerman, B. J., &#038; Schunk, D. H., (2007). Influencing Children\u2019s Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulation of Reading and Writing through Modeling. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sciepub.com\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Christilyn Juarez Arcayna, Jonelyn Juarez Arcayna, Resty Juarez Arcayna     &#8220;Implementation of 4PS Conditional Cash Transfer and  Students\u2019 School Attendance  in Don Vicente Romualdez National High School&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.907-922 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51250<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/907-922.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-4ps-conditional-cash-transfer-and-students-school-attendance-in-don-vicente-romualdez-national-high-school\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implementation of 4PS Conditional Cash Transfer and  Students\u2019 School Attendance  in Don Vicente Romualdez National High School<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd696a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdd696a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd6a41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd6a41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd6bcb\" data-id=\"cdd6bcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd6cf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd6cf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd6da5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd6da5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdd6eff\" data-id=\"cdd6eff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd701d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdd701d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdd70bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdd70bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cde2413\" data-id=\"cde2413\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde259b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cde259b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cde268f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cde268f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cde28b0\" data-id=\"cde28b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde2a2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cde2a2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cde2b60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cde2b60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cde2d26\" data-id=\"cde2d26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde2e7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cde2e7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cde2fab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cde2fab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cde313f\" data-id=\"cde313f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde328a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cde328a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cde3357 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cde3357\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cde3504\" data-id=\"cde3504\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde3644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cde3644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Some solutions for socio &#8211; economic development in the current period &#8211; a case study in Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dinh Thi Huyen &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 923-926<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cde3719 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cde3719\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cde38bd\" data-id=\"cde38bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde3a29 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cde3a29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nOnce a province less developed than other localities across the country, but after more than 20 years of development, Binh Phuoc province has had a &#8220;makeover&#8221; in all aspects. A group of experts from Fulbright University Vietnam assessed that Binh Phuoc now has more obvious opportunities than ever before. If it knows how to make good use of it, Binh Phuoc can completely transform from the position of &#8220;development reserve&#8221; into a &#8220;development engine&#8221; of the Southeast region in particular as well as the whole country in general.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 923-926\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51251\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51251<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dinh Thi Huyen<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLy Tu Trong College, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAn Nhien (2021). Binh Phuoc province&#8217;s socio-economy has many bright spots, https:\/\/dangcongsan.vn\/ Kinh-te\/ Kinh-te-xa-hoi-tinh-binh-phuoc-co-nhieu-diem -sang-594014.html\r\n[2]\tBinh Phuoc Provincial Statistical Office (2021). Summarizing the results of some key socio-economic indicators in the first 9 months of 2021 across sectors and fields.\r\n[3]\tBinh Phuoc Provincial Party Committee (2015). Resolution of the 10th Congress, internally circulated.\r\n[4]\tBinh Phuoc Provincial Party Committee (2020). Resolution of the 11th Congress, internally circulated.\r\n[5]\tDinh Trong (2021). Binh Phuoc soon becomes a fast and sustainable industrial province, https:\/\/laodong.vn\/ Kinh-te\/binh-phuoc-som-tro-thanh-tinh-cong-nghiep-phat -trien-fast-ben-vung-877583.ldo\r\n[6]\tGovernment of Vietnam (2021). Resolution 105\/NQ-CP on supporting businesses, cooperatives and business households in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic.\r\n[7]\tMai Quoc Dung (2021). The communist party of Vietnam leads the work of international integration from 1986 to 2021, Review of International Geographical Education Online 11 (10), page. 1751-1758\r\n[8]\tSy Tuyen (2020). Binh Phuoc &#8211; Strategic vision and aspiration to rise, https:\/\/binhphuoc.gov.vn\/en\/news\/tin-noi-bat\/binh-phuoc-tam-nhin-chien-luoc -va-khat-vong-vuon-len-23371.html\r\n[9]\tPrime Minister of Vietnam (2021). Resolution No. 126\/NQ-CP loosening conditions for receiving Covid support.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dinh Thi Huyen ,  &#8220;Some solutions for socio &#8211; economic development in the current period &#8211; a case study in Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.923-926 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51251<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/923-926.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/some-solutions-for-socio-economic-development-in-the-current-period-a-case-study-in-binh-phuoc-province-vietnam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Some solutions for socio &#8211; economic development in the current period &#8211; a case study in Binh Phuoc province, Vietnam<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cde49b0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cde49b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cde4aac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cde4aac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cded2c0\" data-id=\"cded2c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cded476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cded476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cded545 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cded545\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cded6cd\" data-id=\"cded6cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cded7e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cded7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cded899 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cded899\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cded9fa\" data-id=\"cded9fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdedb15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdedb15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdedbb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdedbb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdedd0a\" data-id=\"cdedd0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdede25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdede25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdedecb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdedecb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdee00d\" data-id=\"cdee00d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdee120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdee120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdee1c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdee1c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdee314\" data-id=\"cdee314\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdee425 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdee425\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdee4c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdee4c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdee634\" data-id=\"cdee634\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdee748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdee748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Human Rights and Legal Needs of Adults Living With HIV\/AIDS in Jos North Central Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ewu, GA, Nwankwo BB- December 2021- Page No.: 927-932<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdee7e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdee7e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdee9a3\" data-id=\"cdee9a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdeeaea elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"cdeeaea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nNigeria has the second largest HIV epidemic in the world and with it, a growing list of HIV related human rights and legal needs. \r\nThis hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was carried out to assess the human right and legal needs of adult people living with HIV\/AIDS in Jos North Central Nigeria.\r\nA total of 390 respondents 62% of which are females were interviewed. The mean age was 33.4 + 7.7 years. About 50% were diagnosed at least a year before the study and 78.8% have at least secondary school education. Stigma and discrimination was reported in the workplace (13.6%) and family (8.5%) resulting in sack (5.1%) and separation from spouse (1.5%). Over 89% do not have a written will and about 35% are not aware they cannot be sacked on the basis of their HIV status. About 40% reported that they need legal advice\/services while over 19% desire to participate in HIV related service delivery. The need for legal services was more among those with at least secondary school education (44.25%).\r\nHIV\/AIDS related human rights and legal needs exist in various settings. Services are therefore needed that address these needsin health facilities, in communities and in the work places.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 927-932\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ewu, GA<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwankwo BB<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tNACA (2017) \u2018National Strategic Framework on HIV and AIDS: 2017 -2021\u2019 [pdf]\r\n[2]\tAvert: HIV AND AIDS IN NIGERIA https:\/\/www.avert.org\/professionals\/hiv-around-world\/sub-saharan-africa\/nigeria.\r\n[3]\tDavid Patterson &#038; Leslie London. International law, human rights and HIV\/AIDS. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002; 80:964-969.\r\n[4]\tUNAIDS. Human rights and the law. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2014\/2014unaidsguidancenote_humanrightsandthelaw_en\r\n[5]\tAyres JRM, Paiva V, Franca I, Gravato N et al (2006). Multisectoral responses to HIV\/AIDS: Vulnerability, Human rights and comprehensive healthcare needs of young people living with HIV\/AIDS. Am J Public Health. 96:1001-1006.\r\n[6]\tJones P, Zuberi F.A (2005). A long way from here to there: Human right approaches to HIV\/AIDS in a local setting.  HIV\/AIDS Policy Law Review; 10(1):14-9.\r\n[7]\tYusuf N.K. (1998).  Bioethical and legal issues in relation to HIV\/AIDS: the Uganda experience. Med Law; 17(4):619-24.\r\n[8]\tUNDP (2013). Legal protections against HIV-related human rights violations: Experiences and lessons learned from national HIV laws in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, UNDP\r\n[9]\tTuran B, Budhwani H, Fazeli PL, Browning WR, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, Turan JM. AIDS Behav. 2017 Jan; 21(1): 283\u2013291. doi: 10.1007\/s10461-016-1451-5.\r\n[10]\tUSAID: Working Report Measuring HIV stigma: Results of a Field Test in Tanzania. USAID 2005, Washington DC, http:\/\/www.icrw.org\/publications\/measuring-hiv-stigma.\r\n[11]\tFamoroti TO, Fernandes L, Chima SC. Stigmatization of people living with HIV\/AIDS by healthcare workers at a tertiary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional descriptive study. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6939-14-S1-S6.\r\n[12]\tFederal Government of Nigeria. NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV\/AIDS October 2009. From https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/&#8212;ed_protect\/&#8212;protrav\/&#8212;ilo_aids\/documents\/legaldocument\/wcms_127570.pdf pg 37. Accessed on 18\/10\/2021\r\n[13]\tNational Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. 2014. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF International.\r\n[14]\tNational Bureau for Statistics and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF). 2018 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Final Report. Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund.\r\n[15]\tNational Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) 2018.  National Hiv\/Aids Epidemiology and Impact Analysis (NHEIA) 2014 Report\r\n[16]\tNational Action Committee on AIDS [Nigeria] (2006), Nigeria HIV\/AIDS Country Report: 2005.\r\n[17]\tUNAIDS (2005), AIDS Epidemic update.  UNAIDS information center Geneva. Pg. 28-30\r\n[18]\tNational Population commission [Nigeria] (2000). Nigeria Demographic Health Survey 1999.  Calverton Maryland: National Population Commission and ORC\/Macro.\r\n[19]\tFMOH (2004). Technical Report 2003 National HIV Seroprevalence sentinel survey.  P 20                         \r\n[20]\tOlayinka B.A, Osho A.A (1995).  Change in attitude, Sexual   behaviour and risk of HIV\/AIDS transmission in South West Nigeria.  East African Medical Journal Vol. 74. No.9, 554-555.\r\n[21]\tReis C. Heisler M, Amowity LL et al (2005).  Discriminatory Attitudes and practices by Health workers toward patients with HIV\/AIDS in Nigeria.  Plos Med 2005 August; 2(8):e 246.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ewu, GA, Nwankwo BB,  &#8220;Human Rights and Legal Needs of Adults Living With HIV\/AIDS in Jos North Central Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.927-932 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/927-932.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/927-932.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/human-rights-and-legal-needs-of-adults-living-with-hiv-aids-in-jos-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Human Rights and Legal Needs of Adults Living With HIV\/AIDS in Jos North Central Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdefc2f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cdefc2f\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdf01ea\" data-id=\"cdf01ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdf02ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdf02ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdf03a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdf03a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdf04ef\" data-id=\"cdf04ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdf060c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdf060c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdf06ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdf06ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce06f1b\" data-id=\"ce06f1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce070eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce070eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce071c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce071c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce07361\" data-id=\"ce07361\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce07489 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce07489\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce07582 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce07582\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce076ef\" data-id=\"ce076ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce07836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce07836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce078f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce078f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce07a88\" data-id=\"ce07a88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce07bb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce07bb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial Innovation and Commercial Banks Performance in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Benedict Afful Jr, Prince Kofi Mensah Kuwornu, Joseph Kwasi Asafo   &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 933-940<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce07c5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce07c5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce07dfe\" data-id=\"ce07dfe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce07f59 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce07f59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study sought to investigate the effect of financial innovation on performance of commercial banks in Ghana. The study used balance panel data over the period of 2009-2018from16 registered and licensed commercial banks. Fixed and random effect models were applied to the data. The findings show that financial innovation and the age of a bank have a significantly positive effect on banks financial performance. However, inflation had a negative effect on financial performance. The study also revealed that asset quality and bank size have a negative effect on net interest margin and return on equity. Share of industry deposit and number of branches have a positive effect on net interest margin. Based on these findings, it was recommended that commercial bank management should introduce more cost-effective products or services to improve bank performance. Management of commercial banks should deploy the services of credit reference bureau to foster reduction in impairment allowance hence improvement in financial performance.      \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 933-940\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benedict Afful Jr<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economic Studies, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana\r\nNetwork for Socioeconomic Research and Advancement (NESRA), Accra, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prince Kofi Mensah Kuwornu  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nServices Integrity Savings and Loans Limited, Ghana\r\nInstitute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Kwasi Asafo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economic Studies, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdusei, M. (2015). The impact of bank size and funding risk on bank stability. Cogent Economics &#038; Finance, 3(1), 1111489.\r\n[2]\tAsante, S., Agyapong, D. &#038; Adam, A.M. (2011). Bank competition, stock market and economic growth in Ghana, International Journal of Business Administration, 2 (4) 33\u201341.\r\n[3]\tBeck, T., Demirg\u00fc\u00e7-Kunt, A. &#038; Levine, R. (2007). Finance, inequality and the poor. Journal of economic growth, 12(1), 27-49.\r\n[4]\tCherotich, M. K., Sang, W. &#038;Shisia, A. (2015). Financial innovations and performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom, 3, (5).\r\n[5]\tChioma, D. O., Adanma, E. S. &#038; Clementina, O. N. (2014). Empirical study of the impact of inflation on bank performance: Implication for investment decision making in banking industry in Nigeria. Humanity &#038; Social Sciences Journal, 9(2), 61-71.\r\n[6]\tDomeher, D., Frimpong, J. M., &#038; Appiah, T. (2014). Adoption of financial innovation in the Ghanaian banking industry. African review of Economics and Finance, 6(2), 88-114.\r\n[7]\tEl Chaarani, H.&#038; El Abiad, Z. (2018). The impact of technological innovation on bank performance.. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 23, 1-33\r\n[8]\tFlamini, V., Schumacher, M. L.&#038; McDonald, M. C. A. (2009). The determinants of commercial bank profitability in Sub-Saharan Africa. 9-15.Frame, W. S. &#038; White, J. L. (2002). Empirical Studies of Financial Innovation: Lots of Talk, Little Action? Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 32, 1-30.\r\n[9]\tFrame, W. S., &#038; White, L. J. (2002). Empirical studies of financial innovation: lots of talk,little action?\r\n[10]\tFrimpong, J. M. (2010). Investigating efficiency of Ghana banks: A non-parametric approach\u2019, American Journal of Scientific Research, 7, 64\u201376.\r\n[11]\tGichungu, Z. N.&#038;Oloko, M. A. (2015). Relationship between bank innovations and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(5), 443-4.\r\n[12]\tG\u00fcndo\u011fdu, A.&#038;Ta\u015fkin, F. D. (2017). Analysis of the relationship between financial innovation and the performance of Turkish banking. International Review of Economics and Management, 5(3), 16-32.\r\n[13]\tIm, S., Bayus, B. L. &#038; Mason, C. H. (2003). An empirical study of innate consumer innovativeness. Retrieved from http:\/\/mansci.highwire.org\/content\/15\/5\/215.short.\r\n[14]\tKamau, D. M. &#038;Oluoch, J. (2016). Relationship between financial innovation and commercial bank performance in Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 2(4), 34-47. \r\n[15]\tKennedy, P. (2008). A guide to econometrics. John Wiley &#038; Sons.\r\n[16]\tKhalid, A. C. (2012). The impact of asset quality on profitability of private banks in India: A case study of JK. ICICI, HDFC &#038; YES Banks Journal of African Macroeconomic Review of Accounting Studies, 2(1), 127-143.\r\n[17]\tKonar, Y.&#038; De Jonghe, O. G. (2014). Factors explaining net interest margins and spreads in Turkish banking sector: Evidence from 2002-2013.\r\n[18]\tKosmidou, K. &#038;Zopounidis, C. (2008). Measurement of bank performance in Greece. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 1(1), 79-95.\r\n[19]\tMabrouk, A. &#038;Mamoghli, C. (2010). Dynamic of financial innovation and performance of banking firms: Context of an emerging banking industry. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 5, 2010.\r\n[20]\tMarshall, J. (1999). Building performance machines. US BANKER, 109, 51-61.\r\n[21]\tMusyoka, P. K. (2011). The relationship between branch network spread and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. (Doctoral dissertation).  \r\n[22]\tNgari, J. M. K. &#038;Muiruri, J. K. (2014). Effects of financial innovations on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya.\r\n[23]\tNgumi, P. M. (2014). Effect of bank innovations on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation).\r\n[24]\tNyambariga, H. M. (2013). The effect of financial innovation on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya.(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).\r\n[25]\tPeter-Brown, M. (2017). Effect of financial innovation on the performance of Universal Banks in Ghana (Doctoral dissertation) \r\n[26]\tRogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations, (4th Ed.). New York: Free Press.\r\n[27]\tSchumpeter, J. A. (1928). The instability of capitalism. The economic journal, 38(151), 361-386.\r\n[28]\tSuleymanov, Q., Farzaliyev, M.&#038;Nagiyev, M. (2019). The Effects of Innovations on Bank Performance: The Case of Electronic Banking Services. Recent Trends in Science and Technology Management, 2, 20-29.\r\n[29]\tTarus, D. K., Chekol, Y. B.&#038;Mutwol, M. (2012). Determinants of net interest margins of commercial banks in Kenya: A panel study. Procedia Economics and Finance, 2, 199-208.\r\n[30]\tVithyea, Y. (2014). The linkage between bank net interest margin and non-interest income: The case of the Cambodian Banking industry. \r\n[31]\tWamucii, J. C. (2010). The relationship between inflation and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya.(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).\r\n[32]\tWeber, A., Gerke, R.&#038; Worms, A. (2008). Has the Monetary Transmission Process in the Euro Area Changed? Evidence Based on VAR Estimates, BIS Conference, Luzern, Switzerland.\r\n[33]\tZouari, G.&#038;Abdelmalek, I. (2020). Financial innovation, risk management, and bank performance. Copernican Journal of Finance &#038; Accounting, 9(1), 77\u2013100. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.12775\/ CJFA.2020.004\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Benedict Afful Jr, Prince Kofi Mensah Kuwornu, Joseph KwasiAsafo ,  &#8220;Financial Innovation and Commercial Banks Performance in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.933-940 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/933-940.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/933-940.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-innovation-and-commercial-banks-performance-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Financial Innovation and Commercial Banks Performance in Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0d7ed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce0d7ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce0d8c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce0d8c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce0da66\" data-id=\"ce0da66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0db91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce0db91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce0dc32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce0dc32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce0dd8e\" data-id=\"ce0dd8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0debe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce0debe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce0e29b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce0e29b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce0e3e5\" data-id=\"ce0e3e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0e4f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce0e4f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce0e594 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce0e594\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce0e6f9\" data-id=\"ce0e6f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0e804 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce0e804\" 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0ee56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce0ee56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Maximizing Small Businesses in Nigeria through the Application of Lean Principles<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ajike, Ada Kalu, Ejike, Ifeyinwa Justina, Chukwujama, Ngozi Comfort      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 941-950<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce0eef7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce0eef7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce0f08a\" data-id=\"ce0f08a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce0f1e5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce0f1e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was on Maximizing Small Businesses in Nigeria through the application of Lean Principles with special reference to small sized printing press in Enugu State. The study took a critical look at growth trend among small businesses in terms of their survival strategy, potentials and contributions to industrial development against the backdrop of government intervention programs on small and medium enterprises. The study explored the impact of lean principles in terms of value addition and continuous improvement of work process for the elimination of operational wastes in other to achieve operational efficiency among small businesses in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey design using forty small sized printing businesses in Enugu State. Census sampling method was used. The hypotheses were tested using Pearson\u2019s Moment Correlation Coefficient. The study concluded that wastes reduction principles embedded in lean management are necessary for the efficiency and sustainability of all businesses. The study then recommended that small businesses should apply more diligence in the allocation of operational activities to enhance improvement; that staff of small businesses should be given opportunity to contribute ideas in finding a solution when problems arise and create a platform for knowledge and skill sharing within the workplace. \r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 941-950\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajike, Ada Kalu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ejike, Ifeyinwa Justina<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwujama, Ngozi Comfort<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n   \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAjike, A.K. and Nwakoby, N.P. (2017). Assessing Entrepreneurial Mindset on the Sustainability of Selected SMEs in Nigeria: International Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship Research,  Volume 11, Issue 2, (December, 2017) pages 01 &#8211; 16\r\n[2]\tAdenuga, A.O., Ohuche, F.K., and Ogujiuba, K.K. (2004). Credit Availability to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: Importance of New Capital Base for Banks. Bullion Publication of CBN, 28, pp. 51-68. (No 4)\r\n[3]\tAgbaeze, E.K. (2007). Development of Entrepreneurship: The Nigerian Perspective. Enugu, Precision Publishers Limited.\r\n[4]\tAl-Shaikh F.N. (1998). Factors for small business failure in developing countries. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 6(10): 75-87.\r\n[5]\tBhasin, S. and Burcher, P. (2006) Lean Viewed as a Philosophy. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,  17(1) 56-72.\r\n[6]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria (CBN). In: Annual Report 1997\r\n[7]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria (CBN). In: Annual Report 2006\r\n[8]\tChen, L. and Meng, B. (2008).How to Make 5S as a Culture in Chinese Enterprises. International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering. 3(9) 221-224\r\n[9]\tDe Treville, S., and Antonakis, J. (2006). Could Lean Production Job Design be Intrinsically Motivating? Contextual, Configurational and Levels-of Analysis Issue. Journal of Operations Management, 24(2) 99\u2013123.\r\n[10]\tDjejoamaoh, V.P (1980). Industrialization in Economic Community of West Africa States Heinemann Book, Ibadan\r\n[11]\tDreyer, B., and Gr\u00f8nhaug, K. (2004). Uncertainty, Flexibility, and Sustained Competitive Advantage: Success Factors, Competitive Advantage and Competence Development. Journal of Business Research, 57(5), 484\u2013494\r\n[12]\tEmiliani, M.L. (1998). Continuous Personal Improvement. Journal of Workplace Learning,10, (1) 29\u201338\r\n[13]\tGaskill L.R, Van Auken H.E, Manning R.A (1993). A factor analytic study of the perceived causes of small business failure. Journal of Small Business Management, 31(4): 18-30.\r\n[14]\tGeorge, M. J. (2003). Lean Six Sigma for Service: How to Use Lean Speed and Six Sigma Quality to Improve Services and Transactions (e-book) McGraw-Hill, New York.\r\n[15]\tHenderson, B.A., and Larco, J. L. (2003). Lean Transformation: How to Change your Business into a Lean Enterprise. Virginia: Oaklea Press\r\n[16]\tHines, P. Found, P. Griffiths, G. and Harrison, R. (2008). Staying Lean. Thriving, Not Just Surviving. Lean Enterprise Research Centre, Cardiff University, Wales\r\n[17]\tHolweg, M. (2007). The Genealogy of Lean Production. Journal of Operations Management, 25(6) 420-437.\r\n[18]\tHutt, R.W. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Starting your own business; Ohio, South-West Publishing Co.\r\n[19]\tJordan, J. A., Jr., Michel, F. J. (2001). The Lean Company: Making the Right Choices Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers\r\n[20]\tKannan, V. R., and Tan, K. C. (2005). Just in Time, Total Quality Management, and Supply Chain Management: Understanding Their Linkages and Impact on Business Performance. Omega, 33(2), 153\u2013162\r\n[21]\tKarlsson, C. and \u00c5hlstr\u00f6m, P, (1996). Assessing Changes Towards Lean Production, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 16 (2) 24-41\r\n[22]\tKrafcik, J.F. (1988).Triumph of the Lean Production System. Sloan Management Review, 30 (1) 41-52.\r\n[23]\tLiker, J. K. (2004). The Toyota way: 14 management principles. New York: McGraw-Hill\r\n[24]\tLiker, J.K. and Hoseus, M. (2008). Toyota Culture. The Heart and Soul of the Toyota Way. Mc Graw-Hill, New York.\r\n[25]\tMelton, T. (2005). The Benefits of Lean Manufacturing what Lean Thinking has to Offer the Process Industries. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 83(A6): 662\u2013673.\r\n[26]\tMil\u00e9 (2013). The effects of Continuous Improvement and Innovation Management Practice on Small to Medium Enterprise (SME) Performance,\r\n[27]\tPiercy, N. and Rich, N. (2009). High Quality and Low Cost: the Lean Service Centre. European Journal of Marketing, 43(11\/12), 1477-1497.\r\n[28]\tOECD (2005). OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2005, Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.\r\n[29]\tOlorunsola, J.A. (2001). Industrial Financing in Nigeria: A Review of Institutional Arrangement. CBN Economic and Financial Review, 39, pp. 40-72 (Vol.1).\r\n[30]\tOseafiana, O. J; Ajike, A.K and Esedebe, J.E. (2017). Assessing the Contribution of National Directorate of Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Delta State. International Journal of Business Systems and Economics; Volume 11, Issue 2, (October, 2017) pages 54 \u2013 68.\r\n[31]\tOtaru, J. (2008) The Relationship between Commercial Banks Lending Rate and the Growth of Small and Medium scale Industries in Nigeria. An Unpublished Undergraduate Project.Zaria; Department of Economics Ahamadu Bello University.\r\n[32]\tSarkar, D. (2009). Challenges of Service Lean Implementation. Six Sigma IQ,http:\/\/www.sixsigmaiq.com\/columnarticle.cfm?externalid=681&#038;columnid=15[Retrieved 2010-10-05]\r\n[33]\tSekine K., Arai K., (1998). TPM for the Lean Factory: Innovative Methods and Worksheets for Equipment Management, Productivity Press, Portland\r\n[34]\tShah, R., and Ward, P.T. (2007). Defining and Developing Measures of Lean Production. Journal of Operations Management, 25,(4) 785-805\r\n[35]\tSmall and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN)(2013). National Policy on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Federal Republic of Nigeria, SMEDAN, Abuja, Nigeria, January, 2007.\r\n[36]\tSoludo , C.C .(2005). Base Line Economic Survey of Small and Medium Scale Industries in Nigeria. Proceedings of A Seminar Organized by CBN held at the Muson Center,Lagos, Sept. 13th 2005.\r\n[37]\tSohal, A. S., and Egglestone, A. (1994). Lean Production: Experience among Australian Organizations. International Journal of Operations &#038; Production Management, 14(11),35.\r\n[38]\tTimberg, T (2000). Strategy of Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in a New Economic Environment. Paper presented at the Conference on The Indonesian Economic Recovery in Changing Environment, held by the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia, Jarkata, October, 4-5, 2000.\r\n[39]\tWomack, J. P., Jones, D. T., and  Roos, D. (1991). The Machine that Changed the World. New York, NY: Rawson Associates,\r\n[40]\tWorld Bank (1995). Advancing Social Development. Washington D.C The International Bank for Reconstruction and development. World Economic Forum In: Global Competitive Report 2008-2009\r\n[41]\tWorley, M. J. and Doolen, L. T. (2006). The Role of Communication and Management Support in a Lean manufacturing Implementation. Management Decision, 44(2),228-245.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ajike, Ada Kalu, Ejike, Ifeyinwa Justina, Chukwujama, Ngozi Comfort     &#8220;Maximizing Small Businesses in Nigeria through the Application of Lean Principles&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.941-950 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/941-950.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/941-950.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/maximizing-small-business-in-nigeria-through-the-application-of-lean-principles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Maximizing Small Businesses in Nigeria through the Application of Lean Principles<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce164d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce164d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce165c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce165c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1675d\" data-id=\"ce1675d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce16889 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce16889\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce16933 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce16933\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce16aa3\" data-id=\"ce16aa3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce16bc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce16bc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce16c68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce16c68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce16dcb\" data-id=\"ce16dcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1838e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce1838e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce184c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce184c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce18688\" data-id=\"ce18688\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce187b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce187b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce18862 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce18862\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce189d4\" data-id=\"ce189d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce18af7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce18af7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce18b9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce18b9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce18cf6\" data-id=\"ce18cf6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce18e26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce18e26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce18ecf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce18ecf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1903c\" data-id=\"ce1903c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce19160 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce19160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Linguistics Analysis on Sentence Patterns between Arabic and Tamil Languages<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>MHA. Munas &#038; MS. Zunoomy &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 951-955<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce19211 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce19211\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1938d\" data-id=\"ce1938d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce194bf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce194bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis research focuses on studying differences in sentence pattern between Arabic and Tamil languages by exposing similarities and dissimilarities between them. Descriptive contrastive methodology is used by secondary data. It finds that there are more dissimilarities rather than similarities in gender, numeral, tense, pronouns, kinds of pronouns, adjectives, genitive and articles. This research will help learners of Arabic language as a foreign language though they are Tamil language speakers, translators and students from the field of linguistics and translation to know sentence pattern between these two languages in the best way. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 951-955\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>MHA. Munas <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arabic Language, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>MHA. Munas <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arabic Language, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tHusham et al.  (2017). the use of conjunctions in Arabic language among the learners as a second language at the university level: first year students from South Eastern University of Sri Lanka as a sample. South Eastern University of Sri Lanka: Arts Research Session.\r\n[2]\tMuslih, Hussam. (2016). Nizhamul Jumal fil lugataini: al-Arabiyya wa al-Injleeziyya. home world. Retrieved on link: https:\/\/pulpit.alwatanvoice.com.\r\n[3]\tHalima, Sultana. (2019). Ta;rif \u2018alal lugatit Tamiliyya. Retrieved From https: \/\/ www.noon-ds.com. \r\n[4]\tAbdh, Abdullah.  (2017). A contrast study between Arabic and Hausa among pronouns.  Master\u2019s Thesis, Arts in Arabic Language, specialization in Linguistics.  University of Gezira: College of Education Hantoub &#8211; Department of Arabic Language and Islamic Studies.\r\n[5]\tShathifa bint Mohammed Cassim. (2014). Dhirasa Taqabuliyya bainal lugataini Al-Arabiyya wa At-Tamiliyya \u2018ala mustawal aswaat ma\u2019a tasmeemi rumuzin istilahiyya fil lugatil Tamiliyya lil aswatil Arabiyya. Master&#8217;s Thesis.  Department of Arabic Language and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya: Sri Lanka.\r\n[6]\tAl-Suhaibani, Suleiman bin Omar. (2015). Asmaaul Ishara fil Arabiyya wal English: Dhirasa Taqabuliyya. Arab Science Journal. Deanship of Scientific Research. Retrieved from www.imamu.edu.sa\r\n[7]\tSaleh, Nasser. (2013).  Al-Jumla Arabiyya wa al-Jumla al-Injileeziyya \u2013 Dirasa Taqabuliyya. The Journal of Education and Science, 20(3).\r\n[8]\tAyoob Ali Qassem. (1985). Dirasa Taqabuliyya \u2018anil lugataini al-Arabiyya wa al-Tamiliyya \u2018ala al-mustawa al-jumal al-su\u2019gra. Unpublished Master&#8217;s thesis at Khartoum University.\r\n[9]\tNuhman, M. A. (2006). Adippadai Tamil Ilakkanam. Colombo: Poobalasinga Puththahasaalai. \r\n[10]\tKarunakaran, k. (2000). Simplified Grammar of Tamil. Chennai: Suvita Publishers.\r\n[11]\tSivanana Sundaram, I.K. (2004). Tamil Ilakkiya Ilakkanap Pezhai. Colombo: Thenral Publication.\r\n[12]\tSiththarthan, Singapore. (2003). Ilahu Tamilil Inikkum Tamil Ilakkanam. Chennai: Narmatha Publisher\r\n[13]\tPansaadsaram, S. V. (2002). Tamil Ilakkanap Poonga. Inuval North: Ponneluththup Pathippaham.\r\n[14]\tAyoob Ali Qassem. (1985). Dirasa Taqabuliyya \u2018anil lugataini al-Arabiyya wa al-Tamiliyya \u2018ala al-mustawa al-jumal al-su\u2019gra. Unpublished Master&#8217;s thesis at Khartoum University.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">MHA. Munas &#038; MS. Zunoomy ,  &#8220;Linguistics Analysis on Sentence Patterns between Arabic and Tamil Languages&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.951-955 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/951-955.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/951-955.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/linguistics-analysis-on-sentence-patterns-between-arabic-and-tamil-languages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Linguistics Analysis on Sentence Patterns between Arabic and Tamil Languages<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1a7a3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce1a7a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce1a896 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce1a896\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1ac2e\" data-id=\"ce1ac2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1aecc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce1aecc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce1b07d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce1b07d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1b221\" data-id=\"ce1b221\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1b344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce1b344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce1b62b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce1b62b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1b7c2\" data-id=\"ce1b7c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c192\" data-id=\"ce1c192\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c2a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce1c2a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c349 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce1c349\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c4bf\" data-id=\"ce1c4bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce1c5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Diversity, Abundance, Uniform and Dominance of Plantones in the Batu Bumbun Reservat Kutai Kartanegara Regency<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sus Trimurti, Lariman- December 2021- Page No.: 956-962<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c681 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce1c681\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c803\" data-id=\"ce1c803\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1c94a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce1c94a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe research activity on the Diversity, Abundance, Uniformity, and Dominance of Plankton in the Batu Bumbun Reservat aims to determine the potential of plankton as natural food for fish in a waters that serves as a fishery reserve. Batu Bumbun Reservation is a freshwater reserve that is used as a fishery reserve, located in Muara Muntai District which borders on the bay (Ulak Banda), namely from Muara Tawar, Sungai Tawar and its surroundings to Lake Batu Bumbun, from Muara Sungai Muntai, Labak Beto to Tanjung Kemujan, Keluang river and its surroundings. The total area of the location is about 450 Ha. The methodology used is the survey method. Research activities are carried out from February to April 2021 for sampling and analysis in the laboratory. Water environment data includes data on physical, chemical and biological parameters. Physical parameters measured are: temperature, brightness, and depth. Chemical parameters to be taken are: pH, DO, and Alkalinity. The biological parameter to be taken is plankton. The results of the research on Plankton found in the Batu Bumbun reserve are 64 species which are divided into 10 classes consisting of 6 classes of phytoplankton, namely: Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenaceae, Myxophyceae and Xanthophyceae and 4 classes of zoo plankton, namely: Crustacea, Ciliata, Lobosa and Monogononta. The total value of plankton abundance obtained during the study at station 1 was 56,852 individuals\/liter, station 2 was 38,552 individuals\/liter and station 3 was 54,107 individuals\/liter. The highest diversity index value (H&#8217;) is found at station 1 of 3.4376 and the lowest diversity index value (H&#8217;) is at station 2 of 2.8585. The range of diversity index (H&#8217;) at 3 stations ranged from 2.8585 to 3.4376 which was classified as good and stable diversity. The highest uniformity index value (E) is at station 3 of 0.9152 and the lowest uniformity value (E) is at station 2 of 0.7916. The range of the uniformity index (E) at the 3 stations ranged from 0.7916 to 0.9152 so that at the 3 stations the distribution of individuals was fairly even at each station. The value of the dominance index (D&#8217;) at the 3 stations ranged from 0.0399 to 0.1100 which indicated that the number of individuals for each species was almost the same and that there were no species that dominated other species or in other words the community structure was in a stable condition.This condition is very important considering Batu Bumbun is a fishery reserve that must provide fish as an economic source for the surrounding community and as a source of food for protected mammals, namely the Mahakam Pesut (Orcaellabrevirostris).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 956-962\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51252\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51252<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sus Trimurti<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Jl. Barong Tongkok No.4 Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, East Kalimantan\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lariman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Jl. Barong Tongkok No.4 Gunung Kelua, Samarinda, East Kalimantan\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAmbarwati, D. (2014). Identification of Phytoplankton from Nadra Krenceng Reservoir Waters, Cilegon City, Banten. Journal of Fisheries and Marine Affairs. Vol.4 No. 4, 283-291.\r\n[2]\tAPHA. 2005. Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastewater. APHA Inc., New York. 1134 p.\r\n[3]\tAthirah, A. 2012. Study of the Diversity of Phytiplankton in the Melai Sea, TasikChini Pahang. http:\/\/www.ukm.my\/ahmad\/thesispelajar\/fitomelai.htm Accessed November 2, 2012.\r\n[4]\tBarus, T. (2004). Introduction to Limnology Study on Mainland Water Ecosystems. Medan: USU Press.\r\n[5]\tBasmi, H. (2000). Plankton as an indicator of water quality. Bogor: Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB.\r\n[6]\tBayurini, D. H. 2006. The Relationship Between Phytoplankton Primary Productivity and Fish Distribution in the Ecosystem of RawaPeningka Waters, Semarang Regency. Undergraduate Thesis of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department of Biology, Semarang State University\r\n[7]\tBoyd, Claude. E. 1979. Water Quality in Warmwater Fish Pond. First Printing. Auburn University Agriculture Experiment Station, Alabama. USA. 9 p.\r\n[8]\tBoyd, C.E. 1990. Water quality in warmwater fishponds. Auburn University, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture. First Edition, Alabama. USA 359p.\r\n[9]\tEdmonsons, W.T. 1959. Fresh Water Biology, Second edition. Professor of Zoology. Seattle: University of Washington.\r\n[10]\tEffendi, H. (2003). Study of Water Quality for Management of Aquatic Resources and Environment. Yogyakarta: PT. Canisius.\r\n[11]\tFachrul, F. (2007). Biotechnology Sampling Method. Jakarta: Earth Literacy.\r\n[12]\tFadhilatin, N. S. (2016). Diversity of Zooplankton in Pepe River Waters, Bengawan Solo River in Central Java. Surakarta: UMS Press.\r\n[13]\tFardiaz, S. 1992. Water and Air Pollution. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.\r\n[14]\tHandayani, p. P. (2005). Zooplankton Community in Krenceng Reservoir Waters. Makara Sains, 75-80.\r\n[15]\tHutabarat, S. and S. M. Evans. 1984. Key to Zooplankton Identification. Jakarta: University of Indonesia (UI Press).\r\n[16]\tLiinuga, D. (2008). Identification of Zooplankton in the waters of Bunaken Island, Manado. Journal of MIPA UNSRAT ONLINE 3,2, , 84-86.\r\n[17]\tLind, O. (1979). Handbook Of Common Methods in Limnology (2 edition). Kendal: Hunt Publishing Company Dubuque, Iowa.\r\n[18]\tMann, K.H &#038; J.R.N. Lazier. 1981. Dynamics of marine ecosystem. Biological Physical Interactions in the Ocean. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Boston.345p.\r\n[19]\tNontji, A. (2008). Marine Plankton. Jakarta: LIPI Press.\r\n[20]\tSagala, P. E. (2012). Comparison of the Diversity Index and the Saprobic Plankton Index to Assess the Water Quality of Lake Toba, North Sumatra Province. Bandung: SEMNAS Limnology VI LIPI.\r\n[21]\tTebbut, T.H.Y. 1992. Principles of Water Quality Control. Fourth Edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 251 p.\r\n[22]\tTjakrawidjaya, A.H., Haryono and Wahyodewantoro, G. 2009. Diversity of freshwater fish in the Mahakam Watershed, East Kalimantan. LIPI Research and Engineering Intensive Program Travel Report. LIPI Biology Research Center. Unpublished\r\n[23]\tWelch, P.S. 1952. Limnology. 2nd, Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York (XI): 538pp. Welcome. R. L. 1983. River Basin. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): Rome.\r\n[24]\tWilhelm, J.L. 1975. Biological indicators of pollution, in Whitton (ed), 1975. River Ecology, Blackwell scientific Publication, London: 375-402.\r\n[25]\tWilhelm, J.L. &#038; T.C. Doris. 1968. Biological parameters for water quality criteria. Bioscience.Vol. 18:447-480.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sus Trimurti, Lariman,  &#8220;Diversity, Abundance, Uniform and Dominance of Plantones in the Batu Bumbun Reservat Kutai Kartanegara Regency&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.956-962 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51252<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/diversity-abundance-uniform-and-dominance-of-plantones-in-the-batu-bumbun-reservat-kutai-kartanegara-regency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Diversity, Abundance, Uniform and Dominance of Plantones in the Batu Bumbun Reservat Kutai Kartanegara Regency<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce21417 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce21417\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce21a62\" data-id=\"ce21a62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce21be8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce21be8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce21ca3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce21ca3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce21f64\" data-id=\"ce21f64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce220b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce220b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce2217e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce2217e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce222f0\" data-id=\"ce222f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce22402 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce22402\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce224a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce224a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce22609\" data-id=\"ce22609\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce22850 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce22850\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce22925 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce22925\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce22a94\" data-id=\"ce22a94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce22ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce22ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce22d5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce22d5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce23099\" data-id=\"ce23099\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce2821f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce2821f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce283ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce283ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce285b0\" data-id=\"ce285b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce286e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce286e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Employee Recognition on Performance of Organization: A Case of Meru Water and Sewerage Services<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Betty Karwitha Mwiraria, Dr Appolonius S Kembu, PhD   &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 963-967<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce28793 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce28793\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce2892d\" data-id=\"ce2892d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce28a65 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce28a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Employee recognition is critical in all firms in Kenya, especially those that are growing. This is due to the fact that staff turnover is high, as workers look for better opportunities elsewhere with higher pay and benefits, or as employees are headhunted by competitors. With this in mind therefore that this study will investigate effect of employee recognition on performance of organizations. The objective of the study was; to determine the influence of recognition of employees on performance of organization. Using Herzberg&#8217;s two-factor theory as its foundation, the study used a descriptive research methodology with a target sample of 150 workers from Meru Water and Sewerage Services. The major data collecting tools were questionnaires, which were validated and reliable via a pilot study. A regression model was used to establish the link between research variables and organizational performance, and the results were presented in a table. Results of the study revealed that recognition had a positive and significant impact on the performance of the organization, as indicated by the t-values of (t=2.817, p0.05), on the organization&#8217;s performance. According to the findings of the research, acknowledgment is critical in improving employee performance, which in turn improves the performance of the firm. In addition, the researchers discovered that workers&#8217; performance would improve if they are properly and promptly rewarded for their efforts. According to the findings of the study, MEWASS management should make every effort to provide recognition that will attract, retain, and encourage its employees in order to assist them in working in a conducive environment that will improve organizational performance.  \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 963-967\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51253\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51253<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Betty Karwitha Mwiraria<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasters of Business Administration, Mount Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Appolonius S Kembu, PhD  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer School of Business and Economics, Mount Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAllen, D. G., Renn, R., &#038; Griffeth, R. W. (2003). Generational contrasts, indicators and fulfillment results. Human resource management and personnel science research.\r\n[2]\tBoyens, M. (2007). Hierarchical socialization, vocation yearnings and turnover Intentions among configuration engineers. Authority and Organization Development Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited\r\n[3]\tBreaugh, J. A., &#038; Starke, M. (2000). Research on employee recruitment: So many studies, so many remaining questions. Journal of management, 26(3), 405-434.\r\n[4]\tBreaugh, J. A., and Frye, N. K. (2008). Work-family struggle: The significance of family-accommodating business practices and family strong directors.\r\n[5]\tHarris, J. (2000). Finding and keeping incredible representatives.&#8221; Strategies for endurance in battle of ability \r\n[6]\tHerzberg, G., &#038; Howe, L. L. (1959). The Lyman bands of molecular hydrogen. Canadian Journal of Physics, 37(5), 636-659.\r\n[7]\tHorton, S. (2007). Presentation the skill based development: Its starting points and effect on the\tpublic area. \r\n[8]\tMing, F. (2008) Work-family struggle and work-family collaboration for age X, people born after WW2 and develops: Generational contrasts, indicators and fulfillment results.\r\n[9]\tMitchell, T.R., and Erez, M. (2001). Why individuals stay: Using position embeddedness to anticipate deliberate turnover. Institute of Management.\r\n[10]\tNdungu .D.N (2017). Work-family struggle and work-family collaboration for age X, people born after WW2 and develops: Generational contrasts, indicators and fulfillment results.\r\n[11]\tNyanjom .C.R (2013). Drivers of balance between fun and serious activities: An empirical examination dependent on information from CAC GO Company. College of France: Unpublished Masters of Human Resource Management Thesis.\r\n[12]\tOngori, H. (2009). Overseeing in the background: A view point on worker strengthening. African Journal of Business Management.\r\n[13]\tOrodho, A. J. (2009). Elements of Education and Social Science Research Methods: Maseno. Kenya: Kanezja Publishers.\r\n[14]\tRobbins, S.P. (2003). Authoritative Behavior: Concepts, Controversies and Applications.8th Edition. London: Prentice Hall.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Betty Karwitha Mwiraria, Dr Appolonius S Kembu, PhD,  &#8220;Assessment of Employee Recognition on Performance of Organization: A Case of Meru Water and Sewerage Services&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.963-967 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51253<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/963-967.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-employee-recognition-on-performance-of-organization-a-case-of-meru-water-and-sewerage-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of Employee Recognition on Performance of Organization: A Case of Meru Water and Sewerage Services<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce298b2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-element-ce2a2fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce2a2fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce2a461\" data-id=\"ce2a461\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce2a56a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce2a56a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce2a610 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce2a610\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce2a75b\" data-id=\"ce2a75b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce2a86c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce2a86c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce2a90a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce2a90a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce2aa57\" data-id=\"ce2aa57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce447d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce447d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce448f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce448f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce44ac8\" data-id=\"ce44ac8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce44c07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce44c07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is Agricultural Sustainability Positively Related with Technical Efficiency? A Case of Paddy-Cattle Integration Farming Systems, Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>S.P. Dissanayake, L.H.P. Gunaratne, T. Sivananthawerl, and G.A.S Ginigaddara      &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 968-976<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce44cb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce44cb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce44e4d\" data-id=\"ce44e4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce44f8b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce44f8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Paddy-cattle integration farming system is one of the dominated farming systems in the dry zone, Sri Lanka where a reciprocal relationship is reinforced through the integration of paddy farming system with cattle. Particularly, these farming systems are subjected to high risk and uncertainty which resulted in poor productivity and less sustainability. Hence, this study attempted to measure the relationship between sustainability and technical efficiency in paddy-cattle integrated farming systems. The study employed a survey instrument to gather data from 300 randomly selected paddy-cattle integrated farmers in the Anuradhapura district. Sustainable Livelihood Security Index was computed using 11 variables representing economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Principle Component Analysis and linear weighted scores were occupied to develop the Sustainable Livelihood Security Index using normalized variables. Stochastic Frontier Analysis measured the technical efficiency of these farming systems. The correlation coefficient was measured between technical efficiency and sustainability level of the farming systems. According to Sustainable Livelihood Security Index values, 11% of the respondents were sustainable while 14% and 68% were moderately sustainable and vulnerable respectively. The average technical efficiency was 83%, implying that paddy-cattle integrated farmers have the potential to increase productivity by 17%. Net swan area (P<0.05), number of milking cattle reared (P<0.01), amount of organic fertilizer used (P< 0.01), and family labor (P< 0.05) showed a significant impact on the productivity. Age (P<0.1), gender (P< 0.05), household size (P< 0.1), farming experience (P< 0.1), education level (P< 0.1), access to credit (P< 0.1), and off-farm income (P< 0.1) significantly influenced the efficiency. A positive correlation was found between technical efficiency and level of sustainability. Thus, policymakers should consider the improvements in technical efficiency while considering the socio-economic variables to ensure the sustainability of these farming systems. \r\n   <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 968-976\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 January 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S.P. Dissanayake<\/strong>\r\nPostgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>L.H.P. Gunaratne<\/strong>\r\nPostgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>T. Sivananthawerl<\/strong>\r\nPostgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.A.S Ginigaddara<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n   \r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tFood and Agriculture Oraganization (1990). Farming System and poverty. Analysis of Farming System. Available from: \/\/http:\/\/www.fao.org\/farmingsystems\/ description_en.htm [Accessed 10 September 2018]\r\n[2]\tDe Koeijer, T., Wossink, G., Struik, P., and Renkema, J., (2002). Measuring agricultural sustainability in terms of efficiency: the case of Dutch sugar beet growers. Journal of Environmental Management, 66(1): pp.9-17.\r\n[3]\tSustainable Development Solution Network (2013). An Action Agenda for Sustainable Development, Available at; https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/broaderprogress\/pdf\/130613-SDSN-An-Action-Agenda-for-Sustainable-Development-FINAL.pdf, [Accessed 10 January 2021]. \r\n[4]\tLatruffe, L., Diazabakana, A., Bockstaller, C., Desjeux, Y., Finn, J., Kelly, E., Ryan, M., and Uthes S., (2016). Measurement of sustainability in agriculture: A review of indicators. Stud. Agric. Econom., 118, pp &#8211; 123\u2013130. \r\n[5]\tAlem, H., (2020). Performance of the Norwegian dairy farms: A dynamic stochastic approach. Res. Econom., 74, pp &#8211; 263\u2013271. \r\n[6]\tPacini, C., Wossink, A., Giesen, G., Vazzana, C., Huirne, R., (2003). Evaluation of sustainability of organic, integrated and conventional farming systems: A farm and field-scale analysis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 95, 273\u2013288.\r\n[7]\tSadok, W., Angevin, F., Bergez, J.E., Bockstaller, C., Colomb, B., Guichard, L., Dor\u00e9, T. (2008). Ex ante assessment of the sustainability of alternative cropping systems: Implications for using multi-criteria decision-aid methods. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 28, pp &#8211; 163\u2013174. \r\n[8]\tPannell, D. J., and Glenn, N. A., (2000). A framework for the economic evaluation and selection of sustainability indicators in agriculture. Ecological Economics. 33, pp &#8211; 135-149.\r\n[9]\tSmyth, S. and Dumanski, J. (1993). FESLM: An international framework for evaluating sustainable land management. World Soil Resources Reports 73, FAO (Land and Water Development Division).\r\n[10]\tDe Koeijer, T. J., Wossink, G. A. A., Van Ittersum, M. K., Struik, P. C. and Renkema, J. A. (1999). A conceptual model for analysing input-output coefficients in arable farming systems: from diagnosis towards design. Agricultural Systems 61, 33 &#8211; 44.\r\n[11]\tBrejda, J.J., Karlen, D.L., Smith, J.L., Allan, D.L. (2000), Identification of Regional Soil Quality Factors and Indicators: II. \r\n[12]\tViswanatha Reddy Krishna, Venkatesh Paramesh, Vadivel Arunachalam, Bappa Das, Hosam O. Elansary, Arjun Parab, DendiDamodar Reddy, K. S. Shashidhar, Diaa O. El-Ansary, Eman A. Mahmoud and El-Sheikh (2020), Assessment of Sustainability and Priorities for Development of Indian West Coast Region: An Application of Sustainable Livelihood Security Indicators, Sustainability, 12, 8716; doi:10.3390\/su12208716.\r\n[13]\tAigner, D. J., Lovell, C.A.K and Schmidt, P. (1977). Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Production Function Models. Journal of Econometrics, 21-38.\r\n[14]\tCobb, C., and Douglas, P. (1928). A Theory of Production, the American Economic Review, 18, Supplement, pp 139-72.\r\n[15]\tSariubang, M., (2010). The Farming Integration System of Bali Cattle Breeding with Rice Plants in Rice Fields, Agrisistem Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 36-41.\r\n[16]\tTarmizi, H.B., and Saparuddin, (2012). The Influence of the Integration System of Rice and cattle (SIPT) on Increasing Farmers&#8217; Income Impacts on Regional Development, Economist Journal, 15(4), pp. 163- 172. \r\n[17]\tMagsakay, ER., Jimenez NG and Dadios EP., (2014). Sustainable Rice-Cattle Integrated Farming System for Small Landholders in the Province of Bulacan, International Conference on Food and Agricultural Sciences, 2014, pp. 21-25, DOI: 10.7763\/IPCBEE. 2014. V77.5.\r\n[18]\tTalukder, B., Saifuzzaman, M., and van Loon, G.W. (2015), Sustainability of agricultural systems in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Renew. Agric. Food Syst., 31, pp. 148\u2013165.\r\n[19]\tFumagalli, M., Acutis, M., Mazzetto, F., Vidotto, F., Sali, G., and Bechini, L. (2011), An analysis of agricultural sustainability of cropping systems in arable and dairy farms in an intensively cultivated plain. Eur. J. Agron., 34, pp. 71\u201382. \r\n[20]\tKajenthini A., and Thayaparan, A., (2017). Impact of Microfinance Loans on Paddy. 17(4).\r\n[21]\tBhavan, T., Maheswaranathan, S. (2014). Technical efficiency of paddy farmers in Batticaloa district of Sri Lanka.\r\n[22]\tGunaratne, R. U. M. S., and Thiruchelvam, S., (2002). Comparative Study on Technical Efficiency of Paddy Production Under Major and Minor Irrigation Schemes in Anuradhapura District. 14, pp. 341\u2013350.\r\n[23]\tAdebayo E F., (2007). Analyzing the technical efficiency of rubber tapping in Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences (Pakistan). Vol.  3 (4). pp. 140-142.\r\n[24]\tKitila, G.M., and Alemu, B. A., (2014). Analysis of technical efficiency of small holder maize growing farmers of HoroGuduruWollega Zone, Ethiopia: A stochastic frontier approach. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal. 3, pp &#8211; 204-212.\r\n[25]\tGelaw, F., and Emana, B., (2008). Analysis of technical efficiency of wheat production: A Study in Machakel Woreda, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 7, pp &#8211; 1-15.\r\n[26]\tYilmaz, H., Gelaw, F., and Speelman, S. (2020). Analysis of technical efficiency in milk production: a cross-sectional study on Turkish dairy farming. RevistaBrasileira de Zootecnia49:e20180308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37496\/rbz4920180308.\r\n[27]\tBinici, T., Demircan, V., and Zulauf, C.R., (2006). Assessing production efficiency of dairy farms in Burdur Province, Turkey. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. 107, pp &#8211; 1-10.\r\n[28]\tIdiong, I.C., (2007). Estimation of farm level technical efficiency in smallscale swamp rice production in Cross River State of Nigeria: A stochastic frontier approach. 3(5), pp &#8211; 653\u2013658.\r\n[29]\tAkram, W., Hussain, Z., Ahamad, N., and Hussain, I., (2013). Does agriculture credit affect production efficiency? Frontier production function approach. 51(2), pp &#8211; 179-190.\r\n[30]\tUdayanganie, A.D.D., Prasada, D.V.P., Kodithuwakku. K.A.S.S., Weerahewa, J., and Little, D.C., (2006). Efficiency of the agrochemical input usage in the paddy farming systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. pp. 1\u201321.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S.P. Dissanayake, L.H.P. Gunaratne, T. Sivananthawerl, and G.A.S Ginigaddara     &#8220;Is Agricultural Sustainability Positively Related with Technical Efficiency? A Case of Paddy-Cattle Integration Farming Systems, Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.968-976 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/968-976.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/968-976.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/is-agricultural-sustainability-positively-related-with-technical-efficiency-a-case-of-paddy-cattle-integration-farming-systems-anuradhapura-district-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Is Agricultural Sustainability Positively Related with Technical Efficiency? A Case of Paddy-Cattle Integration Farming Systems, Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce45e58 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce45e58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce4f41b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce4f41b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce4f4e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce4f4e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce4f6a4\" data-id=\"ce4f6a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce4f7d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce4f7d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leadership Type: Sutomo Strategic Leadership at the Battle of Surabaya November 10, 1945<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Albert Agung Wijaya, Priyanto, Wayan Nurida &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 977-981<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce4f87f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce4f87f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce4fa0a\" data-id=\"ce4fa0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce4fb3b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce4fb3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn the battle of Surabaya 1945 there was a figure who was able to burn the spirit of the people of Surabaya to dare to die against the invaders, the figure is Sutomo or better known as Sutomo, therefore the author is interested in reviewing and analyzing the Background of the Battle of November 10, 1945 in Surabaya and Reviewing the Role of Sutomo Strategic Leadership in the Battle. This paneling method uses qualitative descriptive methods. According to Sugiyon, descriptive methods are studies that describe, describe, or describe the state of the object studied as what it is, according to the situation and conditions when the research is done. The study also uses a qualitative approach. Sutomo at all times galvanized and stimulated the revolutionary spirit organized into one giant fortress to face the Allies (Britain). Sutomo&#8217;s fiery voice shrilled the enemy&#8217;s guts we will not stop the fighting as long as the Dutch army is still on the Indonesian mainland. This voice indirectly weakens the spirit of the enemy who already feels anxious to face the fierce resistance of the Indonesian nation. In leadership has implemented strategic leadership, as well as has a bureaucratic leadership style, charismatic leadership style, analistic leadership style and visionary leadership style. Sutomo strategic  leadership can be used as an example for Indonesian citizens, especially for youth to model their strategic leadership, namely in terms of decision making needed to think critically and think analytically, in order to predict the future impact of the decisions taken.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 977-981\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 January 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IIJRISS.2021.51255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51255<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Albert Agung Wijaya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProdi Strategi Perang Semesta, Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan, Universitas Pertahanan, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Priyanto <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProdi Strategi Perang Semesta, Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan, Universitas Pertahanan, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wayan Nurida <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProdi Strategi Perang Semesta, Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan, Universitas Pertahanan, Indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tWilliam H. 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Alfabeta, 2017.\r\n[8]\tPusjarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Sejarah TNI Jilid I, 1st ed. Jakarta: PT. SIDISI, 2000.\r\n[9]\tA. Mansyur, P. Widodo, and M. Iswanto, \u201cPerjuangan Pemuda Surabaya Pada Pertempuran 10 November 1945 Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Rasa Patriotisme dan Nasionalisme Rakyat Indonesia,\u201d J. STKIP PGRI Sidoarjo, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1\u201313, 2017.\r\n[10]\tSutomo, Pertempuran 10 November 1945, Kesaksian &#038; Pengalaman Seorang Aktor Sejarah. Jakarta: Visimedia, 1951.\r\n[11]\tFery Taufiq, Pekik Takbir Bung Sutomo, Perjalanan Hidup, Kisah Cinta, dan Perjuangannya. Yogyakarta: Araska, 2020.\r\n[12]\tD. A. Pratama and Sumarno, \u201cTindakan Bung tomo Dari Kejaran Pasukan Belanda Di Jawa Timur Dan Strategi Perjuangannya 1945-1949,\u201d AVATARA J. Pendidik. Sej., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1\u201310, 2021.\r\n[13]\tNugroho Notosusanto, Pertempuran Surabaya. Jakarta: Mutiara Sumber Widya, 1985.\r\n[14]\tRoeslan Abdulgani, 100 Hari di Surabaya yang Menggemparkan Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu, 1974.\r\n[15]\tAsmadi, Pelajar Pejuang. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1995.\r\n[16]\tOsman Raliby, Documenta Historica. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1952.\r\n[17]\tSutomo, Bung Sutomo Menggugat. Jakarta: Visimedia, 2008.\r\n[18]\tZaenul Iskandar, \u201cKEPEMIMPINAN STRATEGI \u2018Konsep dan Implementasi Kepemimpinan Islami,\u2019\u201d JUPE J. Pendidik. Mandala, vol. 4, p. 57, 2019.\r\n[19]\tJ. Suspurwanto, \u201cKEPEMIMPINAN STRATEGIS JENDERAL SUDIRMAN DALAM PENGABDIANNYA SEBAGAI PRAJURIT TENTARA NASIONAL INDONESIA,\u201d J. Strateg. Pertahanan Semesta, vol. 6 Nomer 1, 2020.\r\n[20]\tA. Chaniago, \u201cPemimpin dan kepemimpinan,\u201d Pemimpin Dan Kepemimp., vol. 10, no. 9, p. 16, 2017.\r\n[21]\tW. N. Aidil Hajri, I Wayan Midhio, \u201cCavalry battalion\/badak ceta cakti in cijantung jakarta),\u201d pp. 33\u201360, 2018.\r\n[22]\tHadari Nawawi, Administrasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: CV Haji Masagung, 1987.\r\n[23]\tB. Mattayang, \u201cJemma | Jurnal of Economic ,\u201d Jemma J. Econ. Manag. Account., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 45\u201352, 2019.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Albert Agung Wijaya, Priyanto, Wayan Nurida ,  &#8220;Leadership Type: Sutomo Strategic Leadership at the Battle of Surabaya November 10, 1945&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.977-981 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51255<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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data-id=\"ce51084\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce511da\" data-id=\"ce511da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce512ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce512ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce5138c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce5138c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce514dc\" data-id=\"ce514dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce515e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce515e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce51681 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce51681\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce517c8\" data-id=\"ce517c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce518d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce518d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce51974 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce51974\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce51ac7\" data-id=\"ce51ac7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce51bca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce51bca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce59e01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce59e01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce5a042\" data-id=\"ce5a042\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce5a18c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce5a18c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of the Pattern of Land Use Change in Calabar Municipality of Cross River State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Obongha, U. E., Agbor, E. A., and Upuji, Jennifer K.- December 2021- Page No.: 982-988<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce5a23f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce5a23f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce5a3c9\" data-id=\"ce5a3c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce5a50b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce5a50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study is conducted in Calabar Municipality of Cross River State with the aim of analyzing the pattern of land use change within the LGA. The study was however, concerned with analyzing the impact posed by land use change on physical development and also considers the impact of population growth on land use change as well as factors which influence land use change. Both primary and secondary sources of data were employed in the survey design strategy of this research. While the analysis adopted the use of GIS intuition in map production for comparing land use changes from 2011 to 2020. The study recommended among others, strengthening of town planning authorities in order to monitor unpermitted land use changes\/modifications and uncontrolled development.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 982-988\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 January 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51254\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51254<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obongha, U. E.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agbor, E. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Upuji, Jennifer K.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Cross River University of Technology, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdullah, J. (2006): Introductory Digital Image Processing \u2013 A remote Sensing perspective, Prentice-Hall, N.J, 379p\r\n[2]\tAbubakar, A. (2002): Remote Sensing and Land Degradation. Nigerian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.1 (1), pp 65-72\r\n[3]\tAgbor, E. A., Obongha, U. E., and Ita, E. E. (2021). Qualitative Survey and evaluation of \tslum \tdevelopment in Ugep urban, Yakurr Local government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. \tInternational Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 7 (11): 97-109.\r\n[4]\tAgbola, T. (2004) Critical factors determining Rental Value of Residential \r\n[5]\tAluko, A. (2013). Factors determining residential rental prices. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(1), 39-50. and land cover change: An overview in changes in landuse  and land cover: A global perspective,\u201d (eds.) Meyer, W.B. and Turner, B.L.II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3-10.\r\n[6]\tBierregaard, L. (2014) Land Value determination in an emerging market: empirical evidence from China. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 10(2), 180-199.\r\n[7]\tDe Sherbin, N.  (2002): Principles relating toremote sensing of the earth from space. 95th Plenary meeting of the General Assembly, Dec. 3, 1986.37.\r\n[8]\tEbong, W. (2002) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.\r\n[9]\tEssien, I. and Samuel, D. (2002): Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Techniques: Veritable Tools for Land Degradation Assessment, American Journal of Geographic Information System 2012, 1(1): 1-6 DOI: 10.5923\/j.ajgis.20120101.01\r\n[10]\tIfatimehin A. and Ufuah, p. (2006): \u201cLanduse inventory and change detection in the urban \u2013 Rural fringes of Ilesa Area.\u201d M.Sc Dissertation (unpublished) Department of Geography, ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife. Pp. 3-39.\r\n[11]\tLai, P. and Stewart, Q. (2009) Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Practical Considerations. NCME Instructional Module, Alberta, Canada.\r\n[12]\tLambin, N, (2003): Assessment of Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change: Summary of the Final \tReport of the AIACC Project. A Global Environment Facility Enabling Activity in the Climate Change Focal Area Project No. GFL-2328 \t2724-4330\r\n[13]\tMabogunje, O. (2006) Land Use Regulations, Compliance and Land Markets in Argentina. Urban Studies, 50(10), 1951-1969.\r\n[14]\tMbina, J. (2014). The Impact of Population Growth on Residential Landuse in Calabar, Cross River State. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(14), 68-74.\r\n[15]\tMohammed, F. (2008). Land use change and land degradation in parts of the southwest coast of Nigeria.Afr. J. Ecol., 47 \t(S1), p30\u201338,\r\n[16]\tTurner, B. (2001). \u201cChange in landuse and land cover change: Challenges for geographers\u201d. Geojournal 39(3) Pp 237 \u2013 240.\r\n[17]\tUfuah,, M. (2006): Land Degradation and Environmental Change in Ondo State, South-West, Nigeria, An (un-published) PhD thesis , University of Lagos\r\n[18]\tUjoh, I. (2008) Comparative Analysis of the Determinants of Residential Land Values. Chinese Business Review, 11(2), 187-192.\r\n[19]\tYakubu, C. (2013): A Compendium of the Commission\u2019s Formation and Activities, Ondo State Oil Producing Area Development Commission, Integrity Press Ltd, Akure.\r\n[20]\tZhang, Y. (2006): GIS and remote sensing application in the assessment of change within a coastal environment in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Int. Journal Environ. Public Health.3 (1) 98-106. 36.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Obongha, U. E., Agbor, E. A., and Upuji, Jennifer K., &#8220;Analysis of the Pattern of Land Use Change in Calabar Municipality of Cross River State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.982-988 December 2021 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.51254<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/982-988.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-the-pattern-of-land-use-change-in-calabar-municipality-of-cross-river-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of the Pattern of Land Use Change in Calabar Municipality of Cross River State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce5b312 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce5b312\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce5ba60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce5ba60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce5bbb0\" data-id=\"ce5bbb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce62309 elementor-widget 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce62a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce62a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce62ad2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce62ad2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce62c21\" data-id=\"ce62c21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce62d2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce62d2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce62dd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce62dd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce62f3b\" data-id=\"ce62f3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce63054 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce63054\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Digital marketing adoption by National Tourism Organisations (NTOs): A Zimbabwean perspective<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Caroliny Makacha, Munodawafa Njovo &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 989-996<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce630f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce630f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce63288\" data-id=\"ce63288\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce633bf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce633bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The importance of adopting digital marketing in this era of rapid globalisation can\u2019t be overlooked. According to several authors (e.g Bennett and Buhalis, 2003; Buhalis &#038; Law, 2008) the internet is perceived as a powerful and effective marketing tool in tourism. It is consistently accepted as a valuable tool for distributing information and communication, and maintaining a corporate website is vital for the maintenance of relationships established between companies, by strengthening relationships with the public, and especially with customers, thus capturing a larger market segment. It goes without saying that digital marketing technologies have dramatically changed the way tourists and travellers communicate with each other, exchange views about their holidays, interact with the tourist industry in general as they organize their trips (pre-trip), or comment on services offered at hotels, restaurants (on-trip or post-trip) among others. The research sought to establish the digital marketing strategies adopted by Zimbabwe Tourism Authority; to establish the benefits of implementing digital marketing and the challenges faced thereof. In-depth, semi structured interviews were administered to 10 personnel from the NTOs marketing division. The data was thematically analysed. The results show that though ZTA has embraced the use of digital marketing through tools like websites, email marketing, social media marketing, it still faces an array of challenges that include limited financial resources to fully implement the concept.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 989-996\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Caroliny Makacha<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure Sciences, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Munodawafa Njovo<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Marketing, Catholic University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbdullah, M; Kiliki, R &#038; Gunay, T (2021) E-tourism and digital marketing in Africa:opportunities challenges. 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Current Issues in Tourism, 16(3): 211-239.\r\n[21]\tHvass, K .A &#038; Munar, A. M. (2012). The takeoff of social media in tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 18(2): 93-103.\r\n[22]\tInversini, A., Cantoni, L., Buhalis, D., 2010, Destinations Information Competitors and Web Reputation, Information Technology and Tourism, Vol.11, pp.221-234.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3727\/109830509X12596187863991 \r\n[23]\tKaplan, A M (2015) Social Media, the Digital Revolution, and the Business of Media, International Journal on Media Management, 17:4, 197-199, \r\n[24]\tKaplan, A. M., &#038; Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59\u201368\r\n[25]\tKarambakuwa R. T. , Shonhiwa,T; Murombo L; Mauchi,F; Gopo, N; Denhere, W; Tafirei, F; Chingarande, A &#038;  Mudavanhu, V.(2011). The impact of Zimbabwe Tourism Authority initiatives on tourist arrivals in Zimbabwe (2008 \u2013 2009). Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 13, No.6, 2011)\r\n[26]\tKemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021: Zimbabwe. https\/\/ data reportal.co\/reports\r\n[27]\tKotler, P.; Shalowitz, J.; Stevens, R.J. (2008), Strategic Marketing for Health Care Organizations: Building a Customer-Driven Health System; Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA\r\n[28]\tLeeflang P.S.H ,Verhoef P.C , Dahlstr\u00f6m P and Freundt P, (2014) Challenges and solutions for marketing in a digital era, European Management Journal  Vol. 32 \r\n[29]\tLies, H.J. (2019). Marketing intelligence and big data: digital marketing techniques on their way to becoming social engineering techniques in marketing. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence \r\n[30]\tMakacha, C; Njovo, M and Mada, A. (2019). Partnerships and networks in Zimbabwe\u2019s cultural tourism arena: a host community perspective. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure. Volume 8 (4). 1-12.\r\n[31]\tMandal, P., Joshi, N. and Sheela., K. (2016), \u201cUnderstanding digital marketing theories and strategies\u201d, International Research Journal of Management Science and Technology, Vol. 7 No. 9, pp. 50-6\r\n[32]\tMerabet A. (2020). Tourist destination choice and social media . American International Journal of business Management .Vol 3, Issue 11 \r\n[33]\tMorrison, A. M. (2013). Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge\r\n[34]\tNguyen, V.H &#038; Wang, Z (2011) Practice of Online Marketing with Social Media in Tourism Destination Marketing The case study of VisitSweden, Sweden\r\n[35]\tNuran K, Meltem. C (2019). An evaluation of digital marketing application in the airline sector. I Rowley, J.(2008).Understanding digital content marketing. Journal of Marketing Management. Vol 24, issue 5-6\r\n[36]\tRyan, D. (2019). Digital Marketing Best Practices. Conference Paper. SATSA Conference 2019: Celebrating 50 years of thought leadership. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.satsa.com\/2019-conference-presentations\r\n[37]\tSalman, A., Jaafar, M. &#038; Mohamad, D. (2020). Strengthening Sustainability: A Thematic Synthesis of Globally Published Ecotourism Frameworks. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(3):246-258. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46222\/ajhtl.19770720-1\r\n[38]\tUNWTO. (2015).UNWTO Tourism Highlights. Available at: http:\/\/www.eunwto.org\/doi\/book\/10.18111\/9789284416899 (Accessed 15 June 2020)\r\n[39]\tUsakli A,  Koc B, S\u00f6nmez S. (2017). How \u2018social\u2019 are destinations? Examining European DMO social media usage. Journal of Destination Marketing &#038; Management 6: 136-149.\r\n[40]\tYasmin, A., Tasneem, S. and Fatem, K. (2015), \u201cEffectiveness of digital marketing in the challenging age: an empirical study\u201d, International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, Vol. 1 No. 5, pp. 69-80.\r\n[41]\tZIMSTATS (2021). Zimbabwe 2022 budget.\r\n[42]\tZTA (2021). About Zimbabwe. www.zimbabwetourism.net \r\n[43]\tZsarnoczky M. (2018). The digital future of the tourism and hospitality industry.Boston Hospitality Review\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Caroliny Makacha, Munodawafa Njovo &#8220;Digital marketing adoption by National Tourism Organisations (NTOs): A Zimbabwean perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.989-996 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/989-996.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/989-996.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/digital-marketing-adoption-by-national-tourism-organisations-ntos-a-zimbabwean-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Digital marketing adoption by National Tourism Organisations (NTOs): A Zimbabwean perspective<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce641d3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce641d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce642a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce642a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce64421\" data-id=\"ce64421\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce64548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce64548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce645ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce645ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce6473e\" data-id=\"ce6473e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce6484f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce6484f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce648f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce648f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce64a36\" data-id=\"ce64a36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce64b41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce64b41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce64bdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce64bdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce678d8\" data-id=\"ce678d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce67a75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce67a75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce67b36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce67b36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce67cbb\" data-id=\"ce67cbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce67dca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce67dca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce67e76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce67e76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce67fcb\" data-id=\"ce67fcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce680d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce680d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce68174 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce68174\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce682e9\" data-id=\"ce682e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce683fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce683fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improving Judicial Complaint Handling System in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Fatahillah Abdul Syukur, Ahmad Syafiq &#8211; December 2021- Page No.: 997-1000<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce6849f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce6849f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce68613\" data-id=\"ce68613\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce6873d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ce6873d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper analyses the reforms made by the Indonesian judiciary in handling complaints through a whistle-blowing online application. It aims to improve the reputation of the Supreme Court which has been notoriously known for corruption, collusion and nepotism.  The authors describe some judicial reform programs developed by the Supreme Court. The paper analyses the recently issued Supreme Court Regulation 2016 which serves as the legal basis of Electronic Whistle Blowing Application.  The authors illustrate some features of the online application and few constraints on its implementation. The authors propose some recommendations to improve the implementation of electronic complain handling system.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 997-1000\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fatahillah Abdul Syukur<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Pancasila Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmad Syafiq<\/strong>\r\nThe Oversight Body, Supreme Court of Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tThe Supreme Court of Indonesia. (2010) Blueprint for Judicial Reform The Supreme Court of Indonesia, Jakarta.\r\n[2]\tSarantakos, S. (2005) Social Research, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.\r\n[3]\tAbell, J., and Myers, G. (2008) Analysing Research Interview, In Qualitative Discourse Analysis in The Social Sciences (Wodak, R., and Kryzanowski, M., Eds.), pp 145-161, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.\r\n[4]\tSetyawati, D. (2008) KPK Pemburu Koruptor: Kiprah Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Dalam Memberangus Korupsi (The Progress of Anti-Corruption Commission in Corruption Eradication), Pustaka Timur, Yogyakarta.\r\n[5]\tDean, G. (2000) Doing Business in Indonesia, available at http:\/\/okusi.net\/garydean\/works\/bizindo.html (accessed 5 September 2010).\r\n[6]\tYudhoyono, S. (2006) Indonesia\u2019s Experience with Democracy, Reforms and Conflict Transformation, In Indonesia On The Move: Selected Speeches and Articles (Djalal, D., Ed.), pp 93-112, PT Buana Ilmu Populer, Jakarta.\r\n[7]\tAssegaf, R. S. (2019) The Supreme Court: Reformasi Independence and The Failure to Ensure Legal Certainty, In The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia (Crouch, M., Ed.), pp 31-58, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\r\n[8]\tLindsey, T., and Santosa, M. A. (2008) The trajectory of law reform in Indonesia: A short overview of legal systems and change in Indonesia, In Indonesia Law and Society (Lindsey, T., Ed.) 2nd ed., pp 2-22, The Federation Press, Sydney.\r\n[9]\tAnsyahrul (2011) Pemuliaan Peradilan: Dari Dimensi Integritas Hakim, Pengawasan, dan Hukum Acara (Kumpulan Makalah), Mahkamah Agung, Jakarta.\r\n[10]\tMahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. (2019) Laporan Tahunan, Jakarta.\r\n[11]\tCrouch, M. (2019) The Judicial Reform Landscape in Indonesia, In The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia (Crouch, M., Ed.), pp 1-28, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\r\n[12]\tBrewer, B. (2007) Citizen or customer? Complaints handling in the public sector, International Review of Administrative Sciences73, 549\u2013556.\r\n[13]\tNational Audit Office (NAO) Government of the United Kingdom. (2005) Citizen Redress: What Citizens Can Do if Things Go Wrong with Public Services., The Stationery Office, London.\r\n[14]\tNorthern Ireland Executive. (2005) Views on Public Services. Available at  http:\/\/www.rpani.gov.uk\/publicsectorstaff\/results.htm (accessed 26 Januari 2022).\r\n[15]\tSmith, G. (2005) A Most Enduring Problem: Police Complaints Reform in England and Wales, Journal of Social Policy35, 121\u2013141.\r\n[16]\tHaque, M. S. (2001) Pride and Performance in the Public Service: Three Asian Cases, International Review of Administrative Sciences67, 99\u2013115.\r\n[17]\tThe Sustain Project EU-UNDP. (2019) Monitoring and Evaluation on Court-Annexed Mediation Implementation with the Supreme Court of Indonesia Working Group on Mediation, Jakarta\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fatahillah Abdul Syukur, Ahmad Syafiq &#8220;Improving Judicial Complaint Handling System in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-5-issue-12, pp.997-1000 December 2021 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/997-1000.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-5-issue-12\/997-1000.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improving-judicial-complaint-handling-system-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Improving Judicial Complaint Handling System in Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce6959f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce6959f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce69677 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce69677\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce6cfbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce6cfbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce6d2dc\" data-id=\"ce6d2dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce6d4ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce6d4ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce6d623 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce6d623\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce6d7b2\" data-id=\"ce6d7b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce6d8d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce6d8d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Assessment of the Influence of Environmental Adult Education on Solid Waste Management in South-South Federal Universities, Nigeria [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1439,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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