{"id":5025,"date":"2022-02-24T06:28:27","date_gmt":"2022-02-24T06:28:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=5025"},"modified":"2023-11-29T12:45:00","modified_gmt":"2023-11-29T12:45:00","slug":"volume-vi-issue-ii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-vi-issue-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue II"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5025\" class=\"elementor elementor-5025 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b205813 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b205813\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b205cc2\" data-id=\"b205cc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b205faa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b205faa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Local-stakeholders\u2019 engagement in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in selected public schools in Samfya District, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Mwape &amp; Ecloss Munsaka &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 01-06<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b206397 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b206397\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2067d7\" data-id=\"b2067d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2069c0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2069c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the local-stakeholders\u2019 involvement in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) in selected public schools in Samfya district of Zambia. The study used a qualitative case study research design involving 27 participants who included parents, teachers and pupils. The sample was purposively selected from three public schools in the district. Data were collected using document analysis, lesson observations, semi-structured interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Thematic analysis was used to analyse data.\r\nThe findings of the study showed that there were no local stakeholders directly involved in the implementation of CSE. However, some local stakeholders such as health workers, the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and some parents were reported to be involved in doing related activities aimed at preventing early marriages and teenage pregnancies in the community. The study further indicated that although some NGOs were involved in doing some activities to promote the prevention of teenage pregnancies, such activities were only targeting some pupils, especially those supported by such NGOs. The parents who were reported to be involved were also engaged by such NGOs, making their activities limited only to the pupils supported by such NGOs. Further, health workers\u2019 activities were mainly reactive as opposed to being pro-active as they were only called upon when certain vices are noticed such as an increase in teenage pregnancies and\/or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) including HIV among pupils.\r\nThe conclusion of this study, therefore, is that there is little collaboration between public schools and local-stakeholders in the implementation of CSE. This has resulted in the lack of harmonization of activities carried out by public schools and other stakeholders although they all aim at achieving such health goals as reducing teenage pregnancies and transmission of STIs including HIV among pupils. This study therefore, recommends that public schools should sensitise the local stakeholders about CSE programmes and include them in its implementation through the multidisciplinary team approach to CSE implementation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-06\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Mwape<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMukuba University, School of Education, Department of Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ecloss Munsaka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe University of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Sociology, and Special Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Central Statistical Office [Zambia]., Ministry of Health [Zambia]., &amp; ICF International. (2019). Zambia demographic and health survey 2018: Key indicators. Rockville, Maryland: Author.\r\n[2] Chandra-Mouli, V., Plesons, M., Hadi, S., Baig, Q., &amp; Lang, I. (2018). Building support for adolescent sexuality and reproductive health education and responding to resistance in conservative contexts: Cases from Pakistan. Global health: Scienc and Practice, 6 (1), 128-136. Accessed from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/GHSP-D-17- 00285\r\n[3] Iliyasu, Z., Aliyu, M. H., Abubakar, I. S. &amp; Galadanci, S.H. (2012). Sexual and Reproductive Health communication between mothers and their adolescent daughters in Northern Nigeria. Health Care for Women International, 33,138\u2013152.\r\n[4] Kirby, D. (2007). Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: The National Campaign to prevent teen and unplanned pregnancy. Accessed from http:\/\/www.thenationalcampaign.org\/EA2007\/EA2007_sum.Pdf.\r\n[5] Ministry of General Education. (2015). Educational statistical bulletin 2015. Lusaka, Zambia: Author.\r\n[6] Ministry of General Education. (2018). Educational statistical bulletin 2018. Lusaka, Zambia: Author.\r\n[7] Mkumbo, A. K., &amp; Ingham, R. (2010). What Tanzanian parents want (and do not want) covered in school-based sex and relationships education. Sex Education, 10(1), 67-78.\r\n[8] Munsaka, E. (2009). Understanding school dropout among adolescents in a rural site of southern Zambia., open.uct.ac.za, http:\/\/open.uct.ac.za\/handle\/11427\/11125.\r\n[9] Mwape, J., &amp; Munsaka, E. (2020). Investigating the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in selected public schools in Samfya district, Zambia. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(32), 86-92.\r\n[10] Onyeonoro, U., Oshi, D., Eugene, C., Ndimele, N. C., Chuku, I. L., Onyemuchara, S. C., \u2026 Oshi, O.F. E. (2011). Sources of sex information and its effects on sexual practices among in-school female adolescents in Osisioma Ngwa LGA, south east Nigeria. Journal of Pediatric Adolescent Gynecology, 24(5), 294-299. Accessed from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.05.002\r\n[11] Population Council., United Nation Population Fund., Government of Zambia Human Rights Commission., Women and Law in Southern Africa., &amp; United Nations in Zambia. (2017). The status of sexual and repro\u00acductive health and rights in Zambia: Comprehensive Sexuality Education and adolescents sexual and reproductive health. Lusaka, Zambia: Author.\r\n[12] Silumbwe, A., Nkole, T., Munakampe, N. M., Cordero, P. J., Milford, M., Zulu, M. J., &amp; Steyn, S. P. (2020). Facilitating community participation in family planning and contraceptive services provision and uptake: community and health provider perspectives. Reproductive Health, 17, 119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-020-00968-x\r\n[13] Stanger-Hall, K. F., &amp; Hall D. W. (2011). Abstinence-only education and teen pregnancy rates: Why we need Comprehensive Sex Education in the U.S. PLoS ONE 6(10) e24658. http:\/\/doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0024658\r\n[14] Svanemyr, J. (2019). Adolescent pregnancy and social norms in Zambia. Culture, Health &amp; Sexuality, 22, 615 &#8211; 629. Accessed from: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Adolescent-pregnancy-and-social-norms-in-Zambia\r\n[15] Svanemyr, J., Amin, A., Robles, O., &amp; Greene, M. (2015). Creating an enabling environment for adolescent sexual and reproductive health: A framework and promising approaches. The Journal of adolescent health: Official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 56, S7-S14. Accessed from: http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/\r\n[16] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization., United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS., United Nations Population Fund., United Nations International Children&#8217;s Emergency Fund., United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women., &amp; World Health Organization. (2018). International technical guidance on Sexuality Education. An evidence-informed approach, revised edition. Paris, France: Author.\r\n[17] Waldman, L., &amp; Amazon-Brown, I. (2017). New digital ways of delivering Sex Education: A practice perspective. IDS Bulletin, 48(1), 23 \u201342. Accessed fromhttp:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode\r\n[18] Zulu, M.J., Sand\u00f8y, F.I., Moland, M.K., Musonda, P., Munsaka, E., &amp; Blystad, A. (2019). The challenge of community engagement and informed consent in rural Zambia: an example from a pilot study. BMC Medical Ethics, 20, 45. Accessed from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12910-019-0382-x\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Mwape &amp; Ecloss Munsaka, &#8220;Local-stakeholders\u2019 engagement in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in selected public schools in Samfya District, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.01-06 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/01-06.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/01-06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/local-stakeholders-engagement-in-the-implementation-of-comprehensive-sexuality-education-in-selected-public-schools-in-samfya-district-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Local-stakeholders\u2019 engagement in the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in selected public schools in Samfya District, Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2078e4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2078e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2079c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2079c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b207b48\" data-id=\"b207b48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b207c74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b207c74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20af89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20af89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20b152\" data-id=\"b20b152\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20b299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20b299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20b358 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20b358\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20b4bb\" data-id=\"b20b4bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20b5d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20b5d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20b672 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20b672\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20b7ce\" data-id=\"b20b7ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20b8d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20b8d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20b970 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20b970\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20babd\" data-id=\"b20babd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20bbcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20bbcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20bc6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20bc6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20bdbf\" data-id=\"b20bdbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20bec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20bec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20bf69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20bf69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20c0cf\" data-id=\"b20c0cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20c1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20c1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gradually building and promoting the initiative and creativity of Vietnamese workers in the period of international economic integration<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Huynh Tuan Linh, Nguyen Van Duong &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 07-10<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20c283 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20c283\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20c407\" data-id=\"b20c407\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20c540 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b20c540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the context of deepening international integration, the requirement for the quality of Vietnamese human resources is to prepare the workforce to be able to meet and benefit from international commitments. Although, Vietnam is in the golden population period with an abundant and stable labor supply, but the integration trend has also put Vietnam in front of many new opportunities and challenges. The integration trend will lead to a very high competitiveness in the human resource market, while the readiness level of Vietnamese workers is still slow. Competition between Vietnam and other countries in the world in providing high-quality labor is increasing, requiring the quality of workers to be significantly improved in the direction of approaching regional and world standards. Faced with that fact, the issue of improving the quality of labor resources with high productivity, intelligence and creativity in order to promptly meet the growth requirements of the economy is of great interest to the State and Vietnamese enterprises. This is an important element of the foundation for sustainable development and increasing national competitive advantage, a breakthrough in the strategy of transforming the country&#8217;s socio-economic development model.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 07-10\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6201\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6201<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Huynh Tuan Linh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHo Chi Minh City University of Food Industry<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nguyen Van Duong <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTECH- CERT, Pvt Ltd.,1st Floor Bernard Business Park, N0106, Dutugemunu St, Dehiwala Sri Lanka.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Thenabadu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHo Chi Minh City University of Food Industry <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Central Institute for Economic Management (2012). The role of salary and income as driving force for sustainable economic growth, Thematic Economic Information.\r\n[2] Dang Xuan Hoan (2015). Developing human resources to meet the requirements of industrialization, modernization and international integration, Communist Review, volume 4.\r\n[3] Doan Thi Phuong Diep (2019). The relationship between employees and employers in the current period, Journal of Finance, volume 2.\r\n[4] Hong Kieu (2021). Compete with human resources to not miss opportunities in the 4.0 era,\r\nhttps:\/\/www.vietnamplus.vn\/canh-tranh-bang-nguon-nhan-luc-de-khong-bo-lo-co-hoi- shuttle-dai-40\/694186.vnp\r\n[5] Mai Quoc Dung (2021). The Communist party of Vietnam leads the work of international integration from 1986 to 2021, Review of International Geographical Education Online, volume 11 (10).\r\n[6] Nguyen Tiep (2005). Textbook of Human Resources, Labor and Social Publishing House, Hanoi.\r\n[7] ILO (2020). The open economy changes the form, distribution, and quality of Vietnam&#8217;s jobs,\r\nhttps:\/\/www.ilo.org\/hanoi\/Informationresources\/Publicinformation\/comments-and-analysis\/WCMS_736066\/lang&#8211;vi\/index. htm\r\n[8] Pham Thi Hong Nhung (2020). Some issues on sustainable economic development of Vietnam, Financial Review, volume 724.\r\n[9] Pham Thi Thu Lan (2021). The labor market in a modern and complete market economy,\r\nhttps:\/\/www.tapchicongsan.org.vn\/web\/guest\/ Kinh-te\/-\/2018\/821657\/thi-truong-lao-dong- in-news-te-thi-truong-hien-dai%2C-day-du.aspx\r\n[10] Xuan Anh (2020). The national average poverty rate is less than 4%. https:\/\/nhandan.org.vn\/tin-tuc-xa-hoi\/ty-le-ho-ngheo-binh-quan-can-nuoc-con-duoi-4-472886\/.\r\n[11] VOH (2020). In 2019, the national unemployment rate decreased. https:\/\/voh.com.vn\/ Kinh-te\/nam-2019-ty-le-that-nghiep-chung-can-nuoc-giam-349358.html.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Huynh Tuan Linh, Nguyen Van Duong, &#8220;Gradually building and promoting the initiative and creativity of Vietnamese workers in the period of international economic integration&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.07-10 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6201<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/07-10.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gradually-building-and-promoting-the-initiative-and-creativity-of-vietnamese-workers-in-the-period-of-international-economic-integration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Gradually building and promoting the initiative and creativity of Vietnamese workers in the period of international economic integration<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20d37d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b20d37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b20d488 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b20d488\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b20d609\" data-id=\"b20d609\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21d686 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21d686\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21d7b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21d7b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21d963\" data-id=\"b21d963\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21daa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21daa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21db4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21db4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21dcad\" data-id=\"b21dcad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21ddbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21ddbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21de5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21de5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21dfac\" data-id=\"b21dfac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21e0be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21e0be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21e159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21e159\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21e2a0\" data-id=\"b21e2a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21e3aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21e3aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21e44c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21e44c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21e5b4\" data-id=\"b21e5b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21e6c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21e6c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21e764 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21e764\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21e8d7\" data-id=\"b21e8d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21e9e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21e9e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Socialization of the Draft Village Regulated Regarding the Cisalak Village Public Cemetery in Fulfilling the Main Performance Indicators towards a Digital Society<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dedi Mulyadi, Tanti Kirana Utami, Hilman Nur, Henny Nuraeny, Kuswandi &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 11-13<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21ea85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21ea85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21ec1d\" data-id=\"b21ec1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21ed8c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b21ed8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The independent campus freedom to learn policy provides opportunities for students to gain more comprehensive learning experiences and new competencies through several learning activities. This village building activity is beneficial, especially in making academic texts and drafting village regulations regarding public burial places. The research method used is a normative juridical method with descriptive-analytical research specifications, and the data used are primary and secondary. This impacts the realization of order in the use and management of burial grounds.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 11-13\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6202\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6202<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dedi Mulyadi <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Suryakancana , Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tanti Kirana Utami <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Suryakancana , Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hilman Nur <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Suryakancana , Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henny Nuraeny <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Suryakancana , Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kuswandi <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Suryakancana , Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aris Junaidi et.al, Panduan PENYUSUNAN KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN TINGGI DI ERA INDUSTRI 4.0 UNTUK MENDUKUNG MERDEKA BELAJAR-KAMPUS MERDEKA, Dirjen dikti Kemendikbud, 2020.\r\n[2] Atang Hermawan Usman, Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat dan Pemerintah Sebagai Faktor Tegaknya Negara Hukum di Indonesia, Jurnal Wawasan Hukum, Vol. 30 No. 1 Februari 2014.\r\n[3] Eddy Ruchiyat, Politik Pertanahan Nasional Sampai Orde Reformasi, Bandung : Alumni, 2004.\r\n[4] Fauzan, Kesiapan Perguruan Tinggi dalam Penerapan Kebijakan Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka, https:\/\/fitk.uinjkt.ac.id\/kesiapan-perguruan-tinggi-dalam-penerapan-kebijakan-merdeka-belajar-kampus-merdeka\/, diakses tanggal 18 Desember 2021.\r\n[5] Henny Nuraeny &amp; Tanti Kirana Utami, 2015, Legal Protection Against Children Who Are Victims Of Human Trafficking In Cianjur District Studied Bu Human Prespective, Jurnla Dinamika Hukum, Vol.15 No.2, hlm. 174.\r\n[6] https:\/\/ummetro.ac.id\/perspektif-mbkm-dalam-pendidikan-tinggi\/, diakses tanggal 18 Desember 2021.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dedi Mulyadi, Tanti Kirana Utami, Hilman Nur, Henny Nuraeny, Kuswandi &#8220;The Socialization of the Draft Village Regulated Regarding the Cisalak Village Public Cemetery in Fulfilling the Main Performance Indicators towards a Digital Society&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.11-13 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6202<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/11-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-socialization-of-the-draft-village-regulated-regarding-the-cisalak-village-public-cemetery-in-fulfilling-the-main-performance-indicators-towards-a-digital-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Socialization of the Draft Village Regulated Regarding the Cisalak Village Public Cemetery in Fulfilling the Main Performance Indicators towards a Digital Society<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21fba8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b21fba8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b21fc8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b21fc8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b21fe06\" data-id=\"b21fe06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21ff1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b21ff1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22a181 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22a181\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22a360\" data-id=\"b22a360\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22a49f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22a49f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22a550 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22a550\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22a6af\" data-id=\"b22a6af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22a7c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22a7c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22a86a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22a86a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22a9c1\" data-id=\"b22a9c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22aac9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22aac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22ab6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22ab6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22acb2\" data-id=\"b22acb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22adbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22adbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22ae58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22ae58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22afa6\" data-id=\"b22afa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22b0de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22b0de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22b18b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22b18b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22b325\" data-id=\"b22b325\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22b43d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22b43d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Contentious Elections in Nigeria: Any Solvent in Sight?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Professor Mkpa Agu Mkpa (OFR) &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 14-22<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22b4da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22b4da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22b664\" data-id=\"b22b664\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22b7d7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b22b7d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe history of the Nigerian Electoral process is characterized by recurring contentious violence, hate-speeches and killings. From the pre-independence times to the present, this trend has not only persisted but increased in monumental proportions and disturbing dimensions. This paper attempts to present an overview of the elections that have so far been conducted in Nigeria since the pre-independence period till date, showing the contentious issues in each of them. It highlights the culture of electoral fraud in Nigeria showing ways in which elections are rigged in the country. It catalogues various hate speeches and killings at various times in the nation\u2019s electoral history. Finally the paper recommends electronic voting and other strategies for guaranteeing contentious \u2013 free elections in Nigeria.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 14-22\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Mkpa Agu Mkpa (OFR) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Education, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdallah, Nurudeen (2019) 2019 elections set to be Nigeria\u2019s most expensive. Daily Trust. Archived from the original on 25th February. Retrieved 25th February.\r\n[2] Adam, (2011) Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election. The New York Times. Retrieved 17th April, 2011.\r\n[3] Adewale, M.P (2016) Nigerians 2011 presidential race tests North-South power sharing agreement. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 17 April, 2011.\r\n[4] Ake, C. (1994) Democratization of Disempowerment in Africa, Lagos, Malthouse Press Ltd.\r\n[5] Ayoade, J.A &amp; Akinsanya A.A (2012) Nigerian Critical Elections. Lexington Books.\r\n[6] BBC News (2014) Nigeria Elections: Jonathan Vs Mohammadu Buhari. News. 5th December.\r\n[7] BBC News (2015) Nigeria elections: Nation split in Jonathan \u2013 Buhari Contest Retrieved, 30th March.\r\n[8] Carson, J. (2011) The Recent Election in Nigeria. Department of State, Bureau of African affairs.\r\n[9] Common Wealth Observer Group (2015) Nigeria Elections: 2015 Interim Statement by Common Wealth Observer Group, The Commonwealth, Abuja, Retrieved 31st March.\r\n[10] David, S (2011) Goodluck Jonathan opens unassailable lead in Nigerian\u2019s presidential election. The Guardian, London\r\n[11] ECOWAS (2015) ECOWAS poll observation mission says Nigeria\u2019s 28th March elections free, transparent despite some hitches. Retrieved 30th March.\r\n[12] European commission in Nigeria (2003) European Union Elections] Observation Mission. Final Report.\r\n[13] Falola, T &amp; Heaton, M. W. (2008) A History of Nigeria London, Cambridge university Press.\r\n[14] Hassan (2015) Nigeria Forum \u2013 IDPs Boko Haram and Elections likely to be settled by the courts African Arguments. AULAfrica.com Retrieved 10th February.\r\n[15] Ikelegbe, A. O. (1995) Political Parties, interest groups and elections in Nigeria in RF.Ola (ed) Nigerian Political System: Inputs, Outputs and Environments. BeninCity, Departments of Political Science Publication.\r\n[16] Independent (2015) Nigeria delays elections over Book Haram. Independent. Retrieved, 7th February.\r\n[17] Iyayi F (2005) Elections and Electoral Practices in Nigeria: Dynamics and implications. The Constitution. Journal of Constitutional Development 5 (2).\r\n[18] James, S (2015). Buhari wins, Jonathan conceded News &amp; African. Archived from the original on 2nd April 2015, Retrieved 31st March.\r\n[19] Jayum, A.J. (2011) Electoral Process and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Journal of Politics and Law 4 (2) September.\r\n[20] Krish; A &amp; E Ozibo (2019) why 2019 elections will be Nigerian\u2019s most expensive \u2013 INEC. Daily Trust. Archived from the original on 25th February 2019. Retrieved 25th, February.\r\n[21] Nnadozie, O. (2005) History of Elections in Nigeria in G. Onu and A Momoh (eds). Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria, Lagos, Political Science Association.\r\n[22] Ogbedi, M. (2010) A culture of failed elections: revisiting democratic elections in Nigeria, 1959-2003. HAOL, Num. 21 (Invierno, 43-56).\r\n[23] Okoye, F (2013) The prosecution of electoral offenders in Nigeria: Challenges and Possibilities. Discussion paper FRIEDRICH EBERT STIFTUNG No.5, September.\r\n[24] Otoghile, A &amp; Idahosa, SA. (2008) Ensuring free and Fair Elections in Nigeria: The imperativeness of Synergy. International Journal of Communication 9th December, 136-153.\r\n[25] Premium Times (2018) Aisha Buhari condemns APC Primaries. Premium Times, 7th October.\r\n[26] The Mercury News (2019) Early Nigerian election result spark cries of fraud. The Mercury news Retrieved 26th February.\r\n[27] Mba, P.O, Nwangwu &amp; Ugwu (2019) Contentious Elections, political exclusion and challenges of national integration in Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences 55(1).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Professor Mkpa Agu Mkpa (OFR) , &#8220;Contentious Elections in Nigeria: Any Solvent in Sight?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.14-22 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/14-22.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/14-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/contentious-elections-in-nigeria-any-solvent-in-sight\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Contentious Elections in Nigeria: Any Solvent in Sight?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22c605 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b22c605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22c6dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22c6dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b22c84a\" data-id=\"b22c84a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b22c967 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b22c967\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b22ca03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b22ca03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23adc4\" data-id=\"b23adc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23af21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b23af21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b23afe9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b23afe9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23b15a\" data-id=\"b23b15a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23b272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b23b272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b23b314 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b23b627\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23b778\" data-id=\"b23b778\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23b883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b23b883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b23b925 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b23b925\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23ba87\" data-id=\"b23ba87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23bb9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b23bb9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b23bc3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b23bc3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23bdb0\" data-id=\"b23bdb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23bec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b23bec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ecowas and Its Conflict Management Enhancement Strategy in West African Sub-Region: Prospect and Retrospect<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Mrs. Louisa Amaechi N, Dr. Chike Ezenwa, &amp; Dr. Christian Sunday Agama- February 2022- Page No.: 23-29<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b23bf69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b23bf69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23c113\" data-id=\"b23c113\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23c245 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b23c245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nEconomic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a sub-regional organization in West Africa set apart to improve the economic condition and the general well-being of the member state. Recently political instability, inter and intra-state crisis, electoral violence and political conflicts became a big challenge to the region and no state or sub-region can achieve any meaningful economic development without a peaceful environment. The paper discussed ECOWAS, its aim, objectives&#8217; and its conflict management enhancement strategies. It also highlighted some conflicts&#8217; which it has managed in the sub-region, its prospects and retrospects in the region. Secondary source of information was used and the paper recommends speedy intervention before any crisis reaches a climax of war and destruction of lives and property in any state or inter-states.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 23-29\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6203\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6203<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mrs. Louisa Amaechi N <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of General Studies, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Chike Ezenwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of General Studies, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Christian Sunday Agama <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of General Studies, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adedgi, E (2010) Towards a common ECOWAS agenda on &#8211; security- sector reform {.on line) Available www.usip.org (Nov. 2011).\r\n[2] Ado prosper (2005). &#8220;Peace-making in West Africa: Progress and prospects&#8221; Kaiptc monograph. No.3 November.\r\n[3] Afolabi, B.T, (2010). &#8220;Peace-making in the ECOWAS Region: challenges and prospects in conflict trends 8(2).\r\n[4] Albert, l,0 (2011) Pinched ditched or jinxed? The manta of African solutions to African problems: inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria Feb.2011.\r\n[5] Ali, W.O (2006) The New ECOWAS Strategy for conflict Resolution: A case study of Cote d&#8217;Ivoire&#8221;&#8221; Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.32 No. 7.\r\n[6] Behefar, K. J. et al (2010). The Critical role of Conflict Resolution in team. A close look at the links, between conflict type, conflict management strategies and term outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 1.\r\n[7] Clayton, J. (2005) Togo military coups leadership to president&#8217;s son time (UK) 7th Feb 2005.\r\n[8] De Church, L. A and Mark, M. A. (2001). Maximizing the Benefit of Task Conflict, the Role of Conflict Management. The international Journal of Conflict Management Vol. 4, No. 22.\r\n[9] De Dreu, C. K. and Weingnat, R.I. (2003); Task Versus Relationship Conflict, term performance and team member- satisfaction; a met analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1.\r\n[10] Dieye&gt; P.B (2010) West Africa&#8217;s Efforts to Build Regional Security: A analysis of past ECOWAS intervention to Determine what is capabilities, Being a thesis &#8230; presented to the faculty of the US Army command &#8211; General staff college in partial fulfillment for the master degree of military Art and science general studies.\r\n[11] Ekiyor, T. (2008) &#8220;ECOWAS conflict prevention framework (ECPP), A new approach to an old challenge WACSI Op- Abuja, WACSOF.\r\n[12] Fante, E. (2009). The capacity of African regional organization on peace and security. A paper presented . at ERD workshop on transforming political structures, security institution and regional integration mechanisms Florence 15-17April.\r\n[13] Fawale, W.A (2004) ECOWAS and the Cote d&#8217;lvoire crisis: the politics and problems of regional peace making Journal of West African Studies 4(2).\r\n[14] Jaye, T &amp; Amade, S (nd) &#8220;ECOWAS and the Dynamics of conflict and peace-building consortium for development partnerships. Abuja. center for. democracy and development.\r\n[15] Keller, E.I (1995)&#8217;.&#8221;African conflict management and New world order policy paper 113, University of California.\r\n[16] Khobe, M.M. (2000) &#8220;the evolution and conduct of ECOMOG in West Africa&#8221; ISS Monograph series No, 46 Feb.\r\n[17] Nigerian institute of international Affairs (2006) Lipson vol.27 No. 1-2 Nigerian institute of international Affairs (2009) vol.30, No. 1-2\r\n[18] Onuwka, R.J. (2001). ECOWAS and its Conflict Management Strategy. Journal of Social Sciences (2017).\r\n[19] Sperling, S. (2011) ECOWAS in crisis mode: strengths and limits of regional security poliqy in west Africa, in Sperling &amp; R Mattig (ed5) perspective, regional security policy in West Africa. Abuja Ebert stiffing.\r\n[20] Waif, H &amp; Detal, T (2009) Conflict Early warning and response mechanisms; tools or enhancing the effectiveness of general organization. A comparative studies of AU, &#8216; ECOWAS, IGAD, ASEAD. PIF, Crisis state working papers No. 2 Design Development studies institute.\r\n[21] Wolf, H a Deliel, T (2009) conflict early warning and response mechanism tool for the effectiveness of regional organization? A comparative study of All, ECOWAS, IGAD,ASBANART3ndlME.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Mrs. Louisa Amaechi N, Dr. Chike Ezenwa, &amp; Dr. Christian Sunday Agama, &#8220;Ecowas and Its Conflict Management Enhancement Strategy in West African Sub-Region: Prospect and Retrospect&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.23-29 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6203<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/23-29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ecowas-and-its-conflict-management-enhancement-strategy-in-west-african-sub-region-prospect-and-retrospect\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Ecowas and Its Conflict Management Enhancement Strategy in West African Sub-Region: Prospect and Retrospect<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23d0f1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b23d0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b23d1cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b23d1cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23d420\" data-id=\"b23d420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b23d54a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b23d54a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b23d5f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b23d5f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b23d747\" data-id=\"b23d747\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b242fa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b242fa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2430b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2430b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b24326d\" data-id=\"b24326d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2433f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2433f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2434a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2434a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b24360e\" data-id=\"b24360e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b24371f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b24371f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2437bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2437bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b24390b\" data-id=\"b24390b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b243a1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b243a1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b243aba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b243aba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b243c31\" data-id=\"b243c31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b243d56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b243d56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b243e10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b243e10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b243f80\" data-id=\"b243f80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b244092 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b244092\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Education in the \u2018New Normal\u2019 COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Practical Example in the University of Yaounde I, Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Apongnde Pasker (Ph.D)- December 2021 Page No.: 30-36<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b24412d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b24412d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2442a1\" data-id=\"b2442a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2443d9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2443d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The COVID-19 pandemic, with staggering effects on man\u2019s activities all over the World has imposed a \u2018new normal\u2019 in the higher educational arena that stands to continue to prevail after the pandemic. Indeed, the manner in which knowledge is imparted has suddenly moved from the traditional onsite to a hybrid system, incorporating the classical face-to-face and online modes of course delivery. What is paradoxical is that this pedagogical paradigm-shift is being experienced in the University of Yaounde I at a time when the implementation of remote and other applications of educational technology is still quite fledgling in Cameroon. This study is qualitative in nature; involving in-depth interviews with 15 lecturers and 21 students randomly sampled from the University of Yaounde I. While data was analyzed through content-analysis, interpretations were made in the light of Kurt Lewin\u2019s Theory of Change and Homi Bhabha\u2019s Hybridity theory. Results reveal that uneven access to technological devices, inadequate training, and lack of conducive remote learning environments are hampering the new normal. To this effect, a number of recommendations have been made.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 30-36\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Apongnde Pasker (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Education, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Andrianarison, F., &amp; Nguem, B.E. (2020). Potential socio-economic Effects of COVID-19 in Cameroon: a Summary Evaluation. New York: UNDP.\r\n[2] Apongnde, P. (2019a). Challenges in the Effective Use of ICTs in Information Systems Management in the University of Yaounde I. PhD Thesis in Educational Management: University of Yaounde I.\r\n[3] Apongnde, P. (2019b). Techno-pedagogy and Graduates\u2019 Employability in The University of Yaounde I. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), Volume III, Issue X, October 2019\/ISSN 2454-6186, Pages 539-542.\r\n[4] Bacher-Hicks, A., Goodman, J. &amp; Mulhern, C. (2020). Inequality in Household Adaptation to Schooling Shocks: Covid-Induced Online Learning Engagement in Real Time, NBER Working Papers 27555, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.\r\n[5] B\u00e9ch\u00e9, E. (2020). Cameroonian responses to COVID-19 in the education sector: Exposing an inadequate education system. International Review of Education. 66, pages 755\u2013775.\r\n[6] Cameroon (1993). Decree, No. 93\/026 of 19 January 1993, creating the University of Yaounde I.\r\n[7] Cameroon-WHO COVID-19 dashboard. (2021). https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/. Consulted on December 17th 2021.\r\n[8] CamerounWeb. (2020). Coronavirus: Coronavirus: University of Yaound\u00e9 1 suspends its courses. [online news item]. Retrieved on 17 December 2020 from https:\/\/www.camerounweb.com\/CameroonHomePage\/NewsArchive\/Coronavirus-l-universit-de-Yaound-1-suspend-ses-cours-498841.\r\n[9] Djeumeni Tchamamb\u00e9, T. M. (2010). Les TICE au Cameroun entre politiques publiques et dispositifs techno-p\u00e9dagogiques, comp\u00e9tences des enseignants et comp\u00e9tences des apprenants, pratiques \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole et pratiques priv\u00e9e. Th\u00e8se de Doctorat en Sciences de l\u2019\u00e9ducation: Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes.\r\n[10] Gnimassoun, B., &amp; Tapsoba, S. J. (2020). Post-COVID-19: An historic opportunity to reinvent Africa\u2019s development. Le Point, 9 June [online article]. Retrieved on 17 December 2020 from https:\/\/www.lepoint.fr\/afrique\/apres-covid-19-une-occasion-historique-de-reinventer-le-developpement-de-l-afrique-17-12-2020-2379032_3826.php.\r\n[11] Karsenti, T., Simon, C., &amp; Harpes-Merett, T. (2012). Int\u00e9gration p\u00e9dagogique des TIC: succ\u00e8s et d\u00e9fis de 100+ \u00e9cole africaines (3\u00e8me \u00e9d.). Ottawa: IDRC.\r\n[12] Kibinkiri E.L. (2019). Blended Learning Model: A Practical Approach for the Professional Development of University Students in Cameroon. Yaounde: The Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaound\u00e9 I.\r\n[13] Mbodiam, B. R. (2019). Energie. Investir au Cameroun [online article]. Retrieved on 8 November 2021 from https:\/\/www.investiraucameroun.com\/energie\/2910-13476.\r\n[14] Mbodiam, B. R. (2020). Cameroonian responses to COVID-19 in the education sector: Exposing an inadequate education system. International Review of Education. Volume 66, pages 755-775.\r\n[15] Moorhouse, B. (2020). Adaptations to a Face-to-face Initial Teacher Education Course \u2018Forced\u2019 Online Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Education for Teaching 42 (1). doi:10.1080\/02607476.2020.1755205.\r\n[16] Mukum, E. &amp; Matsida, A. (2021). Hybrid Education, Pedagogical Continuity and Instructional Efficiency amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Cameroon Universities. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. VL-05. 10.47772\/IJRISS.2021.5632.\r\n[17] Naginder K., &amp; Manroshan, S. B., (2020). The Face of Education and the Faceless Teacher Post COVID-19. Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia1: Academy of Language Studies, Perlis Branch, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia2KPMG Malaysia, KPMG Tower, 8 First Avenue, Bandar Utama, 47800 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.\r\n[18] Noe, R. (2002). Employee Training and Development (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[19] Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., &amp; Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human corona viruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91-98. doi:10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005.\r\n[20] UNESCO. (2008). ICT Competency Standards for Teachers. Paris: Place de Fontenoy.\r\n[21] UNESCO. (2011). TIC UNESCO: Un r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel de comp\u00e9tences pour les enseignants. Paris: Place de Fontenoy.\r\n[22] UNESCO. (2020). COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response. https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/covid19\/educationresponse. Retrieved 17 Dec., 2020.\r\n[23] UNSDG. (2020). United Nations COVID-19 socio-economic response plan for Cameroon. Yound\u00e9: United Nations Cameroon. Retrieved on 17 December 2020 from https:\/\/unsdg.un.org\/resources\/united-nations-covid-19-socio-economic-response-plan-cameroon.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Apongnde Pasker (Ph.D) &#8220;Education in the \u2018New Normal\u2019 COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Practical Example in the University of Yaounde I, Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.30-36 February 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/30-36.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/30-36.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/education-in-the-new-normal-covid-19-pandemic-era-a-practical-example-in-the-university-of-yaounde-i-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Education in the \u2018New Normal\u2019 COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Practical Example in the University of Yaounde I, Cameroon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2452a8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2452a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2527d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2527d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b252ac6\" data-id=\"b252ac6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b252cf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b252cf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b252e67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b252e67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25312b\" data-id=\"b25312b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25336d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25336d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2534b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2534b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b253738\" data-id=\"b253738\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b253940 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b253940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b253a88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b253a88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b253d54\" data-id=\"b253d54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b253f98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b253f98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Emotional Pain and Suffering Overtime: A Review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Meghna Sandhir- February 2022- Page No.: 37-45<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2540f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2540f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b254420\" data-id=\"b254420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2546af elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2546af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1865\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1866\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1866\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPain, it stays, it is perceived in the mind and echoes in the body! But it stays. Pain experiences are considered and stimulated to differently by different people; it is used conceptually to define the subjective experience entitled to a particular human. It encompasses the beliefs, meanings and understandings lead by the society. Pain as is described by many has a definitional controversy; it is defined as a feeling, a symptom, a reaction, or may be an emotion. There seem to be different patterns in reacting to pain, depending on situations and circumstances. The major influence is that of culture. Mark Zborowski remarked how physical sensation of pain is often interpreted differently by members of different cultures. The following essay elaborately talks of how time plays its effortless and sometimes not so effortless spree on the emotions and suffering that one experiences. To concisely present the concept of pain, the main role of the below discussion is to deconstruct\/ reconstruct the objectivity of pain, what about emotional pain and suffering can we conclude? to explore life&#8217;s varied losses in a manner&#8230;more about embracing than bracing against&#8230;? What if we trust that the dark nights of our souls are essential to our growth, that spiritual maturity cannot be attained without them? In this lifelong journey, we will carry emotional pain and suffering. This is a given. But carrying emotional pain and suffering can lead to transformation. And that is good news.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 37-45\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 February 2022<\/p>\r\n\\\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1862\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1862\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Meghna Sandhir <\/strong><\/span>\r\nJunior Research Fellow, Anthropological Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Kolkata, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1863\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1863\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Allan, L. G. (1992). Cognitive Models of Psychological Time by Richard A. Block. The American Journal of Psychology, 105 (1), 140- 145.\r\n[2] Allard, O. (2016, November 28). Anthropology of Emotion. Retrieved june 2019, from Oxford Bibliographies: https:\/\/www.oxfordbibliographies.com.\r\n[3] Minton, M. E., &amp;Antonen, K. (2013). Carrying the Pain: The Journey from Suffering to Transformation\u2014Perspectives from Shakespearean Tragedy and Pastoral Care. Journal of religion and health, 52(2), 467-474.\r\n[4] Anonimous. (1979). Pain. International Association of Pain , 250.\r\n[5] Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 373-403.\r\n[6] Barnum, B. S. (2006). Why Freud and Jung can\u2019t speak: A neurological proposal. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(3), 346-358.\r\n[7] Beatty, A. (2014). Anthropology and emotion. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 20(3), 545-563.\r\n[8] Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman &amp; Littlefield.\r\n[9] Elman, I., &amp; Borsook, D. (2016). Common brain mechanisms of chronic pain and addiction. Neuron, 89(1), 11-36.\r\n[10] Britannica, T. E. (2018, October 17). renaissance. Retrieved april 28, 2019, from Encyclopedia Britannica: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Renaissance\r\n[11] Brittaniac, T. E. (2018, january 16). Nirankari. Retrieved june 10, 2019, from Encyclopedia Britannica, inc.: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Nirankari\r\n[12] Buchbinder, M. (2011). Personhood diagnostics: personal attributes and clinical explanations of pain. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 25(4), 457-478.\r\n[13] Bushnell, M. C., \u010ceko, M., &amp; Low, L. A. (2013). Cognitive and emotional control of pain and its disruption in chronic pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(7), 502.\r\n[14] Carli, G. (2011). Historical perspective and modern views on pain physiology: from psychogenic pain to hyperalgesic priming. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 149, 175-186.\r\n[15] Cohen, J. (1964). Psychological time. Scientific American, 211(5), 116-125.\r\n[16] Copp, L. A. (1990). The spectrum of suffering. The American journal of nursing, 90(8), 35-39.\r\n[17] Craig, K. D. (2009). The social communication model of pain. Canadian Psychology\/Psychologie canadienne, 50(1), 22.\r\n[18] DAS, V. (2007). Life and Words. Violence and the descente into the ordinary. London. University of California Press\u2013\u2018Violence, Gender, and Subjectivity\u2019Annual Review of Anthropology, 37, 283-299.\r\n[19] Damasio, A., &amp; Damasio, H. (2006). Minding the body. Daedalus, 135(3), 15-22.\r\n[20] Daniel Murrell, M. (2018, october 31). Medical News Today. Retrieved from www.medicalnewstoday.com: https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323533.php\r\n[21] Daniel Murrell, M. (2018, october 31). Medical News Today. Retrieved from www.medicalnewstoday.com: https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/323533.php\r\n[22] Denny, E. (2018). Pain. Uk: Polity Pess.\r\n[23] Fradelos, E., Fradelou, G., &amp; Kasidi, E. (2014). Pain: Aspects and treatment in Greek antiquity. Journal of Medical Sciences and Public Health, 2(2), 29-36.\r\n[24] Frank, A. W. (2009). Tricksters and truth tellers: Narrating illness in an age of authenticity and appropriation. Literature and medicine, 28(2), 185-199.\r\n[25] Denk, F., McMahon, S. B., &amp; Tracey, I. (2014). Pain vulnerability: a neurobiological perspective. Nature neuroscience, 17(2), 192.\r\n[26] Gary, H. (2018). Rene Descartes. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. USA, USA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.\r\n[27] Gatzounis, R., Schrooten, M. G., Crombez, G., &amp; Vlaeyen, J. W. (2012). Operant learning theory in pain and chronic pain rehabilitation. 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(2009). pain review. kansas, Philadelphia: Saunders.\r\n[54] Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Defining emotion concepts. Cognitive science, 16(4), 539-581.\r\n[55] Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., &amp;DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley &amp; Sons\r\n[56] Tracey, I. (2010). Getting the pain, you expect: mechanisms of placebo, nocebo and reappraisal effects in humans. Nature medicine, 16(11), 1277.\r\n[57] Wilson, S. L., Raval, V. V., Salvina, J., Raval, P. H., &amp; Panchal, I. N. (2012). Emotional expression and control in school-age children in India and the United States. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 50-76.\r\n[58] Waldman, D. S. (2009). pain review. kansas, Philadelphia: Saunders.\r\n[59] Wierzbicka, A. (1992). Defining emotion concepts. Cognitive science, 16(4), 539-581.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1864\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1864\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Meghna Sandhir, &#8220;Emotional Pain and Suffering Overtime: A Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.37-45 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/37-45.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1865\" 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data-id=\"b25a19e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25a2ff\" data-id=\"b25a2ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25a418 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25a418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25a4bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25a4bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25a6de\" data-id=\"b25a6de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25a8b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25a8b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>e-Commerce Driving Economic Growth by Enterprises in East Africa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eliphas Frank Tongora &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 46-49<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25aa2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25aa2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25acf7\" data-id=\"b25acf7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25af38 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b25af38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Electronic commerce (e-Commerce) and Information and communications technologies (ICT) are transforming enterprises and fueling the growth of the global economy. Yet despite the broad potential of ICTs, and e-Commerce, their economic benefits have not been spread evenly especially in East Africa. Indeed, using ICTs effectively to foster economic growth is among the key challenges facing policymakers today E.Africa even though some developing countries have achieved important economic gains in nurturing the development of domestic e-Commerce enterprises. The aim of this study is to find out whether or not e-Commerce could be the powerful tool elevating and fueling economic growth in E.Africa, and the findings are pointed out.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 46-49\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eliphas Frank Tongora<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDar es salaam Institute of Technology (DIT), Morogoro\/Bibi T. RD Junction, Tanzania <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Mshenene R. G., Rumanyika J., Business constraints and potential growth of smalland medium enterprises in Tanzania: European journal of business and management, 2014, Vol.6, No.32, pp 72-79.\r\n[2] R, Maliti E., The role of small business in poverty alleviations: The case study is Dar es salaam: Research on poverty alleviation (REPOA), 2008, Vol.2, No 08.\r\n[3] URT: United republic of Tanzania (2003), Small and medium enterprise development policy,2003. file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/elly\/Downloads\/Tanzania%20SME%20Policy.pdf (Accessed on 9th December 2015).\r\n[4] Mutambala M., (2011). Sources and constraints to technological innovation inTanzania: Acase of the wood furnitureindustry in Dar es Salaam, dissertation forbthe award of MA (Development studies) of the University of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania\r\n[5] Materu B. M., Diyamett B.D.: Tanzania ICT sector Performance Review: Towards evidence- based ICT Policy and regulation,v 2010, Vol. 2, Policy paper 1.\r\n[6] Ndekwa A.G., Factors influencing adoption of information and communication technologyamong small and mediumenterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania,International Journal of Research in Management &amp; Technology (IJRMT),Vol. 4, No.5, October 2014 pp.273-281\r\n[7] Han Ei Chew, P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan, Mark R. Levy (2010.)the economic impact of information and communication technologies (icts) on microenterprises in the context of development, EJISDC (2010) 44, 4, 1-19\r\n[8] Akomea-Bonsu,C.&amp; ampong,F.(2012):The impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on Small and MediumScale Enterprises (SMEs) in the KumasiVol 4,No.20, 2012\r\n[9] Irefin, I. A. , Abdul-Azeez, I. A. &amp; Tijani, A. A. (2012).An Investigative Study of The Factors Affecting The Adoption of Information And Communication vTechnology In SmallAnd Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeria Australian Journal of Business and Management Research.2(02) pp 01-09\r\n[10] (Accessed on 8th Dec 2015) https:\/\/ict4dblog.wordpress.com\/2011\/06\/26\/ict-and-economic-growth-evidence-from-kenya\/\r\n[11] Abdallah k. hassan and dora semkwiji, the role of mobile phones on sustainablelivelihood, pp no 33, 2011.\r\n[12] Myhr, Jona (2006), Livelihood Changes Enabled by Mobile Phones \u2013 the Case ofTanzanian Fishermen, Bachelor Thesis, Department of Business, Uppsala University, Uppsala.\r\n[13] Ritchie, B. &amp; Bridley, C. (2005). ICT adoption by SMEs: Implications for relationships and management.New Technology, Work and Employment, 2003\r\n[14] Lashgara, F., Mohammadi, R. &amp; Najafadi, M., (2011). Identifying Appropriate Informationand Communication Technology (ICT) in Improving Marketing of Agricultural products in Garmsar City, Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(55): 11537-11540\r\n[15] Kiveu, M. and Ofafa, G. (2013)Enhancing market access in Kenyan SMEs using ICT.Global Business and economics Research Journal, 2(9): 29-46.\r\n[16] Charles Akomea-Bonsu, Frank Sampong, The impact of Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICT) on Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, West Africa, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol 4, No.20, 2012.\r\n[17] K; Jensen, R; and Zeckhauser, R; 2002, \u2018Information and communication technologies, markets and economic development\u2019, in G. Kirkman et al. The Global Information Technology Report: Readiness for the Networked World.Oxford University Press, New York, p 71.\r\n[18] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2017), \u201cMoyens d\u2019optimiser la contribution du Commerce Electronique et de l\u2019Economie Num\u00e9rique au D\u00e9veloppement\u201d, UNCTAD Publications, TD\/B\/EDE\/1\/2, UNCTAD: Geneva.\r\n[19] Centre Africain pour la Politique Commerciale (CAPC) (2018), \u201cNote sur le Commerce Electronique\u201d, UNECA. https:\/\/ unctad.org\/meetings\/en\/Contribution\/ CEA_UEMOA2018_fr.pdf (accessed 13 December 2019)\r\n[20] Gaidosch, T. (2018), \u201cLa fili\u00e8re bien structur\u00e9e de la cybercriminalit\u00e9. Les loups solitaires font place \u00e0 des entreprises specialists du piratage informatique\u201d, Publication de Finances et D\u00e9veloppement, June 2018\r\n[21] McAfee (2018), \u201cStatistiques sur les menaces, logiciels malveillants (malwares), incidents, menaces ciblant l\u2019environnement web et les r\u00e9seaux\u201d, Rapport de McAfee Labs sur le paysage des menaces, March 2018\r\n[22] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2015), \u201cLib\u00e9rer le potentiel du commerce \u00e9lectronique pour les pays en d\u00e9veloppement\u201d, CNUCED Publication sur l\u2019Economie de l\u2019Information, UNCTAD Publications, UNCTAD: Geneva\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eliphas Frank Tongora, &#8220;e-Commerce Driving Economic Growth by Enterprises in East Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.46-49 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/46-49.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/46-49.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/e-commerce-driving-economic-growth-by-enterprises-in-east-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>e-Commerce Driving Economic Growth by Enterprises in East Africa<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25d97f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b25d97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25da5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25da5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25dbf8\" data-id=\"b25dbf8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25dd2e elementor-widget 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elementor-element-b25e074 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25e074\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25e122 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25e122\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25e321\" data-id=\"b25e321\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25e52a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25e52a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25e64d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25e64d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25e8a1\" data-id=\"b25e8a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25ea7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25ea7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25eb96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25eb96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25ed46\" data-id=\"b25ed46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b25ee62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b25ee62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25eefd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25eefd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b261c9a\" data-id=\"b261c9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b261e1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b261e1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b261ef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b261ef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b262091\" data-id=\"b262091\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2621b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2621b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Institutional Framework, Management and Coordination of Disaster Situations in Nigeria: Theoretical Standpoint on National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Barinem Wisdom Girigiri PhD and Porbari Monbari Badom, PhD &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 50-60<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26228d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26228d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26244b\" data-id=\"b26244b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2625a0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2625a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The accuracy in handling and conforming to established procedures and objectives set by organizations to achieving results in course of attending to disaster situations has become a cumbersome process considering the environmental circumstances and the nature of disaster which could be naturalistic and humanistic or anthropogenic in nature that confront organizations. This paper which utilized description of secondary literature is a positioned one that is anchored on the two theories in consideration of NEMA as a specialized agency of government designated and saddled with the mandates to coordinate, investigate, monitor and manage disasters within the environmental peculiarities of where disaster occurs. Collective Stress and Contingency Theories are the two theories used in the study while the Contingency theory is the considered most relevant in the explanation of disaster management; the paper argued that collective stress situations emerged as a direct response to adaptation to the crises bedeviling the environment been affected by the disaster and how the people being affected can adapt to new strategies to survive in such environment. The paper maintains that NEMA adopts certain social constructs to help manage disaster situations. Furthermore, the paper in its adoption of the contingency theory upholds the view that no one best approach is very effective and efficient for any situation; but rather, advocates combination of approaches to achieving results when organizations encounter difficult situation. It is for the management of the organization (now NEMA) to apply approaches to a given suitable situations considering the ecological circumstances, the time constraint, the technology needed and those available man-power in the organization and the resources available to the organization to handle the structural components of the situations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 50-60\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Barinem Wisdom Girigiri PhD <\/strong>\r\nRivers State University, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Porbari Monbari Badom, PhD <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences. University of Port Harcourt, 500272, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adeyemi, O. (2013). Oil Production and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Yenago: Motimi Books.\r\n[2] Agbo, C.A. (2012). Strengthening the Legal Frameworks for International Response. Paper presented at the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in Geneva, Switzerland from 26-30.\r\n[3] Agrgote, L. (2007). Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. New York: Springer.\r\n[4] Alani, K. (2012). 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Charitable Programs and the Retailer: Do they mix? Journal of Retail. 76(3),393\u2013406.\r\n[17] Elliott, J. R., T. J. Haney, &amp; P. Sams-Abiodun (2010). Limits to Social Capital: Comparing Network Assistance in two New Orleans neighborhoods devastated by hurricane Katrina\u2019. Sociological Quarterly. 51(4),624-648.\r\n[18] Fagade, O. (2016). Disaster risk reduction in Nigeria. Lagos: University Press.\r\n[19] Fakunle, J. (2013). Corporate Response to Social Problems: A value Creation Hypothesis. Port Harcourt: Tammy &amp; Down Printers.\r\n[20] Galbraith, J. (2001). The Basics of Scientific Management Theory. London: Routledge.\r\n[21] Galbraith, J.R. (2002). Designing organizations- an executive guide to strategy, structure and process. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\r\n[22] Geis, D.E. (2000). By design: The disaster resilient and quality of life in community. Natural Hazards Review. 1(3), 151-160.\r\n[23] Ichijo, K. &amp; Nonaka, I. (2006). Knowledge creation and management: New challenges for managers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[24] Idris, J. (2012). The Sociology of Natural Disasters. Kano: Adobayaro University, Press.\r\n[25] Kast, F.E. and Rosenzweig, J.E. (1973).Contingency views of Organisation and Management. Chicago: Sciences Research Associates Inc.\r\n[26] Kolawale, F. (2016).The Promise of Corporate Delivery. London: Heinemann.\r\n[27] Levine, M. (2013): The Promotion of Cooperatives, ILO Cooperative Branch. Retrieved from www.ica.coop\/europe\/ra2002\/speech.\r\n[28] Makinde, D. (2015). How Corporations Respond to Communities. Lagos: MacMillan Publishers.\r\n[29] McEntire, D.A. (2002). Coordinating multi-organizational responses to disaster: Lessons from the March 28, 2000, Fort Worth Tornado. Disaster Prevention &amp; Management. An International Journal of Disaster Management. 11 (5), 369-389.\r\n[30] Middlebrook, P. (2005) Fighting hunger and poverty in Ethiopia: Ethiopia\u2019s experience in implementing employment generation schemes as part of the national policy for disaster prevention and management. PhD thesis, University of Durham.\r\n[31] Morris, K (2013). Promoting Effectiveness in Corporate Governance. New York: Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[32] Muller, A. &amp; Whiteman, G. (2012).Exploring the geography of corporate philanthropic disaster response: A study of Fortune Global 500 Firms. Journal of Business Ethics. 6(2), 33-50.\r\n[33] Mumuni, A. (2013). Natural Disaster in Northern Nigeria. Katsina: Kazimi Publications.\r\n[34] Nabegu, A.B. (2014). Analysis of Vulnerability to Flood Disaster in Kano State, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences. 4(2), 022-029.\r\n[35] Nakagawa, Y. and R. Shaw (2004).Social Capital: A Missing Link to Disaster Recovery\u2019, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 22(1), 5\u201334.\r\n[36] NEMA (2012) Training Manual on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management for post primary Schools in South-South, Nigeria.\r\n[37] NEMA, Annual Report 2010\r\n[38] NEMA, Annual Report 2011\r\n[39] NEMA, Annual Report 2013\r\n[40] NEMA, Annual Report 2014\r\n[41] Nobre, F.S., Tobias, A.M. &amp; Walker, D. (2009). Organizational and technological implications of cognitive machines: Designing future information management systems. Hershey &amp; New York: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.\r\n[42] Odulari, O. (2016). Ad-hoc Responses in Disaster Management. Port Harcourt: Awansca Books.\r\n[43] OECD (2016).MEASURING Organizational Effectiveness. OECD Policy Brief No.19.\r\n[44] Olson, R.S. (2000). Toward a politics of disaster: Losses, values, agendas and blame. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 18(2), 265-287.\r\n[45] Perrow, C. (!984). Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies. New York: Basic Books.\r\n[46] Prabel, D. (2012). Institutional focus in Rebuilding Natural Disaster Ravaged Communities. New York: Allen and Wiley.\r\n[47] Richard, P.J., Devinney, T.M., Yip, G.S. &amp; Johnson, G. (2009). Measuring Organizational Performance: Towards Methodological best practice. In Wikipedia (May, 2008).Organizational Effectiveness. Retrieved from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organizational_ effectiveness\r\n[48] Ross, W. (2009).Learning from humanitarian assistance: A partnership perspective. Oxford: University Press.\r\n[49] Sanchez-Burks, J. &amp; Huy, Q.N. (2009). Emotional aperture and strategic change: The accurate recognition of collective emotions. Organ.Sci. 20, 22-23.\r\n[50] Sayegh, T. (2014).Corporate Involvement in Disaster response and Recovery: An analysis of the Gujarat Earthquake. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA.\r\n[51] Schiff, B., Noy, C., &amp; Choler, B.J. (2001). Collective stress in the life narratives of Holocaust survivors.Narrat Inq., 11, 159-194.\r\n[52] Simmons, C.J. &amp; Becker-Olsen, K. L. (2013).Achieving Marketing Objectives through Social Sponsorships Journal of Marketing. 70(1), 154-169.\r\n[53] Thompson, J.D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[54] Twigg, J. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility and Disaster Deduction: A global view. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.research4development.info\/PDF\/ Outputs\/Mis_SPC\/R 7893CSROverview.pdf.\r\n[55] United Nations (2013).The Year of .Recurring Disasters a ReviewofNaturalDisasters in 2012.Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Publication.\r\n[56] Vollhardt, J.R. &amp; Bilewicz, M. (2013). After the disaster: Psychological perspectives on victims, bystander, and perpetrator groups. Journal of Social Issues. 69, 1-15.\r\n[57] Wassenhove, V.N. (2008). Corporate Responses to Humanitarian Disasters Trusted Insights for Business Worldwide.The Mutual Benefits of Private-Humanitarian Cooperation. Retrieved from www.conference-board.orgResearch Report.\r\n[58] Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. &amp; Davis, I. (2004).At risk: Natural hazards, people&#8217;s vulnerability, and disasters. New York: Routledge.\r\n[59] Woodward, J. (1958): Management and Technology. London: HSMO.\r\n[60] World Bank (2013).World natural disaster outlook. Washington D.C,: The World Bank Publication.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Barinem Wisdom Girigiri PhD and Porbari Monbari Badom, PhD &#8220;Institutional Framework, Management and Coordination of Disaster Situations in Nigeria: Theoretical Standpoint on National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.50-60 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/50-60.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/50-60.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/institutional-framework-management-and-coordination-of-disaster-situations-in-nigeria-theoretical-standpoint-on-national-emergency-management-agency-nema\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Institutional Framework, Management and Coordination of Disaster Situations in Nigeria: Theoretical Standpoint on National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26349e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b26349e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b263587 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b263587\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26370c\" data-id=\"b26370c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b263830 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b263830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2638d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2638d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b263a2c\" data-id=\"b263a2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b263b3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b263b3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b263be3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b263be3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b263d2c\" data-id=\"b263d2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b263e52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b263e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b263ef3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b263ef3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b264044\" data-id=\"b264044\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b264153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b264153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2641f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2641f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26432e\" data-id=\"b26432e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b264437 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b264437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2644d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2644d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2686b2\" data-id=\"b2686b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b268824 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b268824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2688e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2688e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b268a6c\" data-id=\"b268a6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b268c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b268c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Digital Communication and Transnational Learning in the 21st Century: An Overview of Its Benefits and Challenges<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ben Odeba, Misal Daburi Bello and Lynda Onah- February 2022- Page No.: 61-67<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b268ce6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b268ce6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b268e78\" data-id=\"b268e78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b268fc5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b268fc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMore than ever before, NOW is the right time for digital communication and transnational learning to be embraced by all. This paper analytically reviewed the use of digital communication and transnational learning in the 21st Century for transformative, evolving and mutually beneficial digital relations among institutions of higher learning. The study is anchored on the media richness Theory of computer mediated communication (CMC). Major findings show that although the use of digital communication for transnational learning is challenging, its benefits are enormous which include among others being smarter, faster and cheaper means of organizing a \u201cglobalized classroom\u201d for educational development. The intending institutions should do the needful by way of deliberate efforts in putting all the modalities in place for its success. They should also include flexibility, initiative, social skills, productivity and leadership skills. The qualities of leading a positive adventurous life, resilience, creative problem-solving possessing unbridled freedom, tenacity of purpose, following one\u2019s natural curiosity and proclivity should be the hallmarks of the 21st century teaching and digital media communication. It has been observed that many teachers in the 21st century education are quite slow in updating themselves with the latest technologies and techniques of communication and teaching while some others do not see the need to undergo training in the use of technology for 21st century communication, teaching and learning particularly for a trinational learning. Some universities, especially in Africa vis-\u00e0-vis Nigeria are doing little or nothing to key into this exciting and rewarding form of communication and learning in the globalized society. Every university that intends to embark on digital communication and transnational learning should have a differentiator, value-added proposition or flagship point and work assiduously to improve and sustain it.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 61-67\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6204<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ben Odeba <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of Academic Planning, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Misal Daburi Bello<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of Public Affairs, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lynda Onah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Barrow, T. (2009). Media Richness Theory. Available at: http:\/\/blog.timebarrow.com\/2009\/09\/media-richness-theory\/. Assessed December 31, 2019\r\n[2] Daft, R.L. &amp; Lengel, R.H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science 32(5), 554-571.\r\n[3] Faulkner, J. and Latham, G. (2016). Adventurous Lives: Teacher Qualities for 21st Century Learning. Australian Journal of Teacher Education. Vol. 41, Issue 4.\r\n[4] Fullan, M. (1994). Change Forces: Probing the Depths of Educational Reform. School Development and the Management of Change Series: 10 Britol, PA: Falmer Press.\r\n[5] Heritage, M. (2008). Learning Progressions: Supporting Instruction and Formative Assessment. Washington DC: Council of Chief State School Officers.\r\n[6] Igyuve, A., Odeba, B. &amp; Misal, D. B. (2021). Assessment of the Effectiveness of Online Lectures by Bingham University during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 5(7), 158-165\r\n[7] National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk: The Moral Imperative of Educational Reform. Available online: https\/\/www2ed.gov\/pubs.NatAtRisk\/index.html (accessed on 10 February 2020).\r\n[8] Patton, M. Q. (2008). Utilization-focused evaluation (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[9] Qurix, W. B. (2019). Transformation and Entrepreneurship as Hallmarks of the 21st Century University Education in Nigeria. Being a Pre-Convocation Lecture of the Federal University, Lokoja, Kogi State during their Convocation Ceremony delivered on December 12, 2019.\r\n[10] UNESCO (2013). UNESCO Principles on Education for Development Beyond 2015. Paris: https\/\/en.unesco.org\/post2015\/files\/UNESCOPrinciplesonEducationforDevelopmentBeyond2015.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ben Odeba, Misal Daburi Bello and Lynda Onah, &#8220;Digital Communication and Transnational Learning in the 21st Century: An Overview of Its Benefits and Challenges&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.61-67 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6204 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/61-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/digital-communication-and-transnational-learning-in-the-21st-century-an-overview-of-its-benefits-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Digital Communication and Transnational Learning in the 21st Century: An Overview of Its Benefits and Challenges<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26b47a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b26b47a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26b55d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26b55d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26b6e7\" data-id=\"b26b6e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26b80e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26b80e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26b8b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26b8b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26ba05\" data-id=\"b26ba05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26bb17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26bb17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26bbb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26bbb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26bd05\" data-id=\"b26bd05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26be0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26be0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26c96a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26c96a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26cae1\" data-id=\"b26cae1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26cbf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26cbf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Moderated Mediated Effect of External Environment and Strategy Implementation on Relationship between Strategic Leadership and Organisation Performance<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Omondi Joseph, Dr. Kiruhi Timothy, Prof. Okeyo Washington, Dr. Mwikya James &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 68-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26cc96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26cc96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26ce49\" data-id=\"b26ce49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26cfa3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b26cfa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Parastatals have contributed immensely to Kenya\u2019s social and economic development, yet they often face financial and governance challenges in spite of them accounting for a sizeable share of the national budget. This often calls for appropriate and timely parastatal execution of reforms in line with the provisions and dictates of the national strategy on parastatal reforms. This study sought to establish the moderated mediated effect of external environment and strategy implementation on relationship between strategic leadership and organisation performance: case of agricultural, livestock and fisheries (ALF) parastatals in Kenya. Taking positivist approach, the study was anchored on Full Range Leadership Theory supported by Cultural Dimension, Open System Theory and Resource-Based View theory. Cross sectional survey design using a census was adopted with a target population consisting of 45 Chief executive officers and 135 senior managers from 45 ALF parastatals in Kenya. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire and analysis done descriptively and inferentially using correlation, multiple regressions and bootstrapping. Model results showed that there was strong significant positive correlation of R=0.7731 between all the study variables. Further study results shows that 59.8% (R2 =0.598) of variation in performance can be explained by a unit change in strategic leadership style, strategy implementation and external environment. Bootstrapping results revealed that the index for moderation mediation is significant, where lower and upper confidence interval [LLCI: 0.154, ULCI: 0.384] where the zero (0) is outside the confidence interval and thus moderation mediation is significant. There is direct association between strategic leadership style and organization performance of Agricultural, Livestock and Fisheries parastatals in Kenya which is moderated by external environment and the interaction is significant while the indirect association between strategic leadership style and strategy implementation on level of external environment, the interaction is also significant thus the direct and indirect effects are both significant. External environment will influence directly and indirectly the organizational performance of Agricultural Livestock and Fisheriesparastatals in Kenya therefore, if parastatals organizations leaders want to improve their organizational performance significantly they should engage in balanced control that involves strategic leadership style, strategy implementation and external environment. The study recommends re-evaluation of leadership and strategy implementation policies at the inspectorate of state corporations in Kenya to enhance performance of the institutions and align them with stakeholder\u2019s demands and the global emerging trends in strategy implementation. The ALF leaders should allow departments to device viable ways of achieving strategic objectives and make sure that strategic plan is developed and implemented using a participatory approach. Finally, ALF parastatals leadership must take cognizance of external environment\u2019s influence and adjust their operations and leadership in tandem to perform better.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-81\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Omondi Joseph<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Management &amp; Leadership, Management University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Kiruhi Timothy<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool Leadership and Governance, International Leadership University, P.O Box 60954-00200 Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Okeyo Washington<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Management &amp; Leadership, Management University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mwikya James<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computing and Information Technology, Kirinyaga University, P.O Box 143-10300, Kerugoya, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Afonina, A. 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American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4(12), 767.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Omondi Joseph, Dr. Kiruhi Timothy, Prof. Okeyo Washington, Dr. Mwikya James, &#8220;Moderated Mediated Effect of External Environment and Strategy Implementation on Relationship between Strategic Leadership and Organisation Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.68-81 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/68-81.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/68-81.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26f22b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26f22b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26f2ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26f2ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26f44c\" data-id=\"b26f44c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26f59e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b26f59e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Capital Structure Decisions Nexus on Listed Non-Financial Institutions\u2019 Performance in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Job Boahen &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 82-88<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b26f654 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b26f654\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b26f7f3\" data-id=\"b26f7f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b26f949 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b26f949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined capital structure decisions nexus on listed non-financial institutions in Ghana using quantitative research approach and secondary data in the form of financial statements obtained from the Ghana Stock Exchange for the period 2014 to 2020.\r\nThe study used a sample size of 22 from a population of 33 comprising total non-financial listed institutions on the Ghana Stock Exchange. Financial and insurance institutions totalling 9, were excluded to mitigate any impact of outliers since the financial market is highly regulated with varied set of rules and regulations.\r\nCapital structure was determined using return on capital employed computed from the financial statements of the sampled firms. The findings showed an indirect negative association with debt finance and significant direct association with equity finance with respect to return on capital employed.\r\nThe study concluded that capital structure decisions positively affect equity source of finance and thus recommends that listed firms in Ghana should maximize equity funding due to the expensive nature of debt finance in developing countries. Equity finance also improves management by bringing in experts and experienced shareholders to facilitate the routine operations of the firms.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-88\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Job Boahen <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.Dc, Valley View University, Accra-Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adesina, B., Nwidobie B., Oluwatosin O., (2015). Capital structure and financial performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 05(02) pp.21-31.\r\n[2] Akomeah,E.,Bentil,P.,Musah,A.(2018).The Impact of Capital Structure Decisions on Firm Performance:The Case of Listed Non-Financial Institutions in Ghana, International Journal of Academic Researchin Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences8(4):1-15.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6007\/IJARAFMS\/v8-i4\/5050\r\n[3] Ali, A., &amp; Faisal, S. (2020). Capital structure and financial performance: A Case of Saudi Petrochemical Industry. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(7), 105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13106\/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.105\r\n[4] Modigliant, F., &amp; Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261\u2013297.\r\n[5] Musah,A.(2017).TheImpactofCapitalStructureonProfitabilityofCommercialBanksinGhana.Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 6(1), 21-36.\r\n[6] Qayyum,N.ul,&amp;Noreen,U.(2019).Impact of capital structureon profitability: A comparative study of islamic and conventional banks of Pakistan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, andBusiness,6(4),65\u201374.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13106\/jafeb.2019. vol6.no4.65\r\n[7] Yakubu, I.N., Kapusuzoglu, A. and Ceylan, N.B. (2021), &#8220;Trade-Off Theory Versus Pecking Order Theory: The Determinants of Capital Structure Decisions for the Ghanaian Listed Firms&#8221;, Din\u00e7er, H. and Y\u00fcksel, S. (Ed.) Strategic Outlook in Business and Finance Innovation: Multidimensional Policies for Emerging Economies, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 111-122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-80043-444-820211011\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Job Boahen , &#8220;Capital Structure Decisions Nexus on Listed Non-Financial Institutions\u2019 Performance in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.82-88 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/82-88.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/82-88.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/capital-structure-decisions-nexus-on-listed-non-financial-institutions-performance-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Capital Structure Decisions Nexus on Listed Non-Financial Institutions\u2019 Performance in Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b27ebf1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b27ebf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b27ecc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b27ecc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b27ee52\" data-id=\"b27ee52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b27efbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b27efbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b27f063 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b27f063\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b27f1c0\" data-id=\"b27f1c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b27f622 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b27f622\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b27f722 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b27f722\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b27f8a2\" data-id=\"b27f8a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b27f9c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b27f9c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b27fa69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b27fa69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b27fbf4\" data-id=\"b27fbf4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b27fd1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b27fd1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b27fdbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b27fdbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b27ff16\" data-id=\"b27ff16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b280021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b280021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2800c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2800c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b280219\" data-id=\"b280219\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b280327 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b280327\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2803c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2803c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b280532\" data-id=\"b280532\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b280649 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b280649\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Academic Achievement Among Secondary School Students in Kericho County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sang Kipchirchir Naftali, Dr. Thaddaeus Rugar &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 89-97<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2806e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2806e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b280868\" data-id=\"b280868\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2809a4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2809a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The mean score for mocks exams has been reducing for the last three years, therefore study tried to find out if student mocks (CATs) correlate with family background from which student came from. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of parental level of education, parental level of income, parental occupation and family size on student\u2019s academic achievement. The study found out that family background indeed influence student academic achievement. Correlational research design was applied to analyze the data. Education production function theory was used to guide the study. 1809 form four students were the target population for the study. Simple random and stratified sampling method was employed to achieve the sample. Questionnaire used to collect data was validated by educational experts from Kenyatta University. Reliability of the instrument was obtained through test-retest. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the collected data and quantitative data was presented in tables. Frequencies, regression coefficient and Pearson\u2019s coefficient correlation was used to present data analyzed. SPSS version 20 was utilized to generate summarized information in tables. Analyzed results showed that parent level of education, parental occupation and parental income express positive relationship with the student academic achievement however the size of the family express negative relationship with student academic achievement. Parents should participate in academic activities of their children and further studies regarding student academic achievement and family background should be done.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 89-97\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6205\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6205<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sang Kipchirchir Naftali <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Development, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Thaddaeus Rugar <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Development, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adekay, T. 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The influence of parent education and family income on child achievement. The indirect role of parental expectation and the home enviroment. family psychology, 19, 294-304.\r\n[9] Francis, N. K. (2015). Influence of Parents Socio-Economic Background On Student Kcse Performance In Public Secondary School In Kibwezi District Makueni County. Retrieved from Kenyatta University :www.maktaba.ku.ac. ke\r\n[10] Gay, L. (1987). Education Research Competence for Analysis and Application, Columbus Ohio, Merill.\r\n[11] Hanushek, E. (1992). Theory of Education Production Function. Retrieved from www.google.com\r\n[12] Kabinga, O. S. (2014). Impact of Parental Social Economic Status of Student Academic Achievement. Retrieved from Kenyatta University: www.maktaba. ku.ac.ke\r\n[13] Kamau, L. M. (2013).Relationship between Family Background and Academic Performance of Secondary Schools Students. Med Thesis Siakago: Retrieved from kenyatta university : www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[14] KNEC (2016) KCSE Analysis. Retrieved from www.kneck.ac.ke\r\n[15] Kombo, D. K. (1988). Causes of Poor Performance in Harambee Secondary Schools: Kathiani Division. Retrieved from www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[16] Kothari, C. R. (2003). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques.New Dheli: New Age International.\r\n[17] Mattison, S. M. (2014). parental investment and and the positive effects of fathers among the Matrilineal mosou of south west china. china.\r\n[18] Memo, A. (2010). The Relationship between the Socio Economic Status of Parents and Student Academic Achievement in Social Studies. Retrieved from research in education : www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[19] Mugenda, O. &amp; Mugenda, A. (2003). Research Methods. Quantitative &amp;Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.\r\n[20] Mocks Analysis, (2016). Joint Kipkelion East mocks. Kipkelion.\r\n[21] Mugenda, O. &amp; Mugenda, A. (1999). Research Methods. Quantitative &amp; Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.\r\n[22] Murithi, G. W. (2015). Parental Determinats of Academic Performance of Learners in Public Day Secondary School. Retrieved from Kenyatta University : www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[23] Mwaniki, J. M. (2013, december ). Effects of Social Economic and Istitution Factors on Boys Performance in KCSE: Subukia District Kenya . Retrieved from kenyatta university : www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[24] Ndege, W. M. (2010). Factors Influencing Academic Performance in Day Secondary School in Essise Divission borabu District . Retrieved from Kenyatta University: www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[25] Oketch, C.O. (2004). Relationship between the achievement of form four students in mocks and KCSE examination. Retrieved from www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[26] Orodho, J. A. (2008). Techniques of writing resaerch proposal and report in education and social science. Nairobi: kazezja .\r\n[27] Osuafor, A. (2013). Influence of Family Background on Academic Achievement of Secondary School Biology Student . Retrieved from kenyatta university: www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[28] Saunders, M. (2009). Research methods. 5th edition. London: Prentice Hall.\r\n[29] Saundersm, M. (1997): Research methods for business students. Edinburg: Pearson Education Company.\r\n[30] Stauffer, W. &amp; Etal (2006) Prevalence and Incidence of Entamoeba Histolytica. South Africa and Egypt. Retrieved from www.maktaba.ku.ac.ke\r\n[31] United Nation (2010) Second Goal of Millennium. Retrieved from www.un.com`\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sang Kipchirchir Naftali, Dr. Thaddaeus Rugar &#8220;Determinants of Academic Achievement Among Secondary School Students in Kericho County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.89-97 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6205<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/89-97.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-academic-achievement-among-secondary-school-students-in-kericho-country-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determinants of Academic Achievement Among Secondary School Students in Kericho County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b281d88 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b281d88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b282656\" data-id=\"b282656\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2827ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2827ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2828ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2828ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b282adc\" data-id=\"b282adc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b282c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b282c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b282cc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b282cc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b282e43\" data-id=\"b282e43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b282f5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b282f5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b283005 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b283005\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b283161\" data-id=\"b283161\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28327c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28327c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b283334 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b283334\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2834b1\" data-id=\"b2834b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2835d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2835d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28367c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28367c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b283810\" data-id=\"b283810\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b283935 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b283935\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pornography Addiction Challenge among the Youth: A Case Study of Highfield High Density Area, Harare<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tapiwa Zinyemba- February 2022- Page No.: 98-104<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2839d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2839d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b283b59\" data-id=\"b283b59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b283c8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b283c8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nExposure to pornography poses a serious challenge to youth all over the world. Several studies have noted that the vice often leads to various physical, mental and social challenges. These include negative feelings about oneself, distorted beliefs and perceptions about relationships and sexuality, isolation, addiction, increased aggression among others. In Zimbabwe, there appears to be a dearth in literature on pornography and how exposure to it affects an individual. Using the qualitative research methodology which included making use of in depth interviews, the paper sought to understand how youths in Highfield are exposed to pornography and how it has impacted on their lives. Findings show that the exposure to pornography and subsequent addiction is attributed to increased access to the internet, social media applications and platforms and electronic devices like mobile phones, laptops, tablets and personal computers where pupils can visit pornographic websites for viewing, downloading and sharing pornographic pictures and videos. The study recommends a multi-pronged theological approached where school administrators, teachers and parents and guardians coordinate and collaborate in educating the youths in the negative impacts of viewing pornography.\r\nPurpose: Whereas pornography viewing amongst secondary school students and youth in Highfield location of Harare, Zimbabwe is a challenge, the paper seeks to document the factors prompting youths to engage in this practice. It attempts to how pornography is affecting young people in developing countries like Zimbabwe. Above all the study will unpack the Biblical and theological reflections on pornography and what preventative mechanisms can be put in place to ensure total deviation from the practice.\r\nFindings: Findings revealed that exposure to viewing pornographic material is prevalent in Highfield. The researcher\u2019s interactions as a pastor with youths in the area, the questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus groups discussions held during the course of the study showed the prevalence of access and addiction to pornographic material among the youths.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 98-104\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6206<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tapiwa Zinyemba <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdventist University of Africa, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]. Adventist Review; November 21, 2013.\r\n[2]. Barna Group, \u201cNews Conference on Barna\u2019s New Study: \u2018The Porn Phenomenon,\u2019\u201d (January 15, 2016), https:\/\/www.barna.org\/blog\/culture-media\/barna-group\/porn-press- conference#.VrS9OrSJndl (accessed June 27, 2016).\r\n[3]. Barna 2016.https:\/\/barna-resources.myshopify.com\/products\/porn-phenomenon\r\n[4]. Bimber B. (2000). Measuring the gender gap on the Internet. Social Science Quarterly, 81 (8), 868\u2013 876 Bob Davidson, M.Div., M.Ed., LMFT, CSAT Director, Family Institute, P.C.\r\n[5]. Carnes, P. J. (1994). Out of the shadows. Minneapolis, MN: Hazelden Foundation.\r\n[6]. Chiara Sabina, Janis Wolak, and David Finkelhor, \u201cThe Nature and Dynamics of Internet Pornography Exposure for Youth,\u201d CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior 11, no. 6 (2008):691\u2013693.\r\n[7]. Chris Denhere &amp; Pilot Mudhovozi (Great Zimbabwe University). Zimbabwe International Journal of Open &amp; Distance Learning Volume 1 Number (1) 2011\r\n[8]. City of Anderson Police Department COPS FY 2010 Child Sexual Predator Program Project Description\r\n[9]. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 1998. www.maine.gov\/dhhs\/ disorders: Relevance for chemical dependency relapse. Substance Use &amp; Misuse.http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/topic\/pornography\r\n[10]. Duffy, Athena and Dawson, Dave and Das Nair, Roshan (2016) Pornography addiction in adults: a systematic review of definitions and reported impact. Journal of Sexual Medicine. ISSN 1743-6095\r\n[11]. Duffy, Athena (2016), Griffiths 2012, Werry and Billiex 2015. www.sciencedirect.com&gt;article&gt;pii.\r\n[12]. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abrep.2016.11.003\r\n[13]. Earle, R., Crow, G., &amp; Osborn, K. (1989). Lonely all the time: Recognizing, understanding, and overcoming sex addiction, for addicts and co-dependents. Endsexualityexploitation.org\r\n[14]. http:\/\/www.covenanteyes.com\/pornstats\/\r\n[15]. https:\/\/www.faithandsafety.org\/pornography\r\n[16]. http:\/\/www.expastors.com\/how-many-pastors-are-addicted-to-porn-the-stats-are-surprising\/\r\n[17]. http:\/\/www.juniperresearch.com\/press-release\/mobile-adult-pr\/\r\n[18]. http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2015\/07\/14\/pornography-public-health-crisis\/30152095\/\r\n[19]. https:\/\/barna-resources.myshopify.com\/products\/porn-phenomenon https:\/\/www.barna.com\/&#8230;\/porn-in-the-digital-age-new-research-reveals-10-trends\/\r\n[20]. https:\/\/www.faithandsafety.org\/pornography\/2016\r\n[21]. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_relationship\r\n[22]. https:\/\/stream.org\/aouthor\/nancyflory\/2016\r\n[23]. https:\/\/tolovehonorandvacuum.com\/2016\/05\/women-porn-addiction\/\r\n[24]. https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=romans+5%3a12&amp;verson=rsv India Time Journal; Aine Kenny, Travel Editor, April 14, 2017.\r\n[25]. India Times Journal; Dr. Samir Parikk, 2017.\r\n[26]. Internet Pornography by numbers- webroot.www.webroot.com&gt;tips-article\/2018\r\n[27]. Josh McDowell, Porn Phenomenon Study (July and August 2015)\r\n[28]. Laaser, D., &amp; Cisney, J. (2007). Spouse recovery. In the American Association of Christian Counselors [Producer], Treating sexual addiction: Professional certificate training program.\r\n[29]. Marni Feuerman. Relationships, Marital Problems. Is Pornography destroying your marriage? 2020. www.verywellmind.com&gt;is-porno\r\n[30]. Milrad, R. (1999). Co-addictive recovery: Early recovery issues for spouses of sex addicts. Sexual Addiction &amp; Compulsivity, 6(2), 125-136.\r\n[31]. Schneider, J. P., &amp; Irons, R. R. (2001). Assessment and treatment of addictive sexual. Seligman, L., &amp; Hardenburg, S. A. (2000). Assessment and treatment of paraphilia\u2019s. Journal of Counseling &amp; Development, 78, 107\u2013114.\u2028 Website, robertweissmsw.com\r\n[32]. Ellen G. White. Letters to Young Lovers. Washington DC, 2001. www.care.org.uk\/resources\/internet-misuse\/what-is-pornography\r\nWww.howtobeast.com\/porn-addicttion-side-effects-and-how-to-quit-porn\/ 19 Possible Motives triggering your porn Consumption. www.covenanteyes.com.2016\/09.16\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tapiwa Zinyemba, &#8220;Pornography Addiction Challenge among the Youth: A Case Study of Highfield High Density Area, Harare&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.98-104 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6206 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/98-104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pornography-addiction-challenge-among-the-youth-a-case-study-of-highfield-high-density-area-harare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Pornography Addiction Challenge among the Youth: A Case Study of Highfield High Density Area, Harare<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28c9f1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b28c9f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28cada elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28cada\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28cc71\" data-id=\"b28cc71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28cda5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28cda5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28ce6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28ce6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28cfd1\" data-id=\"b28cfd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28d0e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28d0e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28d18c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28d18c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28d2d8\" data-id=\"b28d2d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28d3e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28d3e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28d486 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28d486\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28d5f9\" data-id=\"b28d5f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28d708 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28d708\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28d7ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28d7ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28d8f4\" data-id=\"b28d8f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28da07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28da07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28daa2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28daa2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28dbec\" data-id=\"b28dbec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28dcf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28dcf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28dd98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28dd98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28df01\" data-id=\"b28df01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28e017 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b28e017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Educators\u2019 Experience in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD among Children in Edo State, Nigeria: Implications for Counselling<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Margaret Inenemo Abikwi, Prof. Elizabeth Omotunde Egbochuku &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 105-110<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b28e0b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b28e0b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b28e264\" data-id=\"b28e264\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28e3ac elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b28e3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper is on the assessment of Educators experience in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children in Edo State, Nigeria. The study is a quasi-experimental design. The purpose of the study is to assess Educators\u2019 experience in the management of ADHD among children in Edo State; the populations of the study are Educators in primary schools in Edo State. 140 Educators were selected from two out of 18 Local government Areas, to go through the training for 6weeks. In this study one hypothesis was formulated: There is no significant difference in the levels of experience of Educators in the post treatment knowledge in the management of ADHD. The Modified &#8211; Knowledge of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (M-KADHD) questionnaire modified by the researchers was used for the study and was administered to the participants at the beginning. They were grouped into 2 equal groups: control and experimental. Each group had 70 participants respectively. Only the experimental group received the behaviour modification treatment which lasted for 6 weeks. The analysis of covariance for the effect of level of experience of Educators showed .166 as the F-ratio with df = (139). This was not significant at p&gt;.05. The null hypothesis was retained. The result showed there was no significant difference in the management of ADHD based on the level of experience of Educators. It was recommended that for proper management Pupils who manifest ADHD symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity\/impulsivity Educations should be trained irrespective of the years of teaching experience. Educators\u2019 should manage these children by breaking assignments into smaller units and give reward accordingly.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 105-110\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Margaret Inenemo Abikwi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBenson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Elizabeth Omotunde Egbochuku<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abikwi M. I (2009). \u2018Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder intervention: strategies &amp;counselling tips for primary school teachers\u2019 Edo Journal of Counselling VOL2, NO2,\r\n[2] Abikwi, M. I. &amp; E. O. Egbochuku (2012). \u2018Educators level of qualification: implications in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children in Edo State, Nigeria\u2019. Asian Journals of Management Sciences and Education.\r\n[3] American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association. (2013).\r\n[4] American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.\r\n[5] Bakare M. (2012). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and disorder (ADHD) among African children: a review of epidemiology and co-morbidities. The African Journal of\r\nPsychiatry. 15(5):358\u2013361.\r\n[6] Bolinger S. J. , Mucherah W., Markelz A. M. (2020) Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and classroom management. The journal of special education Appreticeship Vol 9 (1) JOSEP\r\n[7] Bowley, B. A., &amp; Walther, E. (1992). Attention deficit disorders and the role of the elementary school counsellor. Elementary School Guidance &amp; Counselling, 27, 39- 46.\r\n[8] Chinawa J. M., Odetunde O. I., Obu H. A., Chinawa A. T., Bakare M. O., Ujunwa F. A. (2014). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a neglected issue in the developing world. Behavioural Neurology. 2014:6.\r\n[9] Egbochuku E. O. &amp; Abikwi, M. I. (2007) \u2018The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among primary school pupils of Benin metropolis, Nigeria\u2019 Journal of Human Ecology, Vol 22, No4, 22(4): 317-322\r\n[10] Federal Government of Nigeria (2014). National Policy on Education. Revised Editon Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n[11] Meyer A, Eilertsen D. E, Sundet J.M, Tshifularo J.G, and Sagvolden T, (2004). Cross cultural similarities in ADHD-like behaviour amongst South African primary school children. South African Journal of Psychology; 34: 123 \u2013 139.\r\n[12] McArdle, P. (2004). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and life-span development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 468\u2013469.\r\n[13] Ogundele, M. O (2018). Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians, World Journal of Clinical Paediatrics.\r\n[14] Rocco I., Corso B., Bonati M. and Minicuci N. (2021) Time of onset and\/or diagnosis of ADHD in European children: a systematic review. Vol 21, BMC Psychiatry in Polanczyk G. V, De-Lima M. S., Horta B. L., Rohde A. L., Biederman J. (2007) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and meta regression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164 (6):942\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942.Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar\r\n[15] Sundet J.M, Tshifularo J.G, Sagvolden T. (2004) Cross cultural similarities in ADHD-like behaviour amongst South African primary school children. South African Journal of Psychology 34: 123 \u2013 139.\r\n[16] West, J., Taylor, M., Houghton, S. and Hudyma, S. (2005). A comparison of teachers\u2019 and parents\u2019 knowledge and beliefs about attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). School Psychology International, SAGE Journal 26, 192\u2013208.\r\n[17] Skogli E. W, Teicher M. H., Normann-Andersen P. Hovik K. T., and \u00d8ie M., (2013) ADHD in girls and boys \u2013 gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures BMC Psychiatry. 13:298. doi: 10.1186\/1471-244X-13-298\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Margaret Inenemo Abikwi, Prof. Elizabeth Omotunde Egbochuku, &#8220;Assessment of Educators\u2019 Experience in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD among Children in Edo State, Nigeria: Implications for Counselling&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.105-110 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/105-110.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/105-110.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-educators-experience-in-the-management-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-among-children-in-edo-state-nigeria-implications-for-counselling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of Educators\u2019 Experience in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD among Children in Edo State, Nigeria: Implications for Counselling<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b298f3d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b298f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b299ed7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b299ed7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b299f71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b299f71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29a0b8\" data-id=\"b29a0b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29a1bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29a1bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29a259 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29a259\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29a3c6\" data-id=\"b29a3c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29a4dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29a4dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Changing Nature of Intra-City Transportation in Sokoto Metropolis: A Case Study of Motorcycle (Kabu-Kabu) Hire Purchase<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Umar Muhammad Gummi, Dr. Maria Abdullahi, Dr. Murtala Marafaa &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 111-116<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29a57b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29a57b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29a713\" data-id=\"b29a713\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29a85b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b29a85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIntra-city transportation system is an indispensible means of movement of persons and their goods within the city. In Sokoto metropolis, it has contributed and still contributing to the development of the socio-economic activities of the people. Motorcycle or Kabu-kabu is one of the means of intra-city transport within the metropolis. The role of commercial motorcycle (kabu-kabu) in Sokoto metropolis is to compliment the services of other Para-transit modes of transport such as tricycles and buses, in moving passengers and goods from one point to another. It is noteworthy that despite its limitation, Kabu-kabu has come to stay as a viable mode of transport in the metropolis. This became so because it is a means of employment opportunities by a good number of youths who had formal education. The upsurge in the fleet of commercial motorcycles in the metropolis is a clear testimony of the increasing demands for this mode of public transport as well as the employment opportunities it has brought to the teeming youths in the metropolis. The study concluded that the contribution of this mode of intra-city transportation (kabu-kabu) to the development of the metropolis social, economically and politically cannot be overemphasized.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 111-116\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umar Muhammad Gummi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Maria Abdullahi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Murtala Marafa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ali, A.D, (2010) Trade and Transport in the Lower Niger 1830-2011, Lagos, Adenuga Concept Publishers.\r\n[2] Anyawu J.C et.al, (1997) The Structure of the Nigerian Economy 1960-1997, Onisha, Joanne educational Publication Ltd.\r\n[3] Bello. 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The Transportation Revolution began with improved roads in the late 18th century.\r\n[35] Abdussalam, I.K., Transportation and Transformation in Jos C. 1900-1970, PhD thesis, BUK, 2010\r\n[36] Ali A.D., Nature and Impact of Trade and Inland Water Transport in the Lower Niger Region 1879-1997, PhD Thesis, UniLag, 2010\r\n[37] Abubakar, S., Cross-Border Trade in Fairly used Automobile (Tokonbo): A Study of Nigeria&#8217;s North-West International Border C. 1973-2013, PhD thesis, UDU, 2015\r\n[38] Madugu, Y.U., Transportation and the Economy of Kano Metropolis C. 1967-2014, PhD thesis, ABU, 2015 Ahmad, G.B.M., Impact of Motorcycle Operation in Minna, PGD Dissertation, PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 2005. Aminu, A., An Examination of Road Traffic Violation in Zaria Metropolis, PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 2010. Attahiru, A., Economic Comparison of Mass Transit Vehicles: A case study of Kebbi State Mass Transit (K.B.S.T.A), PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 1992.\r\n[39] Balarabe, G., An Appraisal of Local Government Mass Transit Programme in Nigeria: A Case Study of Sokoto Local Government Council, PGD Dissertation, NITT Zaria, 1996\r\n[40] Bashir, H.S., Motorcycle as a Viable Mode of Inter-Urban Travel: A case study of Birnin Kebbi, PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 1992.\r\n[41] Danjuma, A.I., Government Intervention in Mass transit Operation, Problems and Prospect: A Case study of Kaduna and Kano State transport agency, PGD Dissertation, NITT Zaria, 1996\r\n[42] Inuwa, A.Y., Analysis of mass transit: A case study of Kano intra-city transport (Kano Line), PGD Dissertation, NITT Zaria, 1996\r\n[43] Jankaro, S.I., Commercial Vehicle Registration and Road Worthiness Certification in Nigeria State, PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 2009.\r\n[44] Jatau, M.B., An Assessment of the Level of Compliance of Mass Transit Operation with the Federal Capital Territory Administration (FCTA) Concession Agreement, PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 2009.\r\n[45] Khalid, A.S., Towards a Viable Transport System: A case study of Yobe State Transport Services Ltd (Yobe-Line), PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 1993.\r\n[46] Kware, M.A., A Study of Motorcycles (Kabu-Kabu) As a Means of Transportation in Sokoto Metropolis, PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 2012\r\n[47] Muhammad, K.U., A Study of Motorcycle Accident Trend in Gusau Town (1992 \u2013 2000), PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 2002.\r\n[48] Same, Y. Y., Management of Urban Transportation: A case study of Sokoto State, HDMS Dissertation, Management Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, 1997.\r\n[49] Zakari, T., A Study of Road Usen on Denbe-Chagoua Road in N\u2019Djamena (Chad), PGD Dissertation, NITT, Zaria, 2012\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Umar Muhammad Gummi, Dr. Maria Abdullahi, Dr. Murtala Marafaa, &#8220;The Changing Nature of Intra-City Transportation in Sokoto Metropolis: A Case Study of Motorcycle (Kabu-Kabu) Hire Purchase&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.111-116 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/111-116.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/111-116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-changing-nature-of-intra-city-transportation-in-sokoto-metropolis-a-case-study-of-motorcycle-kabu-kabu-hire-purchase\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Changing Nature of Intra-City Transportation in Sokoto Metropolis: A Case Study of Motorcycle (Kabu-Kabu) Hire Purchase<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29b8b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b29b8b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29c54e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29c54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29c5ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29c5ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29c72e\" data-id=\"b29c72e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29c83d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29c83d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29c8d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29c8d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29ca1d\" data-id=\"b29ca1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29cb27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29cb27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29cbc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29cbc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29cd24\" data-id=\"b29cd24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ce34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29ce34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Smash of Brand Awareness and Brand Association around Imported Cosmetics towards Female Consumers Purchasing Decisions (With Special Reference to Millennials in Sri Lanka)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>HMWM Herath, B.G.H.M Bulathwatta &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 117-125<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29cece elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29cece\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29d061\" data-id=\"b29d061\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29d1b4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b29d1b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Personal grooming is one of the fastest growing industries anywhere in the world. There is huge competition for brands even in Sri Lanka. The purchasing decision related to imported cosmetic products was made by referring to the female segment. This study depends on the lifestyle rationale of ladies in the local market since it could provide constructive insights for crafting marketing-related decisions. At the same time, researchers have focused on studying the impact of brand awareness and brand association on female consumers&#8217; buying decisions for imported cosmetic products. The relationships between each selected brand equity element and female consumer purchase decisions were examined by hypotheses developed. The sample size was 225 female consumers who represented the economically active millennials in Sri Lanka. Results revealed that there were significant relationships between brand awareness and brand association and female consumers&#8217; buying decisions of imported cosmetics, and those elements had a high impact on female consumers&#8217; buying decisions of imported cosmetic products. Furthermore, the researchers discovered that, among the selected brand equity determinants, brand awareness and brand association were the most influential elements towards purchase decision, with a correlation value.The managerial implications have been discussed, especially referring to the contexts of branding and marketing promotion, as they relate to producing knowledge contribution through this empirical study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 117-125\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>HMWM Herath<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>B.G.H.M Bulathwatt<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management, Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n[1] Aaker, D. 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Management decision.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">HMWM Herath, B.G.H.M Bulathwatta, &#8220;Smash of Brand Awareness and Brand Association around Imported Cosmetics towards Female Consumers Purchasing Decisions (With Special Reference to Millennials in Sri Lanka)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.117-125 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/117-125.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/smash-of-brand-awareness-and-brand-association-around-imported-cosmetics-towards-female-consumers-purchasing-decisions-with-special-reference-to-millennials-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Smash of Brand Awareness and Brand Association around Imported Cosmetics towards Female Consumers Purchasing Decisions (With Special Reference to Millennials in Sri Lanka)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29e390 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29e390\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29e4e4\" data-id=\"b29e4e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29e607 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29e607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29e9d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29e9d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29eb31\" data-id=\"b29eb31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ec3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29ec3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29ece7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29ece7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29ee3f\" data-id=\"b29ee3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29ef54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29ef54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29eff3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29eff3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29f142\" data-id=\"b29f142\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29f24c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29f24c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29f2ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29f2ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29f45a\" data-id=\"b29f45a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29f573 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b29f573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teacher Characteristics and Students\u2019 Academic Achievements in Physics in STEM Model Public Secondary schools in Nairobi Metropolitan Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nelisa Kagendo Mbaka, Shem Mwalw\u2019a, &amp; Jacinta Mary Adhiambo &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 126-135<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b29f60f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b29f60f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b29f7ac\" data-id=\"b29f7ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b29f8f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b29f8f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of the study was to assess the influence of teacher characteristics on student\u2019s academic achievements in physics in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) model schools in Nairobi Metropolitan region, Kenya. The study used convergent parallel mixed method design. The target population comprised 11principals, 60 teachers and 1120 students with a sample size of 368(11 principals, 39 teachers and 318 students). The study was anchored on Brunner theory. Proportionate stratified sampling and simple random sampling was used to select students while purposive sampling was used to select teachers of physics and principals. Questionnaires, document analysis guide and interview guide were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to analyze quantitative data. Thematic and content analysis were used for qualitative data analysis. The study found out that teacher characteristics influence student\u2019s academic achievements in physics in STEM model schools. Physics performance depended on the teaching approaches and methods used by the teacher, and mastery of physics content and experience. Moreover, teachers\u2019 belief in students enable them to work harder, they encourage and motivate students to perform better in case they post poor grades. The study recommends that teachers strive to be passionate in teaching physics, believe in students\u2019 abilities to perform better in physics to work harder when they post poor grades in physics and create a friendly classroom learning environment that is favorable for learning to take place. This will ensure that teachers adopt various integrated STEM learning approaches like problem based, project based and inquiry-based learning while teaching.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 126-135\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6207\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6207<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nelisa Kagendo Mbaka<\/strong>\r\nPhD student at Catholic University of Eastern Africa<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shem Mwalw\u2019a<\/strong>\r\nThe Catholic University of Eastern Africa <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jacinta Mary Adhiambo<\/strong>\r\nThe Catholic University of Eastern Africa <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abraham, K. 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Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 4(1), 110-117.\r\n[22] Huziak-Clark, T., Sondergeld, T., van Staaden, M., Knaggs, C., &amp;Bullerjahn, A. (2015). Assessing the Impact of a Research-Based STEM Programme on STEM Majors\u2019 Attitudes and Beliefs. School Science and Mathematics, 115(5), 226\u2013236.\r\n[23] Inda, A. N. (2013). Influence Of Teacher\u2019s Characteristics on Effective Use of Inquiry Based Approach in Teaching Science in Preschools in Kuja Zone, Rongo District (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).\r\n[24] Kenya National Examinations Council (2019). National Examinations Performance Report. Nairobi: KNEC Publications\r\n[25] Kenya Vision (2030). Kenyan Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals. Nairobi: Act Press\r\n[26] Khan, T. H. (2014). Living with transformation: Self-built houses in the city of Dhaka (Vol. 1): Springer\r\n[27] Langat, K. (2018). 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Meridian K-12 School Computer Technologies Journal, 14(1), 1\u20136.\r\n[32] Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2015). STEM Education Programme Report. Nairobi\r\n[33] Mukekhe, M. S. (2019). Perspectives on Relevance of Physics Teacher Education Programmes in Relation to Pedagogic Skills of Student Teachers in Public Universities in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Maseno University).\r\n[34] Muriithi, E. M. P. (2018). Effect of teacher characteristics on learner academic achievement in physics in Kenyan secondary schools. International Journal of Education and Research, 6(3), 165-178.\r\n[35] Mutambuki, E. K. (2014). The effect of SMASSE project on performance of mathematics in secondary schools in Kitui Central District, Kitui County, Kenya (Masters Project Thesis, University of Nairobi).\r\n[36] Nathan, M. J., Tran, N. A., Atwood, A. P., &amp; Phelps, L. A. (2010). Beliefs and expectations about engineering preparation exhibited by high school STEM teachers. Journal of Engineering Education, 99(4), 409-426.\r\n[37] Ndiku, L. N., Role, E., Too, J. K., &amp; Kiplagat, P. (2012). Evaluation of teacher factors associated with mathematics performance in primary schools in Kenya. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 5(1), 47-62\r\n[38] Nduku. C. J. (2017). The influence of SMASSE project on the performance of chemistry in Kenya certificate of secondary education (KCSE). (Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Nairobi)\r\n[39] NRC. (2011). Successful K-12 STEM education: Identifying effective approaches in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. National Academies Press.\r\n[40] PISA (2016). PISA 2015 results (Volume I). Excellence and equity in education. Sage Publications\r\n[41] Rinke, C. R., Gladstone\u2010Brown, W., Kinlaw, C. R., &amp; Cappiello, J. (2016). Characterizing STEM teacher education: Affordances and constraints of explicit STEM preparation for elementary teachers. School Science and Mathematics, 116(6), 300-309.\r\n[42] Saxena, A. K. (2013). Problem-based learning research in anesthesia teaching: current status and future perspective. Anesthesiology research and practice, 2(1), 1-7.\r\n[43] Sharma, G. (2017). Enhancing students\u2019 engagement: Report of a 3-year intervention with middle school teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 51(6), 1195-1226.\r\n[44] Taiwo, S. N. (1994). Training teachers for integrated science in Nigerian secondary schools (Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Education, University of London).\r\n[45] Teachers Service Commission Report (2018). Teachers Service Commission Report. TSC: Nairobi.\r\n[46] Wahono, B., Lin, P. L., &amp; Chang, C. Y. (2020). Evidence of STEM enactment effectiveness in Asian student learning outcomes. International Journal of STEM Education, 7(1), 1-18.\r\n[47] White, H. (2014). Metahistory: The historical imagination in nineteenth-century Europe. JHU Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nelisa Kagendo Mbaka, Shem Mwalw\u2019a, &amp; Jacinta Mary Adhiambo &#8220;Teacher Characteristics and Students\u2019 Academic Achievements in Physics in STEM Model Public Secondary schools in Nairobi Metropolitan Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.126-135 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6207<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/126-135.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teacher-characteristics-and-students-academic-achievements-in-physics-in-stem-model-public-secondary-schools-in-nairobi-metropolitan-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Teacher Characteristics and Students\u2019 Academic Achievements in Physics in STEM Model Public Secondary schools in Nairobi Metropolitan Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a07e8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a0c12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a0d6c\" data-id=\"b2a0d6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a0e80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a0e80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a0f1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a0f1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a106b\" data-id=\"b2a106b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1172 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a1172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1219 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a1219\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1366\" data-id=\"b2a1366\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a1475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a150f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a150f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1660\" data-id=\"b2a1660\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1764 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a1764\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1804 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a1804\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1944\" data-id=\"b2a1944\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1a52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a1a52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1aec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a1aec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1c5c\" data-id=\"b2a1c5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a1d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Male Lived Experience of Domestic Violence in the Households, Nyeri County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Catherine Mwikali Muia, Prof. Jamine Masinde, Dr. Joseph K. Rono- February 2022- Page No.: 136-145<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1e0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a1e0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a1fa4\" data-id=\"b2a1fa4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a20f9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2a20f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nDomestic violence against men (DVAM) remains a private affair in many Africa countries. That rarely draws attention of legislators, policy makers and members of society as it is with other family members. The study explored male lived experience of domestic violence (DV) in the household for a period of one year, their socio-demographic, forms of abuse, coping strategy, culture and government interventions. A qualitative method was adapted. A total 19 victims out of 40 participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Data was analyzed by thematic content analysis. Ethical clearance was obtained from relevant authorities; informed consent and binding form were obtained from participants. Verbatim quotes were used to present the study findings. Three themes and three sub-themes emerged. Majority (19) did not reported their abuse, 15 were physically and emotionally abused. Ten reported to have adopted alcoholism as a coping strategy that exposed them to further victimization. Nineteen men suffered with little knowledge and awareness of government interventions to protect them. Socio-cultural norms attached to couples violence interfered with the reporting process by the witnesses and male victims to the law enforcement officers. There is need to equally implement gender-based violence laws and policy, and to challenge the held societal perceptions on DVAM.There is need to advocate for change in gender doing and alcohol abuse. A lifestyle, that exposure men to victimization and stigmatization at various levels in society. Police and society response needs to be objective to facilitate reporting, protection and prevention of DVAM, Nyeri County, Kenya.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 136-145\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Catherine Mwikali Muia <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant lecturer, School of Health Sciences, Alupe University College, P.o Box 845- 50400, Busia, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Jamine Masinde <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant lecturer, School of Health Sciences, Alupe University College, P.o Box 845- 50400, Busia, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Joseph K. Rono <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant lecturer, School of Health Sciences, Alupe University College, P.o Box 845- 50400, Busia, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Amimo, C. A. (2012). The Plight of The Kenyan Male: Searching for a Pedagogy that is Relevant to the Nature of the African Male Child.\r\n[2] Barber, N. (2008). Evolutionary social science: A new approach to violent crime. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(3), 237-250.\r\n[3] Baum, K., Catalano, S., Rand, M., &amp; Rose, K. (2009). Stalking victimization in the United States. 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(2018).Gender as a social structure. In Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (pp.19-43). Springer, Cham.\r\n[49] Rothman, E. F., Hathaway, J., Stidsen, A., &amp; de Vries, H. F. (2007). How employment helps female victims of intimate partner violence: A qualitative study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 136.\r\n[50] Rowe MM, Allen RG. (2004)Spirituality as a means of coping. Am J Health Stud 2004;19:62-7. Back to cited text no. 41.\r\n[51] Sawant, S. B. (2012, January). Postcolonial theory: Meaning and significance. In Proceedings of National Seminar on Postmodern Literary Theory and Literature (pp. 120-126).\r\n[52] Silverman, D. (2013). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. SAGE Publications Limited.\r\n[53] Smith, S. G., Basile, K. C., Gilbert, L. K., Merrick, M. T., Patel, N., Walling, M., &amp; Jain, A. (2017). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 state report.\r\n[54] Sleet, D. A., Baldwin, G., Marr, A., Spivak, H., Patterson, S., Morrison, C., &#8230; &amp; Degutis, L. C. (2012). History of injury and violence as public health problems and emergence of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at CDC. Journal of safety research, 43(4), 233-247.\r\n[55] Tenkorang, E. Y. (2021). Women as perpetrators of intimate partner violence in Ghana. Journal of gender-based violence, 5(1), 75-94.\r\n[56] Thomas, A.A. (2010) .Domestic Violence Against Men Within The Ashaiman Community\r\n[57] Truman, J. L., &amp; Morgan, R. E. (2014). Nonfatal Domestic Violence. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.\r\n[58] Ulin, P. R., Robinson, E. T., &amp; Tolley, E. E. (2005). Qualitative methods in public health. San Francisco, CA: JosseyBass.\r\n[59] Were, M. N. (2017). Kenyan women in androcentric political culture: from Julia Auma Ojiambo to Affirmative Action. Social Dynamics, 43(3), 487-504.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Catherine Mwikali Muia, Prof. Jamine Masinde, Dr. Joseph K. Rono, &#8220;Male Lived Experience of Domestic Violence in the Households, Nyeri County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.136-145 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6111<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/136-145.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener 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Households, Nyeri County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a2f49 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2a2f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a303c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a303c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a31ef\" data-id=\"b2a31ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3325 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a3325\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a33dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a33dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3554\" data-id=\"b2a3554\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a3667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3706 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a3706\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3854\" data-id=\"b2a3854\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3966 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a3966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3a02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a3a02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3b55\" data-id=\"b2a3b55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3c5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a3c5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3d03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a3d03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3e4d\" data-id=\"b2a3e4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a3f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a3ff8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a3ff8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a4147\" data-id=\"b2a4147\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a4253 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a4253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a42f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a42f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a4452\" data-id=\"b2a4452\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a4567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a4567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Resource Ownership of Small Medium Industry and Their Effect on Natural Disaster Preparedness in the Beach Area (Study on SMEs Food Industry Branch)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohamad Adfar, Patta Tope, Muchtar Lutfi- February 2022- Page No.: 146-156<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a4601 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a4601\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a4782\" data-id=\"b2a4782\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a48c8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2a48c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Palu Bay is one of the bays in a seismically active area in Indonesia which is traversed by the Palu-Koro fault segment. In the aftermath of a major natural disaster in the Region on September 28, 2018 Palu City, Donggala Regency and Sigi Regency were areas that were most affected by this disaster, so it was necessary to identify the level of community preparedness, especially for SMEs in dealing with natural disasters in the future and how the impact of resource ownership will be that they have whether the resource significantly affects SMEs preparedness to face natural disasters. This research was conducted three years after the natural disaster in the Palu Bay Area. The assessment was carried out through a questionnaire involving 260 SMIs that were chosen randomly and from the four variables of SMEs resources studied, that the resources that had an effect on disaster preparedness were the capital variable, which was 0.07, the entrepreneurial variable was 0.35, the labor variable was -0.03, and the Information Technology variable is not significant. While the level of preparedness of SMEs in dealing with natural disasters in the future, 17.31% of respondents are stated to be &#8220;not ready&#8221;, 60.90% &#8220;somewhat ready&#8221; and 23.8% &#8220;ready&#8221; while none of the respondents were \u201cvery prepared\u201d. This lack of readiness of SMEs clearly requires the attention of all stakeholders in fostering the resilience of SMEs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 146-156\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6208\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6208<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamad Adfar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nStudent of Doctoral Program in Economics, Tadulako University-Palu<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patta Tope<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics and Development Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business, Tadulako University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muchtar Lutfi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics and Development Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business, Tadulako University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Badoc-Gonzales, B.P., Mandigma, M.B.S., Tan, J.J., 2021. 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Its Appl. 545, 123790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physa.2019.123790\r\n[13] Liu, Y., Shen, Y., Cheng, C., Yuan, W., Gao, H., Guo, P., 2022. Analysis of the influence paths of land use and landscape pattern on organic matter decomposition in river ecosystems: Focusing on microbial groups. Sci. Total Environ. 817, 152999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.152999\r\n[14] Park, E.S., Fitzpatrick, K., Das, S., Avelar, R., 2021. Exploration of the relationship among roadway characteristics, operating speed, and crashes for city streets using path analysis. Accid. Anal. Prev. 150, 105896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105896\r\n[15] Qu, X., Lee, L., Yang, C., 2021. Estimation of a SAR model with endogenous spatial weights constructed by bilateral variables. J. Econom. 221, 180\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.05.011\r\n[16] Roberts, F., Archer, F., Spencer, C., 2021. The potential role of nonprofit organisations in building community resilience to disasters in the context of Victoria, Australia. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 65, 102530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102530\r\n[17] Shah, A.A., Shaw, R., Ye, J., Abid, M., Amir, S.M., Kanak Pervez, A.K.M., Naz, S., 2019. Current capacities, preparedness and needs of local institutions in dealing with disaster risk reduction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 34, 165\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.11.014\r\n[18] Suliyanto. (2011). Ekonometrika Terapan\u202f: Teori dan Aplikasi dengan SPSS. Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.\r\n[19] Walker, J., Hansen, C.H., Martin, P., Symeonides, S., Ramessur, R., Murray, G., Sharpe, M., 2014. Prevalence, associations, and adequacy of treatment of major depression in patients with cancer: a cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected clinical data. Lancet Psychiatry 1, 343\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70313-X\r\n[20] Zhao, B., 2021. Landslides triggered by the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu supershear earthquake in Indonesia. Eng. Geol. 294, 106406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106406\r\n[21] Zide, O., Jokonya, O., 2022. Factors affecting the adoption of Data Management as a Service (DMaaS) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Procedia Comput. Sci. 196, 340\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2021.12.022\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohamad Adfar, Patta Tope, Muchtar Lutfi, &#8220;Analysis of Resource Ownership of Small Medium Industry and Their Effect on Natural Disaster Preparedness in the Beach Area (Study on SMEs Food Industry Branch)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.146-156 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6208<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/146-156.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-resource-ownership-of-small-medium-industry-and-their-effect-on-natural-disaster-preparedness-in-the-beach-area\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of Resource Ownership of Small Medium Industry and Their Effect on Natural Disaster Preparedness in the Beach Area (Study on SMEs Food Industry Branch)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a56be elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2a56be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a578b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a578b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a58fc\" data-id=\"b2a58fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a5a17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a5a17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a5abb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a5abb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a5c15\" data-id=\"b2a5c15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a5d2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a5d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a5dc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a5dc5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a5f10\" data-id=\"b2a5f10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a6037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a60d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a60d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6227\" data-id=\"b2a6227\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6333 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a6333\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a63d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a63d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6518\" data-id=\"b2a6518\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6621 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a6621\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a66ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a66ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6803\" data-id=\"b2a6803\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6903 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a6903\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a699a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a699a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6af9\" data-id=\"b2a6af9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6c0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a6c0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Group Communication in Decision Making for the Establishment of Tourist Attractions: Case Study of Sekapuk Village, East Java, Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zamroatul Fuaddah, Ismi Dwi Astuti Nurhaeni, Andre Rahmanto &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 157-163<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6ca5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a6ca5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6e2f\" data-id=\"b2a6e2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a6f73 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2a6f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research is entitled &#8220;Group Communication in Decision Making for the Establishment of Tourism Objects: A Case Study of Sekapuk Village, East Java, Indonesia&#8221;. The purpose of this study was to determine the communication carried out by the Pelangi Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) in Sekapuk Village in making decisions about the formation of Selo Tirto Giri tourism objects. The theory used in this study is group communication using the theory of group functional perspective by Hirokawa and Gouran. This study uses a qualitative approach, which uses case studies to explain in-depth the group decision making. The findings of this study reveal that there are four functions used by Pokdarwis Pelangi Sekapuk Village, namely analysis of the problem of the existence of former mining excavations in Sekapuk Village, setting common goals between group members and the community, identifying alternatives for new problems, and determining other efforts for the smooth formation of tourist attractions. , finally evaluated the positive and negative characters with regular discussions conducted by Pokdarwis Sekapuk Village. Communication interactions carried out by members of Pokdarwis Pelangi Sekapuk Village were assisted by the Village government, especially the Village Head in making decisions regarding the establishment of Selo Tirto Giri tourism objects.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 157-163\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6209<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zamroatul Fuaddah<\/strong>\r\nCommunication, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ismi Dwi Astuti Nurhaeni<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andre Rahmanto<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Communication, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Utami B S A and Kafabih A, 2021 Sektor Pariwisata Indonesia Di Tengah Pandemi Covid 19 Betty Jdep (Jurnal Din. Ekon. Pembangunan) 4, 2 p. 383\u2013389.\r\n[2] Kemenparekraf, 2020 Rencana Strategis 2020-2024 .\r\n[3] Kalvelage L Revilla Diez J and Bollig M, 2020 How much remains? Local value capture from tourism in Zambezi, Namibia Tour. Geogr. p. 1\u201322.\r\n[4] Muslianty D, 2018 Dampak Pariwisata Cagar Budaya Candhi Cetho terhadap Komunitas Agama Hindu dan Kejawen Devi Muslianty 3 p. 1\u20138.\r\n[5] Lemban H and Batlajery S, 2021 Dampak Sektor Pertanian, Perikanan dan Pariwisata terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi J. Ilmu Ekon. Sos. 12, 1 p. 1\u201315.\r\n[6] Djabbar A Rizal J and Nova Rizaly E, 2021 Dampak Keberadaan Sektor Pariwisata Terhadap Kehidupan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Home Creative \u201cLentera Donggo\u201d Kecamatan Soromandi Bima NTB J. Penelit. dan Pengabdi. Masy. Bid. Pariwisata 1, 1 p. 14\u201320.\r\n[7] Siregar K H and Ritonga N, 2021 Pariwisata Halal: Justifikasi Pengembangan Pembangunan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan J. Kaji. Ekon. dan Kebijak. 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July p. 71\u201380.\r\n[22] Ghosh S Kumar A Nanda P and Anand P S B, 2010 Group dynamics effectiveness of water user associations under different irrigation systems in an eastern Indian state Irrig. Drain. 59, 5 p. 559\u2013574.\r\n[23] Moleong L, 2004 Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.\r\n[24] Sugiyono, 2017 Metode Penelitian Bisnis\u202f; Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Kombinasi dan R&amp;D 3rd ed. Alfabeta Bandung.\r\n[25] Yin R K, 2009 Case Study Research Design and Methods 4th ed. Sage Publication.\r\n[26] Setyorini D A and Irwansyah I, 2018 Managing Social Media Activist as a Crisis Management Strategy in 2nd Indonesia International Graduate Conference on Communication (Indo-IGCC) Proceeding.\r\n[27] Miles matthew B Huberman A M and Saldana J, 2014 Qualitative data Analysis \u201ca methods sourcebook.\u201d United States of Amerika: SAGE Publications.\r\n[28] Ismayanti, 2010 Pengantar Pariwisata Jakarta: Grasindo.\r\n[29] Harris T E and Sherblom J C, 2018 Small Group and Team Communication Fifth Edit United States of America: Waveland Press, Inc.\r\n[30] Wardhana A T et al., 2019 Pemanfaatan Lahan Bekas Tambang Pt. Polowijo Gosari Sebagai Geo Wisata Karst Kab. Gresik, Provinsi Jawa Timur J. Online Int. Nas. Univ. 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta 53, 9 p. 1689\u20131699.\r\n[31] Griffin E Ledbetter A and Sparks G, 2019 COMMUNICATION A FIRST LOOK AT THEORY Tenth Edit United States: Published by McGraw-Hill Education.\r\n[32] Arofah K, 2013 Komunikasi Kelompok dan Eksternalisasi Pengetahuan Tacit Dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Organisasi J. Ilmu Komun. 11, 1 p. 30\u201343.\r\n[33] Dery D, 1983 Decision-making, problem-solving and organizational learning Omega 11, 4 p. 321\u2013328.\r\n[34] James G. March, 2013 Handbook Of Organizations USA: Routledge.\r\n[35] Goulding S, 2020 Corporate Decision Making Co. Law p. 165\u2013166.\r\n[36] Anwar H, 2014 Proses Pengambilan Keputusan untuk Mengembangkan Mutu Madrasah Nadwa J. Pendidik. Islam 8, 1 p. 37\u201356.\r\n[37] Rose A Soundy A and Rosewilliam S, 2019 Shared decision-making within goal-setting in rehabilitation: a mixed-methods study Clin. Rehabil. 33, 3 p. 564\u2013574.\r\n[38] Brodbeck F C Kugler K G Fischer J A Heinze J and Fischer D, 2021 Group-level integrative complexity: Enhancing differentiation and integration in group decision-making Gr. Process. Intergr. Relations 24, 1 p. 125\u2013144.\r\n[39] Rahma M A and Lestari S B, 2020 Manajemen Konflik Organisasi untuk Menjaga Komitmen dalam Unit Kegiatan Selam 387 Universitas Diponegoro Dep. Ilmu Komun. Fak. Ilmu Sos. dan Ilmu Polit. 8, 1 p. 202\u2013232.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zamroatul Fuaddah, Ismi Dwi Astuti Nurhaeni, Andre Rahmanto &#8220;Group Communication in Decision Making for the Establishment of Tourist Attractions: Case Study of Sekapuk Village, East Java, Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.157-163 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6209<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/157-163.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/group-communication-in-decision-making-for-the-establishment-of-tourist-attractions-case-study-of-sekapuk-village-east-java-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Group Communication in Decision Making for the Establishment of Tourist Attractions: Case Study of Sekapuk Village, East Java, Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a7dc2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a8211\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8368\" data-id=\"b2a8368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a8475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8512 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a8512\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a865d\" data-id=\"b2a865d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8779 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a8779\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8816 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a8816\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8960\" data-id=\"b2a8960\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8a66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a8a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8b1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a8b1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8c5f\" data-id=\"b2a8c5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8d6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a8d6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8e07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a8e07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a8f57\" data-id=\"b2a8f57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a9077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a9077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a9120 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a9120\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a9284\" data-id=\"b2a9284\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a939d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2a939d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exploring Teacher\u2019s proficiency with Experiential Learning: An Overview<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Anjali Bhatnagar, Dr. V. Sudhakar &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 164-172<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a9436 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a9436\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2a95b0\" data-id=\"b2a95b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a96e9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2a96e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Learning is a scientific process of transforming knowledge into practice leading to change in behavior. It is for this reason, the process of Learning encompasses not only cognitive, but also other social\/emotional aspects. It is the responsibility of the teacher to exhibit professionalism and facilitate learning through a conducive learning environment.\r\nThe current ethnographic research is to explore the impact of Experiential Learning Methodology in influencing the teacher\u2019s proficiency to improve the learning process in classroom. The Teacher\u2019s Proficiency Model (TPM) was developed, considering four criteria for evaluation; Students\u2019 Engagement, Teachers\u2019 Motivation, Student-Teacher Relationship and Students\u2019 Performance. Each criterion was understood for its Quality Process, Operational Definition, Relevance, Data &amp; Information, TPM (Teacher\u2019s Proficiency Model) cycle and Way Forward. The TPM cycle was defined with clearly identified four stages; Initial, Adequate, Proficient and Excellent.\r\nThe current research contributes to education management by empirically testing the Teacher\u2019s proficiency Model (TPM) for establishing the learning grounds and impacting student\u2019s performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 164-172\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Anjali Bhatnagar <\/strong>\r\nAssistant Professor, Academic Affiliation: Indira Mahindra School of Education, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, India<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. V. Sudhakar <\/strong>\r\nProfessor of Education (Rtd), Academic Affiliation: The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2444569X18300015 (Promoting innovative experiential learning practices to improve academic performance: Empirical evidence from a Spanish Business School)\r\n[2] https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1053825921988946 (Grounding Stillness: Shifting the Landscape of Experiential Education in K\u201312 and Teacher Education)\r\n[3] https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0742051X16300713 (Extending experiential learning in teacher professional development)\r\n[4] https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/2331186X.2019.1644720 (Innovative experiential learning experience: Pedagogical adopting Kolb\u2019s learning cycle at higher education in Hong Kong)\r\n[5] https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877042814054299 (Experiential Education through Project Based Learning)\r\n[6] https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1011680.pdf (Experiential learning: Exploring its long-term impact on socially responsible behavior)\r\n[7] B.M Burke (2013). Experiential professional development: A model for meaningful and long-lasting change in classrooms, Journal of Experiential Education, 36 (3), pp. 247-263.\r\n[8] Richard Gross, Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour 6E, Hachette Uk,ISBN 978-1-4441-6436-7.\r\n[9] Kolb, D.A. (1981). Learning styles and disciplinary differences, in: A.W. Chickering (Ed.) The Modern American College San Francisco, LA: Jossey-Bass. pp. 232\u2013255.\r\n[10] Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.\r\n[11] Kolb, D. A., &amp; Fry, R. (1975). Toward an applied theory of experiential learning. In C. Cooper (Ed.), Studies of group process, New York: Wiley. pp. 33\u201357.\r\n[12] Kolb, D. A., Rubin, I. M., &amp; McIntyre, J. M. (1984). Organizational psychology: readings on human behavior in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.\r\n[13] L.P. Baldwin (2015). Active Learning in Higher Education. 16 (1), pp.3-10.\r\n[14] J. Chapman, S. Schetzsle, R. Wahlers (2016). An innovative, experiential-learning project for sales management and professional selling students Marketing Education Review. 26(1), pp.45-50.\r\n[15] S.J. Armstrong, A. Mahmud (2008). Experientail learning and the acquisition of managerial tacit knowledge Academy of Management Learning &amp; Educatin. 7(2), pp. 189-208.\r\n[16] D.C. Kayes (2002). Experiential learning and its critics: Preserving the role of experience in management learning and education, Academy of Managaemnet Learning &amp; Education. 1(2), pp.137-149.\r\n[17] R.A. Katula, E. Threnhauser (1999). Experiential education in the undergraduate curriculum Communication Education. 48(3), p.238.\r\n[18] Holman et al., (1997). Rethinking Kolb\u2019s theory of experiential learning: The contribution of social constructivism and activity theory. Management learning. 28, pp. 135-14.\r\n[19] Kolb and Kolb (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of Management &amp; Education. 4(2), pp. 193-212.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Anjali Bhatnagar, Dr. V. Sudhakar &#8220;Exploring Teacher\u2019s proficiency with Experiential Learning: An Overview&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.164-172 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/164-172.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/164-172.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exploring-teachers-proficiency-with-experiential-learning-an-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Exploring Teacher\u2019s proficiency with Experiential Learning: An Overview<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2aa594 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2aa594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2aa66a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2aa66a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2aa7db\" data-id=\"b2aa7db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2aa8fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2aa8fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2aa9a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2aa9a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2aaafa\" data-id=\"b2aaafa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2aac0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2aac0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2aacad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2aacad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2aadf9\" data-id=\"b2aadf9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2aaf11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2aaf11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2aafb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2aafb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab105\" data-id=\"b2ab105\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab224 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ab224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab2c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ab2c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab401\" data-id=\"b2ab401\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab50e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ab50e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab5a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ab5a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab707\" data-id=\"b2ab707\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab80a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ab80a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ab8ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ab8ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2aba1f\" data-id=\"b2aba1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2abb34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2abb34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sociolinguistics Account of the Dimensions of Naa Tia Sulemana\u2019s Poem M Ba Y\u025bligu<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sibaway Muhammed Habib- February 2022- Page No.: 173-176<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2abbd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2abbd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2abd54\" data-id=\"b2abd54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2abe84 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2abe84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe focus of this current study is to provide a sociolinguistics analysis of a poem entitled m ba y\u025bligu \u2018my father\u2019s advice\u2019 written by Naa Tia Sulemana. My analysis focuses on the language use in the poem (diction), the structure of the poem. The lesson of the poem is also discussed in the work. I claim that the advice that is given in the poem is one that is relevant for the social upbringing of children among the Dagbamba. This is attributable to the fact that the notion of telling lies is frowned upon in the social structures of the Dagbamba. The paper is important because it addresses an important poem in the context of the Dagbamba, particularly that literature has not been investigated in the study of Dagbani language.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 173-176\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sibaway Muhammed Habib <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Languages, E.P. College of Education, Bimbilla, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adeoti, G (2019). The Loudness of the \u201cUnsaid\u201d: Proverbs in Selected African Drama. Legon Journal of the Humanities Vol. 30.1 (2019) OI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/ljh.v30i1.4.\r\n[2] Aitchison, J. (2003). Linguistics. New York: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd.\r\n[3] Barbara A. F. &amp; Bennett, J. (1991). Sociolinguistic Concepts and Literary Analysis. American Speech, Winter, 1991, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Winter, 1991), pp. 371-379 Published by: Duke University Press Stable URL: https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/455688\r\n[4] Chaika, E. (1982). Language the Social Mirror. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers Inc.\r\n[5] Coupland, N. (2007). Style: Language Variation an Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[6] Haase, A. (2005). Intercultural Communication and Speech Style. Indiana: Purdue University Press.\r\n[7] Holmes, J. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman Group UK Limited.\r\n[8] Hosen, M.D. (2010). Speech Style Used in the Oprah Winfrey Show. Retrieved on May 25, 2021 from http:\/\/lib.uin-malang.ac.id\/thesis\/fullchapter\/05320134-hosen.ps\r\n[9] Hudson, R. A. (1980). Sociolinguistics, Cambridge, C.U.P.\r\n[10] Mesthrie, R. (2009). Introduction Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.\r\n[11] Milroy, L. (1980). Language and Social Networks. Baltimore: University Park P. Percy,\r\n[12] Missikova, G. (2003). Linguistic Stylistics. Nitra: Univerzita Kon\u0161tant\u00edna Filozofa.bvc0+\r\n[13] Spolsky, B. (2003). Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[14] Walker, P. (1982). Foreword. A Confederacy of Dunces. By John Kennedy Toole. New York: Grove, 7-\r\n[15] Wani, S. (2013). A Sociolinguistics Analysis of Style of Speech as Performed by Young Adult Girl Characters in Judy Blume&#8217;s Are You There God? It&#8217;s Me, Margaret. Retrieved from the net on May 18, 2021.\r\n[16] Yankah, K. (2012). The Proverb in the Context of Akan Rhetoric. New York: Diasporic Africa Press\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sibaway Muhammed Habib, &#8220;Sociolinguistics Account of the Dimensions of Naa Tia Sulemana\u2019s Poem M Ba Y\u025bligu&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.173-176 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/173-176.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/173-176.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sociolinguistics-account-of-the-dimensions-of-naa-tia-sulemanas-poem-m-ba-y%c9%9bligu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Sociolinguistics Account of the Dimensions of Naa Tia Sulemana\u2019s Poem M Ba Y\u025bligu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2acc90 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2acc90\" 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data-id=\"b2ad3c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ad540\" data-id=\"b2ad540\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ad66c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ad66c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ad714 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ad714\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ad88c\" data-id=\"b2ad88c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ad9b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ad9b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ada5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ada5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2adbcd\" data-id=\"b2adbcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2adcfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2adcfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2adda2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2adda2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2adf18\" data-id=\"b2adf18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ae044 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ae044\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ae109 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ae109\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ae286\" data-id=\"b2ae286\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ae3b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ae3b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Public Interest or Advertiser\u2019s Interest: On Whose Side is the Media?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jesse Ishaku &amp; Woyopwa Shem &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 177-185<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ae458 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ae458\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ae5f0\" data-id=\"b2ae5f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ae753 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2ae753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research work examines the role of the mass media vis-\u00e0-vis public interest and advertiser\u2019s interest. Ideally the mass media are supposed to be adequately funded so as to avoid shackle of control from whatever angle. This is because without adequate funding of media organizations, they may not be able to perform their constitutional role of keeping the public abreast of the happenings around them. There are instances where some media stations are forced go out of circulation or unable to dish out news and programs at the appropriate time for the fact that the resources are inadequate or even lacking. As a result, media organizations prefer adverts to public interest news in order to stay afloat. Random sampling technique was used to select 383 respondents from across Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Jalingo, its public as well as advertiser\u2019s\/advertising agencies, out of which only 378 responded to the questionnaire administered. Interviews were also conducted. The research work reveals among many things that, advertising has been found to be one of the major streams of revenue for media organizations. This situation has however, affected the performance of the media in carrying out their constitutional responsibility of protecting the interest of the public and holding government officials accountable to the masses. The study therefore recommends that, although advertising serves as one of the major sources of revenue upon which the continuous survival of media organizations largely depend on, that does not mean the interest of advertisers\/advertising agencies should temper with the media\u2019s sense of judgment in such a way that will make the media to deviate from their constitutional role of championing the interest of the masses.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 177-185\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jesse Ishaku <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Woyopwa Shem<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adinuba, R. (1986). The Risky Business of Writing.The African Guardian.\r\n[2] Agbanu, V. N. &amp; Nwammuo, A. N (2009). Broadcast media: Writing, programming, management. Enugu: Rhyce Kerex Publisher\r\n[3] Aronson, E. Turne, J. &amp;Carlsmith, I. (1963).Communication Credibility and Social Communication Discrepancy was Determinant of Opinion Change. Journal of Abnormal and Psychology.\r\n[4] Asemah, E. S. (2011). Selected mass media themes. Jos: Jos University Press.\r\n[5] Bandura, A. &amp; Walters, R. (1963).Social Learning and Personality Development.New York; Holt Rinehart and Wilson.\r\n[6] Brown, R. (1964). Sales Response for Promotions and Advertising.Journal of Advertising Research.\r\n[7] Colley, B. (1961). Defining Advertising Goals for Married Advertising Results.New York; Association of National Advertiser.\r\n[8] Guttmann, A. (2019). Global Advertising Market-Statistics &amp; Facts. Retrieved from Statista: https:\/\/www.statista. com\/topics\/990\/global-advertising-market.\r\n[9] Hovland, l. &amp; Janis, I. (1959).Personality and Persuability.New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.\r\n[10] Inyang, E. N., &amp; Etta, N. B. (2017). Advertising and journalism practice in Nigeria. International Journal on Transformations of Media, Journalism and Mass Communication, 2 (2).\r\n[11] Ismail, A., Abba Pali, N., &amp; Shem, W. (2021). News Commercialization And National Development In Nigeria. In P. D. C. S. Mustaffa, D. M. K. Ahmad, A. P. D. N. Yusof, M. B. M. H. @. Othman, &amp; D. N. Tugiman (Eds.), Breaking the Barriers, Inspiring Tomorrow, vol 110. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 33-41). European Publisher. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15405\/epsbs.2021.06.02.5\r\n[12] Kotler, P. (1993). Marketing Management, Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control. New Delhhi: Prentice Hall Privately Limited 1993.\r\n[13] Latif, A., Shah, A. A., Syed, G., Halepoto, A. H., Nazar, M. S., &amp;Shaikh, F. M. (2012).Advertising effectiveness on brand judgment and consumer preference in purchasing decision inPakistan. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 2(1), 9.\r\n[14] Miller, P. (1975). Advertising\/Sales Response Functions.Journal of Advertising.\r\n[15] Nairametrics (2019), Nigeria\u2019s Bluechips spend N114 billion on advertising, marketing in 2019. https:\/\/nairametrics.com\/2019\/12\/03\/nigerias-bluechips-spend-n114-billion-on- advertising-marketing-in-2019\/\r\n[16] Nwabueze, C., Ezebuenyi, E., &amp;Ezeoke, C. (2012). Print media objectivity and advertising revenue: An appraisal. African research review, 6(3), 308-322.\r\n[17] Okolie, I. (2011), Analysis of the impact of advert revenue in mass media survival in Nigeria. A seminar paper presented to the Department of Mass Communication, Anambra State University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jesse Ishaku &amp; Woyopwa Shem, &#8220;Public Interest or Advertiser\u2019s Interest: On Whose Side is the Media?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.177-185 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/177-185.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/177-185.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/public-interest-or-advertisers-interest-on-whose-side-is-the-media\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Public Interest or Advertiser\u2019s Interest: On Whose Side is the Media?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b0b8e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2b0b8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b0c68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b0c68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b0e1c\" data-id=\"b2b0e1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b0f51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b0f51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1004 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b1004\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1163\" data-id=\"b2b1163\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b1277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1315 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b1315\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1466\" data-id=\"b2b1466\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b156f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b156f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b160f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b160f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1757\" data-id=\"b2b1757\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1865 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b1865\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1900 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b1900\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1a51\" data-id=\"b2b1a51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1b67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b1b67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1c08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b1c08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1d71\" data-id=\"b2b1d71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b1e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1f1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b1f1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b20a0\" data-id=\"b2b20a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b21b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b21b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Utilization of Online Tools for Teaching-Learning during COVID-19<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Vijay Bhuria &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 186-189<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b2254 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b2254\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b23d2\" data-id=\"b2b23d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b24f2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2b24f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The utility of online platforms\/tools is significantly increases for teaching\u2013learning (T-L), personal use and corporate meetings purposes in the lockdown period. During pandemic situation, tradition of work from home culture applies for all types of assignments. Various online tools have been launched to meet the gap of learning process for school and engineering students during lockdown. In this paper, online survey has been conducted to know the use of various online tools utilized by the students during pandemic condition. Findings shows that demand of OLT and their utility will change the learning scenario all over the world in near future.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 186-189\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vijay Bhuria<\/strong>\r\nAssistant Professor, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Agarwal, S., Kaushik, J.S. (2020). Student\u2019s Perception of Online Learning during COVID Pandemic. Indian J Pediatr 87, 554 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12098-020-03327-7\r\n[2] Chick RC, Clifton GT, Peace KM, et al. (2020). Using technology to maintain the education of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Surgery Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2020.03.018\r\n[3] Cojocariu, V.-M., Lazar, I., Nedeff, V., &amp; Lazar, G. (2014). SWOT analysis of e-learning educational services from the perspective of their beneficiaries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1999\u20132003.\r\n[4] Dhawan S. (2020). Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 0(0) 1\u201318. DOI: 10.1177\/0047239520934018\r\n[5] Kebritchi, M., Lipschuetz, A., &amp; Santiague, L. (2017). Issues and challenges for teaching successful online courses in higher education. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 46(1), 4\u201329.\r\n[6] Kim, K.-J., &amp; Bonk, C. J. (2006). The future of online teaching and learning in higher education: The survey says. Educause Quarterly, 4, 22\u201330.\r\n[7] Liguori, E. W., &amp; Winkler, C. (2020). From offline to online: Challenges and opportunitiesfor entrepreneurship education following the COVID-19 pandemic. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515127420916738\r\n[8] Scangoli NI, Choo J, Tian J. (2019). Student\u2019s insights on the use of video lectures in online classes. Br J Educ Technol, 50, 399-414.\r\n[9] Singh, V., &amp; Thurman, A. (2019). How many ways can we define online learning? ASystematic literature review of definitions of online learning (1988-2018). American Journal of Distance Education, 33(4), 289\u2013306.\r\n[10] Song, L., Singleton, E. S., Hill, J. R., &amp; Koh, M. H. (2004). Improving online learning: Student perceptions of useful and challenging characteristics. The Internet and Higher Education, 7(1), 59\u201370.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Vijay Bhuria &#8220;Utilization of Online Tools for Teaching-Learning during COVID-19&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.186-189 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/186-189.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/186-189.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/utilization-of-online-tools-for-teaching-learning-during-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Utilization of Online Tools for Teaching-Learning during COVID-19<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b32ed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2b32ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b33bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b33bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b352f\" data-id=\"b2b352f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b3647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b3647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b36ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b36ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b383e\" data-id=\"b2b383e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b3953 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b3953\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b39f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b39f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b3b43\" data-id=\"b2b3b43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b3c69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b3c69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b3d10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b3d10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b3e5e\" data-id=\"b2b3e5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b3f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b3f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b400c elementor-section-boxed 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b45dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b45dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b4751\" data-id=\"b2b4751\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b485c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b485c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Reflecting on the prime hurdles and successes of the International Community\u2019s Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect in Central Africa Republic 2013-2021<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jonah Marawako &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 190-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b4901 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b4901\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b4a96\" data-id=\"b2b4a96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b4bf7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2b4bf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of the challenges and successes of the international community\u2019s implementation of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Central Africa Republic (CAR) from 2013 to 2021. The introduction of the R2P doctrine in 2005 has activated debate among scholars on the efficacy of the R2P in mitigating war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. State sovereignty is arguably the major obstacle in implementing the R2P doctrine, but the 2013 coup in CAR has opened a Pandora box of the other challenges to its operability which are vested interests and sectarian cleavages. The structure and functions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) also affected the success of the R2P in CAR. The veto powers of the permanent five are inimical to the peace process in CAR. This paper also argues that although there are some problems in implementing the R2P in CAR, the international community was able to prevent the conflict from crystallising into genocide and averted a regional spill of the conflict. The study interrogates the evolution of the R2P as well as proffer recommendations on how the international community can improve the implementation of the R2P. The methodology employed in the study was qualitative desk research with emphasis on secondary sources of information such as books, journals, internet sources and newspapers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 190-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonah Marawako <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Department of Governance and Public Management, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adam, S. 2015. The Responsibility to Protect at 10. Available at: https:\/\/www.e-ir.info\/2015\/03\/29\/r2p-at-10\/. Accessed on 19\/05\/21.\r\n[2] Adejo, A. M. 2001. From OAU to AU: New Wine in Old Bottles?. African Journal of International Affairs, 1(1&amp;2): pp. 119-141.\r\n[3] Alabi, D. T. 2006. Trends and Dimensions of the Rwandan Crisis. African Journal of International Affairs and Development.\r\n[4] Aning, K. and Atuobi, S. 2011. \u2018Application of and Responses to the Responsibility to Protect Norm at the Regional and Subregional Levels in Africa: Lessons for Implementation\u2019. In: The Stanley Foundation, The Role of Regional and Subregional Arrangements in Strengthening the Responsbility to Protect. New York: The Stanley Foundation, pp. 12-18.\r\n[5] AU Constitutive Act 2000.\r\n[6] Bellamy, Alex J.. 2008. &#8220;The Responsibility To Protect And The Problem Of Military Intervention.&#8221; International Affairs 84 (4): pp 615-639.\r\n[7] Bellamy, A. J. and Lupel, A. 2015. Why We Fail: Obstacles to the Effective Prevention of Mass Atrocity Crimes. New York: International Peace Institute.\r\n[8] Blackford, W.R. 2014. The Responsibility to Protect and International Law: Moral, Legal and Practical Perspectives on Kosovo, Libya and Syria. Dissertations and Thesis. Available at\r\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.15760\/etd.2529. Accessed on 12\/06\/21.\r\n[9] Broadhead, C. 2020. A Critical Analysis of the Strengths and Limitations of the Responsibility to Protect in the Central Africa Republic Between 2013-2017. Available at: file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/JAN\/Desktop\/R2P\/A%20Critical%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Strengths%20and%20Limitations%20of%20the%20Responsibility%20to%20Protect%20in%20the%20Central%20African%20Republic%20Between%202013-2017%20%C2%BB%20Responsibility%20to%20Protect%20Student%20Journal.html. Accessed on 12\/05\/21.\r\n[10] Cinq-Mars, E. 2015. Too little, too late: Failing to prevent atrocities in the Central African Republic. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. [Online]. Occasional Paper Series 7\r\n[11] Davies, S. and Bellamy, A. 2014. Don\u2019t Be Too Quick to Condemn the UN Security Council Power of Veto. The Conversation. [Online]. [Accessed 9 May 2018]. Available from: https:\/\/the conversation.com\/dont-be-too-quick-to-condemnthe-un-security-council-power-of-veto-29980\r\n[12] Forje, J. W. (2005). \u201cRethinking Political Will and Empowerment as Missing Dimensions in Post-Conflict Reform and Reconstruction in the Central African Sub-Region. E.S.D. Fomin and John W. Forje eds. Central Africa: Crises, Reform and Reconstruction. Dakar: CODESRIA, 223-240.\r\n[13] Gallagher A. (2013) The Responsibility to Protect. In: Genocide and its Threat to Contemporary International Order. New Security Challenges Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781137280268_6. Accessed on 15 May 2021.\r\n[14] Gallagher, A. 2015. The Promise of Pillar II: Analysing International Assistance Under the Responsibility to Protect. International Affairs. 91(6), pp. 1259-1275.\r\n[15] Gowan, R 2011 Multilateral Political Missions and Preventive Diplomacy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, December.\r\n[16] Hehir, A. 2015. The Viability of the \u201cResponsibility to Prevent\u201d. Politics and Governance. 3(3), pp. 85-97.\r\n[17] Herbert, S., Nathalia, D. and Marielle, D. 2013.State Fragility in Central Africa Republic: What Prompted the Coup? University of Birmingham: International Development Department.\r\n[18] High Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations. 2015. Uniting our Strengths for Peace, Politics, Partnership and People\r\n[19] Howard, L. 2019. Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Mission in Central Africa Republic. Available at: file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/JAN\/Desktop\/R2P\/Assessing%20the%20Effectiveness%20of%20the%20UN%20Mission%20in%20the%20Central%20African%20Republic%20_%20IPI%20Global%20Observatory.html. Accessed on 04\/04\/21.\r\n[20] Human Rights Watch, \u201cCentral African Republic: Rampant Abuses After Coup,\u201d 10 May 2013, available at: https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2013\/05\/10\/ central-african-republic-rampant-abuses-after-coup. Accessed on 12\/01\/21.\r\n[21] Huntington, S. P. 1993. The Third Wave and the Remaking of History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.\r\n[22] Hurd, I. 2002. Legitimacy, Power and the Symbolic life of the UN Security Council.We Journal of Global Governance, 8 (1): pp 35-51.\r\n[23] International Peace Institute 2012. Preventing Conflicts in Africa: Early Warnings and Response.\r\n[24] Kam Kah, H. 2014. History, External Influence and Political Volatility in the Central Africa Republic (CAR). Journal for the Advancement of Developing Economies, 3(1), p 1-16.\r\n[25] Morris, J. 2016. The Responsibility to Protect and the use of force. Sage Journals.\r\n[26] Olaosebikan, A, J. 2010. Conflicts in Africa : Meaning, Causes, Impact and Solution. An International Multidisciplinary Journal, 4 (4): pp 549-560.\r\n[27] Rotberg, R. I. 2003. When States Fails, Causes and Consequences. New York: Princeton University Press.\r\n[28] Thakur, R. 2016. The Responsibility to Protect at 15. Journal of International Affairs, 92 (2), 415-434.\r\n[29] United Nations Charter 1945.\r\n[30] Welsh, J. M. 2019. Norm Robustness and the Responsibility to Protect. Journal of Global Security Studies, 4(1), p53-72.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jonah Marawako &#8220;Reflecting on the prime hurdles and successes of the International Community\u2019s Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect in Central Africa Republic 2013-2021&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.190-196 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/190-196.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-element-b2b5ab7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2b5ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b5ba4 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-b2b5f02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b5f02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b605e\" data-id=\"b2b605e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b6166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b620d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b620d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6355\" data-id=\"b2b6355\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b645f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b645f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b64fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b64fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6649\" data-id=\"b2b6649\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b6753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b67f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b67f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6943\" data-id=\"b2b6943\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6a5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b6a5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6b0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b6b0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6c6b\" data-id=\"b2b6c6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6d7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b6d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6e1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b6e1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b6f78\" data-id=\"b2b6f78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b708e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b708e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 Commitment and Job Performance: A Study of Schools in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wapmuk, Shitnaan Emmanuel, Botsha, Josephine Yakubu, Kusa, Nanfa Danjuma, Goma, Ruth Panshak- February 2022- Page No.: 197-205<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b7198 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b7198\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b73f2\" data-id=\"b2b73f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b758c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2b758c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the effect of teachers&#8217; commitment on job performance. The study population included primary school teachers of Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. A questionnaire was adapted and administered to the sample of 306 respondents of which 278 questionnaires were filled and returned representing (91%) response rate which was used for data analysis. Homogeneous purposive sampling was adopted and the data collected were analyzed using multiple regression. The study revealed that affective, and normative commitment leads to an increase in job performance. Drawing from the findings, the study showed that affective, and normative commitment had significant effects on job performance. The study recommended that school administrators and managers should encourage employees to have positive feelings of identification with, attachment to the work organisation, management should also encourage and motivate employees to have a sense of belonging and identification to increases their involvement in the organisation&#8217;s goals and thus desire to remain with the organisation.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-205\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wapmuk, Shitnaan Emmanuel <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Botsha, Josephine Yakubu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kusa, Nanfa Danjuma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Goma, Ruth Panshak<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aamodt, M. 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Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business 3: 248-255.\r\n[21] Messick, S. (1989b). Validity. In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement (3rd ed., pp. 13-103). New &#8220;York: Macmillan\r\n[22] Meyer, J. P., &amp; Allen, N. J (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications\r\n[23] Meyer, J. P., &amp; Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualisation of organisational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.\r\n[24] Meyer, J. P., &amp; Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, Research and Application. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.\r\n[25] Meyer, J. P., &amp; Allen, N. J. (1997). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organisation. Journal of Occupational Psychology 63: 1-18.\r\n[26] Meyer, J. P., &amp; Allen. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE Publications\r\n[27] Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective,\r\n[28] Continuance, And Normative Commitment To The Organisation: A MetaAnalysis Of Antecedents, Correlates, And Consequences. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 61, 20-52\r\n[29] Meyer, J., &amp; Allen, N .J. (1991). A three-component conceptualisation of organisational commitment. Human resource management review, 1 (2). 61-89.\r\n[30] Meyer, J., &amp; Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace, Sage publications, London\r\n[31] Meyer, J.P., &amp; Allen, N. J. (1991). \u201cA Three Component Conceptualisation of Organisational\r\n[32] Miskel, C., &amp; Ogawa, R. (1988).\u201cWork Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Climate.\u201dIn N. Boyan (Ed.) Handbook of Educational Administration. NewYork: Longman.\r\n[33] Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., &amp; Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. 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A research article; Analysis of Teachers\u2019Commitment and Dimensions of Organisational Commitment in Edo State Public Secondary Schools\r\n[41] Qaisar, M. U., Rehman, M. S., Suffyan, M. (2012). Exploring Effects of Organisational Quarterly, 22(1): 46-56.\r\n[42] Reyes, P. (1990).Teachers and their Workplace: Commitment, Performance, Productivity.\r\n[43] Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organisational psychology (4,231\u2013 335). Chichester: Wiley.\r\n[44] Roe, R. A. (1999). Work performance: A multiple regulation perspective. In C. L. Cooper &amp; I. T.\r\n[45] Rosenholtz, S. (1989).Teacher\u2019s Workplace: The Social Organisation of Schools.\r\n[46] Rowan, B. (1990).\u201cCommitment and Control: Alternative Strategies for the Organizational Design of Schools.\u201dReview of Research in Education, 16.\r\n[47] Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association. Satisfaction: A study of Employee at Nigerian Universities. 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(2000). Effects of task performance and contextual performance on systemic rewards. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 526\u2013535.\r\n[56] Wang, I. A. (2010). Affective and Continuance Commitment in Public Private Partnership.\r\n[57] World Bank Group, Harsey Rogers Lead Economics Education Global practices. Education Innovation for 21rst Century Skills, Bishkek June 2015.\r\n[58] Workers in Nigeria.JournalofPsychologyandCounselling.2 (1),Pp.1-8.\r\n[59] Zheng, W., &amp; Sharan, K. S. (2010). New development of employee commitment: A critical review (1960-2009). African Journal of Business Management , 12-20.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wapmuk, Shitnaan Emmanuel, Botsha, Josephine Yakubu, Kusa, Nanfa Danjuma, Goma, Ruth Panshak, &#8220;Teachers\u2019 Commitment and Job Performance: A Study of Schools in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.197-205 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/197-205.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-commitment-and-job-performance-a-study-of-schools-in-jos-north-local-government-area-plateau-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 Commitment and Job Performance: A Study of Schools in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b8440 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b8e8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b8e8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b8fdc\" data-id=\"b2b8fdc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b90ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b90ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b9184 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b9184\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b92d3\" data-id=\"b2b92d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b93d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b93d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b9479 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b9479\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b95bc\" data-id=\"b2b95bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b96c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b96c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b975c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b975c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b98cc\" data-id=\"b2b98cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b99f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b99f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Perception and Attitudes of Residents towards Effective Management of the Kyabobo National Park, Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kwasi Ali Magya &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 206-217<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2b9aa1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2b9aa1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2b9c27\" data-id=\"b2b9c27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b9d83 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2b9d83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Protected Areas are increasingly becoming significant due to their double potential as tourism and biodiversity conservation areas. This has led to an increasing desire by governments to convert a lot of forests into Protected Areas. However, these conversions are sometimes met with strict opposition from members of fringe communities. This is sometimes attributed to the destruction of livelihood sources of community members and thus affects the smooth management of the protected areas. The objective of this study therefore was to examine the perception and attitudes of residents towards the effective management of Kyabobo National Park in the Nkwanta North District of Ghana. The data was using questionnaire and interview and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively using Chi-square, 200 questionnaires were administered to respondents in five fringe communities. Focus Group Discussions and interviews were also used to collect field data and information. The study revealed that majority of community members do not receive any form of social, economic or cultural benefits from the KNP but they were however supportive of the establishment of conservation area where biodiversity can be preserved. The study also revealed that the perception and attitude of respondents are not influenced by their demographic variables such as age, level of education and occupation. Respondents however had negative attitudes towards the park because promises made by park authorities before the conversion of the place to a park had not been kept. The negative attitudes therefore affect the effective management of the park. It is recommended that government and management of the park fulfill their promises to residents. Also, alternative livelihood options should be provided for residents to avoid illegal entry into the park. The planning of sensitization programs should involve all residents and not target only certain demographic categories as there is no relationship between demographic characteristics of respondents and their perception and attitude towards protected areas.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 206-217\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kwasi Ali Magya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Science, E.P. College of Education, Bimbilla \u2013 Ghana W\/A<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akyeampong, O.A., (2011).&#8217;Pro-poor tourism: Resident&#8217;s expectations, experiences and perceptions in the Kakum National Park area of Ghana&#8217;, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(20), 197- 213. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/09669582.2010.509508\r\n[2] Amuquandoh, F. E. (2010). Residents&#8217; perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in the Lake Bosomtwe Basin, Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(2), 223-238.\r\n[3] Allendorf, T. D., Swe, K. K., O, T., Htut, Y., Aung, M., Aung, M., Allendorf, K., Hayek,L. A., Leimgrubek, P. &amp;Wemmer, C. (2006). Community attitudes toward three protected areas in Upper Myanmar (Burma). Environmental Conservation, 33, 344-352. Doi: 10.1017\/S0376892906003389.\r\n[4] Bouma, S. (2007). Assessment of Tourism Potential in Kyabobo National Park Fringe Communities, SNV\/NHHI, Breda, The Netherlands.\r\n[5] Bruku C. (2016). Perceived risks and management strategies in protected areas: the case of Kyabobo National Park in the Nkwanta South District, Ghana. MPhil Thesis submitted to the University of Ghana Graduate Studies.\r\n[6] Chevallier, R., &amp; Milburn, R. (2015). Increasing the Economic Value and Contribution of Protected Areas in Africa. SAIIA Policy Briefing 125.\r\n[7] Dewu, S., &amp; R\u00f8skaft, E. (2017). Community attitudes towards protected areas: insights from Ghana. Oryx, 1-8.\r\n[8] Dudley, N. (Ed.). (2008). Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.\r\n[9] IUCN (2014). Parks, People, Planet: Inspiring Solutions. IUCN World Park Congress. Sydney.\r\n[10] Leache, A.D. (2005). Herpetological Survey of Kyabobo National Park, WDSP Report No. K7. Berkeley, USA.\r\n[11] Larsen, B. T. W. (2006). The Butterflies of Kyabobo National Park, Ghana, and Those of the Volta Region. WDSP Report 64. Wildlife Division\/IUCN, Accra, Ghana.\r\n[12] Maya I. Hernes &amp; Mark J. Metzger (2017). Understanding local community\u2019s value, worldview and perceptions in the Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere Reserve.\r\n[13] Sluis, T.V.D., Jagt, C.J., &amp;Kanton, L. (2007). Tourism Development and Management Plan: Kyabobo National Park and Surrounding Area, V4.doc. SNV- Ghana.\r\n[14] Vedeld, P., Jumane, A., Wapalila, G and Songorwa, A. (2012). Protected areas, poverty and conflicts: A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics 21: 20-31.\r\n[15] Weladji, R.B. and Tchamba M.N. (2003). Conflict between people and protected areas within the Benoue Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon. Oryx 37: 72-79.\r\n[16] WDPA,(2012).Biodiversity Indicator Partnerships: Coverage of Protected Areas, (online) http:\/\/www.wdpa.org\/resources\/statistics\/2010BIP_Factsheet.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kwasi Ali Magya, &#8220;Perception and Attitudes of Residents towards Effective Management of the Kyabobo National Park, Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.206-217 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/206-217.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/206-217.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/perception-and-attitudes-of-residents-towards-effective-management-of-the-kyabobo-national-park-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Perception and Attitudes of Residents towards Effective Management of the Kyabobo National Park, Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2babb4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2babb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bb34b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bb34b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bb4a5\" data-id=\"b2bb4a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bb5b1 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bb8c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bb8c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bb966 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bb966\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bbab3\" data-id=\"b2bbab3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bbbc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bbbc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bbc5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bbc5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bbd9e\" data-id=\"b2bbd9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bbea7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bbea7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bbf3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bbf3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bc0b1\" data-id=\"b2bc0b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bc1c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bc1c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Games: An Educational Technology Instructional Media toward Effective Teaching and Learning in Ekiti State Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ajayi, Opeyemi, Okoh, Maureen O., &amp; Adeoye, Ayodele J. &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 218-223<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bc25e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bc25e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bc3dc\" data-id=\"b2bc3dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bc507 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2bc507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated games as an educational technology instructional media towards effective teaching and learning in Ekiti State Secondary Schools. Descriptive research design of the survey type was employed. The population of the study was 250 students in senior secondary schools in Ekiti State, using multistage sampling techniques. A self-design questionnaire title \u201cStudents Educational Games Questionnaire SEGQ\u201d contain three section was used to elicit information from the respondents which consist 25 items. Section A is to know the impact of games as an educational technology instructional media. Section B is for students\u2019 attitude toward games as an educational technology instructional media. Section C is Educational Technology Instructional Media Performance Test (ETIMPT). Both face and content validity were satisfied by experts after the construction of the instrument. A test-retest method was used through the administration of the instrument to 20 respondents outside the sample within 2 weeks to obtained reliability coefficient 0.86. The data obtained through the research questions were analysed using frequency count and percentage. The result of the study indicated that games as an educational technology instructional media has great impact on students\u2019 performance and produced effective teaching and learning in secondary schools in Ekiti State. It also indicated positive attitude of students toward games as an educational technology instructional media which motivated the students to study well. It further show that games as an educational technology instructional media enable students to be creative, innovation, initiative, problem-solver and have deep knowledge about content of the subject matter. Specifically, the study sought to: &#8211; investigate the impact of games as an educational technology instructional media to teaching and learning; determine whether there will be any improvement in the student\u2019s academic performance with the use of educational technology instructional media and examine students\u2019 attitude toward games as an educational technology instructional media during teaching and learning activities. The findings of this study will be of immense benefit to students, teachers, parents, school administrators, curriculum planners, society and prospective researchers. It was concluded that educational technology instructional media make use all available resources (human and non-human) in the environment to facilitate teaching and learning, innovative strategies like games is rich sources of knowledge to teach tolerance, reality of life, behaviour modification and role modelling unconsciously. Implement the concept of gaming in to education has a lots of opportunities and many types of games that could be make use during teaching and learning process which include problem solving, jigsaw puzzle, simulation, Brain Teasers, Sliding puzzle and tutorials based games. It was recommended that, if games are encouraged, it relaxes, stimulates and enhances learning without stress in a humorous way. It was also recommended that teacher should make use of games to liven up teaching and learning process. Also, students should be guided towards the use and types of games to involve in and time of playing such games should be monitor in order not to abuse the opportunity of playing games. More so, parents should encourage their wards to engage in playing educational games to bring reality to teaching and learning process<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 218-223\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajayi, Opeyemi<\/strong>\r\nEkiti State University Faculty of Education, Department of Vocational and Technical Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okoh, Maureen O.<\/strong>\r\nFederal University of Oye, Faculty of Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeoye, Ayodele J.<\/strong>\r\nEkiti State University, Faculty of Education, Department of Vocational and Technical Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT), (1977). The Definition of Educational Technology: A summary. Washington, DC.: AECT\r\n[2] Azikiwe, U. (2007). Instructional Media for Effective Teaching and Learning Blog.commlabindia.com: when games may not work: Limitations of Game-based learning\r\n[3] Boyle, S. (2011). Teaching Toolkit: An Introduction to Games based learning. UCD Dublin, Ireland: UCD Teaching and Learning\/ Resources. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ucd.ie\/t4cms\/UCDTLT0044.pdf.pdf\r\n[4] Driscoll, M.P. (2005). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. In Reiser R.M.A., &amp; Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Educational game \u2013 https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org.\r\n[5] Encarta Encyclopedia (2009). In Critical Issues in Educational Technology. Edited by Yusuf M.O. &amp; Onasanya S.A.: Department of Educational Technology, University of Ilorin.\r\n[6] Gentry C.G. (1994). Introduction to Instructional Development. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing\r\n[7] Ginsburg K.R. (2007). Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bond. Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics\r\n[8] Obielodan, O.O. (2014). Instructional Media: Typology and Relevance in Instruction. Critical Issues in Educational Technology. Edited by Yusuf M.O. &amp; Onasanya S.A.: Department of Educational Technology, University of Ilorin.\r\n[9] Ogunmilade, C.A. (1991). Principles and Practice of Educational Technology in Critical Issues in Educational Technology. Edited by Yusuf M.O. &amp; Onasanya S.A.: Department of Educational Technology, University of Ilorin.\r\n[10] Piaget, J. (1965). The Child\u2019s Conception of Number. New York: WW Norton and Company Inc. RCC Instructional Media \u2013 https:\/\/go.roguecc.edu\r\n[11] Robb, T. (2004). Moodle: A Virtual Learning Environment for the Rest of Us. TESL-EJ, 8(2), 1-8.\r\n[12] Salman, M.F. (2004). Fundamental Principles and Practice of Instruction edited by Abimbola I.O. &amp; Abolade A.O.: Department of Curriculum and Educational Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.\r\n[13] Soetan, A.K. (2014). Games, Simulation and Cartooning in Instruction. Critical Issues in Educational Technology. Edited by Yusuf M.O. &amp; Onasanya S.A.: Department of Educational Technology, University of Ilorin. www. nzdl.org.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ajayi, Opeyemi, Okoh, Maureen O., &amp; Adeoye, Ayodele J. &#8220;Games: An Educational Technology Instructional Media toward Effective Teaching and Learning in Ekiti State Secondary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.218-223 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/218-223.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/218-223.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/games-an-educational-technology-instructional-media-toward-effective-teaching-and-learning-in-ekiti-state-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Games: An Educational Technology Instructional Media toward Effective Teaching and Learning in Ekiti State Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bd32d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2bd32d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bd3fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bd3fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bd574\" data-id=\"b2bd574\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bd692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bd692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bd743 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bd743\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bd8ad\" data-id=\"b2bd8ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bd9cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bd9cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bda6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bda6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bdbc7\" data-id=\"b2bdbc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bdccb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bdccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bdd6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bdd6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bdebd\" data-id=\"b2bdebd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bdfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bdfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2be074 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2be074\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2be1d4\" data-id=\"b2be1d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2be2f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2be2f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2be39a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2be39a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2be500\" data-id=\"b2be500\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2be627 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2be627\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2be6e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2be6e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2be87b\" data-id=\"b2be87b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2be99e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2be99e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Skills Required for Secondary Education Teachers in Inclusive Settings<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Irene Wanja Muiruri, Kiptoo Wilson- February 2022- Page No.: 224-229<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bea3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bea3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bebbf\" data-id=\"b2bebbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2becf3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2becf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nDespite the government&#8217;s best efforts, the problem of discrimination among kids with special educational needs continues to grow. Students with learning disabilities have not been supplied with the necessary resources, physical facilities, or equipment to meet their specific needs, as their colleagues have. As a result, the primary goal of this research was to find out skills required for secondary education teachers in inclusive settings. The research method to be adopted in this study was quantitative methods. The research&#8217;s target population was 84 secondary school teachers. The respondents were drawn from the four secondary schools in Keiyo North Sub-County with inclusive education. Questionnaires were used to collect data from teachers. Quantitative analysis entailed the use of descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency distribution tables. The Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 25 was used to interpret the data. Presentation of data was by use of tables, pie charts and descriptions. The study concluded that teachers in an inclusive school should have a strong vision that all children can learn and believe in their abilities. Teachers should possess skills in classroom management for inclusive education. They should also possess techniques of assessment in the implementation of inclusive education programs, a study has found. The study recommends that the teachers receive in-service training to ensure that they have a strong vision of all children being able to learn and believe in their kids&#8217; talents. For inclusive education, teachers need to have classroom management abilities. Every day in the classroom, teachers should be able to be very structured. Teachers must encourage both ordinary and disabled students to have a positive perception.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 224-229\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6210<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irene Wanja Muiruri <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kiptoo Wilson <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ainscow, M. (2020). Promoting Inclusion and Equity in Education: Lessons from International Experiences. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 6(1), 7-16.\r\n[2] Apuke, O. D. (2017). Quantitative Research Methods: A Synopsis Approach. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 33(5471), 1-8.\r\n[3] Gidlund, U., &amp; Bostr\u00f6m, L. (2017). What Are Inclusive Didactics? Teachers\u00b4 Understanding of Inclusive Didactics for Students with EBD in Swedish Mainstream Schools. International Education Studies, 10(5), 87-99.\r\n[4] Kiplagat, H., Syonthi, J., &amp; Situma, J. (2019). Learning Challenges to Inclusive Learning in an ECDE Centers in Eldoret East Sub-County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 9(11).\r\n[5] Majoko, T. (2019). Teacher Key Competencies for Inclusive Education: Tapping Pragmatic Realities of Zimbabwean Special Needs Education Teachers. SAGE Open, 9(1), 21-58.\r\n[6] Mngo, Z. Y., &amp; Mngo, A. Y. (2018). Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of Inclusion in A Pilot Inclusive Education Program: Implications for Instructional Leadership. Education Research International, 8(2), 30-46.\r\n[7] Pitten Cate, I. M., Markova, M., Krischler, M., &amp; Krolak-Schwerdt, S. (2018). Promoting Inclusive Education: The Role of Teachers&#8217; Competence and Attitudes. Insights into Learning Disabilities, 15(1), 49-63.\r\n[8] Roose, I., Vantieghem, W., Vanderlinde, R., &amp; Van Avermaet, P. (2019). Beliefs as Filters for Comparing Inclusive Classroom Situations. Connecting Teachers\u2019 Beliefs About Teaching Diverse Learners to Their Noticing of Inclusive Classroom Characteristics in Videoclips. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 56(6), 140-151.\r\n[9] Round, P. N., Subban, P. K., &amp; Sharma, U. (2016). \u2018I don&#8217;t have time to be this busy. \u2018Exploring the concerns of secondary school teachers towards inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 20(2), 185-198.\r\n[10] Sharma, U., Shaukat, S., &amp; Furlonger, B. (2015). Attitudes and self\u2010efficacy of pre\u2010service teachers towards inclusion in Pakistan. Journal of research in special educational needs, 15(2), 97-105.\r\n[11] Varcoe, L., &amp; Boyle, C. (2014). Pre-service primary teachers\u2019 attitudes towards inclusive education. Educational Psychology, 34(3), 323-337.\r\n[12] Wiggins, G. (2012). Seven keys to effective feedback. Feedback, 70(1), 10-16.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Irene Wanja Muiruri, Kiptoo Wilson, &#8220;Skills Required for Secondary Education Teachers in Inclusive Settings&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.224-229 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6210<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/224-229.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/skills-required-for-secondary-education-teachers-in-inclusive-settings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Skills Required for Secondary Education Teachers in Inclusive Settings<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bfb51 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2bfb51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bfc2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bfc2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2bfdea\" data-id=\"b2bfdea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2bff11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2bff11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2bffb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2bffb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c010e\" data-id=\"b2c010e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0222 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c0222\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c02bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c02bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0409\" data-id=\"b2c0409\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c051c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c051c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c05c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c05c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0726\" data-id=\"b2c0726\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c083e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c083e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c08da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c08da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0a2b\" data-id=\"b2c0a2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0b32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c0b32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0bca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c0bca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0d19\" data-id=\"b2c0d19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0e26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c0e26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c0ebe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c0ebe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c101f\" data-id=\"b2c101f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c1124 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c1124\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>School Preparedness in the Integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as Correlates to K to 12 Teachers Competencies and Teaching Effectiveness in City Schools Division of Puerto Princesa District I<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Carolyn M. Illescas, Dr. David R. Perez- February 2022- Page No.: 230-241<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c11c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c11c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c1367\" data-id=\"b2c1367\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c14ca elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2c14ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study was conducted determine the school administrators\u2019 preparedness in the integration of ICT as correlates to K to 12 teachers\u2019 competencies and teaching effectiveness in Puerto Princesa District I.\r\nIt was conducted to 12 school administrators and 157 teachers from six public elementary schools in Puerto Princesa District I. Descriptive research design particularly the survey method was used. The researcher-made survey questionnaire was used in data gathering and it was analyzed through descriptive statistics.\r\nThe findings revealed that the elementary school administrators\u2019 preparedness in the integration of ICT according to use of technology in the school; providing the technology infrastructure and viable instructional strategy were assessed by administrators and teachers as \u201csomewhat evident\u201d However, both of them assessed the administrators\u2019 role as technology leader as\u201cevident.\u201d\r\nMeanwhile, the administrators were assessed the K to 12 teachers\u2019 competencies in terms of application of technology in the class as \u201csomewhat evident\u201d and teachers assessed themselves as \u201cnot evident\u201d with regards to computer literacy administrators and teachers assessed the teachers as \u201cnot evident.\u201d However, both of them were \u201csomewhat evident\u201d as to the access to various types of technology.\r\nThe study also revealed that administrators and teachers \u201cevident\u201d on the teaching effectiveness of K to 12 teachers in terms of demonstrates skills in the use of technology in teaching and learning and utilization of technology to enhance teaching and learning.\r\nThe elementary school administrators\u2019 preparedness in the integration of ICT in terms of use of technology in the school; providing the technology infrastructure and viable instructional strategy influence the teachers\u2019 application of technology in the class.\r\nAccordingly, the elementary school administrators\u2019 preparedness in the integration of ICT as to the use of technology in the school and providing the technology infrastructure do not affect the K to 12 teachers\u2019 competencies in terms of computer literacy. The elementary school administrators\u2019 preparedness in the integration of ICT as to the use of technology in the school and providing the technology infrastructure do not affect the K to 12 teachers\u2019 competencies in terms of access to various types of technology but it was influenced by viable instructional strategy and administrators\u2019 role as technology leader.\r\nThe teaching effectiveness of K to 12 teachers in Puerto Princesa District I in terms of demonstrates skills in the use of technology in teaching and learning was affected by the viable instructional strategy and administrators\u2019 role as technology leader but it was not affected by use of technology in the school and providing the technology infrastructure.\r\nMeanwhile, the teaching effectiveness of K to 12 teachers in Puerto Princesa District I in terms of utilization of technology to enhance teaching and learning was affected by providing the technology infrastructure, viable instructional strategy and administrators\u2019 role as technology leader but it was not affected by the use of technology in the school.\r\nFurther, the administrators and teachers had similar perceptions as to the preparedness in the integration of ICT, teachers\u2019 competencies and teaching Effectiveness of K to 12 Teachers in Puerto Princesa District.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 230-241\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6211<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Carolyn M. Illescas<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWestern Philippines University, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. David R. Pereza<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWestern Philippines University, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Rogers, E. M. (2004). Diffusion of innovations. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe. Rogers, E. M. (2005). Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. New York: The Free Press.\r\n[2] Rogers, E. M. and Shoemaker, F.F. (2011). Communication of innovations: A cross- cultural approach. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe.\r\n[3] Uchida, D. (2006). Preparing students for the 21st century. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators.\r\nRESEARCH JOURNALS\/ REPORTS\/PERIODICALS\r\n[1] Abrahamson, E. (2011). Managerial Fads and Fashions: The Diffusion and Rejection of Innovation. California Management Review, Vol. 16.\r\n[2] Andres, Godofredo T. 2007, \u201cIT2I Philippines \u2013 Asia\u2019s Knowledge Center\u201d, IT Action Agenda for the 21st Century, Manila, Oct. 2007.\r\n[3] Anderson, R. E., and Dexter, S. L. (2005). School technology leadership: An empirical investigation of prevalence and effect. Educational Administration Quarterly, Vol. 41(1).\r\n[4] Ashton, P. T. (2006). Teacher efficacy: A motivational paradigm for effective teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 35(5).\r\n[5] Bailey, G. D. (2007). What technology leaders need to know: The essential top 10 concepts for technology integration in the 21st century? Learning &amp; Leading with Technology, Vol. 25(1).\r\n[6] Becker, H. J. (2009). Internet use by teachers: Conditions of professional use and teacher directed student use. Irvine, CA: Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations, University of California, Irvine, and the University of Minnesota.\r\n[7] Blake, R. (2010). An investigation of technology competencies of school-based administrators in Florida schools. Dissertations Abstract International. AAT 9977808.\r\n[8] Bossert, P. J. (2007). Horseless classrooms and virtual learning: Reshaping our environments. Bulletin, 81, 3-15.\r\n[9] Briers, G. (2005). Relationships between student achievement and levels of technology integration by Texas agriscience teachers [Electronic Version]. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, Vol. 55(1).\r\n[10] Bridges, J. W. (2008). 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A national study of the influence of computer technology training received by K-12 principals on the integration of computer technology into curricula of schools. Dissertation Abstracts International, AAT3019300.\r\n[15] Eisenberg, M. B. &amp; Johnson, D. (2006). Computer skills for information problem- solving: Learning and teaching technology in context. ERIC Clearinghouse on Information and Technology, Syracuse, NY. Retrieved April 2, 2007, from ERIC Document Reproduction Service ERIC No. ED392463.\r\n[16] Eveland, J. D. (2006). Diffusion, Technology Transfer and Implementation. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, Vol. 8(2).\r\n[17] Gibson, S., and Denbo, M. H. (2008). Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 76(4).\r\n[18] Hopson, M. H. (2008). Effects of a technology enriched learning environment on student development of higher order thinking skills. Dissertations Abstracts International, AAT 9841429.\r\n[19] Jerald, C. D. and Orlofsky, G. F. (2009). Raising the bar on school technology. Education Week. Vol. 19.\r\n[20] Jetton, R. C. (2007). The impact of the principal\u2019s attitudes toward the implementation of computer related technology and restructuring as perceived by Texas high school principals in the Region IV Service Center area. Dissertations Abstracts International, AAT 9800675.\r\n[21] Jaber, W. E. (2007). A survey of factors that influence teachers\u2019 use of computer-based technology. Dissertation Abstracts International, AAT 9936916.\r\n[22] Lanford, B. L. (2009). A historical, time-related study on the influences of socio-cultural, technological and educational trends of the 20th century and their possible effect on the learning environment. Dissertations Abstract International, AAT 9955585.\r\n[23] Marcial, D. E. (2011). Information technology resources in the higher education institutions in the Philippines. Proceedings of the 9th National Conference on Information Technology Education (NCITE 2011), held at Palawan State University, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines, from October 27 to 29, 2011.\r\n[24] Marcial, D. (2012). Investigating technical skills among information technology managers in higher education institutions in the Philippines. Graduate Currents, Silliman University.\r\n[25] Marcial, D. (2012). Investigating soft skills among information technology managers in higher education institutions in the Philippines. Proceedings of the ICERI 2012, Cambodia.\r\n[26] Reed, D. S. (2006). Systemic technology infusion: Effects on teachers and students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 64(1).\r\n[27] Rosas, N. L. (2008). The Educational Technology Master plan, Report Presented at the Congress. Makati City, 30 October 2008.\r\n[28] SEAMEO INNOTECH. May 2006, text2teach Project Completion Report. Unpublished document.\r\n[29] SEAMEO INNOTECH. 2008, Profile on the ICT Capabilities of Elementary &amp; Secondary Schools in the Philippines, A Study Commissioned by the Philippine Senate Committee on Education, Arts &amp; Culture, Q.C., Philippines.\r\n[30] Thompson, C. (2006). Computer-aided instruction in secondary clothing and textiles courses. Journal of Vocational Home Economics Education, Vol. 11(2).\r\nTHESES\/DISSERTATIONS\r\n[1] Aten, B. M. (2006). An analysis of the nature of educational technology leadership in California\u2019s SB 1274 restructuring schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of San Francisco, California.\r\n[2] Basa, Ellaine J. (2008). A study of the relationships among principals\u2019 technology leadership, organizational learning and school effectiveness in elementary schools in Makati City. Doctoral Dissertation, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila.\r\n[3] Bautista, Analyn O. (2007). A study of the relationship between principals\u2019 information literacy and the implementation of information technology integrating into teaching in three districts of Batangas City. Unpublished Masters\u2019 Thesis. Batangas State University.\r\n[4] Chang, M. (2009). A study of the relationship between principals\u2019 technological leadership and school effectiveness in elementary schools in Taipei County (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). National Chencho University, Taiwan.\r\n[5] Cruz, Darwin H. (2006). A study of the relationship among principals\u2019 technological leadership, knowledge management and school effectiveness in Quezon City. Unpublished Masters\u2019 Thesis. Ateneo de Manila University.\r\n[6] Eaton-Kawecki, K. A. (2008). School technology use and achievement on statewide assessment: Is there a relationship? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.\r\n[7] Ford, J. I. (2007). Identifying technology leadership competencies for Nebraska\u2019s K-12 technology leaders (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Nebraska.\r\n[8] Fu, C. J. (2009). A study of the relationship between principals\u2019 technological leadership and teachers\u2019 teaching effectiveness in elementary schools in Taipei City (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Tamkang University, Taiwan.\r\n[9] Jean, M. (2005). A study of the relationship between teachers\u2019 teaching information literacy and teaching effectiveness in elementary schools in Kaohsiung City (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). National Pingtung Teachers College, Taiwan.\r\n[10] Lo, W. (2009). A study of the relationship between principals\u2019 technological leadership and teachers\u2019 teaching effectiveness in elementary schools in Hualien County (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). National Hualien University of Education, Taiwan.\r\n[11] Marcial, D.E. (2011). Prioritization and implementation of IT in the higher education institutions in the Philippines: An analysis towards the IT landscape. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines.\r\n[12] Rogers, B. A. (2008). The correlation between teachers\u2019 perceptions of principals\u2019 technology leadership and the integration of educational technology (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ball State University, Indiana.\r\n[13] Rodriguez, Ginalyn C. (2014). Organizational Climate and Performance of Teachers in the Public Elementary Schools in Brookes Point South District. Unpublished Masters\u2019 Thesis, Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City.\r\n[14] Sabuero, Viberly C. (2014). Decision Making Style of Elementary School Administrators in Relation to their Management Competence in District I in Bataraza, Palawan Unpublished Masters\u2019 Thesis, Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City.\r\n[15] Sumandal, Zaidy D. (2013). Teachers Assessment on the Importance of Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Among Grades IV-VI Pupils in District II in the Division of Puerto Princesa City. Unpublished Masters\u2019 Thesis, Western Philippines University, Puerto Princesa Campus.\r\n[16] Wu, H. (2006). A study of the elementary school principals\u2019 curriculum leadership in elementary schools Taipei City (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). National Chungcheng University, Taiwan.\r\n[17] Yen, L. (2010). A study of the relationship between principals\u2019 technological leadership and teachers\u2019 teaching effectiveness of elementary schools in Tainan County (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Southern Taiwan University, Taiwan.\r\nWEBSITES\r\n[18] Becker, H. J. (2006). Findings from the teaching, learning, and computing survey: Is Larry Cuban, right? Education Policy Analysis Archives. Downloaded from http:\/\/epaa. asu. Edu \/ epaa \/v8n51.\r\n[19] Belawati, T. (2004). \u201cPhilippines ICT use in Education\u201d UNESCO Meta-Survey on the Use of Technologies in Education. Downloaded from http:\/\/www.unesc bkk.org \/index.php? id=1807\r\n[20] Conejos, April P. (2009). The ICT Utilization in the Classroom. A Report Presented to UNESCO. Downloaded from: http:\/\/ www.unesco bkk.org\/education\/ict\/ databases.\r\n[21] Gorospe, M. J. (2010). Technological resources, knowledge and skills of the basic education teachers. PeLS Online Journal. Downloaded from: http:\/\/elearning.ph\/web\/userfiles\/gorospe.pdf\r\n[22] Marcial, D. E. (2010). elearning for all: The SOUL model. PeLS Online Journal.1 (1). Downloaded from: http:\/\/ elearning.ph\/ web\/ user files\/ pelsonlinejournal1soulmodel marcial.pdf.\r\n[23] Pilapil, Lloyd F. 2008. \u201cICT Program to Raise Quality of Country\u2019s Education\u201d, Downloaded from http:\/\/www.gov.ph\/news\/default.asp\r\n[24] Quimbo, M. A. (2009). Teachers\u2019 perspectives of the quality of e-learning courseware integration in the secondary curriculum. PeLS Online Journal.1 (1). Retrieved from: http:\/\/ elearning.ph\/web\/ user files\/ pelsonline journal6 teachers perspectivesquimbo.pdf.\r\n[25] Tapscott, D. (2008). The next generation and the school. The Milken Exchange on Education and Technology. Downloaded from: http:\/\/www.milkenexchange.org\/feature\/tapscott_full.html.\r\n[26] Tiglao, N. 2012. ICT4D Projects in the Philippines, Downloaded from: http:\/\/ www. ICT4D. ph\/ proceedings\/ Project_Inventory2.php\r\n[27] Trinidad, A. C. (2009). An Initial Assessment of the Philippines\u2019 Preparedness for e Learning, Downloaded from: http:\/\/elearning.ph\/ eseminar1 \/www. board \/kasarinlan_trinidad.pdf\r\n[28] Wilmore, D. (2009). Information technology and schools: The principal\u2019s role. Educational Technology and Society 3(4). Downloaded from: http:\/\/ifets.icce.org\/periodical\/vol_4_2000\/discuss_ocober2000.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Carolyn M. Illescas, Dr. David R. Perez, &#8220;School Preparedness in the Integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as Correlates to K to 12 Teachers Competencies and Teaching Effectiveness in City Schools Division of Puerto Princesa District I&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.230-241 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6211<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/230-241.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/school-preparedness-in-the-integration-of-information-and-communication-technology-ict-as-correlates-to-k-to-12-teachers-competencies-and-teaching-effectiveness-in-city-schools-division-of-puerto-pr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>School Preparedness in the Integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as Correlates to K to 12 Teachers Competencies and Teaching Effectiveness in City Schools Division of Puerto Princesa District I<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2382 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2c2382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2451 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c2451\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c25c8\" data-id=\"b2c25c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c26fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c26fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c27aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c27aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c290b\" data-id=\"b2c290b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2a18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c2a18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2ab6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c2ab6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2c0b\" data-id=\"b2c2c0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2d1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c2d1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2db8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c2db8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c2eff\" data-id=\"b2c2eff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c300a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c300a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c30ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c30ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c31f4\" data-id=\"b2c31f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c3300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c3300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c339a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c339a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c34e1\" data-id=\"b2c34e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c3602 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c3602\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c36a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c36a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c3812\" data-id=\"b2c3812\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c3925 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c3925\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Utilization of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS) Financial Aide and Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ailene O. Basco, Carolyn M. Illescas, Sharon Rose Bontongon &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 242-246<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c39c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c39c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c3b33\" data-id=\"b2c3b33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c3c4d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2c3c4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:\r\nThis study was conducted to assess awareness on the utilization of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in Education of Sta. Monica Elementary School and Matahimik- Bucana Elementary Schools of District II, City Division of Puerto Princesa as reflected in Pupils\u2019 academic performance. There were 153 respondents in this study.\r\nThe descriptive-correlation research design was used in the study. Data were gathered through questionnaires while frequency, percentage, mean and Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient r were the statistical tools used to analyze the data.\r\nGreater in number are the recipients who claimed that the school is 0.7-0.9 kilometres away from their home. Majority of the recipients claimed that they complied the 85% of attendance in school.\r\nMajority of the beneficiaries have an income between (P1001-P3000) and most of them are high school graduate.\r\nThe level of academic performance of the recipients of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is satisfactory.\r\nBeneficiaries are aware of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). They always use their allowance in education according to its intended purpose.\r\nThe level of the awareness of parents\/beneficiaries on the utilization of 4Ps allowance has no significant relationship to the academic performance of 4Ps recipients.\r\nKeywords: beneficiaries, recipients, awareness, utilization, academic performance<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 242-246\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6212<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ailene O. Basco<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWestern Philippines University, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Carolyn M. Illescas<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWestern Philippines University, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sharon Rose Bontongon<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWestern Philippines University, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\nReference are not available.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ailene O. Basco, Carolyn M. Illescas, Sharon Rose Bontongon, &#8220;Utilization of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS) Financial Aide and Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.242-246 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6212<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/242-246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/utilization-of-pantawid-pamilying-pilipino-program-4ps-financial-aide-and-pupils-academic-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Utilization of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS) Financial Aide and Pupils\u2019 Academic Performance<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c4a1a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2c4a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c4af1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c4af1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c4c80\" data-id=\"b2c4c80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c4d99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c4d99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c4e38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c4e38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c4f8d\" data-id=\"b2c4f8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c509e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c509e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c513b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c513b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c5299\" data-id=\"b2c5299\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c53b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c53b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c5465 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c5465\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c560b\" data-id=\"b2c560b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c57e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c57e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c58fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c58fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c5b55\" data-id=\"b2c5b55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c5d3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c5d3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c5e4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c5e4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c5fc6\" data-id=\"b2c5fc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c60e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c60e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c6192 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c6192\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c631b\" data-id=\"b2c631b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c644a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c644a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of the School Feeding Programme on educational outcomes of pupils in public pre-primary schools in Mombasa County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Logedi Josephine Chahilu*, Mary Jebii Chemagosi (PhD) and Sellah Lusweti (PhD), &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 247-254<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c6515 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c6515\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c66d1\" data-id=\"b2c66d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c6840 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2c6840\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">School feeding programmes constitute critical interventions that have been introduced in many developed and developing countries of the world to address poverty, stimulate school enrolment and enhance pupils\u2019 performance (Adekunle &amp; Ogbodu, 2016). Through the SFP, children are energized and their class concentration is enhanced. In Kenya, the SFP supports the achievement of educational outcomes with a view to obtain Kenyan educational goal of free and compulsory education, and 100% transition. In cognizance of the foregoing, the objective of this study was to determine the level to which the school feeding programme influences educational outcomes in public pre-primary schools in Mombasa County, Kenya. Descriptive research design informed the study. The study\u2019s target population was all the 97 head teachers, 388 teachers and 7 Early Education supervisors in Mombasa County. A sample of 78 head teachers, 116 teachers and 7 supervisors was obtained based on stratified, purposive and simple random techniques. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation guide were the three instruments used to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically in prose and narrative forms. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics by means of frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. T-tests was used to indicate differences among sub-groups that existed. The study revealed that provision of the school feeding programme positively influenced learners\u2019 enrollment, class attendance, retention, participation in outdoor activities, progression to the next class level, health and nutrition and transition. Using t-test, it was established that schools with SFPs had higher educational outcomes than those without SFP (t = .293, p = 0.005, N = 53). The study recommended the Ministry of education, Mombasa County government, parents and schools to seek for alternative strategies of providing school feeding programmes among pre-primary children.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 247-254\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Logedi Josephine Chahilu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology and Special Needs, Pwani University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Jebii Chemagosi (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology and Special Needs, Pwani University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sellah Lusweti (PhD)<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology and Special Needs, Pwani University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adekunle, D.T., &amp; Ogbogu, C.O. (2016). The Effects of School Feeding Programme on Enrolment and Performance of Public Elementary School Pupils in Osun State, Nigeria. World Journal of Education, Vol. 6, No. 3; page 39-47.\r\n[2] Aila, B. (2012).The Impact and Challenges of School Feeding Programme in Enhancing Access to Primary Education in the unplanned settlements if Kibera in Nairobi. Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis: University of Nairobi.\r\n[3] Bekidusa, A.D. (2020). Influence of school feeding programme on the retention of learners in public primary schools in Kenya. A case of Mombasa County. (Unpublished master\u2019s project), University of Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[4] Bekidusa, A.D., &amp; Kisimbii, J. (2020). Influence of school feeding programme on the retention of learners in public primary schools in Kenya. A case of Mombasa County. Journal of Education and Practice Vol.4, Issue No.3, pp 1 \u2013 12.\r\n[5] Bundy, D., Burbano, C., Grosh, M., Gelli, A., Jukes, M., and Drake, L. (2009). Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector. The World Bank.\r\n[6] Buttenheim, A. M., Alderman, H., and Friedman, J. A. (2011). Impact Evaluation of School Feeding Programs in Lao PDR, 2011, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, 5518.\r\n[7] Dheressa, D. K. (2011). Education in Focus: Impacts of School Feeding Program on School Participation: A case study in Dara Woreda of Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB).\r\n[8] Ecker, O. &amp; Nene, M. (2012). Nutrition policies in developing countries: Challenges and Highlights. Policy Note 1. Washington DC, International Food Policy Research Institute.\r\n[9] Edoardo, M., &amp;Aulo, G. (2013). Improving community development by linking agriculture, nutrition and education: Design of a randomized trial of \u201chome-grown\u201d school feeding in Mali. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton.\r\n[10] Haji, M.A. (2010). School feeding on pupils\u2019 attendance and academic performance in selected primary schools in Ijara District, Kenya. (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis), Kampala International University Kampala, Uganda.\r\n[11] He, F. (2009). School Feeding Programs and Enrollment: Evidence from Sri Lanka\r\n[12] Karaba, M.W., Gitumu, M., &amp; Mwaruvie, J. (2019). Effect of School Feeding Programme on ECDE Pupils\u2019 Class Participation in Kenya. Pedagogical Research vol 4 (1) page 1-8.\r\n[13] Kiilu,R.M &amp; Mugambi, L. (2019). Status of school feeding programme policy initiatives in primary schools in Machakos County, Kenya. African Educational Research Journal Vol. 7, Number 1, page 33-39.\r\n[14] Kiiru,J.K., Mange, D., &amp; Otieno, D. (2020). Management of lunch programme and its influence on educational outcomes in public day secondary schools in Mombasa and Kilifi Counties, Kenya. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume IV, Issue IX, September 2020| page 143-148.\r\n[15] Kremer, M, &amp; Vermeersch C. 2005. School meals, educational achievement and school competition: evidence from a randomized evaluation. World Bank Policy Res. Work.Pap. 3523\r\n[16] Lagbo, Y.A.A. (2012). School feeding and enrolment, participation and learning Achievement. (Unpublished, master\u2019s thesis), University of Oyo, Ghana.\r\n[17] Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) 2010. Agricultural Sector Development Strategy, 2009-2020. Nairobi: Government of Kenya, 2010.\r\n[18] Mwendwa, E., &amp; Chepkonga, Y. S. (2019). Relationship between school feeding programmes and pupils\u2019 effectiveness in learning in public primary schools in Kitui County, Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS) Volume 6 Issue 7, page 62-76.\r\n[19] Ramadhani, J.K. (2014). An assessment of the effects of school feeding programmes on school enrolment, attendance and academic performance in primary schools in Singida District, Tanzania. (Unpublished, master\u2019s thesis), University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania.\r\n[20] Regnault De La Mothe, Marc. &#8220;Kenya Case Study.&#8221; Learning from Experience: Good Practices from 45 Years of School Feeding. World Food Programme, 2008. 45-47.\r\n[21] Republic of Kenya (ROK) (2017). Implementation of the Agenda 2030 For Sustainable Development in Kenya.\r\n[22] Sitato, V. J.R. (2018). An assessment of school feeding programme &#8211; pilot phase and its relationship with enrolment, attendance, retention and the local agricultural production in Nampula province in Mozambique. (Unpublished Doctor of Public Health), University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n[23] Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (Eds.) (2003). Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research. New Delhi: Sage.\r\n[24] UNESCO (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals.\r\n[25] UNICEF (2021). Monitoring the Status of Women and Children: Malnurtition Data, April 2021. Retrieved from https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/nutrition\/malnutrition\/\r\n[26] World Bank (2012). Scaling up School Feeding; Keeping Children in School While Improving their Learning and Health.\r\n[27] World Food Program, (2006). Situation Analysis: WFP\u2019s Assistance to Girl\u2019s Primary Education in Selected Districts of NWFP. Islamabad: WFP Pakistan. 3965\u201371\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Logedi Josephine Chahilu*, Mary Jebii Chemagosi (PhD) and Sellah Lusweti (PhD), &#8220;Influence of the School Feeding Programme on educational outcomes of pupils in public pre-primary schools in Mombasa County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.247-254 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/247-254.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c8760 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c8760\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c88a1\" data-id=\"b2c88a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c89b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c89b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c8a4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c8a4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c8bbc\" data-id=\"b2c8bbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c8cc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2c8cc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Traditional Temple Paintings in Uva Province, Sri Lanka: An Appraisal<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. T.A.C.J.S. Bandara &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 255-259<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c8d6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c8d6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2c8ee2\" data-id=\"b2c8ee2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c900e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2c900e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nSri Lanka has a rich tradition of Buddhist Paintings. The purpose of maintaining such was to sensitizes the devotees about the essence of teachings of the Buddhist philosophy. Interior walls of a variety of buildings, celestial places, shrine rooms were adorned by such painted surfaces depicting various themes of the Buddhist practice. This paper seeks to survey the regional peculiarities manifested by the 19th century temple paintings registered in the monasteries in the Uva province. A sample representing a wider geographical area was taken as a unit of analysis of the study. Stylistic variations and subject matter of the painting were considered as the main indicators of differences of the regional tradition observed. The socio-economic background has been identified as one of the major governing factors that influence the stylistic characterization of the regional tradition of paintings in Sri Lanka during the period under study.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 255-259\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. T.A.C.J.S. Bandara<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sinhala, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bandaranayake, S., 1974. Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: the Viharas of Anuradhapura. Leiden. 1977. Form and Technique in traditional rural housing in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Traditional Rural Culture of Sri Lanka. 61-73 pp.\r\n[2] 1982. \u2018The Kataluwa murals\u2019, Ordinations 13(1): 22-37 pp.\r\n[3] 1986. The Rock and wall Paintings of Sri Lanka, Colombo: Lake House.\r\n[4] Bell, H.C.P., 1904, Annual Report of the Archeological Survey of Ceylon for 1897-1911, Annual Report of the Archeological Survey of Ceylon for 1908.\r\n[5] 1917. \u2018Dimbula- Gala: its caves, ruins and inspirations\u2019, CALR 3(1): 1-12: 3(2): 64-79 pp.\r\n[6] 1918. \u2018Demala- Maha-Seya Paintings\u2019, JRASCB 71(3-4): 199-201 pp.\r\n[7] Coomaraswamy, A. K., 1957. \u2018An Open letter to the Kandyan Chiefs\u2019, Cultural Magazine, Colombo: Published by the Art Council Government Printers.\r\n[8] 1906. \u2018Some Survivals of Sinhala Art\u2019 JRASCB 19(57): 72-89 pp.\r\n[9] 1907a. \u2018Degaldoruwa temple\u2019, Kandyan 2(3): 163-168 pp.\r\n[10] 1907. Notes on Painting, Dyeing, Lacwork, Dumbara Mats and paper in Ceylon: JRAS (CB), Vol. xix, No.58.\r\n[11] 1914. \u2018Painted ceiling at Kelaniya Vihara\u2019, Journal of Indian Art 16 (128): 113 p.\r\n[12] 1969. Mediaeval Sinhalese Art, New York: Pantheon Books.\r\n[13] 1935. The Transformation of Nature in Art, Harvard University Press: Cambridge.\r\n[14] 1913. The Arts and Crafts of India and Ceylon, New Delhi: Today &amp; Tomorrow\u2019s Printers.\r\n[15] 1981. Essays in National Idealism. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publication.\r\n[16] 1985. Fundamentals of Indian Art, the Historical Research Documentation Programme: Jaipur.\r\n[17] Deraniyagala, P.E.P., 1954. The Human and Animal Motif in Sinhala Art, Speech for the Presidential Address. Colombo.\r\n[18] Godakumbura, C. E., 1969b. Murals at Tivanka Pilimage: Art Series No.4, Colombo.\r\n[19] Gomrich, R.F., 1978. \u2018A Sinhalese Cloth Paintings of the vessantara Jataka\u2019, in H. Becher ted., Buddhism in Ceylon and Studies on Religious Syncretism in Buddhist Countries, Gottingen: 77-88 pp.\r\n[20] Gunasinghe, Siri., 1978. An album of Buddhist Paintings from Sri Lanka, Colombo: Department of Government Printers. \u2013\r\n[21] 1979. \u201cArt and Architecture\u201d, Modern Sri Lanka: A Society in Transition, ed. Tissa Fernando and Robert N. Kearney, New York: Syracuse University.\r\n[22] -1980. \u201cBuddhist Paintings in Sri Lanka: Art of Enduring Simplicity,\u201d SZ, Vol. 35(l-2): 479-89 pp.\r\n[23] Bandara, Jayanthi., 2020. Religion in Colors: Buddhist Paintings in Sri Lanka; International Journal of Arts, Vol 10(2): 39-42 pp.\r\n[24] Wijesekara, N., 1959. Early Sinhalese Paintings. Maharagama: Saman Press.\r\n[25] Somadeva, R., 2012. Rock Paintings and Engraving Sites in Sri Lanka, Colombo: Postgraduate Institute of Archeology. fidau;s,l&#8221; t\u00ef'&#8221; 2002&#8243; uykqjr i\u00efm%odfha fn!oaO is;=j\u00ef l,dj&#8221; fldT( f.dvf.a m%ldYlfhda&#8217;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. T.A.C.J.S. Bandara , &#8220;The Traditional Temple Paintings in Uva Province, Sri Lanka: An Appraisal&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.255-259 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/255-259.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/255-259.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-traditional-temple-paintings-in-uva-province-sri-lanka-an-appraisal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Traditional Temple Paintings in Uva Province, Sri Lanka: An Appraisal<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2c9e92 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2c9e92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2c9f68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2c9f68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca0ea\" data-id=\"b2ca0ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca21a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ca21a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca2ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ca2ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca42d\" data-id=\"b2ca42d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca54f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ca54f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca5fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ca5fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca754\" data-id=\"b2ca754\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca863 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ca863\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ca901 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ca901\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2caa57\" data-id=\"b2caa57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cab5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cab5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cabf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cabf5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cad3e\" data-id=\"b2cad3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cae50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cae50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2caeee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2caeee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb036\" data-id=\"b2cb036\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb142 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cb142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb1e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cb1e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb363\" data-id=\"b2cb363\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb486 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cb486\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Egalitarianism and Muslim Minorities Grievances in Sri Lanka: Until the third wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Thanabalasingam Krishnamohan, Halideen Fathima Rifasha- February 2022- Page No.: 260-266<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb523 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cb523\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb6ae\" data-id=\"b2cb6ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cb7e1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2cb7e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nSri Lanka is a country with a multi-cultural social structure. The majority living in Sri Lanka is Sinhalese who follow the Buddhist culture, Tamils who follow the Hindu culture, Muslims who follow the Islamic culture, also some Sinhalese and Tamils follow the Christian culture (Catholic and non-Catholic). Until now, Muslims, Christians, and some Hindus have been buried according to the cultural system, following their demise. However, the government ordered the burning of all bodies who died of the disease from the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak from March 2020 to March 2021. This study relates the relationship between the burning of dead bodies and the violation of the cultural rights of Muslims, the reasons for the burning of the bodies of Muslims who died of the Covid-19 epidemic, and the reasons behind the government&#8217;s subsequent permission to bury the dead bodies of Muslims, the World Health Organization (WHO) for burying the bodies of those who died of the COVID-19 epidemic and explores issues such as the reflection of the policy of the international community. In this research, the most common qualitative methods, include individual interviews, focus group discussions, and behavioral observations by means of thoughts, beliefs, customs, ideas, words, and phrases. Further, the Constitution of Sri Lanka and Al-Quran is used for this research. Based on the formula, ten samples were selected based on the purpose of sample selection. Of the ten chosen, four were males, and six were females. Seven of them are from Islam, and the other three are from different religions. Accordingly, information obtained through interviews with two families who had been directly affected and died of the COVID-19 pandemic, a public health officer, a former urban council member, a former mayor and teacher of Political Science, an Islamic religion leader (Moulavi), and four ordinary peoples. Secondary data were also used in this research. Data are obtained from texts, journals, research articles, websites, and the conclusion is obtained through the deductive method. Although the Sri Lankan government has consistently refused to listen to violations of the fundamental rights of Sri Lankan Muslims, it has allowed the burial of bodies after March 2021. However, the government has cremated the bodies of more than three hundred Muslim loved ones. By doing so, the government is violating the cultural and fundamental rights of Muslims. It has broken their minds and hurt and upset them.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 260-266\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6213\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6213<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Thanabalasingam Krishnamohan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor in Political Science, Department of Social Sciences, Eastern University, Sri Lanka, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Halideen Fathima Rifasha <\/strong><\/span>\r\nB.A (Honous) in Political Science, Research Assistant\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] ALJAZEERA, (2021), Sri Lanka finally lifts ban on the burial of COVID victims, Available at: https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/2\/26\/sri-lanka-finally-lifts-ban-on-burial-of-covid-victims Al-Quran, (3:184)\r\n[2] ASIA, (2021), Sri Lanka ends ban on Covid-19 Victims burial, Available at: https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/asia-pacific\/sri-lanka-ends-ban-on-covid-19-victims-burial\/2158037\r\n[3] BBC, (2020), Covid-19: Sri Lanka Forcibly cremates Muslim Baby sparking ange, Available at: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-55359285\r\n[4] BBC, (2021), Covid-19: Sri Lanka chooses remote island for covid burials, Available at: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-56249805\r\n[5] CAFOD, (2021), How Coronavirus is affecting Sri Lanka, available at: https:\/\/cafod.org.uk\/News\/International-news\/Coronavirus-Sri-Lanka\r\n[6] Carukshi. A Nuwan. D.W, Surandi. J, Sumudu. A.H, Ananda. W, Nalika. G, Sapumal.D, Shamini. P, (2021), Sri Lanka&#8217;s early success in the containment of covid-19 through its rapid response: clinical &amp; epidemiological evidence from the initial case cries, available at: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0255394\r\n[7] Dilanthi. A Nishara. F, Richard. H, Naduni. J, (2020), The covid-19 outbreak in Sri Lanka: A Synoptic analysis focusing on trends, impacts risks and science- Policy interaction processes, available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7836425\/\r\n[8] Dawood.S, Deen. K.I, Haniffa. R, Hizbullah. H, Marsoof.S, Naser. K, Noordeen. F, Sheriff. R, Sheriffdeen.A. H, Wazeer. Z, (2020), Memorandum on the Disposal of Bodies of COVID19 victims, Available at: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3739723\r\n[9] Hansa.D, Bhargava.M.D, (2021), Coronavirus History, Availabe at: https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/lung\/coronavirus-history\r\n[10] Hilmy. A, (2020), Covid Racism-Another Sri Lanka&#8217;s 1st, Available at: https:\/\/www.colombotelegraph.com\/index.php\/covid-racism-another-sri-lankas-1st\/\r\n[11] Marsoof.S, (2021), A Brief Note on Disposal of bodies of covid-19 victims: A Sri Lankan Perspective. Available at: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3904837\r\n[12] Muslim inspire, Muslim Death &amp; Burial Practical Guide, Available at: https:\/\/musliminspire.com\/muslim-death-burial-practical-guide\/\r\n[13] NPR, (2020), Coronavirus is changing the Rituals of Death for many Religions, available at: https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2020\/04\/07\/828317535\/coronavirus-is-changing-the-rituals-of-death-for-many-religions\r\n[14] SCM, (2017), A Practical Guide for Bereaved Muslims Fulfilling both Governmental and Islamic requirements for North Lincolnohire, Available at: https:\/\/www.nlg.nhs.uk\/content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Muslim-funeral-guide-1.pdf\r\n[15] Subhash Unhale.S, Bilal. Q, Sanap.S, Thakhre.S, (2020), A Review on Coronavirus (Covid-19), Available at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/340362876_A_REVIEW_ON_CORONA_VIRUS_COVID-19\r\n[16] The Constitution of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka As amended up to 29th October 2020) Revised Edition \u2013 2021 URL Available on https:\/\/www.parliament.lk\/files\/pdf\/constitution.pdf\r\n[17] UNHR, Sri Lanka: Compulsory cremation of Covid-19 bodies cannot continue, say U.N. experts, Available at: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26686&amp;LangID=E\r\n[18] World Health Organization, (2020), Infection prevention and control for the safe management of a dead body in the context of COVID-19, Available at, https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-EVD-Guidance-Burials-14.2 @ImranKhanPTI, (2021. Feb.26), Available at https:\/\/twitter.com\/ImranKhanPTI\/status\/1365172240686456834?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1365172240686456834%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F2%2F26%2Fsri-lanka-finally-lifts-ban-on-burial-of-covid-victims https:\/\/icmanaesthesiacovid-19.org\/background\r\n[19] WHO Health Emergency Dashboard, (2022) WHO (COVID-19) Homepage, Available at https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/region\/searo\/country\/lk\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Thanabalasingam Krishnamohan, Halideen Fathima Rifasha, &#8220;The Egalitarianism and Muslim Minorities Grievances in Sri Lanka: Until the third wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.260-266 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6213<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/260-266.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-egalitarianism-and-muslim-minorities-grievances-in-sri-lanka-until-the-third-wave-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-outbreak\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Egalitarianism and Muslim Minorities Grievances in Sri Lanka: Until the third wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cc612 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2cc612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd2af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cd2af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd359 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cd359\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd4a7\" data-id=\"b2cd4a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cd5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd655 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cd655\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd7ac\" data-id=\"b2cd7ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd8b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cd8b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cd954 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cd954\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cdab8\" data-id=\"b2cdab8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cdbc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cdbc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gender Diversity and Financial Performance of Sacco\u2019s in Siaya County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Enock Odhiambo Ong\u2019ure, Mr. Dominic Ngaba- February 2022- Page No.: 267-272<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cdc61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cdc61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cdde8\" data-id=\"b2cdde8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cdf26 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2cdf26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMajority of the SACCOs in Siaya County are struggling a lot to execute local obligations let alone to apply board diversity due to their limited capability. Weak corporate governance according to various studies has been the root cause of failure of most financial institutions. Diversity of the board can also be at a greater risk to be influenced with other direction with personal agendas. The study generally examined the effect of gender diversity on the financial performance of Siaya County, Kenya. A descriptive design of research was employed. The unit of analysis are the 285 respondents drawn from the 57 SACCOs. Data was collected using questionnaires. The technique on stratified random sampling was made use of which led to the selection of 50% of the board members from each SACCO. Therefore, the sample size comprised of 143 respondents. Collection of data was done using questionnaires which were semi structured. Content validity was used through consulting the supervisor assigned by testing the tool to check whether it measures the intended purpose of the study. Test retest method was employed to ensure reliability of the questionnaires. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive analysis and utilization of inferential analysis was done in establishing the degree to which variables related which involved analysis in multiple regression. The study found that gender diversity had a positive and significant effect on financial performance. The study concludes that having a high proportion of female board members had a positive effect on financial performance. The study recommends that deposit taking Saccos in Siaya County, Kenya should try to incorporate more female members as it was proved to translate to more returns in terms of Sacco financial performance.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 267-272\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Enock Odhiambo Ong\u2019ure <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Dominic Ngaba <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bauer, R., Gunster, N. &amp; Otten, R. (2016). Empirical evidence on corporate governance in Europe. Journal of Asset Management, 5(2) 91-104\r\n[2] Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Springfield: University of Illinois at Urbana\r\n[3] Bendickson, J., Gur, F. A., &amp; Taylor, E. C. (2018). Reducing environmental uncertainty: How high performance work systems moderate the resource dependence\u2010firm performance relationship. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences\/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l&#8217;Administration, 35(2), 252-264\r\n[4] Bhagat, S., &amp; Black, B. (2018). The Non-correlation between board independence and long-term firm performance. Journal of Corporation Law, 27(2) 231 \u2013 233\r\n[5] Champion, D. J., &amp; Sear, A. M. (2019). Questionnaire response rate: A methodological analysis. Social Forces, 4(1), 335 &#8211; 339\r\n[6] Chepngeno, T. (2017). The effect of internal audit function on financial performance of SACCOs: The case of Nairobi County (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).\r\n[7] Cho, S., Kim, A., &amp;Mor Barak, M. E. (2017). Does diversity matter? exploring workforce diversity, diversity management, and organizational performance in social enterprises. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 11(3), 193-204\r\n[8] Frijns, B., Dodd, O., &amp;Cimerova, H. (2016). The impact of cultural diversity in corporate boards on firm performance. Journal of Corporate Finance, 41, 521-541\r\n[9] Hesborn, M. A., Onditi, A., &amp; Nyagol, M. O. (2016). Effect of credit risk management practices on the financial performance of SACCOs in Kisii County. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom, 4(11), 612 \u2013 632\r\n[10] Ibrahim, A. H., &amp; Hanefah, M. M. (2016). Board diversity and corporate social responsibility in Jordan. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 14(2), 279-298\r\n[11] Ishengoma, E. K., &amp;Towo, N. N. (2016). Bank requirements and governance for savings and credit co-operative societies (SACCOS) in Tanzania and Kenya. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 27(3), 236-254\r\n[12] Joecks, J., Pull, K., &amp; Vetter, K. (2013). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: What exactly constitutes a \u201ccritical mass?\u201d. Journal of business ethics, 118(1), 61-72.\r\n[13] Kenani, I. M., &amp; Bett, S. (2018). Corporate governance and performance of savings and credit cooperative societies in Kisii County, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 3(4), 101-123\r\n[14] Kyoa, F. J. (2017). The effect of board composition on operational efficiency of deposit taking Saccos in Kiambu county, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).\r\n[15] Lari, L. R. A., Rono, L. J., &amp;Nyangweso, P. M. (2017). Determinants of Technical Inefficiency of Saccos in Kenya: Loan Output Slack Analysis. American Journal of Finance, 2(1), 1-20.\r\n[16] Low, D. C., Roberts, H., &amp; Whiting, R. H. (2015). Board gender diversity and firm performance: Empirical evidence from Hong Kong, South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 35, 381-401\r\n[17] Lynall, M. D. Golden, B. R., &amp; Hillman, A. J. (2018). Board composition from adolescence to maturity: a multitheoretic view. Academy of Management Review, 28(3), 416 \u2013 431\r\n[18] Macharia, M. W. (2017). Effects of Board Characteristics On the Outreach Performance Of Microfinance Institutions In Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, KCA University).\r\n[19] Mutuku, D. M. (2016). Effects of corporate governance on financial performance of savings and credit cooperative societies in Siaya and Athi-river sub-counties (Doctoral dissertation).\r\n[20] Njenga, S. M. N. (2018). Effect of Corporate Governance on Financial Performance of Companies Listed in the Nairobi Stock Exchange: Case of Commercial and Services Firms in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).\r\n[21] Ongore, V. O., &amp; K&#8217;Obonyo, P. O. (2011). Effects of selected corporate governance characteristics on firm performance: Empirical evidence from Kenya. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 1(3), 99-122\r\n[22] Rajula, V. A. (2016). Effects of board diversity on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi)\r\n[23] Ruparelia, R. V. (2016). Relationship between Corporate Governance and Financial Performance in the Financial Services Industry: Case of Companies Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation)\r\n[24] Sathyamoorthi, C. R., Baliyan, P., Dzimiri, M., &amp; Wally-Dima, L. (2017). The Impact of Corporate Governance on Financial Performance: The Case of Listed Companies in the Consumer Services Sector in Botswana. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(22)\r\n[25] Shleifer, A., &amp; Vishny, R. W. (2017). Large shareholders and corporate control. Journal of political economy, 94(3, Part 1), 461-488\r\n[26] Vafaei, A., Ahmed, K., &amp; Mather, P. (2015). Board diversity and financial performance in the top 500 Australian firms. Australian Accounting Review, 25(4), 413-427.\r\n[27] Wamaitha, M. M. (2017). Effects of Corporate Governance on the Financial Performance Of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions In Kenya (Doctoral Dissertation, School Of Business, University Of Nairobi)\r\n[28] Wambui, K. (2018). Influence of board diversity on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Strathmore University).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Enock Odhiambo Ong\u2019ure, Mr. Dominic Ngaba, &#8220;Gender Diversity and Financial Performance of Sacco\u2019s in Siaya County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.267-272 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/267-272.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/267-272.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-diversity-and-financial-performance-of-saccos-in-siaya-country-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Gender Diversity and Financial Performance of Sacco\u2019s in Siaya County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ced33 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cf457\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cf5aa\" data-id=\"b2cf5aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cf6b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cf6b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cf752 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cf752\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cf8b5\" data-id=\"b2cf8b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cf9c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cf9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cfa61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cfa61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cfba1\" data-id=\"b2cfba1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cfcb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cfcb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cfd4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cfd4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2cfe97\" data-id=\"b2cfe97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2cff9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2cff9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d003f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d003f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d01a0\" data-id=\"b2d01a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d02af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d02af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Levels of Learners Achievement in Basic Literacy in Primary Schools: A Case of Busia Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Fredrick Oduori Barasa, Prof John Shiundu, Prof Stanley Mutsotso &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 273-278<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d034a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d034a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d04d0\" data-id=\"b2d04d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d0604 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2d0604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Basic Literacy is essential for children\u2019s educational access, success, lifelong learning and communication in today\u2019s technologically advancing society. According to UNESCO, it is considered absolutely as a human right, and yet the persistence of illiteracy remains one of the major concerns in Kenya. Literacy studies in Kenya suggest that while there have been substantial advances in expanded access to primary education, real results in literacy are still missing in different places in the country. The purpose of the study was to establish the levels of achievement in basic literacy in Busia Sub \u2013 County, Busia County, Kenya. The study adopted cross-sectional survey design to organize the study and obtain data. Head teachers, Curriculum Support Officers, language teachers, parents and class four learners in both public and private primary schools comprised the study population. The collection of data from schools was carried out through questions, interview schedules and achievement tests.The findings show that domestic environmental factors influencing the achievement of fundamental literacy skills include parent socioeconomic status, parent education level, parent employment and access to home education services.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 273-278\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fredrick Oduori Barasa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof John Shiundu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof Stanley Mutsotso<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKibabii University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Australian Government (2010). Literacy Literature review for evidence based practices Framework. Australian Department of Education and Training retrieved from http:\/www.education.nt.gov.au\/-data\/assets\/pdf-file\/0004\/11398\/literature Review liter.\r\n[2] Buchanan and Brown (2007). A systematic Study of Students and Instructor Perceptions from Graduate MLIS Program. Teaching with Technology. London.\r\n[3] Bryantshanklin and Jones (2005). Promoting young indigenous children\u2019s emergent literacy in Canada. Canadian Child Care Federation.\r\n[4] Bunyi. A.W (2006). Real options for literacy policy and practices in Kenya. Paper Commissioned for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2006. Literacy for life. Retrieved from htt:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/image\/001459\/145956e\r\n[5] De Bortoli, L &amp; Thomsons (2010). Contextual factors that influence the achievement of Australia\u2019s indigenous students. Results from PISA (2000 \u2013 2006). Retrieved from http:\/\/research.acer.edu.au\/Ozpisa\/7\r\n[6] Fleer, M. (2000). Early childhood Research Agenda; Voices from the Field. Department of Training and Youth Affairs. Australia.\r\n[7] Gardener, H (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences, Basic Books Graph prints, New York.\r\n[8] Gay LR (1992). Educational Research competencies for Analysis and Application. 4th edition Macmillan publishing company. New York.\r\n[9] Langer. J. A (1991) Literacy and schooling. Asocial \u2013congnitive perspective practices and policies New york Teachers College Press.\r\n[10] Lazear, David (1992). Teaching and Multiple Intelligence. Fast Back, Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappan Educational Foundation.\r\n[11] Mugenda O. and Mugenda. D (2004). Research methods. Qualitative Techniques. New press.\r\n[12] UNESCO (1998). Training and Management in Education. New York. UNESCO Publications.\r\n[13] UNESCO, (2005) Early Childhood Policy Review Project; The Background Report of Kenya MOEST.\r\n[14] UNESCO (2006). Strategies and policies for literacy. Background paper for Education For All Global Monitoring Report 2006. Literacy for life. World Bank Abadzi.H.2004.\r\n[15] UNESCO (October 23,2012) Institute for Education. Literacy and Numeracy outcomes.\r\n[16] UNESCO (2013). Adult and Youth Literacy. National, regional, global trends 1985 \u2013 2005. Published by UNESCO Institute of statistics, Canada. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.vis Unesco. Org\/education\/documents\/literacy-statistics-trends-1985-2005.\r\n[17] UNESCO (2011) The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and Education. EFA Global Monitoring report (2011). UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/em\/education\/themes\/leading-the international- agenda\/efa report\/2011-conflict.\r\n[18] UNESCO (2008). The Global Literacy challenge. A profile of youth and adult literacy at the midpoint of the United Nations Literacy decade 2003 \u2013 2012. United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organizations. France. Richmond, M. Robinson &amp; Sachs \u2013 Israel M. Retrieved from http:\/\/unesco.unesco.org\/images\/0016\/001631\/16317oe.pdf.\r\n[19] UNESCO (2007). Education For All by 2015. Will we make it? Unesco publishing. Retrieved from http:\/\/unescdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0015\/00154820e.pdf.\r\n[20] UN (2013). The Millenium goal report 2013. United Nations New York. Retrieved from http:www.un.or\/millennium goals\/pdf report-2013 \u2013english.pdf.\r\n[21] UNESCO (2016). Global literacy trends in 2016. Unesco institute of statistics.\r\n[22] Uwezo Kenya (2011). East Africa report of July 4th 2011. Retrieved from http:\/\/vijana.fm\/2011\/07\/04 ear -Africa report.\r\n[23] Uwezo Kenya (2012). Annual Learning Assessment report in 2011. Are our children learning? Retrieved from http:\/\/www.uwezo.net\/wp -content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/KE &#8211; 2011 &#8211; Annual Assessment Report.pdf.\r\n[24] Uwezo Kenya (2016). Annual Learning Assessment Report in 2015. Are our children learning? Retrieved from: http:\/\/Uwezo.net\/wpAnnual Assessment Report pdf.\r\n[25] Wikipedia the free encyclopedia (2013). Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/milleniumdevelopment Goals.\r\n[26] White S and MC closkey (2003). France woek for the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy Us Department of Education Washington DC.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fredrick Oduori Barasa, Prof John Shiundu, Prof Stanley Mutsotso, &#8220;Analysis of Levels of Learners Achievement in Basic Literacy in Primary Schools: A Case of Busia Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.273-278 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/273-278.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/273-278.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analyais-of-levels-of-learners-achievement-in-basic-literacy-in-primary-schools-a-case-of-busia-sub-country-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of Levels of Learners Achievement in Basic Literacy in Primary Schools: A Case of Busia Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d13ec elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2d13ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d14c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d14c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1631\" data-id=\"b2d1631\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1754 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d1754\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d17f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d17f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d193d\" data-id=\"b2d193d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1a49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d1a49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1ae3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d1ae3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1c2e\" data-id=\"b2d1c2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1d30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d1d30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1dd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d1dd0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d1f26\" data-id=\"b2d1f26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d202d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d202d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d20c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d20c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d220f\" data-id=\"b2d220f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d2331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d23cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d23cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2512\" data-id=\"b2d2512\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d2620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d26c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d26c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2825\" data-id=\"b2d2825\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2932 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d2932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tagore\u2019s Song Offerings: Materialism Meets Mysticism<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tasnuva Tabassum &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 279-283<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d29cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d29cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2b41\" data-id=\"b2d2b41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d2c60 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2d2c60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Rabindranath Tagore is a great poet who enriched the genre of mysticism in world literature and his Nobel winning work Song Offerings presents it extensively. There is no debate about the mystic journey we experience through the contents of this outstanding piece of literature, but what we overlooked massively all these years is the point of view of Tagore that is quite opposite to his mystic poems or songs. Whenever a reader peruses the poems of Song Offerings, he or she starts to evaluate Tagore just as a mystic, but overlooks his materialist being. There is a \u2018Master\u2019 or \u2018Lord\u2019 or a \u2018Thou\u2019 to whom Tagore surrenders himself, and all the offerings through the songs are made to \u2018Him\u2019. This \u2018Lord\u2019 is not the unseen God. Tagore believes that \u2018life\u2019 is the power that gives him the spirit to experience the beautiful world. The presence of materialism does, in no way, hamper to nourish mysticism of the poems. Song Offerings indeed is a mystical journey but the mysticism does not roam around the perceived God, but the material \u2018life\u2019. Tagore shows that if material \u2018life\u2019 is the circle, the centre of that circle is mysticism. Such an innovative and unique concept builds Song Offerings. This unrevealed part of Tagore, where material body gets a mystic heart, is going to be unleashed in this paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 279-283\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tasnuva Tabassum<\/strong>\r\nMetropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Azad, Humayun. Rabindraprabandha: Rashtra O Shamajchinta (Essays on Rabindranath Tagore: Thoughts on State and Society). Agamee Prakashani, 1973.\r\n[2] Bose, Buddhadeva. Tagore: Portrait of A Poet. Papyrus, 1994.\r\n[3] Ferdous, Hasan. Rabindranath, Gitanjali o dui Harriet (Rabindranath, Song Offerings and Two Harriets). Prothoma Prokashan, 2011.\r\n[4] Sharif, Ahmed. Rabindra-Bhabna (Thoughts on Rabindranath). Somoy Prakashan, 2001.\r\n[5] Tagore, Rabindranath. Gitanjali: Song Offerings. Friend\u2019s Book Corner, 2010.\r\n[6] Tagore, Rabindranath. Introduction. Gitanjali: Song Offerings. Friend\u2019s Book Corner, 2010.\r\n[7] Tagore, Rabindranath. \u201cThe Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech.\u201d The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore: a miscellany. Sahitya Akademi, 1994\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tasnuva Tabassum &#8220;Tagore\u2019s Song Offerings: Materialism Meets Mysticism&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.279-283 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/279-283.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/279-283.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article 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elementor-element-b2d3ce9\" data-id=\"b2d3ce9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d3e0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d3e0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d3eba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d3eba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d400d\" data-id=\"b2d400d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d411f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d411f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d41bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d41bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d430c\" data-id=\"b2d430c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d4420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d4420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d451f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d451f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d46d3\" data-id=\"b2d46d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d47f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d47f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d489a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d489a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d49fe\" data-id=\"b2d49fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d4b08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d4b08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d4ba2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d4ba2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d4ce8\" data-id=\"b2d4ce8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d4e0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d4e0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d4eaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d4eaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d506c\" data-id=\"b2d506c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d5195 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d5195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparing the Effects of TPB-Based Lecture Method and Discussion Method on Knowledge and Attitude toward Pornography<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Muhamad Taufik Hidayat, Nur Kholis Ismawan, Rusnilawati- February 2022- Page No.: 284-288<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d5246 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d5246\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d53d1\" data-id=\"b2d53d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d550e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2d550e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) based lecture method and the discussion method in improving the knowledge and negative attitudes of elementary school students regarding pornography. This study was a comparative quantitative with a quasi experimental design. This study carried out in Sondakan State Elementary School (SSES) which is located on Sondakan, Surakarta City, Indonesia. The subjects of this study were sixth grade students of SSES (n = 56). The students were divided into two classes. Experiment Class 1 with 26 students, and Experiment Class 2 with 30 students. Based on the data analysis and discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn; (1) TPB-based lecture is more effective than discussion method in increasing knowledge related to pornography of sixth grade students (2) TPB-based lecture is more effective than discussion method in increasing negative attitudes related to pornography of sixth grade students. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are; (1) TPB-based lecture method can provide alternative solution in increasing sixth grade students&#8217; understanding of the dangers of pornography. (2) TPB-based lecture method is more recomended than discussion method for children and early adolescents.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 284-288\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6214<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhamad Taufik Hidayat<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Elementary School Teacher Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nur Kholis Ismawan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Elementary School Teacher Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rusnilawati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Elementary School Teacher Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In Action Control. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2\r\n[2] Ardila, A., Ridha, A., &amp; Jauhari, A. H. (2014). Efektifitas Metode Diskusi Kelompok dan Metode Ceramah Terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Remaja Tentang Perilaku Seks Pranikah (Study Kasus Remaja Kelas X IPA di SMA Negeri 01 Bengkayang). Jurnal Mahasiswa Dan Peneliti Kesehatan, 1(2), 76\u201391.\r\n[3] Guspita, H. (2017). Efektivitas Promosi Kesehatan menggunakan Metode Ceramah tentang HIV\/AIDS terhadap Pengetahuan dan Sikap Remaja di SMK Tritech Informatika dan SMK Namira Tech Nusantara Medan tahun 2016. Ilman, 5(1), 33\u201340.\r\n[4] Habiby, W. N. (2017). Statistika Pendidikan (1st ed.; Muhroji &amp; G. Wiyono, eds.). Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press.\r\n[5] Helmi, A. F., Paramastri, I., &amp; Mada, U. G. (2015). Efektivitas Pendidikan Seksual Dini Dalam Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Perilaku Seksual Sehat. Jurnal Psikologi (Yogyakarta), 25(2), 25\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22146\/jpsi.7502\r\n[6] Hurlock, E. B. (1980). Psikologi perkembangan suatu pendekatan sepanjang masa Edisi Kelima. Terjemahan Istiwidayanti &amp; Soedjarwo.\r\n[7] Indriantoro, N., &amp; Supomo, B. (2002). Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: BPFE.\r\n[8] Kuder, G. F., &amp; Richardson, M. W. (1937). The theory of the estimation of test reliability. Psychometrika, 2, 151\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02288391\r\n[9] Levene, H. (1960). \u201cRobust Tests for Equality of Variances,\u201d in I. Olkin, ed., Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling. In Stanford University Press (1st ed.). California: Menlo Park.\r\n[10] Lilliefors, H. W. (1967). On the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality with Mean and Variance Unknown. Journal American Statistical Association, 62(318), 399\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1967.10482916\r\n[11] Madigan, S., Villani, V., Azzopardi, C., Laut, D., Smith, T., Temple, J. R., \u2026 Dimitropoulos, G. (2018). The Prevalence of Unwanted Online Sexual Exposure and Solicitation Among Youth: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.03.012\r\n[12] Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., &amp; Wolak, J. (2003). The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the internet: A national suryey of risk, impact, and prevention. Youth and Society, 34(3), 330\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0044118X02250123\r\n[13] Pearson, K. (1948). Early Statistical Papers. Cambridge, England: University Press.\r\n[14] Rodda, S. N., Booth, N., Vacaru, M., Knaebe, B., &amp; Hodgins, D. C. (2018). Behaviour change strategies for internet, pornography and gaming addiction: A taxonomy and content analysis of professional and consumer websites. Computers in Human Behavior, 84(July), 467\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.03.021\r\n[15] Solichin, M. (2017). Analisis daya beda soal. taraf kesukaran, butir tes, validitas butir tes, interpretasi hasil tes valliditas ramalan dalam evaluasi pendidikan. Journal Unipdu, 2, 192\u2013213. Retrieved from journal.unipdu.ac.id\/index.php\/dirasat\/article\/download\/879\/637%0A%0A\r\n[16] Suyatno, T. (2011). Pengaruh Pornografi terhadap Perilaku Belajar Siswa (Studi Kasus\u202f: Sekolah Menengah X). Jurnal Pendidikan Dompet Dhuafa, 1(1), 1\u201312.\r\n[17] Syuderajat, F. (2017). Pornografi dalam Iklan: Analisis Isi Iklan dalam Majalah dan Tabloid Remaja di Indonesia. PRofesi Humas\u202f: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Hubungan Masyarakat, 1(1), 35\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24198\/prh.v1i1.9484\r\n[18] Williams, K. S. (2005). Facilitating safer choices: Use of warnings to dissuade viewing of pornography on the internet. Child Abuse Review, 14(6), 415\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.920\r\n[19] Ybarra, M. L., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., &amp; Wolak, J. (2009). Associations between blocking, monitoring, and filtering software on the home computer and youth-reported unwanted exposure to sexual material online. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(12), 857\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.09.015\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhamad Taufik Hidayat, Nur Kholis Ismawan, Rusnilawati, &#8220;Comparing the Effects of TPB-Based Lecture Method and Discussion Method on Knowledge and Attitude toward Pornography&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.284-288 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6214<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/284-288.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparing-the-effects-of-tpb-based-lecture-method-and-discussion-method-on-knowledge-and-attitude-toward-pornography\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Comparing the Effects of TPB-Based Lecture Method and Discussion Method on Knowledge and Attitude toward Pornography<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6325 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2d6325\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d63f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d63f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d655f\" data-id=\"b2d655f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6679 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d6679\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6716 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d6716\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d686e\" data-id=\"b2d686e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6980 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d6980\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6a1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d6a1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6b67\" data-id=\"b2d6b67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6c72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d6c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6d11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d6d11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6e83\" data-id=\"b2d6e83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d6fa3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d6fa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d7046 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d7046\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d719c\" data-id=\"b2d719c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d72a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d72a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d733f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d733f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d748b\" data-id=\"b2d748b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d75a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d75a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d7642 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d7642\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d77b1\" data-id=\"b2d77b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d78dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d78dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of the effects of institutional failure on the eco-efficiency of charcoal producers in the Congo basin: the case of Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Moustapha Mounmemi, Georges Kobou, Nourou Mohammadou &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 289-297<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d797d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d797d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d7b1c\" data-id=\"b2d7b1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d7c79 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2d7c79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of this paper is to assess the effects of institutional failure on the level of eco-efficiency of charcoal producers in Cameroon. The study covers 232 randomly selected producers in two socio-ecological zones in Cameroon. To analyse the data, we used a stochastic production technology and a quadratic regression model to assess the level of eco-efficiency and the effects of institutional failure on it, respectively. The result of these analyses is that bribes capturing institutional failure have negative effects (-0,0044877) on eco-efficiency indices, but when bribes exceed 49,533 FCFA, their effects become significantly positive (0 ,0000453) on eco-efficiency indices. Therefore, any policy aimed at improving sustainability in charcoal production in the region must take into account the levels of institutional constraints associated with each socio-ecological zone.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 289-297\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moustapha Mounmemi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD Candidate Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Maroua, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Georges Kobou<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Yaound\u00e9 II, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nourou Mohammadou<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Acheson, James M. 2006. \u00ab Institutional failure in resource management \u00bb. 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Inflation and economic growth: A cross-country non-linear analysis.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Moustapha Mounmemi, Georges Kobou, Nourou Mohammadou, &#8220;Evaluation of the effects of institutional failure on the eco-efficiency of charcoal producers in the Congo basin: the case of Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.289-297 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/289-297.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d9afd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d9afd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d9c48\" data-id=\"b2d9c48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2d9d65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2d9d65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2d9e02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2d9e02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2d9f6a\" data-id=\"b2d9f6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2da08e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2da08e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Results of the Intervention Measures to Improve Trustworthiness of Business Students: The Progressing, the Neutralizing and the Declining<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Amelie L. Chico, DM, FRIM, Vicente Monta\u00f1o, DBA &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 298-303<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2da12d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2da12d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2da2ce\" data-id=\"b2da2ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2da42c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2da42c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Not all-academic interventions yield the same effect to student recipient. Nevertheless, business educators continue to provide intervention program without examining its effect on students. This study tries to measure the effectiveness of an intervention measure among third-year students to improve their level of trustworthiness indicated in the result of the 16 Personality Factor Test (PFT). The intervention measure was embedded in their Human Behavior in Organization course, enriching the subject with cases and activities on trust as an important element in business organization, at the same time, orienting the faculty on the importance of personality on student\u2019s future career. The study reveals that there is a significant improvement on the trust among students, those enrolled in the second term, second semester have a higher post-test performance than other periods. Due to student\u2019 different learning and faculty teaching style result significantly varies. There are three clusters of students those who respond positively in the intervention measure, those that remained neutral and those that respond negatively. Students in the first cluster, the progressing, grasp the importance of trustworthiness in business. The second cluster, the neutrals, demonstrates trait optimism; these students try to maintain their status quo. The third cluster, the decliners, low self-efficacy attributes to the negative response.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 298-303\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6215<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amelie L. Chico, DM, FRIM<\/strong>\r\nResearch Professor, University of Mindanao (Panabo Campus)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vicente Monta\u00f1o, DBA<\/strong>\r\nCBAE-College Dean, University of Mindanao (Bolton Campus)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ahmad, K. Z. B. (2008). Relationship between leader-subordinate personality congruence and performance and satisfaction in the UK. Leadership &amp; Organization Development Journal, 29(5), 396-411.\r\n[2] Bozionelos, N. (2004). 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Motivation and Emotion, 18, 129-166.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Amelie L. Chico, DM, FRIM, Vicente Monta\u00f1o, DBA &#8220;Results of the Intervention Measures to Improve Trustworthiness of Business Students: The Progressing, the Neutralizing and the Declining&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.298-303 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6215<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/results-of-the-intervention-measures-to-improve-trustworthiness-of-business-studentsthe-progressing-the-neutralizing-and-the-declining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Results of the Intervention Measures to Improve Trustworthiness of Business Students: The Progressing, the Neutralizing and the Declining<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2db26c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2db26c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element-b2dbab9\" data-id=\"b2dbab9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dbbd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2dbbd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2dbc88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2dbc88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc0d3\" data-id=\"b2dc0d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc1e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2dc1e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc281 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2dc281\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc3ca\" data-id=\"b2dc3ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc4cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2dc4cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc56a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2dc56a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc6c7\" data-id=\"b2dc6c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc7dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2dc7dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Problem Based Learning and Students\u2019 Academic Achievements in Physics in STEM Model Public Secondary schools in Nairobi Metropolitan Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nelisa Kagendo Mbaka &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 304-311<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc877 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2dc877\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2dc9f9\" data-id=\"b2dc9f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dcb3f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2dcb3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of this evaluation study was to investigate the effectiveness of problem based learning as a stem learning approach in improving student\u2019s academic achievements in physics in stem model schools in Nairobi Metropolitan Region, Kenya. The evaluation used the convergent parallel mixed method design of which quantitative paradigm utilized survey design while qualitative used phenomenology approach. The target population comprised of 11principals, 60 teachers and 1120 students while 11 principal, 60 teachers and 297 students were sample size for the study. Proportionate stratified sampling and simple random sampling was used to select students while purposive sampling was used to select teachers of physics and principals. Structured questionnaires, document analysis and interview guide was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) was used in quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study concluded that problem based learning approach is very effective in improving student\u2019s academic achievements in physics in STEM model schools in Nairobi Metropolitan region, Kenya. STEM learning approaches like problem based learning: allow physics students to work in groups, discus and share their findings with others to come up with a joint solution to a problem or task , learn through personal experiences, boost confidence among learners, assist in knowledge retention and make students to develop positive attitude towards the teachers and physics as a subject. The study recommends that the government of Kenya through the ministry of education should conduct regular training for science teachers especially the recent graduates and enlighten them in any new and emerging teaching and learning trends. Further, the study recommends that principals should come up with strategies to review school programs and time tables in order to ensure that more time is allocated to science subjects as applying problem based learning requires more than the 40 minutes according to the lessons for Kenyan system. This will ensure that teachers adopt the problem based learning approach while teaching.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 304-311\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6216<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nelisa Kagendo Mbaka <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD student at Catholic University of Eastern Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] AkinibololaA.O (2010) Enhancing Student Attitude Towards Nigerian Secondary Schools. Journal of Teacher Education Vol 34.www.ecu.edu\/aj\/te\r\n[2] Akuma, F. V., &amp; Callaghan, R. (2018). Teaching practices linked to the implementation of inquiry-based practical work in certain science classrooms. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. doi:10.1002\/tea.21469\r\n[3] Bryman, A. (2017). Quantitative and qualitative research: further reflections on their integration. Abingdon: Routledge.\r\n[4] CEMASTEA. (2017). A Report on the Baseline Study For Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Model Schools in Kenya. Nairobi:\r\n[5] Creswell, J. W. (2012). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.\r\n[6] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.\r\n[7] Homan, O. (2014). Evaluation of strengthening mathematics and science Education programme in secondary schools in Bungoma-Central Sub-County, Bungoma County Kenya (MA dissertation, Mount Kenya University).\r\n[8] James, J. S. (2014). Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum and seventh grade mathematics and science achievement (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, Arizona.\r\n[9] Kamau, J., Wilson, L. &amp;Thinguri, R. (2014). An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of SMASSE Programme in Performance of Science and Mathematics in primary Schools in Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research Vol. 2 No. 6 June 2014\r\n[10] Karuri. M (2015): Effectiveness of SMASSE programme towards enhancement of mathematics performance in public primary schools in embakasi district, nairobi county, kenya.( master thesis kenyatta university)\r\n[11] Khan, T. H. (2014). Living with transformation: Self-built houses in the city of Dhaka (Vol. 1): Springer\r\n[12] Machaba, F., &amp;Mwakapenda, W. (2016). Learners\u2019 Approaches to Solving Mathematical Tasks: Does Specialisation Matter? Africa Education Review, 13(3-4), 172\u2013190. doi:10.1080\/18146627.2016.1224559\r\n[13] Mbirianjau, L. W., Chege, F., &amp;Oanda, I. (2019). Exploring Enabling Interventions for Increasing Female Students\u2019 Access and Participation in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (Stem) Disciplines in Kenyan Public Universities. Msingi Journal, 1(2), 1-6.\r\n[14] Nudzor, H. P., Dare, A., Oduro, G. K. T., Bosu, R., &amp; Addy, N. (2015): Examining activity-based learning (ABL) practices in public basic schools in the northern region of Ghana. Educational Research, 57(4), 437\u2013450. doi:10.1080\/00131881.2015.1093323\r\n[15] Sara\u00e7, H. (2018). The Effect of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics-STEM Educational Practices on Students&#8217; Learning Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis Study. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 17(2), 125-142.\r\n[16] Sikolia, F. M., Toili, W. W., Sikolia, S. F., &amp;Owiti, D. S. (2017). The Extent use of Instructional Strategies in Teaching Biology in Public Secondary Schools, Kakamega North Sub County, Kenya.\r\n[17] Siregar, N. C., Rosli, R., Maat, S. M., &amp;Capraro, M. M. (2019). The Effect of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Programme on Students\u2019 Achievement in Mathematics: A Meta-Analysis. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 15(1), em0549.\r\n[18] Thibaut, L. (2018). Implementing integrated STEM: teachers&#8217; attitudes, instructional practices and students&#8217; learning outcomes.\r\n[19] Tikly, l., Joubert, m., Barrett, A.M., Bainton, D., Cameron, l. &amp; Doyle, h., (2018). Supporting Secondary School STEM Education for Sustainable Development in Africa. Bristol: University of Bristol.\r\n[20] Yildirim, B. (2016). An Analyses and Meta-Synthesis of Research on STEM Education. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(34), 23-33\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nelisa Kagendo Mbaka, &#8220;Problem Based Learning and Students\u2019 Academic Achievements in Physics in STEM Model Public Secondary schools in Nairobi Metropolitan Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.304-311 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6216<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/304-311.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/problem-based-learning-and-students-academic-achievements-in-physics-in-stem-model-public-secondary-schools-in-nairobi-metropolitan-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Problem Based Learning and Students\u2019 Academic Achievements in Physics in STEM Model Public Secondary schools in Nairobi Metropolitan Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dd9af elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2dd9af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2dda8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2dda8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ddbf9\" data-id=\"b2ddbf9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ddd21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ddd21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2dddbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2dddbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ddf1f\" data-id=\"b2ddf1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2de043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2de043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2de0ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2de0ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2de256\" data-id=\"b2de256\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2de372 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2de372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2de425 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2de425\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2de588\" data-id=\"b2de588\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2de6b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2de6b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2de761 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2de761\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2de8ce\" data-id=\"b2de8ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dea7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2dea7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2deb61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2deb61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ded34\" data-id=\"b2ded34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2deeae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2deeae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2def6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2def6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2df13e\" data-id=\"b2df13e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2df2ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2df2ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Work-life Balance and Employee Performance: A study of Female Academic Staff of the University of Jos<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gambo Nanven Jephthah, Echu Sunny Godwin, Tongshakap Gyang Dafeng, Olubayo John Popoola, Yusuf Yunana Pindar- February 2022- Page No.: 312-323<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2df368 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2df368\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2df548\" data-id=\"b2df548\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2df6d7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2df6d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe notion that paid work and personal life are competing priorities rather than complementary element has called for this research. A healthy work-life balance assumes great significance for working women particularly in the current context in which both, the family and the workplace have posed several challenges and problems for women. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of work-life balance on employees\u2019 performance of female academic staff of university of Jos, thus, structured questionnaire was used to obtain data for about 210 participants. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The findings of the study revealed that flexible working schedule, family leave program, and social life has no significant relationship with employee performance. The study found out that employee assistance program has positive significant effect on employee performance of female academic staff of the University of Jos. The study recommended that the University provides work-life balance arrangements to be enforced by government legislations that will statutorily empower employees to request for a typical work patterns, that the awareness of universities be raised to the advantages of protecting workers\u2019 rights to various leave initiatives that will improve employee wellbeing and managerial training to ensure managerial support for the demands of these policies\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 312-323\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gambo Nanven Jephthah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Jos. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Echu Sunny Godwin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Jos. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tongshakap Gyang Dafeng <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of management Studies, Plateau State University, Bokkos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olubayo John Popoola <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Jos. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yusuf Yunana Pindar <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Jos. Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abioro, M.A., Oladejo, D.A. &amp; Ashogbon, F.O. (2018). Work Life Balance Practices and Employees Productivity in the Nigerian University System. Crawford Journal of Business &amp; Social Sciences, 8(2),49-59\r\n[2] Adejumo,G.O,Olowookere, E.I(2012): effects of work place characteristics on work life balance of women in Nigerian public sector; international journal of social sciences and humanities. Review vol. 3. No. 4. Dec. 2012 ISBN2276-8645\r\n[3] Akpa V.O., Egbuta O.U. , Akinlabi, B.H., &amp; Magaji, N. 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(2012), \u201cWork \u2013 Life balance and organization Practices- A study of Selected Banks in Sirsa\u201d, BVIMR Management Edge, Vol. 2, pp. 35-44\r\n[16] Grobler, P.A. &amp; De Bruyn, A.J., 2011, \u2018Flexible work practices (FWP): An effective instrument in the retention of talent: A survey of selected JSE-listed companies\u2019, South African Journal of Business Management 42(4), 63\u201378.\r\n[17] Grover, S., &amp; Crocker, K. (1995). Who appreciates family responsive human resource policies: The Impact of family-friendly policies on organizational attachment of parents and non \u2013 parents? Personnel Psychology, 48, 271-288.\r\n[18] Guest, D. E. (2002). Human resource management: When research confronts theory. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(2), 22-38 .\r\n[19] Gupta, V. (2012). Importance of Being Happy at Work. 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The IUP Journal of Management Research. 9 (2): 51-79.\r\n[45] Smith, K. (2010). Work-life balance perspectives of marketing professionals in generation Y. Services Marketing Quarterly, 31,434-447. doi:10.1080\/15332969.2010.510724.\r\n[46] Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) (2015), SHRM Website. Retrieved fromwww.shrm.org\/Research\/Articles\/Articles\/Pages\/CMS_004450.\r\n[47] SSC (2014). Work Life Balance: A Resource for the State Services. http :\/\/ www. ssc. govt.nz\/node\/6868. Accessed 12\/9\/16). New Zealand Government. New Zealand\r\n[48] Thevanes, N, &amp; Arurajah, AA. (2017), the Search for Sustainable Human Resource Management Practices: A Review and Reflections\u201f, Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Business Management (ICBM), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, pp. 306-328.\r\n[49] Wheatley, D 2012, \u201eGood to be home? Time use and satisfaction levels among home-based teleworkers\u201f, New Technology, Work &amp; Employment, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 224-241.\r\n[50] Wilson (2002): Towards comprehensive model of cognitive rehabilitation. Researchgate.net\r\n[51] Yaday, R (2013). Work-life Balance Challenges for HRM in the Future. International Journal of Current Research. International Journal of Current Research, (5) 10, 2966-2969\r\n[52] Yamane T. (1867): statistics: an introduction analysis. New York: Harper and Raw Publishers\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gambo Nanven Jephthah, Echu Sunny Godwin, Tongshakap Gyang Dafeng, Olubayo John Popoola, Yusuf Yunana Pindar, &#8220;Work-life Balance and Employee Performance: A study of Female Academic Staff of the University of Jos&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.312-323 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/312-323.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/work-life-balance-and-employee-performance-a-study-of-female-academic-staff-of-the-university-of-jos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Work-life Balance and Employee Performance: A study of Female Academic Staff of the University of Jos<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e05dd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e0a8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e0bfd\" data-id=\"b2e0bfd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e0d09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e0d09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e0db4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e0db4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e0efb\" data-id=\"b2e0efb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1028 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e1028\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e10c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e10c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1222\" data-id=\"b2e1222\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e1331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e13d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e13d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e151f\" data-id=\"b2e151f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e1623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e16be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e16be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e180b\" data-id=\"b2e180b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1913 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e1913\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e19ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e19ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1b2e\" data-id=\"b2e1b2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1c4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e1c4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Common Errors in Translation of Arabic Nominal Sentences to Tamil<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M.H.A. Munas- February 2022- Page No.: 324-331<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1cf1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e1cf1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1e73\" data-id=\"b2e1e73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e1fab elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2e1fab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nNominal sentence is the special character of Arabic Language. Non-Arabic speaking students of South Eastern University of Sri Lanka who have different language background are facing difficulties in translating from Arabic to Tamil. Even though, they have studied Arabic in Arabic colleges in Sri Lanka for 5-7 years, and thus Tamil is their mother tongue. Thus, this research aims to identify the grammar errors when translating nominal sentences to Tamil and to rely the reasons for them. To this, the research uses analytical descriptive methodology through quantitative approach. It uses questionnaire for primary data among the undergraduates of the Department of Arabic Language, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. At the same time, secondary data were gathered from researches, books, articles, website articles. The research finds that the undergraduate have the enough theoretical knowledge about the nominal sentence. At the same time, in the practical part, they are neutral level in writing a nominal sentences, in finding the error from them a, and in translating them into Tamil. Hence, the practical part is difficult for the undergraduates than theoretical part.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 324-331\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6217<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M.H.A. Munas <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arabic Language, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ayoub Ali Qassem.(1985). A comparative study of the Arabic and Tamil languages at the level of minor sentences. Unpublished master&#8217;s thesis at the University of Khartoum.\r\n[2] Hisham et al. (2017). The use of links in the Arabic language among its learners as a second language at the university level as a model for first-year students from the University of Southeastern Sri Lanka. University of Southeastern Sri Lanka: Arts Research Session.\r\n[3] Ibn Manzur, Jamal al-Din. (1995). Arabes Tong. C 3. Beirut: Dar Al-Sadr.\r\n[4] Youssef, Mohamed Hassan. (2006). How do you translate? Retrieval on the link http:\/\/saaid.net\/Doat\/hasn\/index.htm\r\n[5] Abdun Nour, Jabbour. (1984). Literary dictionary. Beirut: House of Science for Millions.\r\n[6] Najeeb, Ezzedine. (2005). The foundations of translation. I 5. Cairo: Ibn Sina Library for printing, publishing and distribution.\r\n[7] Al-Suhaibani, Suleiman bin Omar. (2015). Demonstration Nouns in Arabic and English: A Contrastive Study. Arab Science Journal. Deanship of Scientific Research. Retrieved at www.imamu.edu.sa\r\n[8] Salih, Nasir. (2013). The Arabic Sentence and the English Sentence &#8211; a Contrastive Study. Journal of Education and Science.\r\n[9] Ahmed, Ali Al-Zain. (2012). The Sentence Pattern in the Arabic and Furawan Languages (Contrastive Study). research paper from Sudan University of Science and Technology.\r\n[10] Farid, Marouf. (2010). The verbal sentence in the Arabic language and Kalimat Verbal in the Indonesian language, research submitted for the first university degree at Sherif Hidayatullah Islamic State University, Jakarta.\r\n[11] Ayoub Ali Qassem.(1985). A comparative study of the Arabic and Tamil languages at the level of minor sentences. Unpublished master&#8217;s thesis at the University of Khartoum.\r\n[12] Abd Abdullah. (2017). A contrast study between Arabic and the Hausa language in pronouns. a thesis submitted for a master&#8217;s degree in arts in Arabic language from the University of Jezira.\r\n[13] Shathifa Bint Muhammad Cassim and Shaheqa Farwinn Bint Abdul Rahim. (2015). Conjunctions and its uses in Arabic and Tamil languages &#8211; a contrastive study. Presented at the faculty of Arts and Culture Symposium at the University of South Eastern of Sri Lanka.\r\n[14] Al-Suhaibani, Suleiman bin Omar. (2015). Demonstration Nouns in Arabic and English: A Contrastive Study. Arab Science Journal. Deanship of Scientific Research. Retrieved at www.imamu.edu.sa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M.H.A. Munas, &#8220;Common Errors in Translation of Arabic Nominal Sentences to Tamil&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.324-331 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6217<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/324-331.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/common-errors-in-translation-of-arabic-nominal-sentences-to-tamil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Common Errors in Translation of Arabic Nominal Sentences to Tamil<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e2e2f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2e2e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e3d9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e3d9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e3e35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e3e35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e3f7a\" data-id=\"b2e3f7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e4087 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e4087\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e4120 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e4120\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e4282\" data-id=\"b2e4282\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e4387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e4387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gender Applications in Buddhist Jurisprudence<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nishadini Peiris &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 332-336<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e4427 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e4427\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e4596\" data-id=\"b2e4596\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e46cd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2e46cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nJurisprudence in any society is based on the social and religious values. As a result religious and social point of view on gender is having direct effect to the ones social role define in constitutions. Social attitudes and practices of traditional society were changed due to the social effects of industrial revolution. Gradually attitudes on gender and social role of individual also changed. As a result, defined social role according to the gender was criticized and challenged by different social groups including scholars during the last century. This trend was emerged in the western world and gradually it influences globally. Buddhist teachings and practices are focusing to understand the reality. Therefore it encourage the individual to be openminded without attaching to any extreme. It encourage the individual to follow the middle path. As a result, Buddhist teachings treating the individual in a flexible manner. It has neutral approach on understanding gender differences. Purpose of this research is to find out gender equity in Buddhism and whether it can provide more practical solution for the gender base problems in the modern world.\r\nDocumentary study on P\u0101li Tipitaka is the method of data collecting and content analysis is used for data analysing in this research.\r\nGender is not a permanent factor according to Buddhist teachings. Like other factors gender also can be changed according to the mentality of a person. When it comes to the attraction to opposite gender both male and female are having equal state. According to Buddhist teachings one who wants to overcome the sexuality and gender. should overcome his or her thoughts and behaviour on one\u2019s own gender. Buddhist teachings accept the sexual differences of individual. Individual may have different behaviours due to their sexuality. Therefore, when enact rules it gives consideration to these differences. Even though the Buddhism is having totally deferent attitude regarding the state of the woman and the man, than the main society at that time, it did not try to disturbed or challenged the reaming legal system. Instead of that it try to change the attitudes regarding woman within the main society.\r\nGender applications in Buddhist jurisprudence is not giving equal status to both genders or discriminate one gender. But to understand the physical and mental differences of each party. It also considered the social attitudes on gender. And precautions were made to protect its members from the negative social influence. And also to facilitate the members to archive the vision.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 332-336\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nishadini Peiris <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Public Administration, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] P\u0101rajika P\u0101li, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 1, (1959)\r\n[2] P\u0101cittiya P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 2:1,2, (1981-1995)\r\n[3] Mah\u0101vagga P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 3,4, (1959)\r\n[4] Cullavagga P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 5:1,2, (1977-1983)\r\n[5] P\u0101rajika P\u0101li, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 1, (1959)\r\n[6] P\u0101cittiya P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 2:1,2, (1981-1995)\r\n[7] Mah\u0101vagga P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 3,4, (1959)\r\n[8] Cullavagga P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 5:1,2, (1977-1983)\r\n[9] D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya 1,2,3, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 7,8,9 (1960-1982)\r\n[10] Majjima Nik\u0101ya 1,2,3, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 10,11,12 (1964-1974)\r\n[11] Sa\u1e45yuttha Nilaya 1,2,3,4,5, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 13,14,15,16,17 (1960-1982)\r\n[12] A\u1e45guttata Nik\u0101ya 1,2,3,4,5,6, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 18,19,20,21,22,23, (1960-1977)\r\n[13] Kuddhaka Nik\u0101ya IV, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 28 (1960-1977)\r\n[14] https:\/\/www.accesstoinsight.org\/tipitaka\/vin\/sv\/bhikkhu-pati.html\/ 10\/20\/2021\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nishadini Peiris , &#8220;Gender Applications in Buddhist Jurisprudence&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.332-336 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/332-336.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/332-336.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-applications-in-buddhist-jurisprudence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Gender Applications in Buddhist Jurisprudence<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e5515 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2e5515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e578c\" data-id=\"b2e578c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e58ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e58ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e594d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e594d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e6236\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6389\" data-id=\"b2e6389\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6494 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e6494\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6531 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e6531\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6676\" data-id=\"b2e6676\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6785 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e6785\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e681e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e681e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6988\" data-id=\"b2e6988\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e6a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Views of School Administrators on Civic Education as a Compulsory Subject in Selected Secondary Schools of Kabwe District, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Samiwe Kayaya and Dr. Oliver Magasu (PhD) &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 337-341<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6b2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e6b2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6ca6\" data-id=\"b2e6ca6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e6dd3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2e6dd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this research was to explore the views of school administrators on Civic Education as a compulsory subject in selected secondary schools of Kabwe District in Zambia. Methodologically, the study took the qualitative approach. This study employed a qualitative descriptive research design. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. The key findings were that most of the school administrators were in support of Civic Education as a compulsory subject because it gave learners the knowledge on political process and governance system. Civic Education helped learners acquire values commonly accepted by society which facilitated interpersonal relationships and social integration through the creation of awareness for respect, promotion of democracy and human rights. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that Civic Education should be supported as a compulsory subject by school administrators in secondary schools to actualize the goal of education in Zambia.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 337-341\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samiwe Kayaya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University, Zambia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Oliver Magasu (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKwame Nkrumah University, Zambia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Biesta, G J.J. (2011). Learning Democracy in School and Society: Education, Lifelong Learning and the Politics of Citizenship. London: Sense Publishers.\r\n[2] Center for Civic Education (CCE) (1994). National Standards for Civics and Government. Calabasas, CA: Center for Civic Education. Century: A British Council Seminar Series for Latin America and the Caribbean.\r\n[3] Chola, D.K. (2016). Assessment of Service Learning in the Teaching of Civic Education in Selected schools in Lusaka Province. Unpublished MA Dissertation, Lusaka: The University of Zambia.\r\n[4] Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) (2012). Civic Education High school syllabus Grade:10 \u201312. Lusaka: Curriculum Development Centre.\r\n[5] Halstead, M.J and Pike, M.A (2016). Citizenship and Moral Education: Values in Action. London: Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group.\r\n[6] Magasu, O. (2021). Domesticating Kolb\u2019s Experiential Learning Model into the Teaching of Civic Education: A Case of Secondary Schools in Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Sciences Vol. V (VII) p. 25-31\r\n[7] Magasu, O., Muleya, G., &amp; Mweemba, L. (2020a). Pedagogical Challenges in Teaching Education in Secondary Schools in Zambia. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Vol.9 No.3 p 1479-1486\r\n[8] Magasu, O., Muleya, G., &amp; Mweemba, L. (2020b). Teaching Strategies used in Civic Education Lessons in Secondary Schools in Zambia. International Journal of Research \u2013 Granthaalayah Vol. 8 (2) p. 39-46\r\n[9] Mainde, D. &amp; Chola, K. (2020). The Teaching of Civic Education in Zambian Secondary Schools as a Strategy for Effective Political Participation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue XII, pp. 293 \u2013 301\r\n[10] Miller, R. (1990). What are Schools for? Holistic Education American Culture: Holistic Education Press.\r\n[11] Muleya, G. (2015). The Teaching of Civic Education in Zambia: An Examination of Trends in The Teaching of Civic Education in Schools. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of South Africa.\r\n[12] Niemi, R. G. and Junn, J. (1998). Civic Education: What Makes Students Learn, New Haven: Yale University Press. Ryan, P. (2015). Hand Book for Civic Education. Paulines Publications Africa.\r\n[13] Sakala, E. (2016). The Responsiveness of Civic Education Teacher Training Curriculum Towards Democratic Citizenship in Zambia. Unpublished M.A Dissertation: UNZA\r\n[14] Westheimer, J. and Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for Democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41, (2).\r\n[15] Zambia Civic Education Association (2004). Why Zambia Needs Civic Education. Lusaka: ZCEA\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samiwe Kayaya and Dr. Oliver Magasu (PhD), &#8220;Views of School Administrators on Civic Education as a Compulsory Subject in Selected Secondary Schools of Kabwe District, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.337-341 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/337-341.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/views-of-school-administrators-on-civic-education-as-a-compulsory-subject-in-selected-secondary-schools-of-kabwe-district-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Views of School Administrators on Civic Education as a Compulsory Subject in Selected Secondary Schools of Kabwe District, Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e7bcf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e82f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e843a\" data-id=\"b2e843a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e854c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e854c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e85e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e85e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e873c\" data-id=\"b2e873c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e8842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e8842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e88e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e88e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e8a21\" data-id=\"b2e8a21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e8b2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e8b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e8bc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e8bc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e8d12\" data-id=\"b2e8d12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e8e11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e8e11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e8eb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e8eb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e9014\" data-id=\"b2e9014\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e9128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e9128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Appraisal of Hard Power in Contemporary Practice of Diplomacy<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nyam Elisha Yakubu &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 342-351<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e91c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e91c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2e9352\" data-id=\"b2e9352\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e9497 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2e9497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">While power is an ever-present part of international relations; state\u2019s success in achieving its interest in the anarchical and self-help international system is a function of the available power in her possession. Before now, states are regarded as the sole most significant actors in international system, and brute force otherwise known as hard power &#8211; where military might is used to achieve a particular objective \u2013 rules the day, the situation has changed. The end of cold war in the 1990s saw many changes in international system where globalization is rapidly bringing states closer than ever before which resulted in interdependence on each other. Therefore, the use of hard power in diplomatic practice has to be scrutinized to determine its efficacy. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effectiveness and or the utility of hard power in the conduct of diplomacy in contemporary international relations. The study was hinged on the theory of Complex Interdependence. To guide the study, three research questions were raised. Content analysis was the method adopted where secondary data from research findings, articles in journals, textbooks etc. were consulted and mixed with the writer\u2019s observation in drawing conclusions. The study revealed that globalization today has increased the interdependence of nations in so many ways such that applying hard power by one state, comes with lots of consequences. Evidence is seen in United States\u2019 (U.S.) usage of hard power in Iraq, Kosovo, Somalia and Libya and how it negatively affected its other interests in the international system. The study concluded that soft power, though regarded as the newest and alternative form of power to be used in international relations, is also limited in its effectiveness. To balance the inadequacies of hard and soft powers, smart power is recommended where components of hard and soft powers are combined<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 342-351\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.51218\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.51218<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyam Elisha Yakubu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of International Relations, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Al-Rodhan, N.R. (2013). The Future of International Relations: Symbiotic Realism Theory. https:\/\/www.bbvaopenmind.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2013\/03\/BBVA-OPenMind-The- Future-of International-Relations-A-Symbiotic-Realism-Theory-Nayef- Al-Rodhan.pdf.pdf\r\n[2] Asare, B. E. (2011). International politics: The beginner\u2019s guide. Accra: YAMENS Press Ltd.\r\n[3] Ataman, M. (2003). The impact of non-state actors on world politics: A challenge to nation-states. alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol.2, No.1, Fall 2003\r\n[4] Bentil, S. (2016). Globalization and international interdependence.\r\n[5] Bojang, A. S. (2018). The study of foreign policy in International Relations. Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs. 6 (4). DOI.10.4172\/2332-0761.1000337\r\n[6] Bojang, A. S. (2018). The study of foreign policy in International Relations. Journal of political Science and Public Affairs. 6 (4). DOI.10.4172\/2332-0761.1000337 Business School, 2 June 2004.\r\n[7] Campbell, K. M. &amp; O\u2019Hanlon, M. E. (2006). Hard power: The new politics of national security. New York: Basic Books.\r\n[8] Ding, S. (2008). To build a \u201charmonious world\u201d: China\u2019s soft power wielding in the global south. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 13(2), 193- 213.\r\n[9] Dunn, D. H. (2009). Innovation and precedent in the Kosovo war: The impact of Operation Allied Force on US foreign policy. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/227760362\r\n[10] Gallarotti, G., 2011. Soft power: What it is, its importance, and the conditions for its effective use. Journal of Political Power, 4(1), pp. 25-47.\r\n[11] Gianotta, V. (2020). Soft or hard power: The cycle of US policy in the Middle East. Retrieved on June 16, 2021 form www.dailysabah.com\/op-ed\/2020\/01\/10\/soft-or-hard-power-the-cycle-of-us-policy-in-the-middle-east\r\n[12] Goldstein, J. S. &amp; Pevehouse J.C. (2007). International relations. Longman. Ibadan.\r\n[13] Gorodnia, N (2018). Major features of the 21st century international system from Ukraine\u2019s perspective. Modern Geopolitics as a Challenge for International Security, Oleksandra Kordonska, Rostyslav Romaniuk (eds.), Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv-Olsztyn 2018, 192 p. \u2013 \u0420.13- 21.\r\n[14] Green, M. (2019). To What Extent Was the NATO Intervention in Libya a Humanitarian Intervention? https:\/\/www.e-ir.info\/2019\/02\/06\/to- what-extent-was-the-nato-intervention-in-libya-a-humanitarian-intervention\/\r\n[15] Hass, R. N. (2006). On Balance, Iraq war\u2019s impact on U.S. foreign policy \u2018clearly negative\u2019. Interview by Bernard Gwertzman, on March 14, 2006 4:57 pm (EST). Retrieved on June 18, 2021 from https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/interview\/haass-balance-iraq-wars-impact-us-foreign-policy-clearly-negative. J.B. Lippincott Company. New York\r\n[16] Hoffman, b. (2021). The war on terror 20 years on: Crossroads or Cul-De-Sac?https:\/\/institute.global\/policy\/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac\r\n[17] Jean-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric, M. &amp; Jonathan, P. (2018). Foreign policy analysis. Palgrave Macmillan. Cham.\r\n[18] Joffe, J. (2006, May 14). The perils of soft power. The New York Times Magazine.\r\n[19] Karki, S. &amp; Dhungana, S. (2020). Soft power in international relations: Opportunities for small states like Nepal. Journal of International Affairs, 3, 162-179. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/joia.v3i1.29092.\r\n[20] Keohane, R. O. &amp; Nye, J. S. (1977). Power and interdependence: World politics in transition. Boston: Little, Brown &amp; Co.\r\n[21] Keohane, R. O. &amp; Nye, J. S. (1987). Power and Interdependence Revisited. International Organization, 41, 725-753.\r\n[22] Laurence-Camille, R. (2011). Diplomacy in the twenty-first century: Change and evolution. API 6999: Major Research Paper Presented To: Professor Peter Jones. University Of Ottawa.Https:\/\/Www.Google.Com\/Url?Sa=T&amp;Source=Web&amp;Rct=J&amp;Url=Https:\/\/Ruor.Uottawa.Ca\/Bitstream\/10393\/23894\/1\/RICHARD%252C%2520LaurenceCamille%252020115.Pdf&amp;Ved=2ahukewjgukeahbzxahxu8uakhzmtdyyqfjanegqiehac&amp;Usg=Aovvaw1qj58n2zlq4kghbitbzflh\r\n[23] Lynch,C.(2021).The Libya allergy. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2021\/03\/17\/libya- conflict-10-year-anniversary\/. Retrieved on 25\/6\/2021.\r\n[24] Michael Beckley (2018) The power of nations. Michael Beckley Measuring What Matters. International Security, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Fall 2018), pp. 7\u201344. Retrieved on June 19, 2021 from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/ISEC_a_00328\r\n[25] Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy No. 80.\r\n[26] Nye, J. S. (n.d.). The benefits of soft power. Working Knowledge. Boston, MA: Harvard\r\n[27] Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy No. 80.\r\n[28] Nye, J. S. (2003). Limits of American power. Political Science Quarterly 117, 4.\r\n[29] Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The means to success in world politics. 1st ed. New York: Public Affairs\r\n[30] Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The Annals of the American Academy 616\r\n[31] Odgaard, L. (2013). Peaceful coexistence strategy and China\u2019s diplomatic power. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 6(3), pp. 233-271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cjip\/pot004\r\n[32] Paehlke, R. (2009). Globalization, interdependence, and sustainability. Introduction to Sustainable Development, 1, 187-208.\r\n[33] Perez, A. M. (2015). Coercive diplomacy in the 21st century: A New Framework for the &#8220;Carrot and Stick&#8221;. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Dissertation, University of Miami\r\n[34] Sawani, Y. M. (2014). The United State and Libya: The contradictions of intervention and disengagement. International Relations and Diplomacy. 2(12).\r\n[35] Singleton, R. A. &amp; Straits, B. C. (2010). Approaches to social research (5th edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press\r\n[36] Thrall, A. T &amp; Goepner, E. (2017). Step Back: Lessons for U.S. foreign policy from the failed war on terror. Policy Analysis No. 814. https:\/\/www.cato.org\/policy-analysis\/step-back-lessons-us-foreign-policy-failed-war-terror\r\n[37] Waheeda R. (2015). Theory of complex interdependence: A comparative analysis of realist and neoliberal thoughts. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 6, (2), 345-367\r\n[38] Waltz, K. (1981). The spread of nuclear weapons: More may better. Adelphi Papers, Number 171. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies\r\n[39] Weldes, J. (1996). Constructing national interests. European Journal of International Relations, 2 (3)\r\n[40] Wilson, E. J. (2008). &#8220;Hard power, soft power, smart power.&#8221; The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (2008): 110-124. Sage Publications. L.A. Mar. 2008 &lt;http:\/\/ann.sagepub.com\/cgi\/reprint\/616\/1\/110&gt;.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nyam Elisha Yakubu, &#8220;An Appraisal of Hard Power in Contemporary Practice of Diplomacy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.342-351 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.51218<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2eab59\" data-id=\"b2eab59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2eac66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2eac66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2eacff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2eb03b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb189\" data-id=\"b2eb189\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb293 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2eb293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb32f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2eb32f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb481\" data-id=\"b2eb481\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb590 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2eb590\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb62c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2eb62c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb79c\" data-id=\"b2eb79c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb8af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2eb8af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Government Capital Expenditure towards Construction and Maintenance of Educational Facilities in Enugu State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okenwa V. Ebuka, Ajaelu H. Chidiebere and Alinta-Abel U. Vanessa- February 2022- Page No.: 352-356<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2eb954 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2eb954\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ebac7\" data-id=\"b2ebac7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ebc30 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2ebc30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nCOVID- 19 pandemic popularly called corona virus is a killer virus which started in China and spread throughout Europe, America, Africa and Nigeria is not left out. During these period activities in the construction industry was were affected as a result of lockdowns and restrictions of movement imposed by government of the country which Enugu State is also included. The COVID-19 situation in Enugu State has had a far- reaching effects on the economy of the State and this affected the budget allocation for the construction and maintenance of educational facilities in Enugu State as huge capital are channeled to health sector in order to curb the spread of the virus. The objective of this study is to examine, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic to budget and expenditure of government on educational facilities in Enugu state and to determine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in construction and maintenance of educational facilities in Enugu state. The respondents of this study are randomly chosen from the sample and are registered contractors in Enugu State. This study is carried out through questionnaire and all data were analyzed. The result concluded that there is correlation between the estimated budget for the construction and maintenance of educational facilities in Enugu State during COVID-19 pandemic. The recommendation is that proper planning and budgeting should be done in education sector as regards to construction and maintenance of educational facilities irrespective of the pandemic. Quantity surveyors should also be employed from design stage to finishing for advice, monitoring and control of the construction and maintenance of those educational facilities.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 352-356\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okenwa V. Ebuka <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Quantity Surveying, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajaelu H. Chidiebere<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Quantity Surveying, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alinta-Abel U. Vanessa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Quantity Surveying, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Chukwuka ,O. and Mma Amara, E.( 2020). Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Nigerian economy. Africa in Focus\r\n[2] Inegbedion, E. Obadiaru, A. Asaleye, A. Ayeni, C. Aremu. Cassava attractiveness in Nigeria: a policy improvement approach.J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 10 (2) (2020), pp. 157-175\r\n[3] Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W,. Li, X,.Yang,B and Song,J.(2020) A Novel Coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 727\u2013733.\r\n[4] Gould, D. (2005), School Planning and Management \u2013 Maintaining Our Schools. http:\/\/www.special-lite.com\r\n[5] Bergmann, A. and Grossi, G. (2014), \u201cSymposium introduction\u201d, Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting and Financial Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 26 No. 1, p. 91\r\n[6] Grossi, G. and Cepiku, D. (2014), \u201cFinancial sustainability and cutback-management. Global issues for public organizations\u201d, Public Money and Management, Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 79-81.\r\n[7] Emetarom, U. C. (2004).Provision and management of facilities in primary schools in Nigeria.Implication for policy formulation. In E.O. Fagbemiye, J. B. Babalola et al (Eds).Management of primary and secondary schools in Nigeria.NAEAP publication\r\n[8] Owuamanam, D. O. (2005).Threats to Academic integrity in Nigerian Universities. Lead paper presented at the conference of the National Association of Educational Researchers and Evaluators, University of Ado-Ekiti, June 13-17.\r\n[9] Adigeb, P. A., Anake, P. M.&amp; Undie, A. A.(2017).The impact of educational facilities on students \u2018teaching\/learning process in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria : need for counselling approaches European Journal of Education Studies. Vol 3(9)611-624\r\n[10] Barakatu, A.(2015).Funding On Provision and Maintenance of School Facilities in Senior Secondary Schools in Bauchi State of Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Research &amp; Method in Education (IOSR-JRME) Volume 5, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar &#8211; Apr. 2015), PP 16-20 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 10.9790\/7388-05231620\r\n[11] Central Bank of Nigeria (2011) Statement of Accounts and Annual Reports. Abuja: Central Bank of Nigeria.\r\n[12] Owui H. O., Asukwo I. J., Olugbemi M. D., Nkamare ,S. E. &amp; Emefiele C.C.(2020).Government Capital Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Management E-ISSN 2545-5966 PISSN 2695-1932, Vol 5. No. 2 2020 www.iiardpub.org\r\n[13] Abdullah, H. A. (2010). The relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Administrative Science, 12(2), 173-191.\r\n[14] Akpan, A. M. (2005). Public finance in a developing economy; The Nigerian case, Enugu: B &amp; J Publications.\r\n[15] Asiabaka, I. P. (2008). The need for effective facilities management in schools in Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability 1 (3), 21 \u2013 28\r\n[16] Omotor D. G. (2004). An analysis of Federal Government expenditure in the education sector Cf Nigeria: Implications for national development. J. Soc. Sci. 9(2): 105-110.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okenwa V. Ebuka, Ajaelu H. Chidiebere and Alinta-Abel U. Vanessa, &#8220;Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Government Capital Expenditure towards Construction and Maintenance of Educational Facilities in Enugu State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.352-356 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/352-356.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/352-356.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-government-capital-expenditure-towards-construction-and-maintenance-of-educational-facilities-in-enugu-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Government Capital Expenditure towards Construction and Maintenance of Educational Facilities in Enugu State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ecab0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2ecab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: 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data-id=\"b2ed019\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed142 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ed142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed1de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ed1de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed32b\" data-id=\"b2ed32b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed42f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ed42f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed4d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ed4d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed615\" data-id=\"b2ed615\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed71f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ed71f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed7b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ed7b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ed90c\" data-id=\"b2ed90c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2eda14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2eda14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2edab3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2edab3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2edbfc\" data-id=\"b2edbfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2edd0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2edd0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2edda8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2edda8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2edf0e\" data-id=\"b2edf0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ee019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ee019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Motivating to Achieve Main Goals of Life &#8211; Buddhist Approach on Human Resource Development<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nishadini Peiris- February 2022- Page No.: 357-364<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ee0bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ee0bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ee23d\" data-id=\"b2ee23d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ee37a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2ee37a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMotivation theories developed by modern management scholars focusing to set and achieve goals relevant to career life of the individual. However the question is, the purpose of these goals set by those scholars for growth or development. For whom these goals set for? Either for the individual or for the organization? Recent researches identified the modern management particles in organizations leads to mental disorders of the employees and their families. Governments like German and France also take legal framework to protect the mental wellbeing of the citizens from the modern management practices. During the last few decades some scholars were focused to identify HR with holistic approach when it comes to motivating HR for development with main four areas: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. Purpose of this study is to find out what is missing in the modern management approach when it comes to motivation for development. This research focuses to analyse the modern and Buddhist approach on holistic approach on motivating HR for human development in modern and Buddhist context. Documentary study of Buddhist and modern HRM and HRD concepts is the method used in this research for data collection. Content analysis is used for data analysing. Stephan Covey introduced four and the Ideal Performance State (IPS) model, which was developed by performance psychologist Jim based on the four areas: physical, mental, social ,and spiritual, of the individual. Buddhist approach describe these four areas in detail and also giving final goal or objective of each area and the way to fulfil them. According to it these four areas are the base of development. As a result above four areas should be consider equally when it comes to development. These four areas should develop gradually as they are interconnected. Four basic needs or focuses are like the base of a pyramid. Top of the pyramid is the highest achievements of each need which should achieved equally, to become a balanced person. When it comes to HR management and development, institutes should consider these for areas and its focus to motivate individual fully.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 357-364\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Nishadini Peiris <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Public Administration, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\nPreliminary Recourses\r\n[1] P\u0101rajika P\u0101li, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 1, (1959)\r\n[2] P\u0101cittiya P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 2:1,2, (1981-1995)\r\n[3] Mah\u0101vagga P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 3,4, (1959)\r\n[4] Cullavagga P\u0101li 1,2, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 5:1,2, (1977-1983)\r\n[5] D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya 1,2,3, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 7,8,9 (1960-1982)\r\n[6] Majjima Nik\u0101ya 1,2,3, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 10,11,12 (1964-1974)\r\n[7] Sa\u1e45yuttha Nilaya 1,2,3,4,5, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 13,14,15,16,17 (1960-1982)\r\n[8] A\u1e45guttata Nik\u0101ya 1,2,3,4,5,6, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 18,19,20,21,22,23, (1960-1977)\r\n[9] Puggalapa\u1e45\u1e45apthikaranaya, Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series, Volume 47, (1976)\r\nSecondary Resourses\r\n[1] Armstrong, M.( 1988) A Hand Book of Personnel Management practice, Kogan Page Ltd., London.\r\n[2] Bratton J, Gold, J. (1994). Human Resource Management, Theory and Practice, The Macmillan Press LTD, London.\r\n[3] Chandan, HJ. Sherman (Jr) AW (1980) Personnel Management \u2013 The Utilization of Human Resource, South Western publishing Company, West Chicago.\r\n[4] Cole, GA. (1997)Personnel Management,- 5th Edition , Letts Educational, Aldine Place, London.\r\n[5] Cole, GA.(1996) Management Theory and Practice-5th Edition, Letts Educational, Aldine place, London.\r\n[6] Dale, BG. Cooper, CL. Wilkinson, A. (2001) Managing Quality and Human Resources, Infinity Books, New Delhi.\r\n[7] Daver, R.S. The Human Side of Management, Universall book stall, New Delhi.\r\n[8] Decenzo, DA, Robbins SP (2005), Fundementals of Human Resoures Management -8th Edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc.\r\n[9] Dudeja, VD.(2000) Human Resource Management in the New Millennium, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.\r\n[10] Eric Burn (1964) Games People Play, Penguin books London..\r\n[11] Fineman, S.( 2000) Emotion in Organization, Sage Publications,New Delhi.\r\n[12] Fisher, CD, Schoenfeld, LF, Shaw, JB,(2007) Human Resource Management- 5th Edition, Biztantra, 19A, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002.\r\n[13] Griftin, RW, (2006) Management &#8211; 8th Edition, Biztantra 19A, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002.\r\n[14] Ivancevich J. M.(2006) Human Resoures Management -9th Edition, Tata mcgraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi,\r\n[15] Kandula, S R. (2004) Human Resource Management in Practice \u2013with 300 models, techniques and tools, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt, New Delhi, India.\r\n[16] Michael, R. Losey, SPHR.(1998) HR comes of age &#8211; History of Human Resource Management -HR Magazine, March 15, 1998,\r\n[17] Robbins SP, Judge TA, Vohra N, (2015) Organizational Behaviour,Pearsons Indian Education Services Pvt. Ltd, India.\r\n[18] Daft RL, (2017), New Ear for Management, Cengage learning India Privet Limited, India.\r\nWeb Resourcers\r\n[1] Http:\/\/esrccoi.group.shef.ac.uk\/pdf\/whatis\/job_design.pdf January 20, 2008\r\n[2] Http:\/\/esrccoi.group.shef.ac.uk\/pdf\/whatis\/job_design.pdf January 13, 2008\r\n[3] Http:\/\/mba.yale.edu\/faculty\/profiles\/vroom.shtml &#8211; January 3, 2008\r\n[4] Http:\/\/www.accel-team.com\/human_relations\/hrels_03_mcgregor.html &#8211; December 20, 2007\r\n[5] Traitshttp:\/\/wilderdom.com\/personality\/traits\/personalitytraitsintroduction.html\r\n[6] Http:\/\/www.accel-team.com\/scientific\/index.html September 20, 2007\r\n[7] Http:\/\/www.geocities.com\/kstability\/learning\/management\/equity.html &#8211; January 12, 2008\r\n[8] Http:\/\/www.nationmaster.com\/encyclopedia January 3, 2008\r\n[9] Http:\/\/www.businessdictionary.com\/definition\/staffing.html December 2018\r\n[10] Boeree C. G. \u2013 Personality Theories http:\/\/webspace.ship.edu\/cgboer\/jung.html &#8211; June 5, 2008\r\n[11] Https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/how-develop-stephen-coveys-4-intelligences-layton-cox -August 20, 2018\r\n[12] Http:\/\/www.businessdictionary.com\/definition\/motivation.html December 11, 2018\r\n[13] https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/steve-jobs-deathbed-speech\/ -January 07, 2019\r\n[14] https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Jobs -January 07, 2019\r\n[15] https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/mental-health#tab=tab_2 February 21,2021\r\n[16] https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/mental-health\r\n[17] https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326277788_Killing_me_softly_Electronic_communications_monitoring_and_employee_and_spouse_well-being November 21, 2021 https:\/\/slideplayer.com\/slide\/9503461\/ February 21,2021\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nishadini Peiris, &#8220;Motivating to Achieve Main Goals of Life &#8211; Buddhist Approach on Human Resource Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.357-364 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/357-364.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/357-364.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/motivating-to-achieve-main-goals-of-life-buddhist-approach-on-human-resource-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Motivating to Achieve Main Goals of Life &#8211; Buddhist Approach on Human Resource Development<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef1e7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2ef1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef2be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ef2be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef442\" data-id=\"b2ef442\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ef560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef60b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ef60b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef758\" data-id=\"b2ef758\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef87a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2ef87a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2ef917 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2ef917\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2efa68\" data-id=\"b2efa68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2efb72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2efb72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2efc27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2efc27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2efd6c\" data-id=\"b2efd6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2efe79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2efe79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2eff13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2eff13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2f005e\" data-id=\"b2f005e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f015f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2f015f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2f01fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2f01fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2f0352\" data-id=\"b2f0352\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f045a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2f045a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2f04f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2f04f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2f065a\" data-id=\"b2f065a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f076c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2f076c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Challenges of the support systems in adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Patrick Ninson- February 2022- Page No.: 365-378<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2f0809 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2f0809\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2f09c1\" data-id=\"b2f09c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f0b56 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2f0b56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPurpose- This paper critically analyses and examine the key pre-requisite support systems necessary for smooth adoption and implementation of a financial reforms. This paper seeks to identify the key support structures in adoption and implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and to ascertain factors that affect each support systems in its processes.\r\nDesign\/methodology\/approach- The research employs quantitative method as a descriptive study in gathering survey data with close- ended items from respondents in order to test the hypothesis. The five (5) point Likert-Scale questionnaire is used as a research tool instrument. The alternate hypothesis is tested using Single Way Anova together with other statistical tools.\r\nFindings- The results indicate a strong positive conclusion for the existence for support systems for smooth transition processes. The model also indicates strong positive correlation with the support functions. The results show that all the dependent variables have a positive coefficient and are significantly related to IPSAS adoption.\r\nResearch Limitations\/Implications- The paper cannot be used as generalization since every territorial zone operates differently.\r\nPractical implication: For certain accounting reforms such as IPSAS to be effective in a less structured economy, there is the need for functional support systems.\r\nOriginality: The paper suggests a conceptual framework for IPSAS adoption and implementation process. This finding helps to better understand some transitional challenges and ways to expedite them.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 365-378\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patrick Ninson <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, University of Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adamu, S.A, &amp; Ahmed, A.D. 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And Pretorius,N.(2008), \u201cA Review Of Public Financial Management Reform Literature\u201d London: Dfid Evaluation Report Ev698 pp 1-131.\r\n[92] Pwc (2007) Adoption of IPSAS in Ghana -Prospects, Challenges and The Way Forward; pp 1-12.\r\n[93] Pwc Global (2015), \u201cTowards A New Era In Government Accounting And Reporting\u201d Pwc Global Survey On Accounting And Reporting By Central Governments 2nd Edition, pp. 1-48.\r\n[94] Public Financial Management Regulations, 2019 L.I. 2378 pp. 10-11.\r\n[95] Pwc (2013), \u201cTowards A New Era in Public Accounting and Reporting\u201d Retrieved From Https:\/\/Www.Pwc.Com\/Gx\/En\/Psrc\/Publications\/Assets\/Pwc-Global&#8211;Ipsas-Survey-Government- Accounting-And-Reporting-Pdf.Pdf.\r\n[96] Redmayne N.B, Laswad F &amp; Ehalaiye D (2019), \u201cEvidence On the Costs of Changes In Financial Reporting Frameworks In The Public Sector\u201d, Public Money &amp;Management, pp 1-10.\r\n[97] Roje G, Vasicek D &amp; Vasicek V (2010), \u201cAccounting Regulation and Ipsas Implementation: Efforts of Transition Countries Toward IPSAS Compliance\u201d, Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, Vol.6, No.12 pp. 1-16.\r\n[98] Sanni J. H (2017), \u201cThe Benefits and Challenges of Adopting the International Public Sector Accounting Standards in Foreign Charties in Ethiopia\u201d, Department of\r\nManagement College of Business and Economics, Addis Ababa University, Ethopia pp. 1-86.\r\n[99] Sellami Y. M &amp; Gafsi Y (2017), \u201cInstitutional and Economic Factors Affecting the Adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards\u201d, International Journal of Public Administration, pp. 1-13\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patrick Ninson, &#8220;The Challenges of the support systems in adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.365-378 February 2022 URL: 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f2969 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2f2969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2f2a04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2f2a04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2f2b4c\" data-id=\"b2f2b4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f2c4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2f2c4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2f2ced elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2f2ced\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2f2e5d\" data-id=\"b2f2e5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f2f6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2f2f6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between Students\u2019 Career Aspirations and their Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dennis Mukisu and Wilson Kiptala &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 379-383<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2f3045 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2f3045\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2f31f3\" data-id=\"b2f31f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f333e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b2f333e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Career aspirations and academic performance are of ultimate importance to the learning process. When students know more about available career opportunities, they will be able to focus more on their academic performance. Despite numerous changes in policy and legislation, issues of gender equity in Kenyan Education system and labour market remain a concern of the Kenyan public. It is against this background that the current study focused on the relationship between career aspirations and academic performance among Form three students in Bungoma South sub- County in Kenya. The research was quantitative using expost facto research design. The sample size was 420 participants from 27 schools. Both stratified and random sampling techniques were used to select the sample for the study. The results from spearman rho correlation coefficient indicated a weak positive relationship between career aspirations and academic performance (rho (418) = 0.265, p &lt; .01). Based on the findings, it was recommended that career mentorship programs should properly be integrated in secondary school curriculum to enable students acquire necessary information about the nature of jobs and develop interest in their aspired careers at an early stage. This might inform students\u2019 subject selection, enhance their academic performance and increase chances of attaining their aspired careers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 379-383\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dennis Mukisu <\/strong>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wilson Kiptala<\/strong>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Bakar, A. R., &amp; Mohamed, S. (2004). Academic Performance, Educational Aspirations and Technical Secondary School students. Pertanika Journal for Social. Sciences. &amp; Humanities, 12(1), 31- 43.\r\n[2] Creed, P., Conlon, E., G. Zimmer-Gembeck, M. (2007). Career barriers and Reading ability as correlates of career aspirations and expectations of parent and their children. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 70(2), 242-258.\r\n[3] Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and mixed Approaches. (3rd Ed.). Sage Publications Ltd.\r\n[4] Goodman, A., Gregg, P., &amp; Washbrook, E. (2011) Children&#8217;s educational attainment and the aspirations, attitudes and behaviours of parents and children through childhood, Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 2 (1), 1\u201318.\r\n[5] Gorard, S., See, B. H. &amp; Davies, P. (2012) The impact of attitudes and aspirations on educational attainment and participation. Joseph Rowntree Foundation).\r\n[6] Gottfredson, L. S. (2005). Applying Gottfredson\u2019s theory of circumscription in career guidance and counselling. Journal of career development and counselling, putting theory and research to work, 2, 229-246.\r\n[7] Gutman, L. M., &amp; Schoon, L. (2012) Correlates and Consequences of uncertainty in career aspirations: Gender differences among adolescents in England. Journal of vocational Education, 80(30), 608-618.\r\n[8] Hirschi, A. (2010). Swiss Adolescents\u2019 career Aspirations: Influence of Context, Age and Adaptability. Journal of Career Development, 36(3), 228-245.\r\n[9] Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD). (2017). Education Curriculum Framework. Government Printers.\r\n[10] Kisilu, J., Kimani, E., &amp; Kombo, D. (2012). Factors influencing occupational aspirations among girls in secondary schools in Nairobi Region-Kenya. Prime Journals, 2(4), 2251-1253.\r\n[11] Linderman, A. J. (2010). Seventh grade student career aspirations and academic achievement. State University of New York.\r\n[12] Mau, W. (2003). Factors that influence persistence in science and engineering career aspirations. The career development quarterly, 51, 234-243.\r\n[13] Mau, W. C., &amp; Bikos, H. (2000). Educational and vocational aspirations of minority and femalestudents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Counselling &amp; Development, 78, 186-194.\r\n[14] Migunde, Q., Agak, J. &amp; Odiwour, W. (2012). The impact of secondary schools on student\u2019s career aspirations in Kisumu municipality, Kenya. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies, 1(4), 233-237.\r\n[15] Obura, C. A., &amp; Ajowi, J. O. (2012). Gender and Students\u2019 perceptions of careers aspirations in secondary schools. Academic journal of interdisciplinary studies 1(2), 149 \u2013 164.\r\n[16] Omotere T. (2011). The influence of Environmental factors on choice of career among secondary students in Nigeria. Ogun State. Ego Booster Books.\r\n[17] Patton, W., &amp; Creed, P. A. (2007). Occupational aspirations and expectations of Australian adolescents. Australian, Journal of Career Development 16(1), 46-59.\r\n[18] Redd, Z., Cochran, S., Hair, E., &amp; Moore, K. (2002). Academic achievement programs and youth development: A synthesis. Child Trends. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 14, 2012. http:\/\/www.childtrends.org.\r\n[19] Rose, J. &amp; Baird, J. A. (2013). Aspirations and an austerity state: Young people&#8217;s hopes and goals for the future. London Review of Education, 11 (2), 157\u2013173.\r\n[20] Rukwaro, M. W. (2012). Provision and Access to Career Information to Secondary School Girls in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia West District, Kenya. Published Masters Thesis, Moi University.\r\n[21] Skorikov, V. B. (2007). Adolescent career development and adjustment. In V. B. Skorikov &amp; W. Patton. (Eds.), Career development in childhood and adolescence (pp. 237-254). Sense Publishers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dennis Mukisu and Wilson Kiptala &#8220;The Relationship between Students\u2019 Career Aspirations and their Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.379-383 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/379-383.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/379-383.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-students-career-aspirations-and-their-academic-performance-among-secondary-school-students-in-bungoma-south-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Relationship between Students\u2019 Career Aspirations and their Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f41c0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b2f41c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b300058 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b300058\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3001c4\" data-id=\"b3001c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3002f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3002f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3003a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3003a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3004ef\" data-id=\"b3004ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b300602 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b300602\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3006a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3006a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3007f2\" data-id=\"b3007f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3008f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3008f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b300996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b300996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b300adc\" data-id=\"b300adc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b300c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b300c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b300cd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b300cd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b300e30\" data-id=\"b300e30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b300f77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b300f77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b301022 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b301022\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3011b7\" data-id=\"b3011b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3012e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3012e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30139a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30139a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b301557\" data-id=\"b301557\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b301687 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b301687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Core-competencies of Competency-based curriculum in the light of Deweyan Pragmatism in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kevin Longino Mbehero, Prof. Wamocha, Joseph Nasong\u2019o and Dr. Mukonyi Wanjala Phillip- February 2022- Page No.: 384-392<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b301739 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b301739\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3018d4\" data-id=\"b3018d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b301a29 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b301a29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe launch of the Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) in Kenya was met with mixed reaction. Some Scholars were apprehensive of the competencies envisaged in the curriculum as already entrenched in the 8:4:4 curriculum. The purpose of this paper as such was to analyze core-competencies of Competency-based curriculum in the light of Deweyan Pragmatism. The study was guided by three objectives: To Examine Deweyan Pragmatic ideas relevant to CBC education, to analyze core-competencies of Competency-based curriculum (CBC) in the light of Deweyan pragmatism and to evaluate the implications of Deweyan Pragmatic ideas on Core- competencies of CBC. The findings of this study will contribute to the ongoing discourse on Kenya\u2019s CBC by clarifying the philosophical basis of the CBC competencies significantly ground the influence of Deweyan pragmatic on Kenya\u2019s CBC. . Information used in this study was extracted from primary and secondary written sources. Literature informing this study was purposively selected and Document analysis was used to extract information. Critical and Speculative methods were used to analyze information extracted. It was found that experience is the key underlying idea in Deweyan pragmatism. The version of experience propounded by Dewey is both open ended and futuristic Dewey thus views experience as problematized, practical, observational and cognitive procedure of knowing that lead to active unfolding of concrete competencies from psychological and scientific perspectives It was also found that the underlying ideas in the core competencies of CBC have the potency to bring out humans who are experiential and highly efficacious with the will to power to do tasks competently. This implies that, Kenya can navigate its development virility through competent and experiential education speculated in CBC. Due to problematized nature of CBC learning procedure, the researcher recommends the introduction of philosophy and ethics as a subject at the basic level of education to boost learners\u2019 critical thinking and creative skills as the pedestal for effecting other competencies envisioned in Basic Education Curriculum Framework .\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 384-392\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kevin Longino Mbehero<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundation, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Wamocha, Joseph Nasong\u2019o <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundation, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mukonyi Wanjala Phillip <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundation, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akinboye, G. (2005). Principles of Citizenship. Argument based on ideal Citizenship. Journal of Education and Research 11 (3), 23-56. Akinpelu J.A. (1981). An introduction to philosophy of education.Maxmillan Publishers Ltd, London.\r\n[2] Bandura, A. (1956). Social foundations of thought and action. New York: Prentice-Hall.\r\n[3] Beyer, B.K. (1995). How to Teach Critical-Thinking: Ten Cognitive Operations. California: California Academic Press.\r\n[4] Buber, M, (1958) I-thou and I-I relation in Learning. Myra trans. Bergman Ramos New York: Continuum Publishers.\r\n[5] Blake, J. (2014). New Digital Literacy in Learning: New York: MIT publishers.\r\n[6] Blaschke, M. (2018). Learning Approaches: Understanding the how of learning. Blaschke Center for Existential Learning Carl von Publishers.\r\n[7] Cohen, S. (2012). Dimensions of Education. New York: Edington Echo Liberty Publishers.\r\n[8] Chukwu, C, N (2011). Karl Jaspers Philosophy of Existence. Limuru: Zapf Chancery Publishers.\r\n[9] Dawson, M. (2016). Language Files and Analysis (12 ed). Ohio: Ohio State University.\r\n[10] Dewey, J. (1897). Pedagogic Creed. New York. Prometheus Publishers.\r\n[11] Dewey, J. (1899). School of Tomorrow. New York: E.P Dutton and Co. Publishers.\r\n[12] Dewey, J. (1899). The School and the Society. Chicago. Chicago University Press.\r\n[13] Dewey, J. (1902). The Child and the Curriculum. New York. E.P Dutton and Co. Publishers.\r\n[14] Dewey, J. (1904). The Relation of Theory to Practice in Education of Teachers: Illinois. Public School Publishing Company, Bloonington.\r\n[15] Dewey, J. (1910). How we Think. New York: Prometheus Publishers.\r\n[16] Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. New York: Edington Echo Liberty Publishers.\r\n[17] Dewey, J. (1920). Reconstruction in Philosophy. New York, H. Holt and Company.\r\n[18] Dewey, J. (1920). Reconstructionism philosophy in education. New York: Prometheus Publishers.\r\n[19] Dewey, J. (1929). Experience and Nature. New York: Doven Publishers\r\n[20] Dewey, J (1933). A Restatement of the Relation of Reflective Thinking to the Educative Process. Lexington MA: D.C. Publishers.\r\n[21] Dewey, J (1936). The Theory of learning: Chicago: Mayhew &amp; Edwards Publishers.\r\n[22] Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. New York. Dover Publications. Dewey, J (1948). Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Henry Holt and Company Publishers.\r\n[23] Dewey, J. (1949). Knowing and the Known. Lexington MA: D.C. Publishers.\r\n[24] Dewey, J. (1966). The Child and the Curriculum: Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n[25] Dewey, J. (2004). Education and Pragmatism. Chicago: Courier Corporation, Longman Publishers.\r\n[26] Freire, P. (1997). Education and Critical Consciousness. New York: Continuum Publishers.\r\n[27] Friedrich, H. (1994). An Introduction to Group Communication. Intra and Inter-personal Communication: Different Voices, Different Minds. Hillsdale: Hillsdale Publishers.\r\n[28] Haspelmath, M. (2017). Analytics and Synthetic Language. In language Variation European Perspectives (ICLaVE 8), Leipzig 2015. John Benjamin\u2019s Publishing Company. Heitin &amp; Liana (2016). What Is Digital Literacy Education?-Education. Retrieved 2020-03-15.\r\n[29] Jacquette, D (2002). Ontology. London: Acumen publishers.\r\n[30] KICD (2016). Needs Assessment Report. Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development.\r\n[31] KICD (2017). Basic Education Curriculum Framework. Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development.\r\n[32] Lonergan, B. (1992). Insight: A study of human understanding. Edited by Fredrick E, Crowe and Robert. M. Doran, vol.3 Toronto: University of Toronto press.\r\n[33] Lonergan, B. (2005). Foundation of Philosophy: Lonergan cognitional theory and epistemology. Nairobi: Consolata Institute of Philosophy.\r\n[34] Lonergan, B. (2006). The Role of Cognition in Creativity and Innovation. Lonergan cognitional theory. Nairobi: Consolata Institute of Philosophy.\r\n[35] Mattei, L. (2007). Creativity and Innovation in Education: Ideal nature of creative Learning Approaches. Lang\u2019ata: CUEA publishers.\r\n[36] Mondin, B. (2016). Philosophical Anthropology: Man; An Impossible Project? Bangalore: Theological Publications in India.\r\n[37] Moomaw, F. (1975). Competency and Capability. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.\r\n[38] Munyasia, N. (2017). Influence of B.O.M Teachers\u2019 Wage Bill on Provision of Quality Education in Public Secondary Schools in Gem Sub-County, Siaya-Kenya. Unpublished M.ED thesis, Maseno University, Kisumu.\r\n[39] Muneja, M. S. (2015). Secondary School Teachers&#8217; Implementation of the Competency-Based Curriculum in the Arusha Region, Tanzania. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, UNISA, Pretoria.\r\n[40] Nyasani, J. N. (2010). Legal Jurisprudence, Consolata Institute of Philosophy. Westland, Nairobi.\r\n[41] Nyasani &amp; Ogwora (1992). Epistemology: The theory of Knowledge.Nairobi: Consolata Institute of Philosophy.\r\n[42] Njoroge, J. Raphael &amp; Geraard A. Bennaars (1986). Philosophy and Education in Africa. Nairobi: Trans Africa Press, 1986.\r\n[43] Nyarwath, O. (2010). Traditional Logic. Nairobi: Consulate Institute of Philosophy.\r\n[44] Ozmon &amp; Craver (1981). Philosophical Foundations of (7th ed.) New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.\r\n[45] Peirce (1965). Principles of Existential Philosophy and Elements of Logic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.\r\n[46] Peter, R. S. (1966). An Introduction to Philosophy. DePaul &amp;Ramsey Publishers.\r\n[47] Sartre, J, P (1965). Existentialism is a Humanism (1st ed) Boston: Meridian publishing Company.\r\n[48] Sullivan, M. (2004). Conceptualization of Competency in Education. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 13(5), 34-46.\r\n[49] Smith, E. (1996). A Study of the Penetration of Competency-based learning in Australia:Research in Post-compulsory education. Vienna: Vienna Publishers.\r\n[50] Wanjohi, A. M. (2017). New Education System in Kenya: Excerpt from Basic Education Curriculum Framework. Retrieved October 6 2019 from http:\/\/schoolsnetkenya.com\/downloads\/new-education-system-in-kenya-an- excerpt-from-basic-education-curriculum-framework.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kevin Longino Mbehero, Prof. Wamocha, Joseph Nasong\u2019o and Dr. Mukonyi Wanjala Phillip, &#8220;Analysis of Core-competencies of Competency-based curriculum in the light of Deweyan Pragmatism in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.384-392 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/384-392.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/384-392.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-core-competencies-of-competency-based-curriculum-in-the-light-of-deweyan-pragmatism-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of Core-competencies of Competency-based curriculum in the light of Deweyan Pragmatism in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3028b3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3028b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b302992 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b302992\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b302b0c\" data-id=\"b302b0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b302c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b302c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b302ccf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b302ccf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b302e2f\" data-id=\"b302e2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b302f44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b302f44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30301b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30301b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b303185\" data-id=\"b303185\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3032a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3032a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b303340 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b303340\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b303488\" data-id=\"b303488\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30359b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30359b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b303635 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b303635\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b303797\" data-id=\"b303797\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3038a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3038a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b303946 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b303946\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b303aa9\" data-id=\"b303aa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b303bb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b303bb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b303c4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b303c4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b303de8\" data-id=\"b303de8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b303f18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b303f18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change Pattern on Food Security and the Coping Strategies of the Rural Communities in Monze District of Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bornface Mafwela, Prof. Dominic Byarugaba (PhD), Prof. John Bwalya (PhD)- February 2022- Page No.: 393-415<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b303fc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b303fc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3041b4\" data-id=\"b3041b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b304375 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b304375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis research is based on \u2018assessing the effects of the changing climate pattern on food security in Monze district of Southern province of Zambia\u2019. Its main purpose was to investigate compatibility issues related to improved crop varieties and how resilient the local community of Monze district in Southern province of Zambia respond to shocks as a result of changes in climate pattern. The study was guided by the following main research question \u2018What are some of the compatibility issues related to improved crop varieties and how do indigenous people respond to the effects of climate change in Monze district of Southern part of Zambia?\u2019\r\nBoth primary and secondary data were employed to collect the data used for analysis to birth this thesis. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, weight measurement of the U5s, and content analysis. Content analysis is a method of qualitative data analysis. Research participants included: key informants obtained from community leaders as well as officials from the Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Cooperatives, Ministry of Lands and Natural resources, Ministry of National Planning &amp; Budgeting under the department of Climate Change, women and men drawn from the emerging and small-scale farmers. Relevant literature from books, academic papers, journals, newspapers and the internet were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to interpret and further explain the facts on changing climate patterns and the security of food.\r\nThe results show that the district of Monze has been experiencing severe climatic changes making the inhabitants to initiate other several coping mechanisms. On the other hand, the results show that the rural dwellers of Monze district continued for over 3 years experiencing fluid food security (not static) and that 83 percent of this rural district had their food nutrition compromised. This is because most of the rural communities rely more on rain fed agriculture for survival, and in times when food was insecure, they opted to charcoal burning for sale, sending their children to other relatives in big cities for school, men marry several wives as cheap labour and opt to heavy drinking habits. Based on these findings, the study concluded that mean annual temperature and rainfall were not the main determinants of the rural household food security situation in Monze district. To deal with this contribution of effects of climatic change on food security, the study recommends that rural households begin to adopt other crops other than maize that can perform well under the prevailing climatic conditions. It is further recommended that the rural dwellers of Monze district should embark on other alternative ways of livelihoods and also consider running their agriculture enterprises as a business venture (typically for profit).\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 393-415\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6219<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bornface Mafwela<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUnited Church of Zambia Synod, Zambia\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Dominic Byarugaba (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. John Bwalya (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Andrew, J.A., (1997). 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Southern province rapid flood impact assessment report, January, Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee, Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, Office of the Vice-President, Lusaka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bornface Mafwela, Prof. Dominic Byarugaba (PhD), Prof. John Bwalya (PhD), &#8220;An Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change Pattern on Food Security and the Coping Strategies of the Rural Communities in Monze District of Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.393-415 February 2022 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3062ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3062ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30638f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30638f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3064d7\" data-id=\"b3064d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3065f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3065f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30668f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30668f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3067f6\" data-id=\"b3067f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b306912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b306912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship among Absenteeism, Lateness to Work, Turnover and Psychological Withdrawal Behaviour of Academic Staff and Administrative Effectiveness of Heads of Department of Universities in Edo State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Azelema, B.A. Ph.D &amp; Osumah, O.A. Ph.D &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 416-421<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3069b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3069b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b306b22\" data-id=\"b306b22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b306c4e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b306c4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study examined the relationship among academic staff absenteeism, lateness, turnover and psychological withdrawal behaviours and administrative effectiveness of heads of academic departments of the universities in Edo State. One hypothesis was formulated and tested in the study. The study adopted the combination of survey method and correlational research design. The academic staff of all the three public universities and four private universities in Edo State were selected for the study. A sample of 246 respondents representing approximately 10 percent of the population was drawn using the multi-stage sampling technique. The Cronbach reliability was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. The hypothesis was tested using the multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study showed that an inverse significant relationship exists among academic staff withdrawal behaviours (absenteeism, lateness to work, staff turnover and psychological withdrawal behaviour) and administrative effectiveness of the Heads of Departments in the Universities in Edo State. The study consequently recommended among others that: the university authorities should incorporate staff records on withdrawal behaviours in annual personnel appraisal to raise staff consciousness on them.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 416-421\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Azelema, B.A. Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Education, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Osumah, O.A. Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counseling, Faculty of Education, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aniefiok O. E. &amp; Uduak I. E. (2017). Administrative challenges of academic Heads of Department in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences (MCSER) 8,2, 129-136.\r\n[2] Aseye, P. K.(2016). Challenges in controlling lateness, absenteeism and labourturnover.A case study Of Christ Apostolic University College, Kwadaso, Kumasi. An unpublished thesis submitted to the Department of Managerial Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.\r\n[3] Beehr, T.A. &amp; Gupta, N. (1978).A note on structure of employee withdrawal.OrganisationalBehaviour and Human Performance, 21, 73 \u2013 79.\r\n[4] Erdemli, O. (2015). Teachers\u2019 withdrawal behaviours and their relationship with work ethnics. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, issue 60, 201-220.\r\n[5] Falkenburg, K. &amp; Schyn, B. (2007). Work satisfaction, organizational commitment and withdrawal behaviours. Management Research News, 30, 10, 708 \u2013 723.\r\n[6] Federal Republic of Nigeria (2013).National Policy on Education (6th Edition). Lagos: Federal Ministry of Information, NERDC Printing Division.\r\n[7] Kaplan, S., Bradley, J.C, Lackman, J.N. &amp; Haynes, D. (2009). On the role of positive and negative affectivity in job performance: a meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1, 162 \u2013 176.\r\n[8] National Bureau of Statistics (2016).Unemployment and underemployed watch in Nigeria- (Quarter 4).National Bureau of Statistics publication, Abuja, NBS press.\r\n[9] Ndukwe, C., Ikechukwu, O. U. &amp; Onele, J. C (2017). Leadership styles and the politics of institutional management of state-owned universities in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence FromEbsu, South-Eastern Geo Political Zone, Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IJHSS), 4,6, 91-102\r\n[10] Omoike, D.O. (2007). Administrative effectiveness of Heads of Academic Departments in Nigerian Universities. An unpublished Ph.D thesis submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, of the University of Benin, Benin-City.\r\n[11] Smith, J.R. Mucich, L. A. &amp; McWilliams, D.L (2016).Organisational citizenship and employee withdrawal behaviour in the work place.International Journal of Human Resources Studies 6(3) 43-61.\r\n[12] Terry, A.B. &amp; Gupta, N. (1978).A note on the structure of employee withdrawal: Organizational behaviour and human performance. Illinois: Illinois State University Academic Press.\r\n[13] Uchenna\u201a C.O. (2013). Counter Productive work behaviour among employees in emotionally demanding jobs: the roles of perceived organisational support\u201a job burnout and age. Nigerian Journal of Applied Behavioural Sciences. 1(1)\u201a 105-114.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Azelema, B.A. Ph.D &amp; Osumah, O.A. Ph.D , &#8220;Relationship among Absenteeism, Lateness to Work, Turnover and Psychological Withdrawal Behaviour of Academic Staff and Administrative Effectiveness of Heads of Department of Universities in Edo State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.416-421 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/416-421.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/416-421.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-among-abseteeism-lateness-to-work-turnover-and-psychological-withdrawl-behaviour-of-academic-staff-and-administrative-effectiveness-of-heads-of-department-of-universities-in-edo-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relationship among Absenteeism, Lateness to Work, Turnover and Psychological Withdrawal Behaviour of Academic Staff and Administrative Effectiveness of Heads of Department of Universities in Edo State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b307abd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b307abd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b307b93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b307b93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b307d08\" data-id=\"b307d08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b307e1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b307e1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b307eba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b307eba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30800d\" data-id=\"b30800d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b308122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b308122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3081bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3081bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"b3084c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30860f\" data-id=\"b30860f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b308717 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b308717\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3087b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3087b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b308903\" data-id=\"b308903\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b308a07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b308a07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b308aa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b308aa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b308be6\" data-id=\"b308be6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b308cfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b308cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b308d95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b308d95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b308f01\" data-id=\"b308f01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30900d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30900d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Agriculture and Ignorance: A review of the benefits of rice by-products overlooked by Ugandan rice farmers<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Apollo Uma, Joseph Mbuta Munyentwari, Anthony Emaru- February 2022- Page No.: 422-434<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3090c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3090c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30925e\" data-id=\"b30925e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3093b9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3093b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nUganda produces 350,000 MT of rice annually which translates to 472,500 MT of rice straw, 70,000 MT of husks, 35,000 MT of bran, and 49,000 MT of broken rice. Rice straw and husks are usually burned as waste or buried while rice bran is largely used for livestock feeding purposes. Broken rice is fully consumed to an extent that it is imported. The limited utilization of rice by-products by farmers in Uganda indicates that numerous benefits are overlooked and thus missed out. The benefits overlooked range from agricultural importance, biogas potential, weaving, paper production, biochar generation, silica for concrete industries, briquette making, human health, bakery, and catering services. Rice by-products represent profound health, income, agricultural and industrial hidden potential. Judging by the steady increase in the production of rice in Uganda, the generation of waste from rice production will also increase as much as the increase in rice production. Creating awareness about the negative impacts of inappropriate disposal of rice by-products on the environment is pertinent. Potential new uses of rice by-products with the potential to improve farmers\u2019 socio-economic conditions when used appropriately and sustainably should be given priority. Creating the perfect basic needs such as logistical facilities, courses and training for farmers, millers, officials as well as research for the by-products development in the country is very critical. There is need to widely emphasize the health and nutritional benefits of rice bran at the farmer level as a cheaper form of treatment in the long run..\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 422-434\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Apollo Uma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University-Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Mbuta Munyentwari<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University-Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anthony Emaru<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Crops, Horticulture, and Soils, Egerton University-Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahmed, T., Ahmad, B., &amp; Ahmad, W. (2015). Why do farmers burn rice residue? Examining farmers\u2019 choices in Punjab, Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 47, 448\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.05.004\r\n[2] Akongo, G. O., Gombya-Ssembajjwe, W., Buyinza, M., &amp; Namaalwa, J. J. (2017). Characterisation of Rice Production Systems in Northern Agro-Ecological Zone, Uganda. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10(1), 272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/jas.v10n1p272\r\n[3] Alibu, S., Otim, M., Okello, S., Lamo, J., Ekobu, M., &amp; Asea, G. (2016). Farmer\u2019s Knowledge and Perceptions on Rice Insect Pests and Their Management in Uganda. Agriculture, 6(3), 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agriculture6030038\r\n[4] Amita, G. (2019). Rice by product: Utilization of by-product from rice mill, rice husk, rice bran. https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/AmitaGautam4\/rice-by-product-139094802\r\n[5] Anderson, Learch, C., &amp; Gardener, S. (2016). 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Assessing the Importance of Rice as Food and Income Security Crop in Puti-puti Sub-county, Pallisa District, Uganda. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(5), 532\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/AJEA\/2014\/6701\r\n[11] Buggenhout, J., Brijs, K., Celus, I., &amp; Delcour, J. A. (2013). The breakage susceptibility of raw and parboiled rice: A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 117(3), 304\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.03.009\r\n[12] Campenhout, B. V. (2021). The Role of Information in Agricultural Technology Adoption: Experimental Evidence from Rice Farmers in Uganda. International Food Policy Research Institute and KU Leuven Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance (LICOS, 34.\r\n[13] CopRice. (2020). Rice bran. Rice Milling Process. https:\/\/www.coprice.com.au\/product\/rice-bran\/\r\n[14] EADD. (2010). East Africa Dairy Development Project Baseline Surveys Report 3: Feeds and Feeding Practices. East African Dairy development.\r\n[15] El-Sobky, E.-S. E. A. (2017). Effect of burned rice straw, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 62(1), 113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aoas.2017.05.007\r\n[16] FAO. (2018). National gender profile of agriculture and rural livelihoods. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i8436en\/I8436EN.pdf\r\n[17] Finance Tribune. (2015). Overlooked Benefits of Rice By-Products. Financial Tribune. https:\/\/financialtribune.com\/articles\/economy-business-and-markets\/15405\/overlooked-benefits-of-rice-by-products\r\n[18] Hanafi, E. M., Khadrawy, H. H. E., Ahmed, W. M., &amp; Zaabal, M. M. (2012). Some Observations on Rice Straw with Emphasis on Updates of its Management. 8.\r\n[19] Hong, S., Hwang, S., Lamo, J., Nampamya, D., &amp; Park, T.-S. (2021). The Current Status of Opportunities for Rice Cultivation in Uganda. 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Uganda Bureau of Statistics.https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/03_2018Statistical_Abstract_2015.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Apollo Uma, Joseph Mbuta Munyentwari, Anthony Emaru, &#8220;Agriculture and Ignorance: A review of the benefits of rice by-products overlooked by Ugandan rice farmers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.422-434 February 2022 URL: 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30b582 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30b582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30b63f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30b63f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30b7c4\" data-id=\"b30b7c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30b8d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30b8d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluating Basic Skills Acquired by Graduating Students in Public Universities in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ihechi Florence Jack (Ph.D), and Obeten, O. Okoi- February 2022- Page No.: 435-441<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30b979 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30b979\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30baf2\" data-id=\"b30baf2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30bc37 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b30bc37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study investigated how basic skills can be acquired for job creation of university graduates in Rivers State, Nigeria. Two objectives were stated, two research questions guided the study and two hypotheses were also tested. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population was 17,628 university graduating students comprising 10,000 male, 7,628 female from the three Universities in Rivers State. A sample of 408 respondents comprising 246 male and 162 female was drawn using stratified random sampling technique. The instrument used to generate data was self-designed questionnaire that has reliability coefficient of 0.82. The data generated were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions, while z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that each of the basic skills components such as production skills and agricultural skills can create jobs for university graduating students in Rivers State who practice them economically by having them to either become gainfully employed or self-employed. Based on the findings, conclusion was drawn and the following recommendations among others were made: Government should lay more emphasis on the development and teaching of basic skills as general courses in the Universities. University administrators should monitor and supervise adequately the teaching and learning of basic skills in their various institutions.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 435-441\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ihechi Florence Jack (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt. Rivers State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obeten, O. Okoi. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Educational Foundation Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akoloh, R. G. (2017). The future of sustainability: Re-thinking environment and development in the Twenty-first Century. Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 2931 January 2006.\r\n[2] Asodike, J. D. (2016). Skill acquisition and entrepreneurship education in J. M. Ebong, J. D. Asodike &amp; N. J.Izuagba, (Eds.), Economics of Education: Expository issues, 227-246. Eagle lithograph press.\r\n[3] Atopan A. V. (2015). The effects of education on agricultural productivity under traditional and improved technology in Northern Nigeria: An indigenous switching regression analysis. Journal of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 1(4), 117-126.\r\n[4] Babalola, J. B. (2017). Reinventing higher education for the youth employment in a competitive global economy. A lecture material in the Department of Educational Administration and Planning, University of Calabar, Calabar.\r\n[5] Balogun, T. F. (2015). Attacking unemployment hurdles in the fragile economies of the Sub-Sahara Africa. Unpublished paper presented at a Conference of Economics for the Future, University of Calabar, Nigeria.\r\n[6] Barkey, D. C. (2017). The culture of fashion: A new history of fashionable dress. Manchester University Press.\r\n[7] Collard, P. (2014). Creativity, Culture and Education: Skills for the creative industries. College Continuing Education, 15 &#8211; 21.\r\n[8] Cray, T. (2016). Entrepreneurial education\u2019s effect on rural economic development. http:\/\/www.umpi.maine.edu.\r\n[9] Davidson, A. M. (2015). Education in the creative Economy: Knowledge and learning in the age of innovation. University of Calabar press.\r\n[10] Dike, V. W. (2000). School and non-educational training and successful implementation of skill Acquisition. Unpublished lectures notes.\r\n[11] Ekere, C. (2014) Non-book media for effective implementation of the skill acquisition programme. Unpublished lecture materials.\r\n[12] Encyclopedia Britannica (23 February 2016). Furniture. Archived from the original.\r\n[13] Federal Ministry of Education (2013). Education sector analysis. Sector diagnosis. A report framework for reengineering the education sector. Federal ministry of education, Abuja.\r\n[14] GEM Initiative (2013). Fostering entrepreneurial mindset through education and learning. Entrepreneurship education in Europe, unpublished lecture notes.\r\n[15] Harper, Douglas. Photograph. Online Etymology Dictionary. http:\/\/www.photograph.187.org.\r\n[16] Obeten, O. O. (2021). Creative skills in economic sustainability of secondary school graduates in Cross River State, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Port Harcourt.\r\n[17] Ogumisoh, R. O. (2018). The rise of the creative class and how it\u2019s transforming Work, Leisure, community and everyday life. Basic Books.\r\n[18] Okeke, C. L. (2012). Planning curriculum for entrepreneurial education. Business Education Forum, 47(3), 19-29.\r\n[19] Okoneka, J. A. (2016). The creative economy: How people make money from ideas. Penguin Global.\r\n[20] Ozofor, M. L. (2016). Entrepreneurship education: opportunity in search of curriculum. Mo centre for entrepreneurial leadership.\r\n[21] Ribawa, P. A. (2018). Quality Shoe &amp;Handbag Repairs. Ematex press.\r\n[22] Robert, D. Micheal, P. &amp; Dean, A. (2014). Creativity as an entrepreneurship. McGraw \u2013 Hill\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ihechi Florence Jack (Ph.D), and Obeten, O. Okoi, &#8220;Evaluating Basic Skills Acquired by Graduating Students in Public Universities in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.435-441 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/435-441.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/435-441.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluating-basic-skills-acquired-by-graduating-students-in-public-universities-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluating Basic Skills Acquired by Graduating Students in Public Universities in Rivers State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30ca0c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b30ca0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30cae5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30cae5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30cc49\" data-id=\"b30cc49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30cd69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30cd69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30ce08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30ce08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30cf57\" data-id=\"b30cf57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30d065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30d065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30d105 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30d105\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30d251\" data-id=\"b30d251\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30d360 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30d360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30d3f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30d3f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30d53e\" data-id=\"b30d53e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30d646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30d646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30d6e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30d6e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30d826\" data-id=\"b30d826\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30d92d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30d92d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30d9c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30d9c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30db0d\" data-id=\"b30db0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30dc15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30dc15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30dcb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30dcb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30de13\" data-id=\"b30de13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30df2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30df2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Work engagement and Burnout in Christian Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of the Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)- February 2022- Page No.: 442-450<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30dfc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30dfc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30e14e\" data-id=\"b30e14e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30e29e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b30e29e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMinistry burnout is a global issue of concern among the Church ministers worldwide. Studies have shown that most Church ministers leave ministry prematurely due to burnout, which affects their commitment to the Church. Based on the global concern of burnout in ministry among Church ministers, the study was guided by the following objectives: To establish the levels of worker engagement among the Catholic religious men and women working in Lodwar Diocese Kenya; to determine the relationship between work engagement and burnout in Christian ministry among the Catholic religious men and women working in Lodwar Diocese Kenya. The study adopted an embedded mixed-method research design specifically correlational and phenomenological designs. Using census and convenience sampling, a sample size of 131 Catholic religious men and women were included in the study. Quantitative data were collected using standardized questionnaires and qualitative data was collected using Focus Group Discussion Guide. Before the actual data collection, pre-testing of standardized instruments was carried out to ensure its reliability and validity. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis using SPSS Version 32, while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings showed that work engagement was above average. This is because all the subscales of work engagement scored a mean above 2.5. Specifically, the subscale of dedication had the highest mean (mean=4.11, SD=.45), followed by vigour (mean=3.79, SD=.51) and absorption (mean=3.55, SD=.56). The study found a weak negative and significant association between vigour and depersonalization (r=-0.199, p&gt;0.05), as well as a weak positive and significant relationship between vigour and personal accomplishment (r=0.228, p&gt;0.05).\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 442-450\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Youth Studies, School of Arts and Social Sciences\r\nTangaza University College, Catholic University of Eastern Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adewale, A. A. (2020). &#8220;Influence of work engagement on job burnout among librarians in university libraries in Nigeria&#8221;. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 4017.\r\n[2] Angus, C.H., Kuok, V. T., Chris, F., Elisa, M., &amp; Ana, C. (2020). The Effect of Self-Efficacy and Role Understanding on Teachers\u2019 Emotional Exhaustion and Work Engagement in Inclusive Education in Macao (SAR), International Journal of Disability, Development and Education.\r\n[3] Artyom, S., &amp; Nicola, K. (2017). An Evaluation of the Effects of Corporate Reputation on Employee Engagement: The Case of a Major Bank in South Africa, International Studies of Management &amp; Organization, 47(3), 276-292, DOI: 10.1080\/00208825.2017.1318023.\r\n[4] Brigitte, S., Vivian, H., Kara, B., Tara, G., &amp; Ric, M. (2020). Dare to Care: Exploring the Relationships between Socio-Moral Climate, Perceived Stress, and Work Engagement in a Social Service Agency, Journal of Social Service Research, 46(3), 394-405, DOI: 10.1080\/01488376.2019.1575324.\r\n[5] Claartje, L. T. Hoeve., Ward, V. Z., &amp; Kathryn, L. F. (2016). The Practical Paradox of Technology: The Influence of Communication Technology use on Employee Burnout and Engagement, Communication Monographs, 83(2), 239-263, DOI: 10.1080\/03637751.2015.1133920\r\n[6] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.\r\n[7] Donna K. C., Katarina K. B., &amp; Juanita, M. W. (2019). The Role of Public Service Motivation in Employee Work Engagement: A Test of the Job Demands- Resources Model. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(9), 765-775, DOI: 10.1080\/01900692.2018.1517265.\r\n[8] Elisa, C., Annekatrin, H., Vivian, S., &amp; Deirdre, O. (2020). Occupational Self-Efficacy and Work Engagement as Moderators in the Stressor-Detachment Model, Work &amp; Stress,35 (1), 74-92. DOI: 10.1080\/02678373.2020.1743790.\r\n[9] Erica L. L., Andrew, J. G., &amp; Nathan, A. (2019). Spirituality and Worker Well-Being: Examining The Relationship Between Spirituality, Job Burnout, and Work Engagement, Journal of Religion &amp; Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 38(2), 197-216, DOI: 10.1080\/15426432.2019.1577787.\r\n[10] Jason, M. (2020). Workplace Engagement of Librarians and Library Staff, Journal of Library Administration, 60 (1), 22-40, DOI: 10.1080\/01930826.2019.1671037.\r\n[11] Jiying, H., Brian, E. P., Hongbiao, Y. &amp; Yamin, L. (2020). Faculty Stressors and their Relations to Teacher Efficacy, Engagement and Teaching Satisfaction, Higher Education Research &amp; Development,40(2), 247-262. DOI: 10.1080\/07294360.2020.1756747.\r\n[12] Katja, U., &amp; Katariina, S. (2020). Social Demands and Resources Predict Job Burnout and Engagement Profiles among Finnish Employees, Anxiety, Stress, &amp; Coping, 33(4), 403-415, DOI: 10.1080\/10615806.2020.1746285.\r\n[13] Marja K. K., Janne, K., Christina, L. K., Ahti, S., &amp; Hanna-Riitta, K. (2018). Job Resources and Work Engagement among Finnish Dairy Farmers, Journal of Agromedicine, 23(3), 249-261, DOI: 10.1080\/1059924X.2018.1470047.\r\n[14] Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A Multidimensional Perspective. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, &amp; T. Marek (Eds.), Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research (Pp. 19\u201332). Philadelphia: Taylor &amp; Francis.\r\n[15] Maslach, C., &amp; Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (2nd Ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.\r\n[16] Maslach, C., &amp; Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd Ed.). Mountain View: CPP.\r\n[17] Maslach, C., &amp; Leiter, M.P. (1997). The Truth about Burnout. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\r\n[18] Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E. &amp; Leiter, M. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). In C. Maslach, S.E. Jackson, &amp; M.P. Leiter (Eds), MBI Manual, 3rd Ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.\r\n[19] McLeod, S. A. (2019). Sampling methods. Simply Psychology. https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/sampling.html\r\n[20] Naude, J. L. P., &amp; Rothmann, S. (2004). The Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory \u2013 Human Services Survey for Emergency Medical Technicians in Gauteng. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 30 (3), 21-28.\r\n[21] Sarisik, M., Bogan, E., Zengin, B., &amp; Dedeoglu, B. B. (2019). The impact of burnout on organizational commitment: A study of public sector employees in Turkey. Journal of Global Business Insights, 4(2), 106-118.\r\n[22] Schaufeli, W.B., &amp; Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 293-315.\r\n[23] Stephen, B. T. (2013). &#8220;The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employee engagement on intent to leave among public school teachers in south Louisiana&#8221;. LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1311\r\n[24] Storm, K. &amp; Rothmann, S. (2003). A psychometric analysis of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in the South African Police Service. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29 (4), 62-70.\r\n[25] Ugwu, F.O. (2013). Work Engagement in Nigeria: Adaptation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Nigerian samples. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research, 1 (3), 16-26.\r\n[26] Vukani, J. P. (2017). Association between Work Engagement and Dimensions of Burnout among Catholic Priests in Durban Metro, South Africa. http:\/\/repository.tangaza.ac.ke\/\r\n[27] Xuebing, S., &amp; Siu-Man, N. (2019). The Differential Impacts of Collective Psychological Ownership and Membership Identification on Work Burnout and Engagement, Journal of Social Service Research, 45(1), 44-58, DOI: 10.1080\/01488376.2018.1479340.\r\n[28] Yin, N. (2017). The Effect of Job Engagement on Job Burnout and Job Performance: The Moderating Effect of Organizational Justice. International Journal of Business and Management, 12 (5),1-15.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD), &#8220;Work engagement and Burnout in Christian Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of the Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.442-450 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/442-450.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/442-450.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/work-engagement-and-burnout-in-christian-ministry-among-catholic-religious-men-and-women-working-in-rural-areas-a-case-of-the-lodwar-diocese-in-turkana-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Work engagement and Burnout in Christian Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of the Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-b30f188 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30f188\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30f304\" data-id=\"b30f304\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30f421 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30f421\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30f4c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30f4c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30f61c\" data-id=\"b30f61c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30f72b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30f72b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30f7c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30f7c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30f919\" data-id=\"b30f919\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30fa28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30fa28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30fac3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30fac3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b30fc09\" data-id=\"b30fc09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30fd0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30fd0c\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30fffd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b310097 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b310097\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31021f\" data-id=\"b31021f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31033b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31033b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3103e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3103e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b310555\" data-id=\"b310555\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b310666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b310666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Primary School Teachers\u2019 Mastery Number Base System in the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Mathematics Curriculum <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>DUKU, Tracy Elohor- February 2022- Page No.: 451-462<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b310704 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b310704\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b310892\" data-id=\"b310892\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3109e1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3109e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study examined primary school teachers\u2019 mastery of number base system in Universal Basic Education (UBE) mathematics curriculum in Delta Central Senatorial District. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which primary school teachers have mastery of number base system in the studied area. Four research questions were raised alongside four null hypotheses which were tested at 0.05 level of significance to guide the study. The research design used was descriptive research design. The population of the study consist of 4969 teachers in public primary schools with a sample size of 357 teachers. The research instrument was mathematics question used to determine the extent to which primary school teachers have the mastery of the concept (number base system). The validity of the instrument was established with the use of table of specification. The reliability was established using test-retest method for establishing the stability of the question which yields an alpha reliability coefficient of 0.85. The hypotheses were tested by using independent t-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that male, urban, experienced and university qualification of primary school teachers have a slight difference in their mean when compared to female, rural, less experienced and NCE qualifications of primary school teachers\u2019 mastery of number base system in Universal Basic Education Mathematics Curriculum. The researcher recommended that: Teachers training institutions in the country should give adequate training to both male and female primary school teachers\u2019 mastery of number base systems in mathematics, Primary school teachers in the federation should be guided by the curriculum planners on how to implement the new mathematics curriculum.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 451-462\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6220<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>DUKU, Tracy Elohor<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling (Measurement and Evaluation Unit) Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abidogun, B.G. (2006). Education sector reforms and childhood education for development in Nigeria. Edo: Ress Publishers.\r\n[2] Aboyi, E. A. (2004). General trends in Nigeria implications for counselors and counseling service. In school of Education C.O.E. Oju Book of Reading (Ed) Otukpo. Brains Books.\r\n[3] Abubakar, B. A. (2014). Education and sustainable national development in Nigeria: Challenges and way forward. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 19: 25-37.\r\n[4] Adeniran, T. (1999, 29th November). Implementation of the UBE (summit). National Mini-Summit on the Implementation of the UBE Scheme at Sheraton Hotel and Towers Abuja.\r\n[5] Adetula, D., Adesina, K., Owolabi, F. &amp; Ojeka S. (2017). Investment in education for the Nigerian economic development Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 22(1), 2-17 Linn, R.I. &amp; Gronlund, N.E. (2000). Measurement and assessment in teaching (8th edition): Upper Saddle River New Jersey Prentice Hall.\r\n[6] Amazigo, J.C. (2000). Mathematics phobia diagnosis and prescription. National Mathematical Centre(NMC) first Annual Lecture, Abuja.\r\n[7] Azuka, B.F (2009). Teach Yourself Senior Secondary School Mathematics. (1st Ed) Marvelous mike press, Abuja.\r\n[8] Badmus, G. A. (2002). Curriculum Development and Changes in Mathematics Education in Nigeria. A Paper presented during the Mathematics Education Summit at NMC, Abuja.\r\n[9] Ball, D. L., Hill, H.C. &amp; Rowan, B. (2005). Effects of Teachers&#8217; Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching on Student Achievement. American Educational Research Journal 42(2):371-406 DOI:10.3102\/00028312042002371\r\n[10] Darling \u2013 Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 8 (1), 22-26.\r\n[11] Edho O. G. (2009). The Challenges affecting the Implementation of the Universal Basic Education (Ube) In Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 20 (3), 183 \u2013 187.\r\n[12] Ezeilo, J.O.C., Obioma, G.O. (1991). Nurturing Mathematics in African Environment. Paper delivered at the 21st Annual Research Conference by the International Centre of Insect Phsiology and Ecology Duduville, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n[13] Harbor- Peters, V.F. &amp; Ogoamaka, P.M.C. (1991). A survey of primary school teachers\u201f Mastery of School mathematics contents. ABACUS: A Journal of Mathematical Association of Nigeria (MAN), 21 (1), 45-47.\r\n[14] Hornby, A.S. (2001). Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary of Current English (6th Ed) Oxford University press, New York. Ibotu, U. (2000). Mathematics teachers seek government support. Sunday Vanguard, 23 (10567)\r\n[15] Human Rights Law (2015). www.un.org.\r\n[16] Joachim, M.J. (2005). The definition of a teacher. Retrieved on 16th November 2009 http\/\/www.helium.com\/items\/1386994-learners-definition-what-is-a-teacher-pigget-lifelog-learningknowledgr-skillsschools.\r\n[17] Kurumeh, M.S. &amp; Imoko, B.I. (2008). Universal Basic Education. A way forward for the development of primary school pupils in mathematics education. Journal of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria (MAN), 33 (1), 49-56. Lassa, P.N. (1978). A survey of training received in mathematics by grade two teachers. A paper presented at the National Seminar on Primary and Teacher Education Mathematics Syllabus. Lagos,26-30 September.\r\n[18] Lassa, P.N. (2009). Training Received in Mathematics by Grade II Teachers ABACUS, J. Mathematical Assoc. of Nig.\r\n[19] Nitko, A. J. Brookhart. S. M. (2010). Educational Assessment of Students, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall.\r\n[20] Nurudeen, T.S. (2007). Secondary school students\u201f misconceptions in solving mathematical problems. ABACUS. The Journal of Mathematical Association of Nigeria (MAN), 32 (1), 84-102\r\n[21] Nwauzi, L. O. &amp; George-Ibikiri, S. (2018). The right to education in Nigeria: An appraisal. African Journal of Law and Criminology, 8(1), 12-21.\r\n[22] Obioma, G. (2007). 9-Year Basic Education Curriculum. NERDC Press.\r\n[23] Obioma, G.O. &amp; Ohuche, R.O(1983). Perceived competencies in elementary mathematics of some Primary School Teachers. A paper presented to the Conference on Teacher Effectiveness at the University of Ibadan, 28th-29th November.\r\n[24] Obodo, G.C. (2000). Mathematics: A language for computers in the new millennium. Implication for Nigeria. Proceeding of Annual Conference of MAN.\r\n[25] Ochepa, I.A. &amp; Sanni, S.O (2002). Effects of practical discussion outside the classroom on students\u201f performance in mathematics. ABACUS: The Journal of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria (MAN),2 (1), 45-49.\r\n[26] Ocheta, W &amp;Olele, C.N (2009). Emergent Issues in Universal Basic Education in Nigeria, Onitsha: West and Solomon Publishing coy Ltd.\r\n[27] Odili, G.A. &amp; Asuru, A.V. (2010). Primary school teachers\u2019 mastery of primary school Mathematics content. Journal of Science and Technology Education Research,1(3), 55 \u2013 61.\r\n[28] Odili, G.A. (2006). Mathematics in Nigeria Secondary Schools: A teaching perspective. Anachuna educational books, Port Harcourt.\r\n[29] Ohuche, R.O &amp; Obioma, G.O. (1983, 28th-29th November). Perceived competencies in elementary mathematics of some primary school teachers (Conference paper) bbeing a paper presentation on teacher effectiveness at the University of Ibadan,\r\n[30] Okafor, A.A. (2001). Mathematics and Science Education: Strategies for improving the instructional techniques in Nigeria Secondary School: Journal of Science and Computer Education, Enugu State. University of Science and Technology. 1 (1), 6-10.\r\n[31] Okoro, M. (2011), Funding teacher education: a catalyst for enhancing the universal basic education in imo state of Nigeria..Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs).https:\/\/scholarship.shu.edu\/dissertations\/436\r\n[32] Perkins, J. .A. (1968). The International Conference on the World Crisis in Education: Summary Report of the Conference Chairman. Journal of Educational Administration, 6(1), 3-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/eb009616\r\n[33] Salman, M.F. (2005). Teachers\u201f identification of the difficulty levels of topics in the primary school mathematics curriculum in Kwara State, ABACUS. The Journal of Mathematical Association of Nigeria. (MAN), 30 (1), 20-29.\r\n[34] United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (1993). Education for All: Status and Trends. Paris (France)\r\n[35] Universal Basic Education Commission, (2009). 2006 National assessment of Universal Basic Education Programme (NAUBEP) Abuja: Universal Basic Education Commission.\r\n[36] Usman, K.O. (2002). The need to retain in-service mathematics teachers for the attainment of the objectives of Universal Basic Education (UBE), The Journal of the Mathematics Association of Nigeria (MAN), 27 (1), 37-44.\r\n[37] Usman, K.O. (2003). Influence of Shortage of Human Resources on the Effective Instruction of Mathematics in Secondary Schools. The Journal of World Council of Curriculum and Instruction (WCCI) Nigeria Chapter, 4 (2), 176-184.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">DUKU, Tracy Elohor, &#8220;Assessment of Primary School Teachers\u2019 Mastery Number Base System in the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Mathematics Curriculum &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.451-462 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6220<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/451-462.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-primary-school-teachers-mastery-number-base-system-in-the-universal-basic-education-ube-mathematics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of Primary School Teachers\u2019 Mastery Number Base System in the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Mathematics Curriculum <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b311830 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b311f69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3120c0\" data-id=\"b3120c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3121cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3121cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31226b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31226b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3123bd\" data-id=\"b3123bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3124c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3124c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b312568 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b312568\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3126aa\" data-id=\"b3126aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3127b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3127b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b312853 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b312853\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3129c2\" data-id=\"b3129c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b312b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b312b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b312bb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b312bb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b312d2c\" data-id=\"b312d2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b312e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b312e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Management of Academic Distractions among Undergraduates for Educational Goal Attainment in Universities in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Patricia C. Ukaigwe, &amp; Dr. Jonathan Efe Emeni &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 463-470<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b312ed7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b312ed7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b313050\" data-id=\"b313050\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31317f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b31317f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated management of academic distractions among undergraduates for educational goal attainment in universities in Rivers State. Descriptive survey design was used. The population of this study consisted of 3806 academic staff of the three Universities in Rivers State. A sample of 788 teaching staff of the three Universities representing 20.7% of the population served as respondents. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select the teaching staff. A 20-item questionnaire titled Management of Academic Distractions Among Undergraduates for Educational Goal Attainment in Universities Questionnaire (MADAUEGAQ) was used. A test re-test method was used to ascertain a reliability coefficient of 0.77. The mean and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while the z-test statistics was employed to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result among others revealed that,the factors responsible for academic distraction among undergraduate students are students engagements in romantic relationships, undue school politics\/ unionism, excessive internet surfing during class periods\/at home like face booking or chatting among others and the ways to manage academic distraction is for school management to advertise all sorts of prohibitions via the notice boards, organizing periodic seminars and talk shows to quell distractions during institutional occasions like matriculation, moral restraint by parents through the reformation of religious and moral education as component of GES courses. It was recommended that administrators should establish specific laws, rules and regulations to guide the conduct of students in their academic pursuit.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 463-470\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Patricia C. Ukaigwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jonathan Efe Emeni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adegoke, A.A. (2012). Adolescents in Africa: The role of context and process in developmental trajectories. The ninety-ninth inaugural lecture, University of Ilroin.\r\n[2] Adeyemi T.O., Ekundayo, H.T. &amp; Alonge, H.O. (2010). Managing student\u2019s crisis in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Journal of Research in National Development, 8 (1), 22-35.\r\n[3] Bernales, A. M. J., &amp; Colonia, F. (2011). The Effects of Romantic Relationships on the Academic Performance of University of the Philippines \u2013 Cebu College Students (A.Y. 2011-2012) University of the Philippines Press.\r\n[4] Damavandi, A. J., Mahyuddin, R., Elias, H. &amp; Daud, S. M. (2011). Academic achievement of students with different learning styles. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 3(2), 186-192.\r\n[5] Jack, T, D. (2014). Environmental conditions for academic staff performance in public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Department of Educational Management. University of Port Harcourt.\r\n[6] Kopfler, M. E. (2013). Effects of romantic relationships on academic performance. http:\/\/www.webclearinghouse.net\/volume\/6\/KOPFLEREffectsofR.php.\r\n[7] Madrine, K. E (2015). Behaviour Disorders related to drug abuse among secondary school students in Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice. 6(19), 170-178.\r\n[8] Malita, L. (2011). Social media time management tools and tips. Procedia Comput. Sci., 3 (2), 747\u2013753.\r\n[9] Matsumoto, M. (2011). What is a romantic relatonship? http:\/\/masafumimatsumoto.com\/romanticrelationship\r\n[10] Mraja. M. (2000). Islamic Religious Education Teaching in Schools and Colleges Below Average, in Al-Islam,Quarterly Journal. 24 (3), 26- 29.\r\n[11] Nwachi, I.F. (2017). Managing academic distractions among undergraduates for quality education delivery in universities in public secondary schools in Rivers State. Unpublished Med. Dissertation, Department of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt.\r\n[12] Ogbonnaya, N. I. (2009). Foundation of Education Finance: Cape publishers international limited.\r\n[13] Okon, J.E., Arop, F.O., Osim, R.O &amp; Ukpong, N.N (2020). Principals\u2019 Management of School Material Resources and Secondary Education Goal Attainment: A Case Study of Secondary School Managers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The Journal of Social Sciences Research 6, Issue. (9), 856-864.\r\n[14] Okwulehie, U. (2017). Conflict management strategies in the administration of public secondary schools in Rivers State. Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Department of Educational Foundation, National Open University of Nigeria.\r\n[15] Sapountzi, A., Psannis, K.E. (2018). Social networking data analysis tools &amp; challenges. Future Generation Computation System. 86, 893\u2013913.\r\n[16] Smith, A., &amp; Rainie, L., &amp; Zickuhr, K. (2011). College students and technology. Pew Internet and American Life Project. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/Reports\/2011\/College-students-and technology\/Report.aspx.\r\n[17] Torngee, M. (2013). Prevalenceof Psychoactive Drug Use Among Medical Students in Lahore. Annals of King. Edward Medical University, 17(4), 55-86.\r\n[18] Udoh, V. C. &amp; Ikezu, U. J.M. (2015). Causes, effects and strategies for eradicating cultism among students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. A case study of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practic. 6 (22), 22-28.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Patricia C. Ukaigwe, &amp; Dr. Jonathan Efe Emeni, &#8220;Management of Academic Distractions among Undergraduates for Educational Goal Attainment in Universities in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.463-470 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/463-470.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/463-470.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/management-of-academic-distrations-among-undergraduates-for-educational-goal-attainment-in-universities-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Management of Academic Distractions among Undergraduates for Educational Goal Attainment in Universities in Rivers State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b313fa0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b313fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b314075 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b314075\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3141dd\" data-id=\"b3141dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3142ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3142ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31439b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31439b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3144f9\" data-id=\"b3144f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b314601 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b314601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3146a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3146a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3147f1\" data-id=\"b3147f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3148f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3148f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b314992 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b314992\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b314ad7\" data-id=\"b314ad7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b314be1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b314be1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b314c7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b314c7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b314dc4\" data-id=\"b314dc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b314ecf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b314ecf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b314f67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b314f67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3150b7\" data-id=\"b3150b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3151bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3151bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b315262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b315262\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b315470\" data-id=\"b315470\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31559e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31559e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Challenges of Civil-Military Cooperation in The Face of Cyber Threats in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tommy Mandala Putra, I Wayan Midhio, Deni D.A.R &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 471-474<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b315650 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b315650\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3157d5\" data-id=\"b3157d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b315904 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b315904\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Non-military threats in the era of globalization are so complex, cybercrime is a threat that must be considered by all groups, including the government, military and society. The existence of cyber threats requires strengthening civil-military cooperation to deal with them. In this research, the writer wants to knowwhat are the challenges ahead for civil-military cooperation in dealing with cyber threats in Indonesia. Methods of data collection using literature review. The results of the research are cyber threats at the civilian level. The government has regulated matters relating to activities in cyberspace through laws and regulations. At the military level, cyber defense has been established to deal with cyber threats. It can be said that civil-military cooperation has been carried out by using their respective powers. And another form of cooperation is civilians supporting the military in defending the country&#8217;s sovereignty and participating in various threats.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 471-474\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6221<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tommy Mandala Putra<\/strong>\r\nRepublic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Wayan Midhio<\/strong>\r\nRepublic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deni D.A.R<\/strong>\r\nRepublic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Antar, Pengetahuan, and Pustakawan Supriyadi. 2016. \u201cCommunity Of Practitioners: Solusi Alternatif Berbagi.\u201d Lentera Pustaka 2(2): 83\u201393.\r\n[2] Effendy, Muhadjir. (2008). Profesionalisme Militer: Profesionalisasi TNI. Malang: UMM Press\r\n[3] Khalimatus, Nur, Sa \u2019 Diyah, and Ria Tri Vinata. 2016. Rekonstruksi Pembentukan National Cyber Defense Sebagai Upaya Mempertahankan Kedaulatan Negara. http:\/\/nasional.kompas.com\/.\r\n[4] Permanasari, Arlina. 2018. Terorisme Siber, Perang Siber &amp; Hukum Humaniter: Tantangan Bagi Kerangka Hukum Indonesia Tentang Pertahanan Siber.\r\n[5] Purwanto, Adi Joko. 2010. Peningkatan Anggaran Militer Cina Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Keamanan Di Asia Timur. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/321239577.\r\n[6] Satrio, Giri, I Wayan Midhio, and Deni Dar. 2018. Strategi Kerjasama Sipil Dan Militer Bidang Pembangunan Infrastruktur Daerah Dalam Rangka Memperkuat Pertahanan Negara (Studi Di Provinsi Jawa Barat).\r\n[7] Setiyawan, Anang. Penguatan Kerjasama Cyber Defense Asean Guna Menghadapi Ancaman Cyberwar.\r\n[8] Sjafrie S. 2015. Kerjasama Sipil Dan Militer. www.dmc.kemhan.go.id.\r\n[9] Subagyo, Agus. 2015. 5 Sinergi Dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Cyber Warfare Synergy In Facing Of Cyber Warfare Threat.\r\n[10] Sutisna, Sobar et al. 2018. Kerjasama Sipil-Militer Dalam Tanggap Darurat Kebakaran Hutan Dan Lahan Di Provinsi Riau Tahun 2014. http:\/\/www.dw.com\/id\/indonesia-.\r\n[11] Widiyanto, Andika, and M Dian Hikmawan. 2019. \u201cImplementasi Rencana Aksi Nasional Bela Negara Berdasarkan Instruksi Presiden Nomor 7 Tahun 2018 Oleh Dewan Ketahanan Nasional Republik Indonesia.\u201d JSPG: Journal of Social Politics and Governance 1(2).\r\n[12] Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2002 Tentang Pertahanan Negara\r\n[13] https:\/\/katadata.co.id\/sortatobing\/indepth\/619750dd61e6a\/pertahanan-siber-indonesia-jadi-tugas-penting-panglima-tni-baru\r\n[14] https:\/\/www.kemhan.go.id\/2015\/06\/05\/sinergi-sipil-militer-dapat-tercapai-dengan-pemahaman-yang-jelas-tentang-peran-masing-masing.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tommy Mandala Putra, I Wayan Midhio, Deni D.A.R &#8220;The Challenges of Civil-Military Cooperation in The Face of Cyber Threats in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.471-474 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6221<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/471-474.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-challenges-of-civil-military-cooperation-in-the-face-of-cyber-threats-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Challenges of Civil-Military Cooperation in The Face of Cyber Threats in Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3166c1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3166c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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data-id=\"b317242\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b317353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b317353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3173ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3173ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b317533\" data-id=\"b317533\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b317635 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b317635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3176d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3176d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b317817\" data-id=\"b317817\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3179a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3179a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b317a5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b317a5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b317bd6\" data-id=\"b317bd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b317cef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b317cef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Demographic Variables on Organizational Commitment among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)- February 2022- Page No.: 475-482<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b317d8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b317d8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b317f14\" data-id=\"b317f14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b318058 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b318058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nStudies have shown demographic variables to have influence on organizational commitment among employees. However, there is scant of similar studies with Catholic religious men and women and especially those working in rural areas. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of demographic variables of age, gender, educational level, vocational identity and country of origin on organizational commitment among the Catholic religious men and working in Lodwar Diocese. The study adopted correlational research design. Using census sampling, a sample size of 131 Catholic religious men and women were included in the study. The data was collected using standardized questionnaire. Pre-testing of the standardized instrument was carried out before the actual data collection to ensure its reliability and validity. The data was analyzed using independent sample t-test and One Way ANOVA with SPSS Version 32. The independent t-test and One Way ANOVA results showed that there were no statistically significant difference on demographic variables of age, gender and vocation identity and county of origin on three domains of organizational commitment. Furthermore, the findings showed that the mean differences in terms of educational levels were not significant on two domains of organizational commitment: Affective commitment F (3,127) = 1.744, p&gt;0.05 and Continuance commitment F (3,127) = 0.826, p&gt;0.05. However significant educational level differences were identified in Normative commitment F (3,127) =3.008, p&lt;0.05.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 475-482\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Youth Studies, School of Arts and Social Sciences\r\nTangaza University College, Catholic University of Eastern Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdullah, A. (2011). Evaluation of Allen and Meyer\u2019s Organizational Commitment Scale: A Cross- Cultural Application in Pakistan, Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 3, 80-86.\r\n[2] Allen, N.J., &amp; Meyer, J.P. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1\u201318.\r\n[3] Austin, F. (1982). Vatican Council II: More Post Councillor Documents: S.T Paul Publications. Catholic Diocese of Lodwar Office Directory, 2021\r\n[4] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.\r\n[5] Donna, B. (2015). &#8220;Job Satisfaction and its Relationship to Organizational and Religious Commitment among Workers at Northern Caribbean University&#8221;. Dissertations. 243\r\n[6] Emmanuel, A., Ebenezer, A., Phinihas, A. (2015). Relationship between Organisational Commitment and Demographic Variables: Evidence from a Commercial Bank in Ghana. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 5, 769-778.\r\n[7] Engin, \u00dc., &amp; R\u00fcya, E. (2016). Determination of the Demographic Variables Predicting Accommodation Business Employees\u2019 Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction through CHAID Analysis: Journal of Business Research Turk, 8 (2), 331-358. DOI: 10.20491\/isarder.2016.182.\r\n[8] Gbadamosi, G. (2006). Predictors and Correlates of Charlatan Behavior in a Non-Western Consent. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 2(1), 23-32.\r\n[9] Good, J. (2007). Mission to Turkana, Don Bosco Printing press, Makuyu\r\n[10] Josephine, P., Adu Frimpong, A., &amp; Evans, O. (2017). The effect of demographic variables on work attitudes and Intentions to quit: the case of the hotel industry in Cape Coast and Elmina: Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(7), 46-61.\r\n[11] McLeod, S. A. (2019). Sampling methods. Simply Psychology. https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/sampling.html\r\n[12] Nazir, H, S., Muhammad, I., &amp; Allah, N. (2020). Demographic Variables Effect the Organizational Commitment of Teachers: Myth or Reality: Sir Syed Journal of Education &amp; Social Research, 3(3), 293-300. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36902\/sjesr-vol3-iss3\r\n[13] Negin, M., Omid, M., &amp; Ahmad, B. M. (2013), \u201cThe impact of Organizational Commitment on Employees Job Performance.\u201dA study of Meli bank&#8221;, Interdisciplinary: Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5, 5.\r\n[14] Padmavathy, M., Premavathy, N. (2018). Influence of Demographic Variables on Organizational Commitment: International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 1(10), 722-725.\r\n[15] Pala, F., Semin, E. &amp;Melele, E. (2018), \u201cThe Effects of Demographic Characteristics on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Turkish Health Care Staff\u201d. The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 10 (2), 60-70.\r\n[16] Paul J. L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. Do: https:\/\/dx. Doinory \/10.4135\/19781412963947. N61\r\n[17] Rabindarang, S., Bing, K. W., &amp; Yin, K. Y. (2014). The impact of demographic factors on organizational commitment in technical and vocational education. Malaysian Journal of Research, 2(1), 56-61.\r\n[18] Sharmin, S., &amp; Zaher, Z. (2018). Propensity of Demographic Factors on Affective Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Study: Merit Research Journal of Business and Management, 6(1),001-011.\r\n[19] Urvesh, C., &amp; Animesh, S. (2017). Role of Demographic Variables on Organizational Commitment: A Study on Indian Auto Component Manufacturing Companies: International Research Journal of Management and Commerce, 4 (12), 359-375.\r\n[20] Van Hove, A. (1909). Diocese. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from New Advent: http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/05001a.htm\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD), &#8220;Influence of Demographic Variables on Organizational Commitment among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.475-482 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/475-482.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/475-482.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-demographic-variables-on-organizational-commitment-among-catholic-religious-men-and-women-working-in-rural-areas-a-case-of-lodwar-diocese-in-turkana-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Demographic Variables on Organizational Commitment among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working in Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b318e7c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b318e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b319dce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b319dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b319e6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b319e6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b319fab\" data-id=\"b319fab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31a0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31a0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31a159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31a159\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31a2db\" data-id=\"b31a2db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31a3e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31a3e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Sustainability of Donor Funded Projects in Kenya. A Case Study of Donor Funded Projects in Turkana County<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nyaga G. Juster- February 2022- Page No.: 483-491<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31a485 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31a485\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31a603\" data-id=\"b31a603\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31a72f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b31a72f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nSustainability is one of the key focus of any donor funded projects. However, achievement of sustainability of such projects from economic, social and environmental aspects has been a great challenge. The effort to ensure sustainable projects by donors has been hindered by complex procedures they have to undergo to register with the authority, the donor policies, misappropriation of the resources allocated as well as lack of community ownership to the project. Hence there is a need to carry out a study on influence of management accountability and donor policies and regulations as main determinants for sustainable of donor funded projects with a case study of Turkana County. Explanatory research design was adopted. The target population was 36 donor funded projects in Turkana County. Since the study geographical area is small, census was carried out to include all the 36 projects. The potential respondents were 43 households which were direct beneficiaries of the donor funded projects in Turkana County, 10 religious\u2019 leaders through who donors channeled the resources for projects and 36 project leader whose projects were handed to by donor or are in charge of the donor funded projects in Turkana County. This gives a total of 89 respondents. Questionnaire was used to collect the data. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics (means and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (regression and correlation models). The study established that management accountability and donor policies and regulations had positive significant correlation with the sustainability of Donor Funded Project (r=0.654; p\u22640.05 and r=0.587; p\u22640.00). From the regression model, R squared calculated was 0.723 meaning variability of the study variables explained 72.3% of the variation in the project sustainability. The study recommends leadership accountability and auditing of the project management in order to ensure that the beneficiaries and all stakeholders are satisfied with the implementation of the project as well as creating sense of ownership of the project sustainability.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 483-491\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyaga G. Juster<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Management University of Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahsan, K. G. (2010). Analysis of Cost and Schedule Performance of. International Journal of Project, 68-78.\r\n[2] Alegre, J. K. (2011). &#8220;Knowledge Management and Innovation Performance in High-Tech SMEs Industry&#8221;. International mall Business journal, 454-470.\r\n[3] Bank, T. W. (2008). Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World: Transforming Institutions, Washington D.C., The World.\r\n[4] Baumgartner. (2009). Studying Organizational Advocacy and Influence. International Business, 1-9.\r\n[5] Christopher, B. (2010). The Impact of Donor Aided Projects Through NGOs on the social andeconomic Welfare of the Rural Poor. Kampala: Uganda Martyrs University.\r\n[6] Cornwall, A. (2012). Beneficiary, Consumer, Citizen: Perspectives on Participation for Poverty Reduction. Gothenburg: Sider.\r\n[7] Easterly, W. (2006). The Whiteman&#8217;s burden; Why the West&#8217;s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much and So Little Good. Business Journal, 45.\r\n[8] Eckhardt, F. (1994) Sustainability Theory\r\n[9] Ika, L. A. (2012). Critical Success Factors for World Bank Projects: An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Project Management, 105-106.\r\n[10] James, J. H. (2011). NGO Capacity Building: The Challenge of Impact Assessment. International Business Journal, 130-140.\r\n[11] Kagwathii, S. (2014). Knowledge Management Practices and Innovation Performance: A Literature Review. Journal of Business Management, 89-94.\r\n[12] Kombo, D. A. (2006). Proposal and Thesis Writing: An Introduction to Research Methods. Nairobi: Paulines Publications.\r\n[13] Kothari, C. (2003). Research Methods. New Delhi: Kisha Prakasham.\r\n[14] Kremer, M. L. (2009). Doing Good or Doing Better: Development Policies in a Globalizing World. Amsterdam: University Press.\r\n[15] Kwak, Y. (2006). Critical Success Factors in International Development Project. CIB 10th International Symposium Construction Innovation and (pp. 9-13). Ohio: Clincinnati.\r\n[16] Lancaster, C. (2013). \u201cAid Effectiveness in Africa&#8221;, The United Agenda. Journal of Africa, 5.\r\n[17] Lele, M. (1991). Sustainable Development: A Critical Review. World Development Vol.19(607-621)\r\n[18] Lipschutz, R. D. (2005). Peace and Sustainable Development Why? When? How? For Whom? California: Board of Studies in Politics.\r\n[19] Mwega, F. M. (2009). A Case Study of Aide Effectiveness. Brookings: A case study of aid effectiveness.\r\n[20] Mwega, F. M. (2008). Volatility and Fragmentation of Foreign Aid. Brookings: Wolfensohn Center for Development Working Papers.\r\n[21] Narayan, D. (2010). \u2018Poverty is Powerlessness and Voicelessness\u2019, Finance and. Business Journal, 18-21.\r\n[22] Oakley, P. P. (2013). Outcomes and Impact: Evaluating Change in. INTRAC: Oxford.\r\n[23] Project, U. M. (2006). Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium. Kaduma: Report to.\r\n[24] Shillington. (2005). History of Africa. Cape town: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nyaga G. Juster, &#8220;Determinants of Sustainability of Donor Funded Projects in Kenya. A Case Study of Donor Funded Projects in Turkana County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.483-491 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/483-491.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/483-491.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-sustainability-of-donor-funded-projects-in-kenya-a-case-study-of-donor-funded-projects-in-turkana-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determinants of Sustainability of Donor Funded Projects in Kenya. A Case Study of Donor Funded Projects in Turkana County<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31b4f1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b31b4f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31b5c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31b5c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31b724\" data-id=\"b31b724\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31b842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31b842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31b8df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31b8df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31ba34\" data-id=\"b31ba34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31bb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31bb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31bbe9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31bbe9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31bd3d\" data-id=\"b31bd3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31be46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31be46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31bee2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31bee2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31c060\" data-id=\"b31c060\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31c1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31c1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31c24c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31c24c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31c3c8\" data-id=\"b31c3c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31c4f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31c4f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31c5f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31c5f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31c76d\" data-id=\"b31c76d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31c886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31c886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31c94f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31c94f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31cac9\" data-id=\"b31cac9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31cbf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31cbf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Hermeneutic Perspective on the Performance of Pupils in Social Studies at Junior Secondary School in Masaiti district <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Setwin Mutau Mufalo, Gistered Muleya, Francis Simui- February 2022- Page No.: 492-498<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31ccab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31ccab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31ce5b\" data-id=\"b31ce5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31cfc8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b31cfc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPurpose: Hermeneutic perspective on the performance of pupils in Social Studies at junior secondary school in Masaiti District, Zambia.\r\nMethodology: The study was qualitative in nature where hermeneutic phenomenological approach was applied in the study. The participants for the entire study were 12 who were chosen through homogenous selective sampling. The production of data was through semi structured interviews, semi structured questionnaires, observation schedules and document analysis. Consequently, the produced data was thematically analysed.\r\nFindings: The study revealed that there was poor academic performance of pupils in Social Studies at junior secondary school in Masaiti district. The experienced poor performance was attributed to a number of challenges which emerged as themes such as integration of the subject, paucity of instructional time, lack of qualified teachers specifically trained in Social Studies, a dearth of teaching\/learning materials, bulkiness of the content, laziness of learners, inadequate parental encouragement as well as inadequate parental supervision.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 492-498\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Setwin Mutau Mufalo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMishikishi Secondary School, Masaiti, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gistered Muleya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Distance Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francis Simui<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Distance Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Hollstein, M. 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The Poor and Embarrassing Cousin to the Gentrified Quantitative Academics: What Determines the Sample Size in Qualitative Interview-Based Organization Studies? Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 20(3), Art. 1,http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17169\/fqs-20.3.3200.\r\n[19] Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., &amp; Young, T. (2018). Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 1-18.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0594-7\r\n[20] Fusch, P. I., &amp; Ness, L. R. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. Qual. Rep. 20(9), 1408-1416.\r\n[21] Morse, J. M. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3-5.\r\n[22] Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., &amp; Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. 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Exploring Civic Education As A Catalyst To Learner Transformation In Zambian Schools: A Glance On The Developed Civic Education Pedagogical Content Knowledge (CEPCK) Model. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 8(7), 89-95.doi: https:\/\/dx. doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2021.8711\r\n[28] Mwanza, C. &amp; Silukuni, D. (2020). Implementation of the Free Education Policy in Primary Schools in Kafue District: Is it a Compromise on Quality of Education in Zambia? European Journal of Education Studies, 7(9), 317-333.\r\n[29] Mupeta, S., Muleya, G., Kanyamuna, V. &amp; Simui, F. (2020). Civic Entrepreneurship: The Implementation of Civic Innovations in the Governance of the University of Zambia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7 (7), 674- 685.\r\n[30] Mupeta, S. &amp; Muleya, G. (2019). \u201cChallenges and Strategies in the Implementation of Civic Entrepreneurship in the Governance of the University of Zambia.\u201d International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) 3(7), 2454-6186.\r\n[31] Mwanangombe, C., Mundende, K., Muzata, K. K., Muleya, G., Kanyamuna, V., &amp; Simui, F. (2020). Peeping into the Pot of Contraceptives Utilization among Adolescents within a Conservative Culture in Zambia. American Journal of Educational Research, 8 (8), 513-523.\r\n[32] Muleya, G., Simui, F., Mundende, K., Kakana, F., Mwewa, G., &amp; Namangala, B. (2019). \u2018Exploring Learning Cultures of Digital Immigrants in Technologically mediated Postgraduate distance learning mode at the University of Zambia\u2019. Zambia Informational Communication Technology (ICT) Journal, 3(3), 1-10.\r\n[33] Rogayan, D. V. Jr., &amp; Villanueva, E. E. N. (2019). Implementation status of K12 Social Studies program in Philippine Public Schools. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 233-250.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Setwin Mutau Mufalo, Gistered Muleya, Francis Simui, &#8220;Hermeneutic Perspective on the Performance of Pupils in Social Studies at Junior Secondary School in Masaiti district &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.492-498 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/492-498.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31e236\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31e393\" data-id=\"b31e393\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31e4a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31e4a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31eb81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31eb81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31ecc8\" data-id=\"b31ecc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31edcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31edcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31ee6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31ee6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31efbb\" data-id=\"b31efbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31f0bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31f0bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31f153 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31f153\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31f2bf\" data-id=\"b31f2bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31f3db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b31f3db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Studying the trend and progress on Covid-19 pandemic from 29th January to 4th of February 2022 across different countries of the world<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Oyepata Simeon, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin, Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu, Joseph Sunday Oyepata- February 2022- Page No.: 499-505<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b31f47b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b31f47b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b31f62f\" data-id=\"b31f62f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31f7a9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b31f7a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nBackground and Objective: According to WHO most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.. This work is aim at Studying the trend and progress on Covid -19 pandemic from 29th January to 4th of February 2022 across different countries of the world.\r\nMaterial and Method: Data from one hundred and seventy two (172) countries and regions of the world were gotten from United Nations Geoscheme. Results were collated and subsequently compared to the values obtained for USA.\r\nResult: Europe and America still have high situation rate of the virus.Compared to the USA most European countries tend to have lower mortality factor when compared to incidence factor. Asia also has a relatively high incidence and mortality factor, while Africa has little to no comparism factor value. The Omicron is the most predominant strain with high infectivity rate as the original virus.\r\nConclusion: despite various variant of COVID-19, Africa appears to developed a natural surval mechanism. There is therefore need for the rest of the globe to further investigate the reason for this spared onslaught and develop vaccine based on AfricansCOVID-19 antibody make up so as to develop a more robost immunity\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 499-505\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6222<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Oyepata Simeon <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University, Oye\u2013Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Opeyemi Tosin <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacy, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Sunday Oyepata <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update, Edition 77&#8243; (PDF). World Health Organization. 1 February 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.\r\n[2] Joseph O. S, Sabastine A. Z, Joseph O. T. (2021). Global Implication of Differential Impacts of Covid-19 on Different Countries Using the USA as A Comparism Factor. Journal of Nursing and Health Science. Volume 10, Issue 5. PP 36-44.\r\n[3] Builders M., Joseph O. S., Timothy O. O., Philip B. (2020). Antimalarial Drugs and COVID -19. Sumerianz Journal of Medical and Healthcare. Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 111-116.\r\n[4] Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P. Bat Corona viruses in China. Viruses. 2019.11 (3): 210-223.\r\n[5] Modupe I. B., Oyepata S. J. and Akpobome R. V. (2019). Effect of Parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound healing in dexamethasone &#8211; induced hyperglycaemia\r\nand histological assessment in rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. Vol. 13(8), pp. 84-89.\r\n[6] Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.Uand Joseph O.T. (2019). effect of ethanol leaf extract of cassia angustifolia extract on liver of wister rats. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1112-11120.\r\n[7] Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. (2020). &#8220;Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review&#8221;. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD013574. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD013574. PMC 7141753. PMID 32267544\r\n[8] Page J, Hinshaw D, McKay B (26 February 2021). In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market \u2013 The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there&#8221;. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 February 2021.\r\n[9] Joseph OS , Builders M , Joseph O T , Famojuro TI, Ogira JO, Moses FD, Musa TL. (2021). Effect of the Demographic of Covid-19 on Different Countries; Using the USA for Comparism. International journal of multidisciplinary research and analysis. Volume 04 Issue 02. Page 193-203.\r\n[10] COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) . ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 3 November 2021.\r\n[11] Islam MA (2021). &#8220;Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients&#8221;. PLOSONE. 16 (4):e0249788. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1649788I. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0249788. PMC 8023501. PMID 33822812\r\n[12] Islam MA (2020). &#8220;Prevalence of Headache in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14,275 Patients&#8221;. Frontiers in Neurology. 11: 562634.\r\n[13] Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Sabastine A. Z. (2020). Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on African countries: A comparative study. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science. Vol. 5, Issue 5. Page 197-203\r\n[14] Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern&#8221;. World Health Organization. 26 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.\r\n[15] Rollock, Melissa (30 December 2021). &#8220;Chief Medical Officer: Omicron Is Here&#8221;. GIS. Retrieved 2 January 2022.\r\n[16] Hirose R, Itoh Y, Ikegaya H, Miyazaki H, Watanabe N, Yoshida T, et al. (19 January 2022). &#8220;Differences in environmental stability among SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Omicron has higher stability&#8221;. bioRxiv 10.1101\/2022.01.18.476607\r\n[17] Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (2021). &#8220;Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease (2019). (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients&#8221;. The Laryngoscope. 131 (4): 865\u2013878. doi:10.1002\/lary.29286. ISSN 0023-852X. PMC 7753439. PMID 33219539.\r\n[18] Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath MB, Braun D, Dominici F (November 2020). &#8220;Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: Strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis&#8221;. Science Advances. 6 (45): 342-355.\r\n[19] Joseph O.S, Builders M., Joseph O, T. , Zubairu S. A., Musa T. And Oyepata P. J (2019). Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ocimum Canum on Liver of Wister Rats. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation. Volume VI (V). Pp. 364-369.\r\n[20] Islam MA (April 2021). &#8220;Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients. PLOS ONE. 16 (4): Pg 224-234..\r\n[21] Joseph O. S, Sabastine A. Z, Joseph O. T. (2021). Clinical evaluation of the potential benefits of taking Moringa oleifera on blood triglyceride and cholesterol level in patient taking Tenofovir\/Lamivudine\/Efavirenz (TLE) combination. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science &amp; Research. Vol. 13(10), 623-629.\r\n[22] Oyebadejo S. A, Joseph O. S, Adesite S. O and Omorilewa A.O. (2019). Effect of Citrus Limon Juice and Tamoxifen on the Tumour growth mass\r\nIndices, Cell Proliferation, Cell Viability and Cytogenetic (Mitotic Index) of Sprague Dawley Rats Induced MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Saudi Journal of Biomedical Research. (4). Pg. 216 &#8211; 225.\r\n[23] Cherry, J, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL.; Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ. (2018). Feign and Cherry&#8217;s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 453-466.\r\n[24] Builder M. I., Anzaku S. A. and Joseph S. O. (2019). Effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine against malaria in northern Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 10 (05), pp. 32295-32299.\r\n[25] Jude E. O., Joseph O. S. and Emem E. U. (2016). Nephroprotective activity of Homalium letestui stem extract against paracetamol induced kidney injury. Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine. Volume 6 (1): 38-43.\r\n[26] Joseph O S., Musa T L., Joseph O T. , Ibhafidon I. (2020). The Dynamics of Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries Compared to Other Parts of the World. International journal of multidisciplinary research and analysis. Volume 03 Issue 11. Page 185-198.\r\n[27] Wazis C.H., Joseph O.S., Modupe B, Joseph\r\nO.P. (2020). Effect of ethanol leaf extract of cassia angustifolia extract on heart\r\nand lipid profile of wister rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research &amp; Development. Vol. 12 No.1. Page 1-8.\r\n[28] Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (November 2020). &#8220;Prevalence and Characteristics of Taste Disorders in Cases of COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of 29,349 Patients&#8221;. Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery. 165 (1): 33\u201342.\r\n[29] Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R (August 2020). &#8220;Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis&#8221;. Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (8): 1621\u20131631.\r\n[30] Builders M. I.,Joseph S.O., B. Peter U. (2020). A Survey of Wound Care Practices by Nurses in a Clinical Setting. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences. Vol. 6, Issue. 5, Page 74-81.\r\n[31] Jude E. O., Joseph O. S. and Emem E. U. (2016). Nephroprotective activity of Homalium letestui stem extract against paracetamol induced kidney injury. Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine. Volume 6 (1): 38-43.\r\n[32] Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.Uand Joseph O.T. (2019). effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia extract on kidney of Wister Rats. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1023-1031.\r\n[33] Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. &#8220;Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study&#8221;. Lancet. 2020. 395 (10223): 507\u2013513\r\n[34] Domingo JL, Marqu\u00e8s M, Rovira J (September 2020). &#8220;Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic. A review&#8221;. Environmental Research. 188: 66-73.\r\n[35] Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q (June 2020). &#8220;Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence&#8221;. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 55 (6): 105948. doi:10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948\r\n[36] Joseph O. S., Jude E.O and Joseph O. T (2018). Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Advance Herbal Medicine. Vol 4(4), Page 1-11.\r\n[37] COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report Week 4&#8243; (PDF). UK Health Security Agency. 27 January 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.\r\n[38] Enhancing response to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: Technical brief and priority actions for Member States&#8221; (PDF). World Health Organization. 21 January 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.\r\n[39] Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Zubairu S.A., Musa T. and Oyepata p.j. (2019). Sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum onthe kidney of wistar rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research &amp; Development. Vol. 11 No.1. Page 1-7.\r\n[40] Tamara A, Tahapary DL (July 2020). &#8220;Obesity as a predictor for a poor prognosis of COVID-19: A systematic review&#8221;. Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome. 14 (4): 655\u2013659.\r\n[41] Solomon, I.P, Oyebadejo, S.A., Ukpo E.M. and Joseph, O.S. (2015). Changes in serum electrolyte, creatinine and urea of fresh Citrus limon juice administered to growing rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). International Journal of Agricultural Science Research. Vol. 4(8), pp. 180-183.\r\n[42] Oran DP, Topol EJ (January 2021). &#8220;The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic : A Systematic Review&#8221;. Annals of Internal Medicine. 174 (5): M20-6976.\r\n[43] Jonah, S. A. and Joseph, O. S. (2016). Quantification of Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Different Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Leaf Extracts in Whistar Albino Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. Volume 17(3). Page 1-8.\r\n[44] Jude E. O., Joseph O. S. and Emem E. U. (2016). Nephroprotective activity of Homalium letestui stem extract against paracetamol induced kidney injury. Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine. Volume 6 (1): 38-43.\r\n[45] Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 6 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.\r\n[46] Sabastine A Z, Joseph O S, Joseph O T (2021). Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula extracton kidney of wister rats. Global scientific Journal. Volume 9, Issue 2. Page 514-526.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Oyepata Simeon, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin, Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu, Joseph Sunday Oyepata, &#8220;Studying the trend and progress on Covid-19 pandemic from 29th January to 4th of February 2022 across different countries of the world&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.499-505 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6222<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/499-505.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/studying-the-trend-and-progress-on-covid-19-pandemic-from-29th-january-to-4th-of-february-2022-across-different-countries-of-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Studying the trend and progress on Covid-19 pandemic from 29th January to 4th of February 2022 across different countries of the world<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b320612 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b321001 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b321001\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b321145\" data-id=\"b321145\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b321249 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b321249\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3212e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3212e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32144b\" data-id=\"b32144b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b321563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b321563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b321601 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b321601\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b321753\" data-id=\"b321753\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b321857 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b321857\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3218ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3218ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b321a57\" data-id=\"b321a57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b321b68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b321b68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Studying Dance in the Present. The K&#8217;na Dance and Its Different Dance Forms in Nea Vyssa, Greece<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Eleni Filippidou- February 2022- Page No.: 506-511<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b321c02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b321c02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b321d8a\" data-id=\"b321d8a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b321ee6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b321ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn the community of Nea Vyssa in Greece there is the paradox that a single dance, with the name K\u2019na dance, appears today in three different versions. The aim of this research is to record the different versions of the &#8220;K&#8217;na&#8221; dance that coexist today in the community of Nea Vyssa in Greece, to determine if they are really different versions of the same dance and to define the reason for their existence. The collection of ethnographic data was based on the ethnographic method. Laban&#8217;s notation system was used to record the choreographic compositions of K\u2019na dance, while for the analysis of their structure and form, as well as their codification, the structural-morphological and typological method of analysis was used, as it is applied in the Greek \u03a4raditional Dance. From the data analysis was found that the versions that were found in the K&#8217;na dance in the community of Nea Vyssa, have to do with the place of the dance, as the three versions of K&#8217;na dance that exist today in the community of Nea Vyssa highlight issues of &#8220;first&#8221; and &#8220;second&#8221; existence of dance. In conclusion, the diversity of K&#8217;na dance today in Nea Vyssa is a consequence of the transfer of dance to the stage. The K&#8217;na dance in Nea Vyssa today is experienced in different ways by the residents of the community, depending on the place of its performance.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 506-511\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6223<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Eleni Filippidou<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]. Boulamanti, S. (2014). Greek traditional dance and gender complementarity: cultural habits and hierarchy in the castle of chora in Chios (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[2]. Buckland, T. (1999). Introduction: reflecting on dance ethnography. In Th. J. Buckland (ed.), Dance in the Field: Theory, Methods and Issues in Dance Ethnography (pp. 1-10). London: MacMillan Press.\r\n[3]. Charitonidis, C. (2018). \u201cParallel\u201d lives and traditions: The Greek dance-house in Hungary (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[4]. Dimopoulos, K. (2011). Space components and gendered dance practices. The lowland and the mountainous communities of Karditsa, Thessaly, during the period 1920-1980. (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[5]. Dimopoulos, K. (2017). Diachronic and synchronic procedures in the \u201cgame\u201d of the gender identity construction: dance and gender transformation in the community of Megala Kalyvia, Trikala, Thessaly. (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[6]. Felf\u00f6ldi, L. (1999). Folk dance research in Hungary: relations among theory. Fieldwork and the archive. In T. Buckland (ed.), Dance in the Field, Theory, methods and Issues in Dance Ethnography (pp. 55-70). London: Macmillan Press\r\n[7]. Filippidou, E (2010). Recycling the tradition: The dance in Nea Vyssa of northern Evros. Alexandroupoli: Municipality of Vyssa.\r\n[8]. Filippidou, E. (2011). Dance and identity search. \u0391cculturation and retribalization strategies of Inoi Gkagkavouz in Evros (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[9]. Filippidou, E. (2018). Crossing the borders, uniting the people. Cybernetic dance approach at the \u201ck&#8217;na\u201d Thracian wedding event in Greece and Turkey. (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[10]. Filippidou, E. (2021). Zonaradikos: Local or supra-local dance? Structural-morphological and typological approach. Kinesiology: Humanities, 8 (1), 59-81.\r\n[11]. Filippidou, E., &amp; Karfis, B. (2022). Changes in the form of circular dances in Nea Vyssa, Evros after the imposition of the Dictatorship of the Colonels. Kinesiology: Humanities, 8(2), 77-104.\r\n[12]. Filippidou, E. &amp; Koutsouba, M. (2020). Dance and Socio-Cybernetics: The Dance event of \u201cK\u2019na\u201d as a shaping component of the cultural identity amongst the Arvanites of Neo Cheimonio Evros, Greece. Journal of ethnic and cultural studies, 7(2), 30-49.\r\n[13]. Filippidou, \u0395., Koutsouba, \u039c., Lalioti, V. &amp; Lantzos, V. (2019). The construction of national identity through cybernetic process: the example of &#8220;K&#8217;na&#8221; dance event in Greek and Turkish Thrace. European Review \u03bff Applied Sociology, 12(18), 13-31.\r\n[14]. Filippidou, \u0395., Koutsouba, \u039c., Lalioti, V. &amp; Lantzos, V. (2018). Cybernetic approach of the &#8220;\u039a\u2019na&#8221; dance: The construction of ethnic and national identity in Nea Vyssa, Thrace, Greece. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2), 17-29.\r\n[15]. Filippidou, E., Koutsouba, \u039c., &amp; Tyrovola, V. (2013). Intertwining the dance, the event and the identity: The dance of &#8220;kna&#8221; as a reference point for the formation of the local cultural identity in the area of Evros. Dance Science, 6, 19-40.\r\n[16]. Filippidou, E., Koutsouba, M., &amp; Tyrovola, V. (2022). Identity and acculturation: The example of the dance of &#8220;K&#8217;na&#8221; in the refugee community of Nea Vyssa Evros, Kinesiology: Humanities, 10 (special issue), under publication.\r\n[17]. Fountzoulas, G. (2016). Dance and politics. Positions and contrasts in the dance event &#8220;Gaitanaki&#8221; in Skala and Dafni of Nafpaktia. (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education Science and of Sports, National Kapodistrian University of Athens\r\n[18]. Gefou-Madianou, D. (1999). Culture and Ethnography. From the ethnographic realism to the cultural critique. Athens: Ellinika Grammata.\r\n[19]. Gerogianni, G., &amp; Filippidou, E. (2021). Kamara Skiathos and Kamarachti Limni: Similar or different dances? Structural-morphological and typological approach. Sports &amp; Society, 2(68), under publication.\r\n[20]. Giurchescu, A. (1999). Past and present in field research: a critical history of personal experience. In T. Buckland (ed.), Dance in the Field. Theory, Methods and Issues in Dance Ethnography (pp. 41-54). London: Macmillan Press.\r\n[21]. Hoerburger, F (1965). Folk dance survey. International Folk Music Journal, 17, 7-8.\r\n[22]. Hutchinson Guest, A. (2005). Labanotation. The system of analyzing and recording movement (4th ed.). New York &amp; London: Routledge.\r\n[23]. Karfis, B. (2018). Greek traditional dance: structure, form and typology of Greek traditional danceability. (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National Kapodistrian University of Athens\r\n[24]. Kealiinohomokou, J. (1972). Folk dance. In Richard Dorson (eds.), Folklore and Folklife, An Introduction (pp. 381-404). Chicago: Chicago University Press.\r\n[25]. Koutsouba, M. (1991). The Greek dance groups of Plaka. A case of \u2018airport art\u2019. (Master Thesis). UK: Department of Dance, University of Surrey.\r\n[26]. Koutsouba, M. (1997). Plurality in motion: Dance and cultural identity on the Greek island of Lefkada (PhD thesis).\r\n[27]. Koutsouba, M. (2000). Analysis of style in Greek traditional dance. In Culture and Art \u2013 Seven essays for dance (pp. 30-77). Athens: Propompos.\r\n[28]. Koutsouba, I.M. (2005). Notation of dance movement. The passage from prehistory to the history of dance. Athens: Propobos.\r\n[29]. Koutsouba, I. M. (2007). Structural analysis for Greek folk dance. A methodology. In Dance Structures: Perspectives on the Analysis of Human Movement, (L., Adrianne eds.). Kaeppler &amp; Elsie I. Dunin, (pp. 253-276). Budapest: Akad\u00e9miai Kiad\u00f3.\r\n[30]. Loutzaki, I. (1989). Dance as cultural message. A study of dance style among the refugees from Neo Monastiri, Micro Monastiri and Aegeinio. (Ph.D. thesis). Belfast: The Queen\u2019s University of Belfast. Northern Ireland.\r\n[31]. Lydaki, A. (2001). Qualitative methods of social research. Athens: Kastaniotis\r\n[32]. Niora, N. (2009). The Easter festivities in a Macedonian community: Lived experience or dramaturgic discipline? (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[33]. Niora, N. (2017). Learning and management of the Greek traditional dance. The case of a timeless seminar (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[34]. Ogurchov, PA (1983). Comparative-historical method. In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, (pp. 298-299). Athens: Akadimos.\r\n[35]. Sarakatsanou, Z. (2011). Ethnic groups and dance practices in Stenimachos, Imathia, Macedonia. the custom of Saint Trifwnas as an indicator of the local cultural identity (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[36]. Sklar, D. (1991). On dance Ethnography. Dance Research Journal, 23(1), 6-10.\r\n[37]. Thomas, J. R., &amp; Nelson J. K. (2003). Research Methods in Physical Activity I &amp; II, (Greek edition revised by. \u039a. \u039aarteroliotis). \u0391thens: Paschalidis.\r\n[38]. \u03a4yrovola, V. (1994). The dance &#8220;st atria&#8221; in Greece. Structural-morphological and typological approach. (Ph.D. thesis). Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Music Studies.\r\n[39]. \u03a4yrovola, V. (2001). The Greek dance. A different approach. Athens: Gutenberg.\r\n[40]. Tyrovola, V. (2008). Influences and cultural crosses in the dance tradition between Greece and the Balkans. The case of the \u2018Hasapiko\u2019 dance. Studia Choreologica, 10, 53-95.\r\n[41]. \u03a4yrovola, V., &amp; \u039aoutsouba, M. (2006). The morphological teaching method of Greek traditional dance. The example of the Pontiac dances. Mousiki se ProtiVathmida,1, 19- 32.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Eleni Filippidou, &#8220;Studying Dance in the Present. The K&#8217;na Dance and Its Different Dance Forms in Nea Vyssa, Greece&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.506-511 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6223<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/506-511.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/studying-dance-in-the-present-the-kna-dance-and-its-different-dance-forms-in-nea-vyssa-greece\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Studying Dance in the Present. The K&#8217;na Dance and Its Different Dance Forms in Nea Vyssa, Greece<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b322d91 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b322d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b323cd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b323cd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b323d6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b323d6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b323eb4\" data-id=\"b323eb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b323fbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b323fbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b324058 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b324058\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3241bc\" data-id=\"b3241bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3242c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3242c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exploring Civic Education Profile Dimensions in Social Studies lessons and how it creates Learner Transformation Possibilities in Schools in Masaiti district: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approach<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Setwin Mutau Mufalo, Gistered Muleya, Francis Simui &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 512-519<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32435b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32435b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3244e6\" data-id=\"b3244e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b324639 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b324639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to explore how Civic Education profile dimensions in Social Studies lessons create learner transformation possibilities in schools. The study was qualitative in nature and hermeneutic phenomenological design guided the study. The study had 12 participants who were selected through homogenous purposive sampling. The production of data was through semi structured interviews, semi structured questionnaires, observation schedules and document analysis. Then generated data was thematically analysed. Findings of the study were that Civic Education enabled learners to acquire civic knowledge, civic values, civic skills, civic dispositions on corruption and human rights education. The study recommended that Ministry of Education should employ more qualified Civic Education teachers in schools in order to enhance subject delivery and learner acquisition of profile dimensions. Ministry of Education and Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) should collaborate and address the issues surrounding Social Studies. Additionally, the Ministry of Education should fund schools adequately to enable them procure necessary teaching and learning materials that will enhance the teaching and learning of social studies in schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 512-519\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Setwin Mutau Mufalo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMishikishi Secondary School, Masaiti, Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gistered Muleya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Distance Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francis Simui<\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Distance Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdu-Raheem, B. O. (2018). Civic Education and Social Studies as veritable tools for Secondary School students moral value acquisition: Teachers perspective. Nigerian Journal of Social Studies, 21(1), 15-32.\r\n[2] Alozie, C. C. (2019). The Relevance of Civic Education in the Realization of National Objectives in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 6(5), 17-27.\r\n[3] Bayeh, E. (2016). Role of civics and ethical education for the development of democratic governance in Ethiopia: Achievements and challenges, Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-6.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psrb.2016.09.012\r\n[4] Claes, E., &amp; Stals, L. (2021). Students\u2019 and Teachers\u2019 Results in the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Studies in Flanders (Belgium): Implications for Cross-Curricular Approaches to Civic Education.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-71102-3_1\r\n[5] Ibekwe, S. O., &amp; Onyemegbulem, B. C. (2020). Civic Education and Its Imperative Towards Nation Building: The Nigerian Example. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), 5(3), 59-65.\r\n[6] Muleya, G. (2015). The teaching of civic education in Zambia: An examination of trends in the teaching of civic education in Schools. Doctoral thesis, University of South Africa.\r\n[7] Kaumba, C., Kabombwe, Y. M., &amp; Mwanza, C. (2020). Civic Competences: What does an Outcomes Based Curriculum mean for a Civic Education Teacher in Zambia? International Journal of Education and Research, 8(6), 87-104.\r\n[8] Kaunda, Z. &amp; Mbewe, I. (2018). Impact of Civic education on Citizen Involvement in Local governance: A Case Study of Kawambwa district. The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research, 1-39.\r\n[9] Kousar, R., &amp; Brett, P. (2020). Citizenship Education and Gender in Pakistan Teachers\u2019 and Students\u2019 and Students\u2019 Perspectives. The Social Education, 38(2), 27-41.\r\n[10] Magasu, O., Muleya, G., &amp;Mweemba, L. (2020b). Pedagogical Challenges in Teaching Civic Education in Secondary Schools in Zambia. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 9(3), 1483-1488.\r\n[11] Mainde, D., &amp;Chola, D. K. (2020). The Teaching of Civic Education in Zambian Secondary Schools as a Strategy for Effective Political Participation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 4(12), 293-301.\r\n[12] Mainde, D., Chola, D. K., &amp;Mpolomoka, D. L. (2021). Interrogating Civic Education Pedagogies that Stimulate Political Participation in Selected Secondary Schools in Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 5(2),269-279.\r\n[13] Mufalo, S. M., Mulubale, S., Muleya, G., &amp;Simui, F. (2021). Challenges faced by Combined Schools in Masaiti district which hinders the provision of Quality Education. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 5(3), 146-154.\r\n[14] Muleya, G. (2019). Curriculum Policy and Practice of Civic Education in Zambia: A Reflective Perspective. In The Palgrave Handbook of Citizenship and Education; Peterson, A., Stahl, G., Soong, H., Eds.; Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n[15] Muleya, G., Simui, F., Mundende, K., Kakana, F., Mwewa, G., &amp; Namangala, B. (2019). \u2018Exploring Learning Cultures of Digital Immigrants in Technologically mediated Postgraduate distance learning mode at the University of Zambia\u2019. Zambia Informational Communication Technology (ICT) Journal, 3(3), 1-10.\r\n[16] Mupeta, S., Muleya, G., Kanyamuna, V. &amp; Simui, F. (2020). Civic Entrepreneurship: The Implementation of Civic Innovations in the Governance of the University of Zambia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7 (7), 674- 685.\r\n[17] Mupeta, S. &amp; Muleya, G. (2019). \u201cChallenges and Strategies in the Implementation of Civic Entrepreneurship in the Governance of the University of Zambia.\u201d International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) 3(7), 2454-6186.\r\n[18] Muntengwa, W., Namadula, B., Hamainza, V., Simwatachela, R., Kakana, F., Simui, F. (2020). Unearthing Disablers in the Cultivation of Civic Skills among Learners in Selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka District, Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 4(9), 228-238.\r\n[19] Mwanangombe, C., Mundende, K., Muzata, K. K., Muleya, G., Kanyamuna, V., &amp; Simui, F. (2020). Peeping into the Pot of Contraceptives Utilization among Adolescents within a Conservative Culture in Zambia. American Journal of Educational Research, 8 (8), 513-523.\r\n[20] Nkechinyere, O. C. (2019). Civic Education: An Instrument for Self-Reliance in Nigeria. US-China Education Review B, 9(6), 159-170. doi: 10.17265\/2161-6248\/2019.06.001\r\n[21] Odusanya, S. P., &amp; Oni, A. (2019). Civic Education and Pupils\u2019 Civic Dispositions in Ghana and Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Education and Research, (9)1, 13-27.\r\n[22] Omundi, E., &amp; Okendo, E. O. (2021). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Civic Education on Acquisition of Social Cohesion Competency among Secondary School Students in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 6(4), EL-2018-249-265.\r\n[23] Osorio, G. C. &amp;Valdivieso, E. S. (2021). The Influence of International Civic and Citizenship Studies on Education in Chile. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-71102-3_3\r\n[24] Pasandaran, S., Lonto, A. L., Pangalila, T., &amp; Barahama, R. A. (2018). The Efforts of Civic Education Teachers in Strengthening Students\u2019 Civic Disposition. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 251, 59-61.\r\n[25] Petrova, S. (2021). Bulgarian Civic and Citizenship Education in Transition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-71102-3_2\r\n[26] Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing and Health, 18(2), 179-183.\r\n[27] Seland, I., Huang, L., Arensmeier, C., Bruun, J. &amp; Lofstrom, J. (2021). Aims of Citizenship Education Across Nordic Countries: Comparing School Principals\u2019 Priorities in Citizenship Education 2009-2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-66788-7_3\r\n[28] Shapiro, S., &amp; Brown, C. (2018). The State of Civic Education. USA: Centre for American Progress\r\n[29] Sibanda, P. (2015). Citizenship Education and its relevance to Zimbabwe. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 4(10), 180-184.\r\n[30] Sim, J., Saunders, B., Waterfield, J. &amp; Kingstone, T. (2018). Can sample size in qualitative research be determined a priori? 10.1080\/13645579.2018.1454643\r\n[31] Simui, F. (2018). Lived Experiences of Students with Visual Impairments at Sim 38 University in Zambia: A Hermeneutic Phenomelogical Approach Lusaka: University of Zambia. Unpublished PhD Thesis. http:\/\/dspace.unza.zm:8080\/ xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/5884.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Setwin Mutau Mufalo, Gistered Muleya, Francis Simui, &#8220;Exploring Civic Education Profile Dimensions in Social Studies lessons and how it creates Learner Transformation Possibilities in Schools in Masaiti district: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.512-519 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/512-519.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/512-519.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exploring-civic-education-profile-dimensions-in-social-studies-lessons-and-how-it-creates-learner-transformation-possibilities-in-schools-in-masaiti-district-a-hermeneutic-phenomenological-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Exploring Civic Education Profile Dimensions in Social Studies lessons and how it creates Learner Transformation Possibilities in Schools in Masaiti district: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approach<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b325459 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b325459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b325b50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b325b50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b325c99\" data-id=\"b325c99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b325da9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b325da9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b325e41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b325e41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b325f89\" data-id=\"b325f89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32608a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32608a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32612e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32612e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32626d\" data-id=\"b32626d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b326376 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b326376\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32640f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32640f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b326557\" data-id=\"b326557\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b326659 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b326659\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3266f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3266f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b326855\" data-id=\"b326855\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b326967 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b326967\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Mitigating Effect of Supply Chain Risk Management in Marginal Field Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Vincent Oyovwevotu Erakpotobo Ph.D. &amp; Justice Oborakpororo Omo OKEI Ph.D. &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 520-525<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b326a00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b326a00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b326b87\" data-id=\"b326b87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b326ccb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b326ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Historically, oil and gas was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 by Shell petroleum at Oloibiri now Bayelsa state. The oil and gas industry is divided into upstream, downstream and mid-stream respectively in Nigeria. Each of the petroleum sectors performs different functions in terms of exploration, refining and distributions and with respective supply chains. In course of the supply chain distribution, distractions in form of turbulence and disruption can occur which could have serious effects on operations and performance. Hence this study focused on the mitigating effect of supply chain risk management in marginal field oil and gas companies in Nigeria. It is field survey and case type of research. A total of 687 Management and Senior staff of nine marginal filed oil and gas companies constituted that population while 325 formed that sample size. The main instrument was questionnaire administration and analysed using descriptive statistics. The study found that application and proper management of supply, demand, information, transportation and monitoring risk mitigation strategies are critical factors enhancing reduction of risks in marginal field oil and gas in Nigeria. It therefore recommended that there should proper coordination of information, monitoring, demand and supply chain risk management in order to reduce vulnerability of disruptions and distraction in operations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 520-525\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6224\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6224<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vincent Oyovwevotu Erakpotobo Ph.D. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Western Delta University. Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Justice Oborakpororo Omo OKEI Ph.D. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences, Western Delta University. Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Agorzie, J.C., Unam, J.M., &amp; Aderemi, H.O. (2017) Supply Chain Risk Factors\u2019 Assessment in the Nigerian Pharmaceutical Industry. European Journal of Business and Management, 9(17), 131-138\r\n[2] Aminu, S. A., &amp; Olawore, O. P. (2014). 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Managing disruptions in supply chains: A case study of a retail supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics 118, 168\u2013174.\r\n[27] Oliveira, U.R. D., Espindola, L.S., &amp; Marins, F.A.S. (2018). Analysis of supply chain risk management researches. Gest. Prod., S\u00e3o Carlos, 25(4), 671-695.\r\n[28] Ponomarov, S. Y. &amp; Holcomb, M. C. (2009). Understanding the concept of supply chain resilience. International Journal of Logistics Management, The, 20(1): 124-143.\r\n[29] Prakash,S., Soni, G., &amp; Rathore, A.P.S. (2017). A critical analysis of supply chain risk management content: A structured literature review. Journal of Advances in Management Research,14(1),69-90.\r\n[30] Schmitt, A.J., &amp; Singh, M., (2012). A quantitative analysis of disruption risk in a multi-echelon supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics 139, 22\u201332.\r\n[31] Shou, Y., Hu, W., Kang, M., Li, Y., Park, Y.W., (2018). Risk management and firm performance: the moderating role of supplier integration. Industrial Management and Data Systems, Vol. 118, No. 7, pp. 1327\u20131344.\r\n[32] Shqairat, A., &amp; Sundarakani, B. (2018). An empirical study of oil and gas value chain agility in the UAE. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(9), 3541-3569.\r\n[33] Simba, S., Niemann, W., Kotz\u00e9, T., &amp; Agigi, A. (2017). Supply chain risk management processes for resilience: A study of South African grocery manufacturers. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 11(0),1-13.\r\n[34] Sodhi, M. S., Son, B. G., &amp; Tang, C. S. (2012). Researchers&#8217; perspectives on supply chain risk management. Production and Operations Management, 21(1): 1-13.\r\n[35] Tang, C. S. (2006a). Perspectives in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics, 103, 451-488.\r\n[36] Wachyudi, T., Daryanto, A., Machfud, M., &amp; Arkeman, Y. (2020). Biofuel supply chain risk mitigation strategy framework: Expert interview based approach. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management (JIEM), 13(1), 179-194.\r\n[37] Wagner, S.M. &amp; Silveira-Camargos, V. (2012). Managing risks in Just-in-sequence supply networks: Exploratory evidence from automakers. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 59, 52\u201364.\r\n[38] Wanjala, M. M &amp; Muli, S (2021). Influence of supply chain resilience practices on the performance of food and beverages manufacturing firms in Kenya: A survey of Nairobi City County, 11(1),\r\n[39] Wu, T., Blackhurst, J., Chidambaram, V., (2006). A model for inbound supply risk analysis. Pre-warning analysis and application in traceability Computers in Industry 57, 350\u2013365\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Vincent Oyovwevotu Erakpotobo Ph.D. &amp; Justice Oborakpororo Omo OKEI Ph.D. &#8220;The Mitigating Effect of Supply Chain Risk Management in Marginal Field Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.520-525 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6224<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/520-525.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-mitigating-effect-of-supply-chain-risk-management-in-marginal-field-oil-and-gas-companies-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Mitigating Effect of Supply Chain Risk Management in Marginal Field Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b327afc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b327afc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b327bcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b327bcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b327d3c\" data-id=\"b327d3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b327e51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b327e51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b327efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b327efb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32804f\" data-id=\"b32804f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b328158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b328158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3281f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3281f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b328343\" data-id=\"b328343\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b328452 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b328452\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3284ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3284ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32862a\" data-id=\"b32862a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b328738 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b328738\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3287d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3287d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32891a\" data-id=\"b32891a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b328a64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b328a64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b328b0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b328b0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b328c65\" data-id=\"b328c65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b328d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b328d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b328dff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b328dff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b328f70\" data-id=\"b328f70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b329081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b329081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Information and Communication Technology ICT Compliance as a Determinant of Effective Tax Administration in The Gambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>O.O Ayeni, K. O. Ogbeta- February 2022- Page No.: 526-534<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32911c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32911c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b329295\" data-id=\"b329295\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3293d8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3293d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nInformation and communication technology (ICT) through digitalization has become the epicenter of different nations\u2019 economic activities and has rendered the traditional tax rules and processes ineffective and inefficient. This paper examines the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) compliance and its effect on tax administration in the Gambia. It relied on the use of questionnaires and structured interview methods for gathering primary data while secondary data were sourced through textbooks, academic journals, internet materials, unpublished research thesis, official publications. The data collected for the study were analyzed using the descriptive statistical method. This includes the use of simple percentages and frequency distribution. The results of the study among others revealed that there is a positive relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and tax administration in The Gambia.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 526-534\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6225<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O.O Ayeni <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K. O. Ogbeta<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, School of Business and Public Administration, The University of The Gambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]. Abiola J, Asiweh M (2012). Impact of Tax Administration on Government Revenue in a Developing Economy: A case study of Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science 3(8):99-113.\r\n[2]. Agusiy, B. A. (2003). Effects of Information Technology on the efficiency of Tax Administration in Nigeria (A case study of Enugu State Board of Internal Revenue) An unpublished project for the award of BSc. (Accounting) by Caritas University, Amorji-Nike Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria, pp 65-67.\r\n[3]. Akpo, U. (2009). The People as Government: Imperatives of Tax Payment. Paper Presented at 1st Akwa Ibom State Revenue Submit April 6 &amp; 7,2009\r\n[4]. Benaihia K. B. , Owino P. O. , Tanui P. J. (2017). A Survey of Views on The Effect of OnlineTaxpayer Registration and Tax Return Processing on Revenue Collection At The Kenya Revenue Authority, Rift Valley Region. International Journal of Business and Management Review Vol.5, No.9, pp.78-89.\r\n[5]. Chatama, Y. J. (2013).The Impact of ICT on Taxation: The case of Large Taxpayer Department of Tanzania Revenue Authority, Developing Country Studies, ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online) Vol.3, No.2, 2013 www.iiste.org\r\n[6]. Dimitropoulou C, Govind S, Turcan L (2018). Applying Modern, Disruptive Technologies to Improve the Effectiveness of Tax Treaty Dispute Resolution. Intertax 46(11):856-872\r\n[7]. Faustine JM, Harun JM, Mwakibete AN, (2020). Influence of E-tax System on Tax Revenue Collection in Tanzania Large Taxpayers: A Prior and Posterior Analysis. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies 6\/4 (2020): 44-63 DOI: 10.32602\/jafas.2020.027\r\n[8]. Fudamu A.U., Mohammed N., Kama Y.S. (2019). Information Technology and Tax Administration in Adamawa State Board of Internal Revenue Yola-Nigeria. Dutse Journal Of Economics And development Studies (DUJEDS) Vol.7, No. 1, ISSN: 2536-6130.\r\n[9]. Government of The Gambia (2018-2021). The Gambia National Development Plan: Banjul, Government of The Gambia.\r\n[10]. Government of The Gambia (2017): Budget Speech 2018, Banjul: Government of The Gambia.\r\n[11]. Government of The Gambia (2019): Budget Speech 2020, Banjul: Government of The Gambia.\r\n[12]. Government of The Gambia (1997): The Constitution of The Gambia. Banjul: Government of The Gambia.\r\n[13]. Government of The Gambia (2018): TADAT International Monetary Fund report, Banjul: Government of The Gambia.\r\n[14]. Monica, F.W., Makokha E.N. &amp; Namusonge, G.S. (2017). Effects of Electronic Tax System on Tax Collection Efficiency in Domestic Taxes Department of Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA), Rift Valley Region. European Journal of Business and Management. 9(17). 51-19.\r\n[15]. Obe P.A. (2019). Digitalisation of Tax: International perspectives. Institute of Chartered Accountant of England and Wales Journal Review 1(1):1-12\r\n[16]. Olatunji O. C. and Ayodele K. B. (2017). Impact of Information Technology on Tax Administration in Southwest, Nigeria. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: D Accounting and Auditing Volume 17 Issue 2.\r\n[17]. Oseni, M. (2016). Sustenance of Tax Administration by Information and Comunications Technology in Nigeria. Archives of Business Research, 4(1), 47R54.\r\n[18]. Owino, H.O., Otieno, S. &amp; Odoyo, F.S. (2017). Influence of Information and Communication Technology on Revenue Collection in County Governments in Kenya: A Comparative Study of Migori and Homa Bay County Governments. International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM) Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp:(66-96).\r\n[19]. World Bank Group (2020), Systematic Country Diagnostic of The Republic of The Gambia. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/33810\/The-Gambia-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic.\r\n[20]. Schafer, A and Spengel, C (2004). International Tax Planning in the Age of ICT, ZEW (Centre for European Economic Research) Discussion Paper No. 04-27 ftp:\/\/ftp.zew.de\/pub\/zew-docs\/dp\/dp0427.pdf.\r\n[21]. UNCTAD (1997), Trade Facilitation and Multimodal Transport by the Division for Services Infrastructure for Development and Trade Efficiency (UNCTAD). ASYCUDA Newsletter No.9 March 1997\r\n[22]. Venkatesh, V., M. G. Morris, G. B. Davis and F. D. Davis (2003) \u201cUser Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View\u201d, MIS Quarterly (27)3, pp. 425\u2013478\r\n.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">O.O Ayeni, K. O. Ogbeta, &#8220;Information and Communication Technology ICT Compliance as a Determinant of Effective Tax Administration in The Gambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.526-534 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6225<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/526-534.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/information-and-communication-technology-ict-compliance-as-a-determinant-of-effective-tax-administration-in-the-gambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Information and Communication Technology ICT Compliance as a Determinant of Effective Tax Administration in The Gambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32a1d5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b32a1d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32ab4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32abe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32abe5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32ad21\" data-id=\"b32ad21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32b114 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32b114\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32b1b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32b1b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32b307\" data-id=\"b32b307\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32b40d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32b40d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32b4a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32b4a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32b60b\" data-id=\"b32b60b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32b719 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32b719\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Audit Quality, Audit Firm Size and Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ayora Oscah Edward, Ogeto Evans Joseph- February 2022- Page No.: 535-539<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32b7b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32b7b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32b926\" data-id=\"b32b926\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32ba5c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b32ba5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study is out to determine the influence of audit quality on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The objectives are to determine; the influence of audit quality on financial performance and to ascertain the influence of capital structure on financial performance. A theoretical and conceptual framework is formed on the basis of previous research. The theories that were reviewed include; agency theory and resource based theory. The study adopts a descriptive research. The study population \u2018comprises; of \u201call the 11 commercial banks enlisted at NSE. The data was mined from financial statements for the period 2014-2019. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis is applied. Descriptive statistics is used to summarize the observable characteristics of the group in question using metrics such as means standard deviations and variance while inferential statistics such as multiple linear regressions is used in testing the constructed statistical study hypothesis. The results indicate that the independent variables Capital structure and audit quality can be used to explain and can therefore predict financial performance of commercial banks listed in the NSE. The study concludes that audit quality leads to improved financial performance of commercial banks listed in the NSE and thereby can be generalized to the whole banking industry. The study findings indicate that capital structure and audit quality when strategically aligned in combination they will all result in improved performance.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 535-539\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayora Oscah Edward<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogeto Evans Joseph<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry &amp; Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage\r\n[2] Donaldson, L., Davis, J. H. (1989). CEO governance and shareholder returns: Agency theory or stewardship theory. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.\r\n[3] Guguyu, O. (2019). Fewer NSE firms issue profit alerts. https:\/\/www.businessdailyafrica.com\/corporate\/companies\/Fewer-NSE-firms-issue-profit-alerts\/4003102-5401790-11vh2avz\/index.html\r\n[4] Ilaboya, O. J. and Okoye, F. A. (2015). Relationship among Audit Firm Size, Non-Audit Services and Audit Quality. DBA Africa Management Review, 5 (1), 1-10.\r\n[5] Iraya C. &amp; Musyoki L. N. (2013). Performance of socially screened portfolio at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3 (6)\r\n[6] Jensen, M. C. and Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (4)\r\n[7] Moradi, M., Salehi, M. and Shirdel, S. (2011). Relationship between Size of Audit Firm and Earning Management in Quoted Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange, African Journal of Business Management, 5 (8), 3345-3353.\r\n[8] Muhatia, A. (2018). Six listed firms issue profit warning in 2018\r\n[9] Mwangi, M. (2018). The influence of firm size on value of the commercial banks in Kenya. European Scientific Journal, 14(7), 1857 \u2013 7881\r\n[10] Mwaniki, G. M, and Omagwa, J. O. (2017). The influence of asset structure on the profitability of quoted firms in commercial and services segment, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(4).\r\n[11] Nairobi Security Exchange. (2018). History of organization. Nairobi stock exchange Handbook, various editions, NSE\r\n[12] Naslmosavi, S. Sofian, S. and Mohamed Saat, B. (2013). Effect of Audit Firm Size on Auditors Opinion, Asian Social Science, 9 (9), 1911-2025\r\n[13] Speckbacher, G., Bischof, J. and Pfeiffer, T. (2003). A descriptive analysis on the implementation of balanced score cards in German-speaking countries, Management Accounting Research, 14(4), 361-387\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayora Oscah Edward, Ogeto Evans Joseph, &#8220;Audit Quality, Audit Firm Size and Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.535-539 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/535-539.pdf\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/535-539.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/audit-quality-audit-firm-size-and-financial-performance-of-listed-commercial-banks-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Audit Quality, Audit Firm Size and Financial Performance of Listed Commercial Banks in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32c818 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b32c818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32c8e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32c8e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32ca5e\" data-id=\"b32ca5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32cb88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32cb88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32cc24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32cc24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32cd79\" data-id=\"b32cd79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32cea4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32cea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32cf43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32cf43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32d08f\" data-id=\"b32d08f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32d1af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32d1af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32d253 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32d253\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32d39b\" data-id=\"b32d39b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32d4a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32d4a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32d53f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32d53f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32d68e\" data-id=\"b32d68e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32d7f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32d7f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32d8b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32d8b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32da1b\" data-id=\"b32da1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32db29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32db29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32dbc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32dbc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32dd33\" data-id=\"b32dd33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32de4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32de4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Geriatric and Social Support Care on the Health of Elderly People in Kano Metropolis, Kano State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asogwa, Emmanuel U. (Ph.D.), Onyezere, John O. (Ph.D.), And Ezeji, Chika H. &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 540-545<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32dee5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32dee5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32e067\" data-id=\"b32e067\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32e18c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b32e18c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the influence of geriatric and social support care on the health of elderly people in Kano metropolis, Kano State. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 7 old peoples centers out of the 13 centers in Kano metropolis. Due to the size of the population, the researchers made use of all the old people at the 7 selected centers in Kano metropolis totaling 283. Self-structured instrument scrutinized by experts, titled \u201cGeriatric and Social Support Care on Health Questionnaire\u201d was used to collect data from the respondents. The instrument had a reliability coefficient of r=0.81. Two research questions formulated were answered using the statistical tools of means and standard deviation, while the hypothesis postulated was tested with z-test at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study showed that the geriatric services rendered to the elderly positively influenced their health and that the social support care is given to them also impacted positively on their health and well being. The study concluded that geriatric and social support care rendered had a significant influence on the health of elderly people in Kano metropolis. The study, therefore, recommended among others that government and non-governmental organizations should provide, equip and maintain functional old people\u2019s long-term care or nursing facilities in every local government area of the state and nation and that families and community should embrace and carryout daily elder day-care services for their elderly members.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 540-545\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asogwa, Emmanuel U. (Ph.D.) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onyezere, John O. (Ph.D.) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezeji, Chika H. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSocial Welfare Unit, Ministry of Health, Kano State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Agbanusi, E. C., Ibeagha, E. J., Ojo-Ajibare, O., Emeahara, G. O., &amp; Emeahara, E. N. (2012). Coping with learning in adulthood. The role of physical activity and health promotion. In H. O. Osinowo, O. A., Moronkola, D. A., Egunyomi; the adults and aged in Nigeria: Issues and researches (Ed). Ibadan; Royal people Nigeria Limited.\r\n[2] Asogwa, E. U (2019). Physical activity and health aging. Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Learning 9(1),131-144\r\n[3] Daskalopoula, C., Stubbs, B., Krali, C., Koukourair, A., Prince, M., &amp; Prina, A. M. (2017). Physical activity and health aging; a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort, studies. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/sceience\/artcle\/pii\/1568\/63717300302.\r\n[4] Egunyomi, D. A. (2012). The adults and aged: the Nigeria situation: In H. O.Osunowo, O. A. Moronkola, D. A Egunyomi; the adults and aged in Nigeria-issues and researches (Ed.) Ibadan; Royal people Nigeria Limited\r\n[5] Ezeji, C. C. (2021). Perceived influence of geriatric and social support care on the health of elderly people in Kano metropolis, Kano state. Unpublished M.Ed Dissertation . Faculty of Education University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.\r\n[6] Kinsella, K. &amp; Velkoff, V.A. (2001). An Ageing World International Population Reports. US Census Bureau series, W. A: Us Government Printing Office.\r\n[7] Kumar, V. (2012). Geriatric medicine in Munkal A. P textbook of medicine,9th edition New Delhi: Jaypee Brother Medicine Publishers Limited\r\n[8] Kropf, N. P., &amp; Hutchinso, E. D. (2000). Effective practices with elderly clients: in R.L. Schneider, N. P: Kropf and A. J. Kisor (Eds.) Gerontological Social Work: Knowledge, Service and special populations. Pacific groove: brook\/ Cole\r\n[9] National Population Commission (NPC) of Nigeria (2006): population census of 2006. https:\/\/nigeriacensus.Report. Abuja-Nigeria: NPC.\r\n[10] Ogunsakin, E. A., Shehu, R. A., &amp; Dare, A. B (2012). Influence of geriatric and social support care on health of early people in Korin south local government Area, Kwara state. In H. O. Osinowo, O. A. Moronkola, D. A. Egunyomi the adult and aged in Nigeria: Issues and researches (ed) Ibadan: Royal people Nigeria Limited\r\n[11] Okoye, U. O. (2013). Community-based care for home bound elderly persons in Nigeria; a policy option. International Journal of innovation research in science, engineering and Technology 2 (120),9086-7089\r\n[12] Oyinlola, O. (2016). End of care for the elderly: Emerging role of medical social workers. Journal of Gerontological Geriatric Research 5,298-311\r\n[13] Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health outcomes: understanding the health consequences of our relationships. New Haven, C.T: Yale University Press\r\n[14] United States Census Bureau (2000). Statistical abstract of the United State (12th Ed.). Washington D. C: US Government Printing Office\r\n[15] World health organization [WHO] (2015). World report on ageing and health. General Switzerland: WHO.\r\n[16] Yeolekar, M. E (2005). Elderly in India needs and issues. Journal of Association of Physicians, 5(3), 843-844\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asogwa, Emmanuel U. (Ph.D.), Onyezere, John O. (Ph.D.), And Ezeji, Chika H., &#8220;Influence of Geriatric and Social Support Care on the Health of Elderly People in Kano Metropolis, Kano State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.540-545 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/540-545.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/540-545.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-geriatric-and-social-support-care-on-the-health-of-elderly-people-in-kano-metropolis-kano-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Geriatric and Social Support Care on the Health of Elderly People in Kano Metropolis, Kano State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32ef66 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b32ef66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32f03c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32f03c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32f1b7\" data-id=\"b32f1b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32f2d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32f2d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32f377 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32f377\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32f4ce\" data-id=\"b32f4ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b32fdbe\" data-id=\"b32fdbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32fec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b32fec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b32ff5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b32ff5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b330101\" data-id=\"b330101\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b330224 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b330224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3302c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3302c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b330431\" data-id=\"b330431\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b330542 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b330542\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Making Inclusion Work: Teacher Characteristics as Critical Determinants of Education for Learners with Physical Disability in Inclusive Primary Schools in Western Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Hesborn M. Chonge and Esther N. Kiaritha &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 546-552<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3305dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3305dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b33075e\" data-id=\"b33075e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b330894 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b330894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Since independence in Kenya, there have been several policies and working papers concerning education for the pupils with physical disability and generally inclusive education such as the Sector Policy for Learners and Trainees with Disabilities (2018). However, even with all this, the academic performance of learners with physical disability in inclusive schools continue to record low performance compared to those without disability. Inclusive education was supposed to provide learners to provide equal educational opportunities to both learners with and without physical disability. The objective of this paper therefore was to determine the influence of teacher characteristics which included attitude, satisfaction and teaching strategies on academic performance of learners with physical disability in Western Kenya inclusive schools. The study employed a convergent parallel mixed method design in five inclusive schools for pupils with physical disability. Data was generated from among 65 teachers, 52 pupils with physical disability and 73 regular pupils by use of a questionnaire and an observation guide. For inclusion to be successful as a framework, this scrutiny is required in order to improve the learners\u2019 overall academic outcomes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 546-552\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hesborn M. Chonge <\/strong>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Esther N. Kiaritha<\/strong>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ananti, M., &amp; Nisreenand, A. A. (2012). Including Students with Disabilities in UAE Schools: A Descriptive Study. International Journal of Special Education, 27, 75-85.\r\n[2] Arbeiter, S., &amp; Hartley, S. (2002). Teachers&#8217; and Pupils&#8217; Experiences of Integrated Education in Uganda. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 49, 61-78.\r\n[3] Artelt C., &amp; Rausch T. (2014). \u201cAccuracy of teacher judgments. When and for what reasons?\u201d in Teachers\u2019 Professional Development: Assessment, Training, and Learning, eds Krolak-Schwerdt S., Glock S., &amp; B\u00f6hmer M. Sense Publishers.\r\n[4] Chavuta, A., Itimu-Phiri, A. N., Chiwaya, S., Sikero, N., &amp; Alindiamao, G. (2008). Montfort Special Needs Education College and Leonard Cheshire Disability International Inclusive Education Project: Shire Highlands education division \u2013 Malawi baseline study report. https:\/\/www.eenet.org.uk\/resources\/docs\/Malawi%20baseline%20study.pdf\r\n[5] Disabled World (2019). Disabilities: Definition, Types and Models of Disability. https:\/\/www.disabled-world.com\/disability\/types\/\r\n[6] Donohue, D., &amp; Bornman, J. (2015). South African Teachers&#8217; Attitudes toward the Inclusion of Learners with Different Abilities in Mainstream Classrooms. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 62, 42-59.\r\n[7] Emam, M. M., &amp; Mohamed, A. A. H. (2011). Preschool and primary school teachers&#8217; attitudes towards inclusive education in Egypt: The role of experience and self-efficacy. Procedia Social and behavioral Sciences, 29, 976-985.\r\n[8] European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education (EASNIE). (2018). Evidence of the link between inclusive education and social inclusion: A review of the literature. EASNIE.\r\n[9] Garden, R. (2010). Disability and narrative: New directions for medicine and the medical humanities. Medical humanities, 36(2), 70-4.\r\n[10] Gudyanga, E., Wadesango, N., Eliphanos, H., &amp; Gudyanga, A. (2014). Challenges faced by students with hearing impairment in Bulawayo urban regular schools. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9), 3.\r\n[11] Haitembu, R. K. (2014). Assessing the provision of inclusive Education in Omusati region. Masters\u2019 Thesis. UNAM Scholarly Repository. University of Namibia. http:\/\/repository.unam.edu.na\/handle\/11070\/852.\r\n[12] Hettiarachchi, S., &amp; Das, A. (2014). Perceptions of \u2018inclusion\u2019 and perceived preparedness among school teachers in Sri Lanka. Teaching and Teacher Education, 43, 143-153.\r\n[13] Kiru, E., &amp; Cooc, N. (2018). A Comparative Analysis of Access to Education for Students with Disabilities in Brazil, Canada, and South Africa. Journal of International Special Needs Education, 21(2), 34\u201344.\r\n[14] Koster, M., Pijl, S. J., Nakkena, H., &amp; Van Houten, E. (2010). Social participation of students with special needs in regular primary education in the Netherlands. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 57, 59\u201375.\r\n[15] Magumise, J., &amp; Sefotho, M. M. (2020). Parent and teacher perceptions of inclusive education in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 24(5), 544-560.\r\n[16] McCoy, S., &amp; Banks, J. (2012): Simply academic? Why children with special educational needs don\u2019t like school. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 27(1), 81-97.\r\n[17] Ministry of Education. (2018). Sector Policy for Learners and Trainees with Disabilities. Government Printers.\r\n[18] Muwana, F., &amp; Ostrosky, M. (2014). Factors related to pre-service teachers&#8217; attitudes towards inclusion: a case for Zambia. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18, 763-782.\r\n[19] Nazorov, Z. &amp; Lee, C, G. (2012). Disability Statistics from the current population Survey (CPS). Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Centre on Disability Demographics and Statistics.\r\n[20] Ngcobo, J., &amp; Muthukrishna, N. (2011). Geographies of inclusion of students with disabilities in an ordinary school. South African Journal of Education, 31, 357-368.\r\n[21] Ngcobo, J., &amp; Muthukrishna, N. (2011). Geographies of inclusion of students with disabilities in an ordinary school. South African Journal of Education, 31, 357-368.\r\n[22] Oh-Young C., &amp; Filler J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the effects of placement on academic and social skill outcome measures of students with disabilities. Res. Dev. Disabil., 47, 80\u201392.\r\n[23] Rishaelly, C. (2017). Factors influencing academic performance of hearing impaired students in inclusive education: A case of Moshi Technical secondary school [Unpublished master\u2019s thesis]. University of Tanzania.\r\n[24] Ruijs N. M., Van der Veen I., &amp; Peetsma T. T. D. (2010). Inclusive education and students without special educational needs. Educ. Res., 52, 351\u2013390.\r\n[25] Sailor, W. (2015). Advances in schoolwide inclusive school reform. Remedial and Special Education, 36(2), 94\u201399.\r\n[26] Schuelka, M. J. (2018). Implementing inclusive education. K4D Helpdesk Report. Institute of Development Studies.\r\n[27] Steen, S., Steenbeek, H., Wielinski, J., &amp; Geert, P. V. (2012). A Comparison between Young Students with and without Special Needs on Their Understanding of Scientific Concepts. Education Research International, 2012, 1-12.\r\n[28] World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). World Report on Disability. World Health Organisation.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hesborn M. Chonge and Esther N. Kiaritha &#8220;Making Inclusion Work: Teacher Characteristics as Critical Determinants of Education for Learners with Physical Disability in Inclusive Primary Schools in Western Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.546-552 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/546-552.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/546-552.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/making-inclusion-work-teacher-characteristics-as-critical-determinants-of-education-for-learners-with-physical-disability-in-inclusive-primary-schools-in-western-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Making Inclusion Work: Teacher Characteristics as Critical Determinants of Education for Learners with Physical Disability in Inclusive Primary Schools in Western Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b33169d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b33169d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" 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data-id=\"b332704\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b332858\" data-id=\"b332858\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b33295f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b33295f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3329f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3329f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b332b62\" data-id=\"b332b62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b332c71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b332c71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Employees Performance of Microfinance Banks in Jos, Plateau State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adamu Nasiru, Oki, E. U., Reuel J. Dakung- February 2022- Page No.: 553-575<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b332d0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b332d0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b332ea8\" data-id=\"b332ea8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b333013 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b333013\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nHuman Resource Management practices have been studied extensively among banking sector and small and medium enterprises, but no research so far conducted on the microfinance banks particularly in plateau state, especially with a focus on the impact of HRM practices. Therefore, the main objectives of this study was to; examine the impact of Human Resource Management practices on employee performance of microfinance Banks in Jos. The study was anchored on human capital theory and supported by resource-based theory and Maslow&#8217;s need hierarchy theory. The study adopted descriptive research design to establish the problem that was under investigation. The target population of the study was 12 Microfinance banks operating in Jos, Plateau State. Stratified sampling technique was adopted to select the sample of the study due to homogeneity of the population. Structured questionnaires were instruments of data collection used due to their effectiveness of capturing respondents. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23) software using descriptive and inferential statistics. t-test, Pearson correlation as well as multiple regression analysis used to analyze the data. The T-test was used to test the hypothesis of the study. The analyzed data was presented in form of tables. It was revealed that Human Resource Management Practices had a positive relationship on performance of Employees in Microfinance Banks in Jos despite small extent of adoption. The study concludes that unless microfinance banks realized the value of recruiting highly qualified workers, review compensation policies, adequately training of it staff, appraising the performance of the employees as well as ensuring proper career management into the system and assessing labour market conditions before compensating workers, gaining competitiveness will be a herculean task. Therefore, the study recommends that Microfinance banks should allocate adequate funds to recruit competent staff, train workers, form proper performance appraisal policies, implement change and review compensation policies for them to remain competitive.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 553-575\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 February 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adamu Nasiru<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oki, E. U.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Reuel J. Dakung<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahmad, S., Schroeder, R.G. (2003). The impact of human resource management practices on operational performance: recognizing country and industry differences. Journal of operations Management, 21(1), 19-43.\r\n[2] Allen, D.G. 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Dakung, &#8220;The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Employees Performance of Microfinance Banks in Jos, Plateau State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.553-575 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/553-575.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b34770e\" data-id=\"b34770e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b347826 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b347826\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3478cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3478cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b347a27\" data-id=\"b347a27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b347b46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b347b46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b347bed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b347bed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b347d6e\" data-id=\"b347d6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b347e8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b347e8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Women Entrepreneurs\u2019 survival in the course of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amrita Nandy, Mohona Biswas- February 2022- Page No.: 576-584<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b347f2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b347f2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3480cb\" data-id=\"b3480cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34820d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b34820d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1871\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1871\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nAim of this paper is to identify the endurance Bangladeshi women entrepreneurs\u2019 amid the COVID-19 epidemic. The paper is focused on women entrepreneurs, conducting business mostly (99.93%) in Bangladesh\u2019s micro, small and medium size enterprises. The study is qualitative hence various secondary sources like private and public publications, newspapers, and web-based materials were used to examine the situation. Findings of this study indicate that only 20% women-headed business in Bangladesh has got highly hampered while 90% women entrepreneurs faced tremendous mental, social, and economic stress during the pandemic. In addition, gender inequality has risen. However, even after the tremendous sufferings of this pandemic period, in Bangladesh only 1% of women entrepreneurs wish to leave their businesses. Interestingly, some of these business leaders have discovered a new opportunity to survive and expand through online business. Along with the government&#8217;s stimulus package, women entrepreneurs demand more specific and supportive initiatives to endure their business. As an implication, both government and non-governmental organizations can formulate their policies and take measures based on the findings and recommendations suggested in this paper to overcome the crisis of women entrepreneurs.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 576-584\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6226\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6226<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1872\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1872\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amrita Nandy<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, BGC Trust University Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohona Biswas<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Rangamati Science &amp; Technology University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1873\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1873\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] \u00c1cs, Z., Szerb, L., Lafuente, E., &amp; M\u00e1rkus, G. 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Situation of Women CMSME Entrepreneurs and Informal Sector Workers- A rapid assessment and quest for recovery from losses induced by COVID-19 pandemic.pdf. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.brac.net\/program\/wp-content\/up loads\/2020\/10\/Situation-of-Women-CMSME-Entrepreneurs-and-Informal-Sector-Workers.pdf\r\n[9] BRAC. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on women entrepreneurs and informal sector workers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.brac.net\/latest-news\/item\/1290-impact-of-covid-19-on-women- entrepreneurs-and-informal-sector-workers\r\n[10] Brush G.C., &amp; Cooper S.Y. (2012). Introduction Female entrepreneurship and economic development : An international perspective. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,24(1-2),1-6. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08985626.2012.637340\r\n[11] BWCCI (Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry). (n.d.). BWCCI at a glance. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bwcci-bd.org\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=46&amp; Itemid=34\r\n[12] GDP of Bangladesh. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/438214\/gross-domestic-product-gdp-growth-rate-in-bangladesh\/ GNI per capita Bangladesh. Retrieved from https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GNP. PCAP.PP. CD?locations=BD\r\n[13] Global Gender Gap Report. (2020). World Economic Forum 2020. Retrieved from report https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/ gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality\r\n[14] Hossain, M. J. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Providers in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2(7), 8-15.\r\n[15] IDLC Finance Ltd. (March, 2018). IDLC Monthly Business Review: Bold Women Pursuing Stronger Role, 14(3). Retrieved from https:\/\/idlc.com\/mbr\/previous-editions.php\r\n[16] Islam, A. (2020, December 28). Bangladesh: More women create online businesses during pandemic. The DW. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/bangladesh-more-women-create-online- businesses-during-pandemic\/a-56076990\r\n[17] Khan, S. (2021, January 13). Women entrepreneurs need policy support. The Financial Express. Retrieved from https:\/\/thefinancialexpress.com.bd\/views\/opinions\/women-entrepreneurs-need- policy-support-1610553864\r\n[18] Khanum, F., Akter, N., Deep, T. A., Nayeem, M.A.R., &amp; Akter, F. (2020). The role of women entrepreneurship in women empowerment: A case study in the city of Barishal, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Advances in Research. 5(1),13-24.\r\n[19] Khatun, F. (2020, September 1). Women\u2019s access to stimulus packages and post COVID-19 gender equality. The Daily Star. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/opinion\/macromirror\/news\/womens -access-stimulus-packages-and-post-COVID-19-gender-equality-1953693\r\n[20] Malyadri, G. (2014). Role of women Entrepreneurs in the Economic Development of India. Indian Journal of Research. 3 (3), 104-105.\r\n[21] MIWE (Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs). (2020). MIWE 2020: Full Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mastercard.com\/news\/research-reports\/2020\/mastercard-index-of-womenentrepreneurs-2020\/\r\n[22] Moudud-Ul-huq, S. ( 2013). Women Entrepreneurship Development In Bangladesh Challenges And Prospects. International journal of innovation, research and development. 2(7), 41-48.\r\n[23] Mujeri, M. K. (2019, March 21). Female entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. The Financial Express. Retrieved from https:\/\/thefinancialexpress.com.bd\/views\/female-entrepreneurship-in- bangladesh-1553181544\r\n[24] Nasima, M., &amp; Alam, N. (2014). Women Micro-Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh: Socio-Economic Aspects and Factors Affecting Their Development. Journal of Business and Technology, 9(1), 53-70.\r\n[25] Islam, N. (2020, September 8). OP-ED: The role of e-commerce in empowering women. The Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/2020\/09\/08\/op-ed-the-role-of-e-commerce-in-empowering-women\r\n[26] Rabbani, M., Zahan, I., &amp; Mtin, M. (2020). How resilient are female online entrepreneurs findings from the COVID-19 shock. Brac Institute of Governance and Development Brac University, 1(3),1- 12.. Retrieved from https:\/\/bigd.bracu.ac.bd\/study\/resilience-of-online-entrepreneur-against-the-COVID-19-induced-economic-slow-down\/\r\n[27] Roy, I. (2016). The Socio-Economic Contribution of Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 16(5), 13-20. Retrieved from https:\/\/globaljournals.org\/item\/6056-the-socio-economic-contribution-of-women-entrepreneurs-in-bangladesh\r\n[28] Sajjad, M., Kaleem, N., Chani, M.I., &amp; Ahmed, M. (2020). Worldwide role of women entrepreneurs in economic development. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 151-160.\r\n[29] Small &amp; Medium Enterprise Foundation. (2015). SME Women Entrepreneurs Directory. Dhaka, Bangladesh. Retrieved from https:\/\/smef.portal.gov.bd\/site\/page\/1299f3be-da34-41ab-b933-8c26ccfdabfb\/-\r\n[30] The Government of the Peoples of Bangadesh. (1972). The Constitution of the People \u2019 s Republic of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Available at:http:\/\/bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd\/act-print-367.html. (Accessed: December 02, 2020).\r\n[31] UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2020). COVID-19: A Step Back for Women\u2019s Empowerment in Bangladesh? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bd.undp .org \/content\/bangladesh\/en\/home \/presscenter\/articles\/2020\/08\/31\/COVID-19&#8211;a-step-back-for-womens-empowerment-in-bangladesh&#8211;.html\r\n[32] Unemployment rate in Bangladesh. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/BGD\/ bangladesh\/unemployment-rate\r\n[33] UN Women. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on rural women and enterprises: A rapid socio-economic assessment in Bangladesh by the empower project. Retrieved from https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report \/bangladesh\/impact-COVID-19-rural-women-and-enterprises-rapid-socio-economic-assessment\r\n[34] Welle, D. (2020, December 29). Many women in Bangladesh create online businesses during pandemic. The Financial Express. Retrieved from https:\/\/thefinancialexpress.com.bd \/trade\/ many- women-in-bangladesh-create-online-businesses-during-pandemic-1609255446\r\n[35] WHO (World Health Organization). (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus 2019\/situationreports\/.\r\n[36] WHO (World Health Organization). (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved from https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/\r\n[37] Women&#8217;s contribution to GDP growth 34%: PM. (2017, September 21). The Daily Asian Age. Retrieved from https:\/\/dailyasianage.com\/news\/86916\/womens-contribution-to-gdp-growth-34-pm\r\n[38] World meters. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world population \/bangladesh -population\/ 24 per cent of female online entrepreneurs shut businesses in June: study. (2020, August 23), The New Age. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.newagebd.net\/article\/114299\/24-per-cent-of-female- online-entrepreneurs-shut-businesses-in-june-study\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1874\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1874\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amrita Nandy, Mohona Biswas, &#8220;Women Entrepreneurs\u2019 survival in the course of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.576-584 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6226\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1875\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1875\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/576-584.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1876\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1876\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/women-entrepreneurs-survival-in-the-course-of-covid-19-pandemic-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Women Entrepreneurs\u2019 survival in the course of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34926d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b34926d\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b349f30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b34a081\" data-id=\"b34a081\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34a194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b34a194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b34a234 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b34a234\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b34a39b\" data-id=\"b34a39b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34a4aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b34a4aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b34a544 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b34a544\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b34a69a\" data-id=\"b34a69a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34a7ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b34a7ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b34a849 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b34a849\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b34a9ae\" data-id=\"b34a9ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34ab96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b34ab96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Railway Transport System and the Integration of the Inland Container Depot to Reduce Co2 Emissions in Africa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nathaniel Nsen Fuanbial &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 585-591<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b34ac6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b34ac6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b34ae1f\" data-id=\"b34ae1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34af77 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b34af77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMost of the rail systems in Africa were constructed in the early 20th century by the British colonial powers to facilitate the transportation of military troops into the interior of a country, and the movement of mining and agricultural consignments as well. However as soon as the continent gained its independence, railway links were divided into new national borders. Currently, the transportation industry especially the cargo and passenger transport that amounts for a high level of Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world. Furthermore, air pollution is also on the increase in Sub-Saharan Africa. International organizations and governments have understood the importance of reducing CO2 emissions in developing national economic and energy policies. However, such decrease needs evident know-how of the pattern of CO2 emission and its monitoring as well. More so in all the sectors of a nation, the transportation sector arguably is the sector that emits the most global CO2. Thus, according to the international energy agency (IEA), the industry emitted approximately 23% of global greenhouse gas emission in 2013 which led to the adoption of many climate change regulations. In Africa, the view is that coastal ports are now moving away from the command and control approach of management towards a more decentralized and collaborative approach. The government is not solely in control of the coastal port environmental direction, due to the increasing demand for global best practice in port operations. Using past research carried out and descriptive case studies, the different investigations have tried to forecast the possibility for a modal shift from the road to the railway transport system. The investigations carried out are primarily different in terms of methodology, assumptions, and findings. The literature provided a summary of the studies that have tried to forecast the possibility of a shift from road to rail in coastal port cargo distribution. However, most of the studies were conducted in Europe and America with a few in Africa in the area of freight transportation. The findings revealed a high percentage of modal shift possibility while the descriptive case studies suggested the implementation of the railway system and the integration of the inland container depots for transportation of long-distance cargo from the coastal ports to the hinterland to reduce CO2 emission\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 585-591\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nathaniel Nsen Fuanbial <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Greenwich London Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] M.C Agaran, S.A Bishop and O.O Aboola Minimizing carbon emissions from transportation in sub-saharan Africa cities Using Mathematical Model: A focus of Lagos Nigeria.. 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Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2007.\r\n[28] King, David A. Climate Change Science: Adapt, Mitigate, or Ignore?. Science, Vol. 303, pp. 176-177. 2004\r\n[29] Gregory, J. Huybrechts, P. and Rapers, S. Threatened loss of the Greenland ice-sheet. Brussel : Nature Publishing Group, 2004.\r\n[30] Fisher, B. N. Nakicenovic, K. Alfsen, J. Corfee Morlot, F. de la Chesnaye, J. Hourcade, K. Jiang, M. Kainuma, E. La Rovere,. Issues related to mitigation in the long term context, In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007.\r\n[31] International Energy Agency(IEA). CO2 Emission From Fuel Combustion . s.l. : International Energy Agency, 2017.\r\n[32] ITF\/OECD. &#8220;Shipping Emissions in Ports\u201d, Discussion Paper 20. Paris : International Transport Forum, 2014.\r\n[33] International Transport Forum. Reducing Shipping Greenhouse Gas Emissions;lessons from port-based incentives. Paris : OECD\/ITF, 2018.\r\n[34] Kn\u00f6rr, Martin Schmied Wolfram. Calculating GHG emissions for freight forwarding and logistics services. Edinburgh: European Association for Forwarding, Transport, Logistics and Customs Services (CLECAT), 2012.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nathaniel Nsen Fuanbial , &#8220;The Railway Transport System and the Integration of the Inland Container Depot to Reduce Co2 Emissions in AfricaThe Railway Transport System and the Integration of the Inland Container Depot to Reduce Co2 Emissions in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.585-591 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/585-591.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/585-591.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-railway-transport-system-and-the-integration-of-the-inland-container-depot-to-reduce-co2-emissions-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Railway Transport System and the Integration of the Inland Container Depot to Reduce Co2 Emissions in AfricaThe Railway Transport System and the Integration of the Inland Container Depot to Reduce Co2 Emissions in Africa<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b34bee8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b34bee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b351fd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b351fd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b352079 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b352079\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3521bc\" data-id=\"b3521bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3523bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3523bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b352496 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b352496\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b352613\" data-id=\"b352613\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b35273b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b35273b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Affecting Awareness and Attitudes on the Green Purchase Intention of Eco-friendly Products in University Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>H. I. C. George, H. P. T. N. Silva- February 2022- Page No.: 592-598<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3527e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3527e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b35296d\" data-id=\"b35296d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b352aa8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b352aa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPollution and earth-destructive behavior has obliged humans to look for ways to restore natural resources. As such, through the past few decades, the use of eco products has become a well-accepted approach and is now popularizing in the local context. This study derived from a quantitative approach securing data from university students of the Western Province in Sri Lanka. Data were collected from 380 students using stratified random sampling methodology and a self-administered questionnaire, across four universities in order to understand the factors that affect awareness and attitudes on the purchase intention of eco-friendly products. Statistical analysis was applied to describe sample and understand sample composition. Multivariate analysis was conducted employing a factor analysis coupled with a multiple linear regression analysis to identify the latent and underlying factors affecting and the relationship towards the purchase intention. The findings provided a comprehensive generalized profile stating any significant statistical differences on demographics and socio-economic variables. Multivariate analysis suggested that the underlying factors that affect purchase intention are overall awareness, environmental concern and product perception. Further, of the three, environmental concern proved to be the factor that impacts young consumers the most indicating that attention should be focused on this factor when dealing with purchase intention of eco products. The study concluded by suggesting that the use of eco labels on eco products with a price range suitable to attract young consumers would influence the intention for purchasing these products thereby participating in the improvement of the environment.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 592-598\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6227\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6227<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H. I. C. George<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Statistics, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H. P. T. N. Silva<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Statistics, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Asha P. &amp; Rathiha R. (2017). Consumer Awareness Towards Green Products. International Journal of Management, 8(5), p.8\u201314.\r\n[2] Initial Environmental Examination: Prepared for Asia Development Bank and Government of Sri Lanka. (2017)\r\n[3] Iravani, M. R., Zadeh, M. S., Forozia, A., Shafaruddin, N., &amp; Mahroeian, H. (2012). Study of Factors Affecting Young Consumers to Choose Green Products. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research.\r\n[4] Jaganath R. (2016) A study on green purchasing behaviour of young consumers in Mettupalayam (Coimbatore District), International Journal of Advanced Research 2(3), pp. 678-681\r\n[5] Jaiswal, D., &amp; Kant, R. (2018). Green purchasing behaviour: A conceptual framework and empirical investigation of Indian consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 60\u201369.\r\n[6] Jamal, Z. B., Islam, S., &amp; Barua, P. (2016). Analyzing Factors that Affect Green Purchase Behavior: From the Context of Bangladeshi Consumers. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4(10), 611\u2013617.\r\n[7] Jayathilaka, K. G. S. A., &amp; De Silva, J. H. R. (2018). Impact of Green Marketing on Consumer Attitudes and Consumer Purchase Intention in Sri Lanka. 15th International Conference on Business Management, 774\u2013794.\r\n[8] Karunarathna, W., Naotunna, S., &amp; Sachitra, K. (2017). Factors Affect to Green Products Purchase Behavior of Young Educated Consumers in Sri Lanka. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 13(2), 1\u201312.\r\n[9] Kumar S., Garg R., &amp; Makkar A. (2012) Consumer Awareness and Perception Towards Green Products: A Study of Youngsters in India. International Journal of Marketing &amp; Business Communication; New Delhi, 1(4), 35-43.\r\n[10] Lasuin, C. A., &amp; Ching, N. Y. (2014). Factors Influencing Green Purchase Intention among University Students. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 1\u201314. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ums.edu.my\/mjbe\/images\/ mjbe\/ vol1\/number2\/1.pdf\r\n[11] Rahmi, D., Rozalia, Y., Chan, D., Anira, Q. and Lita, R. (2017). Green Brand Image Relation Model and Purchase Behavior on Creative Industry Products. Journal of Economics, Business &amp; Accountancy Ventura, 20(2), pages 177 \u2013 186. DOI: 10.14414\/jebav.v20i2.1126\r\n[12] Saluja D. (2016), Customer&#8217;s Attitude towards Eco-Friendly Product. Anveshak International Journal of Management.5, 107 \u2013 116.\r\n[13] Samarasinghe (2012). The Influence of Cultural Values and Environmental Attitudes on Green Consumer Behaviour International Journal of Behavioral Science 7(1) 83-98.\r\n[14] Siddique, Md. Z. R., &amp; Hossain, A. (2018). Sources of Consumers Awareness toward Green Products and Its Impact on Purchasing Decision in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(3), 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/jsd.v11n3p9\r\n[15] Thapa, G. (2019). Consumers\u2019 Perception Towards Green Products in Nepal., NCC Journal, 4(1). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nepjol.info\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">H. I. C. George, H. P. T. N. Silva, &#8220;Factors Affecting Awareness and Attitudes on the Green Purchase Intention of Eco-friendly Products in University Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.592-598 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6227<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/592-598.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-affecting-awareness-and-attitudes-on-the-green-purchase-intention-of-eco-friendly-products-in-university-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors Affecting Awareness and Attitudes on the Green Purchase Intention of Eco-friendly Products in University Students<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b354e55 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b354e55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3561b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3561b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b356253 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b356253\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3563a9\" data-id=\"b3563a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3564b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3564b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b356554 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b356554\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3566a7\" data-id=\"b3566a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3567b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3567b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b35684d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b35684d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3569bc\" data-id=\"b3569bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b356ae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b356ae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The effects of economic instability on teachers in decentralized secondary school in Zimbabwe: A Case of Mashonaland Central Province<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tapfuiwa J Katsinde &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 599-613<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b356b87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b356b87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b356d2f\" data-id=\"b356d2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b356eb6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b356eb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of economic instability on teachers in decentralized secondary schools in Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2017. This study used habitus and social capital as a conceptual framework. This was a qualitative study, which made use of a multi-case research design. Data was collected using focus group discussions, interviews and document analysis. Eight research sites in the form of secondary schools in four districts were used. Data analysis was done using theoretical prepositions guided by research objectives and research questions. Data presentation was characterised by quotes of participants. The study revealed that economic instability had negative results in the field of secondary schools. Economic instability negatively affected teaching and learning. In addition, economic instability affected individual secondary school teachers psychologically as their social status was battered. Economic instability affected relations between teachers and other secondary school actors by aggravating already existing contestations. Economic instability forced teachers to resort to other activities in order to survive the economic situation, which negatively affected teaching and learning. The study has shown that decentralized secondary schools found it difficult to solve the problems brought about by economic instability especially when the instabilities occurred within the difficulties of the broader Zimbabwean context. It is recommended that decentralized secondary schools should be assisted financially and with resources to withstand economic challenges. Further similar research is recommended for other provinces in the country.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 599-613\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tapfuiwa J Katsinde<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Governance, Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] AfDB\/OECD. (2003). African Economc Outlook: Zimbabwe.\r\n[2] Allan, J. &amp; Catts, R. (2014) Schools, social capital and space. Cambridge Journal of Education, 44(2), 217\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0305764X.2013.863829\r\n[3] Balyer, A. (2017) Trust in School Principals: Teachers\u2019 Opinions. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(2), 317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/jel.v6n2p317\r\n[4] Barker, J. D. (2012) Social Capital, homeless young people and the family. Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 15, No. 6, 730-743.\r\n[5] Bass Beats, G. and Willekens, F. (2009) The Global Economic Crisis and International Migration: An Uncertain Outlook, Vienna Yearbook of Population research, Special Issue on the Impact of Migration on demographic Change and Composition in Europe, pp19-37.\r\n[6] Botou, A., Mylonakou-Keke, I., Kalouri, O., &amp; Tsergas, N. (2017). Primary School Teachers\u2019 Resilience during the Economic Crisis in Greece. 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(2009) The Impact of Economic Crises on the Risk of Depression and Suicide\u202f: A Literature Review 2 . (November).\r\n[81] Warde, A. (2004) Practice and Field: Revising Bourdieusian Concepts. CRIC Discussion Paper No 65.\r\n[82] World Health Organisation (2011) The impact of economic crises on mental health. Regional Office for Europe of World Health Organisation. http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/pubrequest\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tapfuiwa J Katsinde, &#8220;The effects of economic instability on teachers in decentralized secondary school in Zimbabwe: A Case of Mashonaland Central Province&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.599-613 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/599-613.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b373d93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b373fc6\" data-id=\"b373fc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37414b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b37414b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3741fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3741fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b374369\" data-id=\"b374369\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b374476 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b374476\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b374513 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b374513\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b37465f\" data-id=\"b37465f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37eccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b37eccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b37ede2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b37ede2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b37ef93\" data-id=\"b37ef93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37f0c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b37f0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b37f173 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b37f173\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b37f2cc\" data-id=\"b37f2cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37f3d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b37f3d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b37f47c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b37f47c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b37f5cc\" data-id=\"b37f5cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37f6ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b37f6ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b37f78d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b37f78d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b37f908\" data-id=\"b37f908\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37fa20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b37fa20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between Learning Styles and Mathematics Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Awka Education Zone<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ada Anyamene; Princewill Ikechukwu Odalonu &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 614-619<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b37fac8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b37fac8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b37fc44\" data-id=\"b37fc44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b37fd7f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b37fd7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Academic achievement of students occupies a very important position in learning process, thus, understanding its relationship with student\u2019s learning style preference is an important consideration when designing classroom instruction. This study determined the relationship between learning styles and students\u2019 Mathematics academic achievement in Awka Education zone, Anambra State. The study adopted a correlational research design. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted and used in selecting a sample size of 1,241 students from a population of 6,279 students in public secondary schools. A validated questionnaire titled, Learning Style Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The questionnaire has reliability coefficient alphas of 0.68, 0.64 and 0.77 on each of the learning style cluster. The questionnaire was administered through direct delivery approach. Data was collected and analysed using percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings from the study revealed among others that; there is very low negative relationship existing between the secondary school students\u2019 visual learning style and their achievements in Mathematics in Anambra State; there is very low negative relationship existing between the students\u2019 auditory and kinesthetic learning style and their achievements in Mathematics in secondary schools. Similarly, the findings revealed that the relationship existing between the secondary school students\u2019 visual, auditory and kinaesthetic learning style and their achievements in Mathematics is not significant. Based on the findings, the following recommendations among others were made that teachers should take into account their students \u2018diverse learning styles in order to design instructional methods that take care of those diversities and remain sensitive of such during the instruction process.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 614-619\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6228\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6228<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ada Anyamene<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Akwa, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Princewill Ikechukwu Odalonu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Akwa, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Aremu, A.O. (2005): Correlates of learning styles on academic performance of in-school adolescents in Nigeria police secondary schools. Personality Study and Group Behaviour (25), 75 \u2013 85.\r\n[2]. Akinbobola, A. O. (2015). Effects of learning styles and instructional strategies on students\u2019 achievement in Nigerian senior secondary school physics. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, 41. Retrieved from www.iiste.org\r\n[3]. Deary, I. J., Strand, P., Smith, P., &amp; Fernandez, C. (2007).Intelligence and Educational Achievement. Intelligence, 35: 13-21.\r\n[4]. Domino, K.S. (2010). Academic achievement and study behaviour : A process Approach, (7th Edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[5]. Dunn, R., &amp; Dunn, K. (2012). Teaching students through their individual learning styles. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, Inc.\r\n[6]. Erdogan, Y., Bayram, S., &amp; Deniz, L. (2008). Factors that influence academic achievement and attitudes in web-based education. International Journal of Instruction, 1(1): 31-48.\r\n[7]. Hawkins, T. (2012). Will less art and music in the classroom really help students soar academically? The Washington Post. Retrieved from: http:\/\/wapo.st\/2rt3AV6\r\n[8]. Ibeh, H.N. (2015). Effects of learning styles on the performances of senior secondary school biology students. An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 9(1), 214- 227. DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/afrrev.v9i1.17. Retrieved from http:\/\/afrrevjo.net\/journals\/multidiscipline\/\r\n[9]. Lane, K. L., Barton-Arwoo, S. M., &amp;Nelsonz, J. R. (2008). Academic Performance of Students with Emotional and Behavioural Disorders Served in a Self-Contained Setting. Journal of Behavioural Education, 17(1): 43-62.\r\n[10]. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2015).Education statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/nigerianstat.gov.ng\/pdfuploads\/EDUCATION%20STATISTICS.pdf\r\n[11]. Okonkwo , S.,.G. (2012). Academic achievement, learning style and academic motivation of immigrant adolescents in the Greater Toronto Area Secondary Schools, Journal of Advanced Academics, 19(4):70-74.\r\n[12]. Okorie, A. (2009). The impact of motivation of student\u2019s academic achievement and learning outcomes in Mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 3 (2): 149-156.\r\n[13]. Osisioma, C.S (2006). Study habits as influence of academic performance of secondary school students. African Journal of Educational Research, 9(4)169-178\r\n[14]. Steinmayr, F.C., Dinger &amp;Spinath, B., (2012).Motivation as a mediator of social disparities in academic achievement.European Journal of Personality, 26(3), 335-349.\r\n[15]. West African Examination Council (WAEC, 2017). WAEC result statistics. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/education.gov.ng\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/WAEC_RESULTS_STATISTICS_2016-2018.pdf\r\n[16]. Wilson, J. G (2012). Students\u2019 mathematics performance and motivation to learn mathematics: Relationship and gender differences among Kenya\u2019s secondary school students in Nairobi and Rift Valley provinces. International Journal of Educational Development, 23, (5), 487-499.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ada Anyamene; Princewill Ikechukwu Odalonu &#8220;Relationship between Learning Styles and Mathematics Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Awka Education Zone&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.614-619 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6228<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/614-619.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-learning-styles-and-mathematics-academic-achievement-of-secondary-school-students-in-awka-education-zone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relationship between Learning Styles and Mathematics Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Awka Education Zone<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b380f26 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b380f26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b380ff5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b380ff5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b381174\" data-id=\"b381174\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3812a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3812a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b381343 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b381343\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b38149a\" data-id=\"b38149a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3815a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3815a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b381645 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b381f5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b381f5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3821da\" data-id=\"b3821da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b382344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b382344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3823f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3823f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3827bf\" data-id=\"b3827bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b382909 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b382909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Simple Econometric Analysis of the World Gold Price Behavior as A Hedge to the Philippine Inflation and Peso Exchange Rate during the Crisis-Terminal Period 1980-2020<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eric J. Nasution- February 2022- Page No.: 620-628<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b382a91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b382a91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b382c3e\" data-id=\"b382c3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b382d8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b382d8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nGold seems to be one of the favorite investments in the Philippines, as much as part of the international reserves of many countries. The study sought to analyze the cointegration of the world price of gold, inflation and Peso exchange rate in the Philippines. Was gold price a hedge against inflation and Peso exchange rate? The behavior of how this hedge functioned during the three sets of periods, each ended with a terminal crisis, prescribed by the US National Bureau of Economic Research or NBER, was discussed and evaluated in terms of their cointegration among the time series during the crisis-terminal period 1980-1998 (Asian financial crisis), 1980-2008 (US financial crisis), and 1980-2020 (covid-19 pandemic). The variables in the time series consist of the gold price change (GP), GDP (ppp) growth (GDP), net trade balance (NTB), inflation rate (INF), and exchange rate (ER). The Granger-causality analysis was also used to determine the function of one variable to the other within the vector autoregression or VAR model. The cointegration and Granger-causality analyses are denoted as the simple econometric analysis in this study. The first and second research questions were answered by the cointegration test of the three crisis-terminal periods of GP, GDP, NTB, INF and ER, and Granger-causality test, respectively. The study concluded that the cointegration of all variables took place during the covid-19 pandemic (1980-2020) and US financial (1980-2008) crisis-terminal periods. The vector autoregression discovered that INF Granger-caused GP, without embedding the ER in its statistics. So, gold investment does seem to be a good hedge of inflation in the Philippines.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 620-628\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eric J. Nasution<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdventist International Institute of Advanced Studies (AIIAS)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Barro, R.J. and Misra, S. (2013). Gold Returns. Personal publication. http:\/\/www.eief.it\/files\/2013\/03\/robert-barro.pdf\r\n[2] Barro, R.J. (1979). Money and the Price Level Under the Gold Standard. The Economic Journal, 89 (March 1979), preview, p. 13. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2231404\r\n[3] Bordo, M.D. (2020). Gold Standard. ECONLIB open-access publication. https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/library\/Enc\/GoldStandard.html\r\n[4] Capie, F. et. al. (2005). Gold as a hedge against the dollar. Journal of International Financial Markets, 15 (4). https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1042443104000794\r\n[5] Cooper, R.N. (1982). The Gold Standard: Historical Facts and Future Prospects. Harvard University, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1 : 1982, p. 44. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/1982\/01\/1982a_bpea_cooper_dornbusch_hall.pdf\r\n[6] Curtain, S. (2012). 2008 US Financial Crisis Cost Americans US$12.8 trillion: A Report. Yahoo!Finance daily ticker. https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/blogs\/daily-ticker\/2008-financial-crisis-cost-americans-12-8-trillion-145432501.html?\r\n[7] Dornbusch, R. (1986). Inflation, Exchange Rate, and Stabilization. Essays in International Finance, 165 (October 1986), pp. 7-11. https:\/\/ies.princeton.edu\/pdf\/E165.pdf\r\n[8] Hinkel, A. (2021). Bretton Woods-gold-based world monetary system. Xetra-Gold open-access newsletter, August 20, 2021. https:\/\/www.xetra-gold.com\/en\/gold-news\/bretton-woods-gold-based-world-monetary-system\/\r\n[9] Hirshleifer, D. (1990). Hedging Pressure and Futures Price Movements in A General Equilibrium Model. Econometrica, 58 (2), p. 411. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2938209\r\n[10] Humpage, O. (2013). Smithsonian Agreement. Federal Reserve History open-access journal. https:\/\/www.federalreservehistory.org\/essays\/smithsonian-agreement\r\n[11] Kunkler, M. and MacDonald R. (2016). The Price of Gold as A Hedge Against the US Dollar. Applied Finance Letter, 5 (1), p. 36. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/306402597 Global price of gold \u2260 global price of dollar, so an implication of this finding is that the global price of gold should not be used for hedging individual currency risk.\r\n[12] Marcos, F.E. (2006). President Marcos gold. Contact Phoenix Journal Review, 47 (12), August 9, 2006. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ph.p.history\/videos\/karen-hudes-revealed-marcos-owned-192000-metric-tons-of-gold-legally\/220231446163568\/\r\n[13] Minsky, H.P. (1977). The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and An Alternative of Standard Theory. Taylor &amp; Francis, Inc. and JSTOR publication from the Challenge, 20 (1), 1977, p. 25. http:\/\/joseluisoreiro.com.br\/site\/link\/01d2bd3c03a5be6b7d5c858af8e767065425667f.pdf\r\n[14] Nair, G.K. et.al. (2015). The Relationship between Gold Prices and Exchange Value of US$ in India. Emerging Markets Journal, 5 (1), p. xxx https:\/\/emaj.pitt.edu\/ojs\/index.php\/emaj\/article\/viewFile\/66\/249\r\n[15] Roy, S. and Kemme, D.M. (2020), The run-up to the global finance crisis: A longer historical view of financial liberalization, capital inflows and assets bubbles. International Review of Financial Analysis, 69 May 2020. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1057521918303880\r\n[16] Salter, A.W. (2020). That Civilized Relic: A Monetary System As Good as Gold. American Institute of Economic Research, July 16, 2020. https:\/\/www.aier.org\/article\/that-civilized-relic-a-monetary-system-as-good-as-gold\/?\r\n[17] Schwartz, P. and Leyden, P. (1997). The Long Boom, A History of the Futures 1980-2020. WIRED open-access publication. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/1997\/07\/longboom\/\r\n[18] Singh, N.P. and Joshi, N. (2019). Investigating Gold Investment as An Inflationary Hedge. Business Perspectives and Research, 7 (1). https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2278533718800178\r\n[19] Statista Research Department (2021). Gold reserves of largest holders worldwide as of September 2021. STATISTA open-access publication. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/267998\/countries-with-the-largest-gold-reserves\/\r\n[20] Tamas, G. (2021). Challenges of Internationalization from the Perspective of Chinese Currency. Academia.edu open-access publication. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/30949829\/Challenges_of_Internationalisation_from_the_Perspective_of_the_Chinese_Currency?email_work_card=thumbnail\r\n[21] The Editors (2020). Disruptive Innovation: The Essentials of Clayton Christensen\u2019s Articles. Adapted from The Clayton M. Christensen Reader, Harvard Business Review Press, 2016. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2020\/01\/the-essential-clayton-christensen-articles\r\n[22] UNIDO (2017). A Rapid Assessment of Gold and Financial Flows linked to Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Philippines. https:\/\/www.unido.org\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/2019-02\/Philippines%20Report%20_20.11.17.pdf\r\n[23] Yap, J.T. (1996). Inflation and Economic Growth in the Philippines. Philippine Institute of Development Studies. Discussion paper series No. 96-11, p. 30. https:\/\/pidswebs.pids.gov.ph\/CDN\/PUBLICATIONS\/pidsdps9611.pdf\r\n[24] Van Hoang, T.H. et. al. (2016). Is gold a hedge against inflation? A new evidence from a non-linear ARDL approach. Elsevier Emergency Public Health Collection open-access publication. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7115710\/\r\n[25] World Bank, 2020. The Global Economic Outlook During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Changed World. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/feature\/2020\/06\/08\/the-global-economic-outlook-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-changed-world\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eric J. Nasution, &#8220;A Simple Econometric Analysis of the World Gold Price Behavior as A Hedge to the Philippine Inflation and Peso Exchange Rate during the Crisis-Terminal Period 1980-2020&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.620-628 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/620-628.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/620-628.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-simple-econometric-analysis-of-the-world-gold-price-behavior-as-a-hedge-to-the-philippine-inflation-and-peso-exchange-rate-during-the-crisis-terminal-period-1980-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Simple Econometric Analysis of the World Gold Price Behavior as A Hedge to the Philippine Inflation and Peso Exchange Rate during the Crisis-Terminal Period 1980-2020<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b383d33 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b383d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" 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data-id=\"b383f93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3840ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3840ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b38415b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b38415b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b38f5cd\" data-id=\"b38f5cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b38f6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b38f6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b38f77f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b38f77f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b38f8c9\" data-id=\"b38f8c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b38f9cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b38f9cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b38fa68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b38fa68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b38fbd7\" data-id=\"b38fbd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b38fcef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b38fcef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implications of Tensions in South China Sea Region on Land Force Strategy in Indonesia&#8217;s Defense<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sukmawijaya, Helda Risman, Joni Widjayanto &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 629-637<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b38fd8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b38fd8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b38ff1f\" data-id=\"b38ff1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b390076 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b390076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The South China Sea have strategic value, from economic and military aspects. In some parts of the waters there is an overlap of jurisdictions between claimant states (Brunei Darussalam, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, and China), causing a high potential for conflict. Geopolitical turbulence in the South China Sea region further illustrates the dynamic strategic environment and adds complexity to threats to security in the region. The panelitian method used is a qualitative descriptive method. According to Sugiyono, descriptive methods are studies that describe, describe, or describe the state of the object studied as what it is, according to the situation and conditions when research is done. The theories used are balance of power, military of balance, steps-to-war, and balance of threat. China&#8217;s rapid military development has made it a powerful country and has the potential to become a hegemony in the region and will create new tensions in the region. This situation encourages countries in the region to increase their military capabilities, produce military weaponry and equipment, and even form military alliances to offset China&#8217;s military capabilities in the region. The U.S.-China rivalry makes the South China Sea region a single geostrategic theater that will drag regional countries into the maelstrom of conflict, including Indonesia in it. Facing a dynamic environment, Indonesia with an active defensive strategy deploys land aspect forces that have been centrally structured and dispersed (territorial command units), in an effort to prevent assertive actions from other countries.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 629-637\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6229\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6229<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sukmawijaya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRepublic of Indonesia Defense University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Helda Risman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRepublic of Indonesia Defense University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joni Widjayanto <\/strong><\/span>\r\nRepublic of Indonesia Defense University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Kemenlu RI (2013), Laut China Selatan, Kemenlu RI, Jakarta, Feb. 2013.\r\n[2] M. N. P. Tandy, E. G. Chen, A. Maria, C. H. Arrumaisha, V. E. Jackson, and B. Valerie, Analisis signifikansi keterkaitan geopolitik dalam pelaksanaan diplomasi preventif Indonesia pada kasus Laut Cina Selatan, vol.11, pp. 270\u2013284, 2019, https:\/\/journal.unpar.ac.id\/index.php\/Sentris\/article\/view\/5181.\r\n[3] Thea Fathanah Arbar (2020), 3 Alasan Mengapa China Klaim Laut China Selatan, CNBC Indonesia, Jul. 2020. https:\/\/www.cnbcindonesia.com\/news\/20200724161343-4-175213\/3-alasan-mengapa-china-klaim-laut-china-selatan\r\n[4] Poltak Partogi (2013), Konflik Laut China Selatan dan implikasinya terhadap kawasan. Jakarta: P3DI Setjen DPR RI, 2013.\r\n[5] The Secretary of U.S. DoD (2021), Military and security developments involving the People\u2019s Republic of China 2021. https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2021\/Nov\/03\/2002885874\/-1\/-1\/0\/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF.\r\n[6] DR. Alexander L. Vuving (2016), Strategi Laut Cina Selatan, ipdefenseforum.com, 2016. https:\/\/ipdefenseforum.com\/id\/2016\/08\/strategi-laut-cina-selatan\/\r\n[7] R. Nayan (2007), Us policy on dual-use technology transfers to china, Strateg. Anal., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 553\u2013581, 2007, doi: 10.1080\/09700160701559219.\r\n[8] A. Townshend, B. Thomas-noone, and M. Steward, \u201cAverting crisis: American strategy, military spending and collective defence in the Indo-Pacific,\u201d United States Stud. Cent. Univ. Sydney, no. Agustus, 2019, https:\/\/www.ussc.edu.au\/analysis\/averting-crisis-american-strategy-military-spending-and-collective-defence-in-the-indo-pacific.\r\n[9] Alexander Ward and Paul Mclary, Biden announces joint deal with U.K. and Australia to counter China, Politico, Canberra, Sep. 2021. https:\/\/www.politico.com\/staff\/alexander-ward\r\n[10] Rika Anggraeni (2021), Apa itu Aliansi AUKUS? Apa dampaknya bagi Geopolitik Indo-Pasifik?, Bisnis.com, Jakarta, Sep. 2021.\r\n[11] Mahdi Muhammad (2021), Adang China, AS-Inggris bantu kapal selam bertenaga nuklir untuk Australia, kompas.id, Jakarta, 2021.\r\n[12] ANTARA, Indonesia khawatir AUKUS picu tingginya rivalitas di kawasan Indo-Pasifik, ANTARANEWS.Com, 2021. https:\/\/www.antaranews.com\/berita\/2485441\/indonesia-khawatir-aukus-picu-tingginya-rivalitas-di-indo-pasifik.\r\n[13] Sugiyono (2017), Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&amp;D. Bandung: CV Alfabeta, 2017.\r\n[14] Sugiyono (2018), Metode penelitian kuantitatif, 1st ed. Bandung: CV Alfabeta, 2018.\r\n[15] W. C. Lee, \u201cLong shot and short hit: China as a military power and its implications for the USA and Taiwan,\u201d J. Asian Afr. Stud., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 523\u2013542, 2008, doi: 10.1177\/0021909608094598.\r\n[16] J. Hackett, D. Barrie, B. Barry, N. Childs, L. B\u00e9raud-sudreau, and J. Raine, Military Balance, no. February. London, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003177777\r\n[17] The Secretary of Australian (2016). DoD, Defence White Paper 2016.\r\n[18] R. W. W. O. W. Poespojoedho, \u201cNaval diplomacy: Upaya defensif Indonesia dalam konflik Laut Tiongkok Selatan di era Joko Widodo,\u201d J. Hub. Int., vol. 12, no. 2, p. 246, 2019, https:\/\/ejournal.unair.ac.id\/JHI\/article\/view\/14027\/8948.\r\n[19] A. Prayoga, \u201cIndonesian defense strategy to encounter challenges in the Indo-Pacific (case study: hegemonic war of China and the United States of America in the South China Sea),\u201d Int. J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Res., vol. 04, no. 10, pp. 2880\u20132889, 2021, doi: 10.47191\/ijsshr\/v4-i10-30.\r\n[20] Minta diserbu dunia? China buat aturan baru di LCS, CNBC Indonesia, Jakarta, 2021. https:\/\/www.cnbcindonesia.com\/news\/20210831072415-4-272451\/minta-diserbu-dunia-china-buat-aturan-baru-di-lcs\r\n[21] V. Planifolia, \u201cStrategi rebalancing Amerika Serikat di kawasan Asia-Pasifik,\u201d J. Hub. Int., vol. 6, no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.18196\/hi.61101.\r\n[22] S. M. Walt, \u201cAlliance formation and the balance of world power,\u201d Int. Secur., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 3\u201343, 1985, http:\/\/www.rochelleterman.com\/ir\/sites\/default\/files\/walt 1985.pdf. voaindonesia.com, AS, Inggris dan Australia bentuk Aliansi AUKUS, saling bantu dalam pengembangan kekuatan militer, voaindonesia.com, Jakarta, Sep 2021. https:\/\/www.voaindonesia.com\/a\/as-inggris-dan-australia-bentuk-aliansi-aukus-saling-bantu-dalam-pengembangan-kekuatan-militer\/6230803.html\r\n[23] The International Institute for St, The military balance (2021). London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2021. ,doi:10.4324\/9781003177777\r\n[24] S. M. Walt (1987), The origins of alliances. ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987.\r\n[25] Faridh Ma\u2019ruf(2020), The rationality of Indonesia free-active politics facing Chinese aggressiveness in the claims of the North Natuna Sea. ISSN: 2668-7798,\u201d Tech. Soc. Sci. J., vol. 8, pp. 583\u2013597, 2020, [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.techniumscience.com\/.\r\n[26] A. J. Iswara (2021),China protes pengeboran dan latihan militer Indonesia di Laut Natuna Utara, kompas.com, Jakarta, 2021.\r\n[27] Wandi Yusuf (2021), Rektor Unhan: ketegangan Amerika-Tiongkok di Selat Taiwan bisa berimbas ke Asia Tenggara, medcom.id, Jakarta, 2021.\r\n[28] M. B. Fajri(2020), Strategi pertahanan maritim Indonesia di tengah dinamika perang hibrida kawasan Laut China Selatan, J. Penelit. Polit., vol. 17, no. 1, p. 69, 2020, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ejournal.politik.lipi.go.id\/index.php\/jpp\/article\/view\/846\/560.\r\n[29] A. W. Pambudi(2019),Analisa respon Indonesia terhadap militerisasi Tiongkok di Laut China Selatan masa pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo 2014-2019, Paradig. POLISTAAT J. Ilmu Sos. dan Ilmu Polit., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 89\u2013104, 2019, doi: 10.23969\/paradigmapolistaat.v2i2.1911.\r\n[30] Kemhan RI (2015), Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia 2015. Jakarta, 2015.\r\n[31] Wikipedia.org (2021), Komando Daerah Militer, Wikipedia.org, 2021. https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Komando_Daerah_Militer\r\n[32] N. Rizani (2020), Prabowo Subianto dan pandangan pertahanan geostrategis Indonesia\u202f: Antara AS-Tiongkok dan ASEAN, THC Insights Habibie Cent., vol. 09, pp. 1\u20136, 2020, http:\/\/habibiecenter.or.id\/img\/publication\/5220c07b208cc692e380a55b42ce9552.pdf.\r\n[33] Makmur Supriyatno,(2014). Tentang ilmu pertahanan, 1st ed. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2014.\r\n[34] Undang Undang RI Nomor 3 tahun 2002 tentang pertahanan negara, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/kemlu.go.id\/portal\/id\/read\/101\/halaman_list_lainnya\/laut-china-selatan.\r\n[35] Boy Anugerah (2021). Penguatan strategi penangkalan dalam merespons aksi koersif Cina di laut Natuna Utara. Jurnal Dinamika Global.,vol. 6,pp.286-307.2021. DOI: 10.36859\/jdg.v6i2.701 ISSN: 2548-9216\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sukmawijaya, Helda Risman, Joni Widjayanto , &#8220;Implications of Tensions in South China Sea Region on Land Force Strategy in Indonesia&#8217;s Defense&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.629-637 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6229<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implications-of-tensions-in-south-china-sea-region-on-land-force-strategy-in-indonesias-defense\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implications of Tensions in South China Sea Region on Land Force Strategy in Indonesia&#8217;s Defense<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b391ca9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b391ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-element-b398074 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b398074\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3981ce\" data-id=\"b3981ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3982d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3982d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b39837d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b39837d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3984c5\" data-id=\"b3984c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3985d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3985d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b398679 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b398679\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3987ef\" data-id=\"b3987ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b398907 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b398907\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Farmers\u2019 Soil Management Practices in Guinea Savannah Agro- Ecological Zone of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Duze Muhammed Kamal Lawal, Dalhatu, Umaru Sangari, and Samaila Kunden Ishaya1 &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 638-644<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3989a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3989a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b398b37\" data-id=\"b398b37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b398cc2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b398cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study assessed farmers\u2019 soil management practices in Karu LGA of Nasarawa State. A total of 112 questionnaires were distributed to farmers\u2019 in the study area to ascertain the prevailing soil management practices and crop yields in the study area. The study reveals that most of the farmers\u2019 in the study area practice tillage soil management practice (107) and zero tillage (102), compost (55) and mono cropping (9) are the least soil management practices in the study area, the correlation analysis shows a positive and significant relationship between crop yield (r = 0.905; p \u2264 0.05) and farmers\u2019 soil management practice. The study therefore, recommends that farmers\u2019 should practice retention of crop residues on the farms especially with respect to guinea corn and maize cropping, also more natural vegetation should be encouraged where trees like Faidherbia albida (apple ring accaia) an ideal agroforestry specie that can grow among field crops without shading them during the wet season can be planted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 638-644\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6230<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Duze Muhammed Kamal Lawal<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dalhatu, Umaru Sangari<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samaila Kunden Ishaya1<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abebe B., Eyasu E., and Gezaghegn B (2017). 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Z.I, Das, M.K, and Krenzer E.G., (2014). Covariation of Microsatellite Marker Alleles Associated with Rht8 and Coleoptile Length in Winter Wheat. Crop Sci., Vol. 44 pp. 1187 194\r\n[13] Bello. W. B (2008). Problems and Prospect of Organic Farming in Developing Countries. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management. Vol. 1 no.1 March2008.\r\n[14] Bimbol, N.L (2007). Climate of Nasarawa State in Bimbol, N.L, Akwa, V.L Samaila, K.I, Markus, N.D, (eds) in Geographical Perspective on Nasarawa State. Onaivi Printing and Publishing Co. ltd Keffi.\r\n[15] Breman, H. (2008). Soil fertility improvement in Africa, Tool fora by-product of sustainable production. African Fertilizer Market 1 1: 2- 10.\r\n[16] Brunello, G., (2004). Labour Market Institutions and the Complementarity between Education and Training in Europe, Education, Training and Labour Market Outcomes in Europe, Checchi D. and Lucifora C. (eds.), Palgrave, 188-209\r\n[17] Cooke, G.W., (1982). 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Soil Quality Evaluation Using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) in Brazilian Oxisols with Contrasting Texture. Rev Bras Cienc Solo. 2017;41:e0160148.\r\n[27] Obaje, N.G, Lar, U.K, Nzegbuna, A.I., Moumouni, A., Chaanda, M.S,. Goki, N.G,.(2007). Geology and Mineral Resources Samaila, K.I. and Bimbol, N.L (2007) Hydrology and Water Resources in Bimbol, N.L, Akwa, V.L Samaila, K.I, Markus, N.D, (eds) Geographical Perspective on Nasarawa State. Onaivi Printing and Publishing Co. ltd Keffi.\r\n[28] Olaitan, S. O., Omomia, O. A., (2006). Round-Up Agricultural Science. A Comprehensive Guide. Lagos, Longman, Nigeria, Plc.\r\n[29] Oladoja, M. A, Akinbile, L. A, Adisa, B. O., Akinsanya, S. O., (2005). Farmers\u2019 Use of Sustainable Soil Managment Practices in Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journalof African Culture and Ideas, 4(2). Pp.75-85.\r\n[30] Oloyede, A.O, Muhammad-Lawal, A, Ayinde, O. E, Omotesho, K. F, (2014). Analysis of Soil Management Practices in Cereal Based Production Systems among Small-Scale Farmers in Kwara State. PAT 10 (1): 164-174 Online available at www.patnsukjournal.net\/currentissue.\r\n[31] Onwudike, S.U, Uzoho, B.U., Ihem, E.E, Ahukaemere, C.M., Nkwopara, U., Irokwe, I. F., and Echeanyanwu, G.I (2016). Evaluation of the Fertility Status of selected Soils in Mbaise, Imo State Southeastern Nigeria using Nutrient Index Method. Agrosearch (2016) 16No. 1 75 \u2013 86 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/agrosh.v16i1.7\r\n[32] Raufu, M. O., &amp; Adetunji, M. O. (2012). Determinant of land management practices among crop farmers in South-Western Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture &amp; Biology, 12(1), 8-14.\r\n[33] Samaila, K.I. and Bimbol, N.L (2007). Hydrology and Water Resources in Bimbol, N.L, Akwa, V.L Samaila, K.I, Markus, N.D, (eds) Geographical Perspective on Nasarawa State. Onaivi Printing and Publishing Co. ltd Keffi.\r\n[34] Schoomaker-Freudenberger, K., (1994). Challenges in the Collection and Use of Information on Livelihood Strategies and Natural Resource Management. In: 1 Scooner and J.Thompson (eds), Beyond Farmer First, Pp.124-133. IIED. Interested Technology publications, Southampton Row, London, UK.\r\n[35] Tarawali, G., (1998). A Synthesis of the Crop-livestock Production Systems of the Dry Savannas of West and Central Africa\u201d. IITA-Ibadan.\r\n[36] Teklu E. (2011). Tillage effects on physical qualities of a vertisol in the central highlands of Ethiopia. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 5(12), pp. 1008-1016, December, 2011 Available online at http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/AJEST DOI: 10.5897\/AJEST10.089 ISSN 1996 0786 \u00a92011 Academic Journals.\r\n[37] Tesfaye S.S. (2017). Analysis of farmers\u2019 perception on the impact of land degradation hazard on agricultural land productivity in Jeldu district in West Shewa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Duze Muhammed Kamal Lawal, Dalhatu, Umaru Sangari, and Samaila Kunden Ishaya1 &#8220;Assessment of Farmers\u2019 Soil Management Practices in Guinea Savannah Agro- Ecological Zone of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.638-644 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6230<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/638-644.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-farmers-soil-management-practices-in-guinea-savannah-agro-ecological-zone-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of Farmers\u2019 Soil Management Practices in Guinea Savannah Agro- Ecological Zone of Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3b1ef7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3b1ef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3b2088 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3b2088\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3b2353\" data-id=\"b3b2353\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3b2589 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3b2589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3b26d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3b26d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3b29b4\" data-id=\"b3b29b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3b2be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3b2be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3baf20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3baf20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3bb262\" data-id=\"b3bb262\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bb4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bb4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3bb614 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3bb614\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3bb8be\" data-id=\"b3bb8be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bbae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bbae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3bbc2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3bbc2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3bbec3\" data-id=\"b3bbec3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bc0fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bc0fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3bc24d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3bc24d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3bc500\" data-id=\"b3bc500\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bc74b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bc74b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Public Procurement Contract Management and Value for Money in Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi Ditrict Local Government<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nyebirweki Asanansi and Mr. Mutekanga Esau- February 2022- Page No.: 645-650<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3bc882 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3bc882\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3bcb5c\" data-id=\"b3bcb5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bcd8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3bcd8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study concentrated on evaluating the relationship between public procurement contract management and value for money in Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi District local government. This was assessed through examining the relationship between public procurement contract implementation, contract monitoring and control and the value for money in Ishaka Municipality.\r\nThe researcher undertook a cross sectional, correlational, quantitative, survey design. The study targeted a population 150 people in Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi district local government from where a sample of 108 respondents were sampled using Krejcie and Morgan table (1970). The researcher employed simple random sampling technique as this technique gives each and every individual from the target population an equal chance of being selected into the sample.\r\nStudy findings revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between contract implementation and value for money as shown by r =.208* and p (0.004) &lt;0.01). And also, that there is a positive significant relationship between contract monitoring and control and value for money as given by r =.288 and p (0.003&lt;0.01) implying contract management positively influences the value for money in the procurement processes.\r\nBased on the study findings, the researcher recommends that local governments should initiate the procurement process as soon as fund releases up to the point of contract award as this enables them to enter into contracts as soon as funds availability is confirmed. There should also be continuous sensitization of all the procurement stakeholders on the benefits of playing their particular roles in the procurement process to ensure that value for money is comprehended at the end of the day. Local governments should build capacity at user department level to encourage their full participation in needs identification and implementation. Local governments should consistently monitor project and contracts implementation to ensure that projects are implemented as per specifications to improve on the value for money.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 645-650\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyebirweki Asanansi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Mutekanga Esau<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Amin, N. A. S., Yusof, K. M., &amp; Isha, R. (2005). Carbon dioxide reforming of methane to syngas: Modeling using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Jurnal Teknologi, 15\u00e2-30.\r\n[2] Amponsah, C. T., &amp; Forbes, J. L. (2012). Public\u2013private partnerships: critical factors for procurement of capital projects. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Management, Procurement and Law, 165(4), 211-221.\r\n[3] Goodin, R. E. (2008). Innovating democracy: Democratic theory and practice after the deliberative turn. OUP Oxford.\r\n[4] Kakwezi, P. and Nyeko, S., (2010) Procurement Processes and Performance: efficiency and effectiveness of the Procurement Function, available at http:\/\/www.ippa.org\/IPPC4\/Proceedings\/14ProcurementProfession\/Paper14-2.pdf accessed on 28th of February 2017\r\n[5] Kakwezi, P., &amp; Nyeko, S. (2019). Procurement processes and performance: Efficiency and effectiveness of the procurement function. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME), 3(1).\r\n[6] Krejcie, R. V and Morgan D.W (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Education and psychological measurement, 30,607-610\r\n[7] Mlinga, R. (2007). Procurement monitoring in the Tanzanian public sector. Procurement Journal, Public Procurement Regulatory Authority Tanzania, 1(1), 20-38.\r\n[8] Moidunny, K. (2009). The Effectiveness of the National Professional Qualification for Educational Leaders (NPQEL). Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Bangi: The National University of Malaysia.\r\n[9] Musanzikwa, M. (2013). Public procurement system challenges in developing countries: The case of Zimbabwe. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 1(2), 119-127.\r\n[10] Ntayi (2005) Career Resilience and Sales Force Performance, Doctoral thesis, Makerere University Kampala\r\n[11] Rendon, J. M., &amp; Rendon, R. G. (2016). Procurement fraud in the US Department of Defense: Implications for contracting processes and internal controls. Managerial Auditing Journal.\r\n[12] Rwothungeyo, B. (2012). Uganda: Poor Contract Management Affecting Service Delivery. New Vision Article, 20th December.\r\n[13] Rwothungeyo, B., (2012) Uganda: Poor Contract Management Affecting Service Delivery, New Vision, 20th December 2012\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nyebirweki Asanansi and Mr. Mutekanga Esau, &#8220;Public Procurement Contract Management and Value for Money in Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi Ditrict Local Government&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.645-650 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/645-650.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/645-650.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/public-procurement-contract-management-and-value-for-money-in-ishaka-municipality-bushenyi-ditrict-local-government\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Public Procurement Contract Management and Value for Money in Ishaka Municipality, Bushenyi Ditrict Local Government<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c1ef0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3c1ef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c1fc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c1fc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c215b\" data-id=\"b3c215b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c2280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c2280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c231e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c231e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c2475\" data-id=\"b3c2475\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c4d4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c4d4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c4e41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c4e41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c4ff6\" data-id=\"b3c4ff6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c512b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c512b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c51d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c51d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5338\" data-id=\"b3c5338\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5454 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c5454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c54f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c54f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c564b\" data-id=\"b3c564b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c575b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c575b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5803 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c5803\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5954\" data-id=\"b3c5954\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5a62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c5a62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5b02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c5b02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5c99\" data-id=\"b3c5c99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5da6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c5da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Technological Innovations in Education: A Comparative Analysis of ICT and Youtube in Teaching and Learning amongst Education Students in the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Onyido Josephine Azuka, Mbato Stanley Ikemefula- February 2022- Page No.: 651-656<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5e4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c5e4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c5fda\" data-id=\"b3c5fda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c62d0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3c62d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study examined technological innovations in education: a comparative analysis of ICT and YouTube in teaching and learning amongst education students in the University of Port Harcourt. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. Samples of 400 respondents were drawn from a population of 5200. The population cuts across eight (8) departments in the Faculty of Education University of Port Harcourt. Instrument for data collection was titled \u201cTechnological Innovations in Education: A Comparative Analysis of ICT and YouTube Questionnaire\u201d (TIECAICTAYTQ). Two objectives, research questions and two corresponding hypothesis guided the study. Item by item analysis involving mean and standard deviation as well as independent t-test was used in analyzing the data at 0.05 significance level. Findings of the study revealed that there is no significant difference between the mean score of male and female students on the influence of incorporating information communication and technology (ICT) amongst education students in the University of Port Harcourt. And that there is no significant difference between the mean score of male and female students in the various ways which the use of YouTube has influenced male and female students students\u2019 academic performance amongst education students in the University of Port Harcourt. Based on these findings, it was recommended that government should allocate adequate fund to run ICT in the school. And that there should be regulation by both teachers and parents on the ways students use them in order not to affect their academic performance negatively.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 651-656\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6231\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6231<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onyido Josephine Azuka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mbato Stanley Ikemefula<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Achuonye, K.A. (2004). Contemporary education technology: port \u2013Harcourt: Pearl Publisher:\r\n[2] Aderiye, P.C. &amp; Herbert, N.C. (2017). Digital devices: implication for effective Teaching in Nigerian Schools. In Williams, J.D. asodike, and V.N. Duru (eds). The teaching profession and teaching in a digital world. Pearl Publications international Ltd.\r\n[3] Agbakwuru, G.A. (2017). ICT Utilization for language delivery in secondary Schools: The Igbo Language. In Williams, J.D. asodike, and V.N. Duru (eds). The teaching profession and teaching in a digital world. Pearl Publications international Ltd.\r\n[4] Agbo J.C. (2001). Information and communication technology and business education in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 8(10) 1857-881.\r\n[5] Body S.W. (2005). The integration of Information communication technology in Scottish school. An interim Report of H.M. Inspectors of education.\r\n[6] Bouhnik, D. &amp; Deshen, M. (2014). WhatsApp Goes to school: Mobile instant messaging between teachers and students. Journasl of information technology education: http:\/\/www.jte.org\/documents\/|Vo113\/JITEv13ResearchP217-231Bounik0601.pdf.\r\n[7] Calvo, R., Arbiol, A. &amp; Iglesias, A. (2014). Are all chats suitable for teaching and learning purposes? A study of the required characteristics. Procedia Computer Science, 27,251-260.\r\n[8] Green, R.(2016). Classification of digital content, media and device types. Retrieve from www.oclconlinelibrary\/computercenterinc.org.\r\n[9] McClintock, R. (1999). The educator\u2019s manifesto: Reviewing the progressive bond with posterity through the social construction of digital teaching and learning communities. New York: Institute for Teaching\/Learning Technologies, Teachers College, Columbia University. Retrieved from hppt:\/\/www.it.columbai.edu\/publications\/manifesto\/contents.html.\r\n[10] Mgbere B.C. (2016). Managing e-learning facilities in higher institutions Nigeria. In managing Schools for Productivity Emerging Perspectives.\r\n[11] Nwachukwu, E.A. (2007). Information and communication technology (ICT): a Tool for the Administration of Ebonyi State College of Education Ikwo. In Babalola, J.B., Akpa, G.O., &amp; Ayeni, A.O. (eds) Managing technical and vocational education in the era of globalization. Awemark publishers, NAEP Publication.\r\n[12] Nwadike, I.S and Godwins, M. (2017). Classroom management in a digital world. In Williams, J.D. asodike, and V.N. Duru (eds). The teaching profession and teaching in a digital world. Pearl Publications international Ltd.\r\n[13] Nwaneri P.N. &amp; Pauline, N.I. (2017). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Education. In Williams, J.D. asodike, and V.N. Duru (eds). The teaching profession and teaching in a digital world. Pearl Publications international Ltd.\r\n[14] Olele, C.N. (2014). Information and Communication technologies (ICTs) in education. In C.M. Uche, G.C. Awujo &amp; C. Agbakwuru (Eds.) teaching made Easy: Theories, Methods and Practice. Port Harcourt: Sabcos Publishers and Printers, P. 120 \u2013 134.\r\n[15] Vikoo, B. (2013). Computers in educational research and development (2nd edition). Owerri: Springfield Publishers.\r\n[16] Wang, S. &amp; Reeve, T.C. (2007). The effects of a web-based learning environment on students motivation in a high school earth science course. Journal of Educational Research. 55,(2), 169-192.\r\n[17] Wigmore, B. &amp; Rouse, B. (2012). Mobile learning and teaching strategies. Retrieved from hppt:\/\/go.istance.csu.edu\/mobilelearning.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onyido Josephine Azuka, Mbato Stanley Ikemefula, &#8220;Technological Innovations in Education: A Comparative Analysis of ICT and Youtube in Teaching and Learning amongst Education Students in the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.651-656 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6231<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/651-656.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/technological-innovations-in-education-a-comparative-analysis-of-ict-and-youtube-in-teaching-and-learning-amongst-education-students-in-the-university-of-port-harcourt-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Technological Innovations in Education: A Comparative Analysis of ICT and Youtube in Teaching and Learning amongst Education Students in the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c760c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3c760c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c76ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c76ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c79df\" data-id=\"b3c79df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c7c5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c7c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c7d20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c7d20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c7f94\" data-id=\"b3c7f94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c8195 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c8195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c8252 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c8252\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c83c2\" data-id=\"b3c83c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c84da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c84da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c8dd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c8dd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c8e74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c8e74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c8fd9\" data-id=\"b3c8fd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c90f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3c90f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) and Profitability of Maize Production in Bokkos Local Government Area, Plateau State-Nigeria, 2015-2019<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gulesh, James O, Dr. Linda Kwon-Ndung, &amp; Dr. Dalhatu Musa Yusha\u2019u- February 2022- Page No.: 657-663<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3c918a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3c918a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3c9318\" data-id=\"b3c9318\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3c9451 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3c9451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nNecessitated by the need to increase the contribution of non-oil sector and reduce dependence on oil, the Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) was developed as a new agricultural development strategy predicated on neoclassical principles with increase in maize production among others as a major priority. This paper examines the effectiveness of the policy on profitability of maize production in Bokkos Local Government Area, Plateau State-Nigeria from 2015-2019 with the aim of determining the profitability dynamics of the crop. A descriptive survey research method was adopted with 370 respondents that are members of Maize Association of Nigeria (MAAN), Bokkos Local Government Area Chapter administered questionnaires and 384 unregistered farmers participating in Focus Group Discussion. The paper utilised Rentier-State Theory as a construct. It was found that the APP increased profitability in maize production by 75% and led to increase in output. The paper recommended that government and stakeholders should prioritise increased profitability side-by-side maize production and stabilising market forces that undermine favourable pricing at all periods. Nigeria\u2019s Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development while formulating and implementing Agricultural Development Policies should always consider agriculture not just as business but a profitable venture for increased income towards sustainable growth and development of the sector.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 657-663\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gulesh, James O<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia \u2013 Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Linda Kwon-Ndung<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia \u2013 Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Dalhatu Musa Yusha\u2019u<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia \u2013 Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adedipe, B. (2004). \u201cThe impact of oil on Nigeria\u2019s policy formulation\u201d. A paper presented at a conference on, Nigeria: Maximising pro-poor growth. organized by overseas development institute in conjunction with Nigeria Economic Submit Group, from 16th \u2013 17th June, 2004.\r\n[2] Adeosun, P. K., Ihemezie, J. E., Ume, O. C. &amp; Egu, U. L. (2019). The nexus between maize import, local production and local prices: Empirical analysis from Nigeria. Alanya Academic Review, 3(2). 201-213.\r\n[3] Adesina, T. K. &amp; Favour, E. (2020). Determinants of participation of youth-in-agricultural programme in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 20 (10). 104- 117.\r\n[4] Akpuru-Aja, A. (1998). Fundamentals of modern political economy and international economic relations\u2026 changing with the time. Owerri: Data-Globe Nigeria.\r\n[5] Babban Gona (2020). \u201cAppraisal of the effect of the ban of maize importation in Nigeria\u201d. Internet material @ https:\/\/babbangona.com\/an-appraisal-of-the-effect-of-the-ban-of- maize-importation-in-nigeria\/\r\n[6] Bumbescu, S. (2015). Analysis models of profitability in agriculture. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 9(174).37-42.\r\n[7] Chikaire, J., Anyoha, N., Ani, A. &amp; Atoma, C. (2014). Land tenure reform: A vehicle for achieving agricultural transformation in Nigeria. Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Sciences. Vol.2(9).\r\n[8] Directorate of Agricultural Production Economics (2015). Some agricultural economic concepts, 4th ed. Pretoria: Resource Center.\r\n[9] Evans, E. (2021). Are profit and profitability the same thing? IFAS Extension, University of Florida.\r\n[10] Few Net (2017). Nigeria market monitoring bulletin.\r\n[11] Gulesh, J. O. (2016). \u201cEconomic reform and agricultural production in Nigeria: The impact of Agricultural Services Training Centers on small-scale farmers\u2019 production in Plateau State from 2011-2015\u201d. An M.Sc. thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi.\r\n[12] Howard, B. B. &amp; Upto, M. (1961). Introduction to Business Finance. New York: McGraw Hill.\r\n[13] John, J. D. (2010). \u201cThe \u2018Resource Curse\u2019: Theory and evidence (ARI)\u201d.\r\n[14] Krejcie, R. &amp; Morgan, D. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Education and Psychological Measurement, 30. 607-610.\r\n[15] Mgbenka, R. N. &amp; Mbah, E. N. (2015). A review of smallholder farming in Nigeria: Need for transformation. Agricultural Engineering Research Journal, 5(2). 19-26.\r\n[16] National Association of Nigerian Traders (NANT) (2018). Agricultural Promotion Policy \u201cThe Green Alternative\u201d: Fact sheet. Abuja.\r\n[17] National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2017). Demographic statistics bulletin. Abuja.\r\n[18] National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)\/Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). (2006). Survey on the socio-economic activities in Nigeria for the\r\nyear 2006.\r\n[19] Odemero, A., Oghenehogagame, P. &amp; Chukwujioke, O. (2019). Effect of liberalized and restricted trade policy regimes on production and export of maize of Nigeria. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 174. 51 \u2013 57.\r\n[20] Olomola, A. S. &amp; Nwafor, M. (2018). Nigeria agriculture sector performance review. A background report for the Nigeria 2017 agriculture joint sector review.\r\n[21] Olukunle, T. O. (2013). Challenges and prospects of agriculture in Nigeria: The way forward. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(6). 37-45.\r\n[22] Onyeiwu, S. (2021). Nigeria\u2019s poverty profile is grim: It\u2019s time to move beyond handouts. The Conversation, 27 June 2021.\r\n[23] Plateau Agricultural Development Program (PADP) (2021). \u201cData on maize production in Plateau State\u201d.\r\n[24] Suberu, O. J, Ajala O. A., Akande M. O. &amp; Olure-Bank A. (2015). Diversification of the Nigerian economy towards a sustainable growth and economic development. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(2). 107-114.\r\n[25] Uche, I. P. (2011).\u201cThe impact of agricultural policies on Nigerian economy\u201d. A Master thesis submitted to the Department of Public Administration and Local Government, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[26] Ugwu, D. S. &amp; Kanu, I. O. (2012). Effects of agricultural reforms on the agricultural sector in Nigeria. Journal of Africa Studies and Development, 4(2). 51-59.\r\n[27] World Bank. (2005). Agricultural growth for the poor: An agenda for development. Washington DC.\r\n[28] World Trade Organization (WTO). (2017). Trade policy review on Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gulesh, James O, Dr. Linda Kwon-Ndung, &amp; Dr. Dalhatu Musa Yusha\u2019u, &#8220;Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) and Profitability of Maize Production in Bokkos Local Government Area, Plateau State-Nigeria, 2015-2019&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.657-663 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/657-663.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/657-663.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/agricultural-promotion-policy-app-and-profitability-of-maize-production-in-bokkos-local-government-area-plateau-state-nigeria-2015-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) and Profitability of Maize Production in Bokkos Local Government Area, Plateau State-Nigeria, 2015-2019<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3ca891 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3ca971\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cab09\" data-id=\"b3cab09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cac3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3cac3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3caced elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3caced\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cae5d\" data-id=\"b3cae5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3caf6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3caf6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb015 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3cb015\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb164\" data-id=\"b3cb164\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb275 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3cb275\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb315 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3cb315\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb468\" data-id=\"b3cb468\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3cb580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb61e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3cb61e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb763\" data-id=\"b3cb763\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb876 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3cb876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3cb913 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3cb913\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cba63\" data-id=\"b3cba63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cbb74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3cbb74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3cbc18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3cbc18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cbd91\" data-id=\"b3cbd91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cbea9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3cbea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comprehensive Guidance and Counselling Programmes and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Edo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olufolakemi Afrogha- February 2022- Page No.: 664-672<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3cbf4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3cbf4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3cc0e9\" data-id=\"b3cc0e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cc238 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3cc238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe principal purpose of this research was to investigate motivations and challenges of supplier development in the UK upstream oil and gas industry. The need for developing suppliers is indisputable owing to the frequency of disruption in organisations in recent times and the need to gain competitive advantage. The upstream oil and gas industry in Aberdeen is considered because of its enormous involvement in offshore operations. The data sourced through interviews were qualitatively analysed to achieve the research objectives. The findings of the research reveal that very few organisations in the oil and gas industry lay emphasis on supplier development as suppliers are assumed to be competent. Also, a high level of senior management support, increase in communication, suppliers\u2019 willingness to be developed, improved information flow across the supplier chain, increased trust and coordinated strategy for implementing supplier development initiatives is necessary to be able to implement supplier development. This has been noted from research findings and interviews of personnel involved in the supply chain of organisations in the upstream oil and gas industry Aberdeen, UK.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 664-672\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olufolakemi Afrogha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBowen University Iwo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Arroyo-lopez, P. 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Supplier Development Practices and Current Trends: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering nad Technology 3(3), 158-179\r\n[31] Shokri, A., NabhanI, F. &amp; Hodgson, S. (2010). Supplier development practice: arising the problem of upstream delivery for a food distribution SME in the UK. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 26, 639-646.\r\n[32] Simatupang, T.M. &amp; Sridharan, R. (2005), \u201cAn integrative framework for supply chain collaboration\u201d, The International Journal of Logistics Management, 16(2), 267-274.\r\n[33] Sinha, A.K et al., (2011). Agent oriented petroleum supply chain coordination: Co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization based approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(5), 6132-6145. Subsea Oil &amp; Gas 2021. Available at https:\/\/www.subsea.org\/list-of-oil-and-gas-companies-in-aberdeen-scotland\/ accessed February 23, 2022.\r\n[34] Supramaniam, L., (2012). Supply Chain Management introduction and fundamentals, BSM 022. [Lecture notes]. Supply Chain Management module, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen Business School, room FHOS 234, 4th March.\r\n[35] Terpend, R. et al., 2008. \u201cBuyer-supplier relationships: Derived value over two decades\u201d, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 44 (2), 28-48.\r\n[36] Wagner, S.M., 2006. Supplier development practices: an exploratory study&#8221;, European Journal of Marketing, 40 (5), 554 \u2013 571.\r\n[37] Wang, L. &amp; Kess, P. (2006), &#8220;Partnering motives and partner selection: Case studies of Finnish distributor relationships in China&#8221;, International Journal of Physical Distribution &amp; Logistics Management, 36(6), 466-478.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olufolakemi Afrogha, &#8220;Investigating the Motivation and Challenges of Supplier Development in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry Aberdeen, UK (A Case of Oil and Gas Firms)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.664-672 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/664-672.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/664-672.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/investigating-the-motivation-and-challenges-of-supplier-development-in-the-upstream-oil-and-gas-industry-aberdeen-uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Investigating the Motivation and Challenges of Supplier Development in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry Aberdeen, UK (A Case of Oil and Gas Firms)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cd1f6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3cd1f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce1a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3ce1a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce240 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3ce240\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce38b\" data-id=\"b3ce38b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce497 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3ce497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce534 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3ce534\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce695\" data-id=\"b3ce695\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce7ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3ce7ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Correlation of Radiographic Diagnosis and Surgical Findings of Upper Limb Fractures Among Children at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Obe Bwami, Gabriel Onditi Elias, Neford. Ongaro &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 673-680<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce853 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3ce853\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3ce9f0\" data-id=\"b3ce9f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3ceb41 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3ceb41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of agreement between radiology and surgery in children with upper limb fractures at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH).\r\nMaterials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on children presenting with upper limb fractures at the paediatric and orthopaedic emergency departments of Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital,Eldoret, Kenya. A total of 148 children were recruited by consecutive sampling between July 2019 and July 2020. Radiographs conducted at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital were reviewed and used to make diagnosis. In addition, diagnoses made by the surgery team were recorded for each child. Descriptive statistics were used to provide a summary of the data obtained. Continuous data was summarized using measures of central tendency (mean and median) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation and interquartile range). The Cohen\u2019s Kappa statistic was used to assess the level of agreement of diagnostic findings between radiology and surgery.\r\nResults: The study participants were predominantly male (68.9%), had a mean age of 7 (SD=3.2) years of which majority (54.7%) were aged 5-9 years. Falls were the major injury mechanism accounting for 90.5% of the injuries while the accidents and cuts cumulatively accounted for less than 10% of the injuries. The most common fracture types were transverse by radiography (54.1%) compared to surgery (52.7%) and oblique fractures at 29.7% by radiography and 32.4% by surgery. Segmented fractures were reported in 5.4% of the study participants by surgery and in 1.4% by radiography while green-stick, spiral and comminuted fracture types were the least observed. Fractures of the supracondylar humerus were the most common by both radiography (69.4%) and surgery (67.6%). The second most observed fractures were phalanx at 8.8% by both radiography and surgery. The level of agreement between radiography and surgery was 95.5% with the Cohen\u2019s Kappa statistic showing an almost perfect level of agreement (k=0.921, p-value&lt;0.001).\r\nUnique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Radiography is essential in the accurate diagnosis of paediatric fractures, and its continued use is of great value in patients\u2019 management<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 673-680\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obe Bwami<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Radiology and Imaging, Moi University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gabriel Onditi Elias<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Radiology and Imaging, Moi University. Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Neford. Ongaro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of orthopaedics, Moi teaching and referral hospital, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adams, H. (2020, October 21). Commonly Missed Orthopedic Injuries Missed Orthopedic Injuries. https:\/\/www.xpowerpoint.com\/Commonly-Missed-Orthopedic-Injuries-Holly&#8211;PPT.html\r\n[2] Alogayyel, N. S., Aldawodi, M. D., Ahmed, B., &amp; Jawadi, A. H. (2018). Posterior shoulder dislocation in a 10-year-old child: Case report. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 33(August), 32\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2018.08.005\r\n[3] Andronikou, S., Mchugh, K., Abdurahman, N., Khoury, B., Mngomezulu, V., Brant, W. E., Cowan, I., &amp; Mcculloch, M. (2011). Paediatric radiology seen from Africa. Part I\u202f: providing diagnostic imaging to a young population. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-011-2081-8\r\n[4] Apostolides, J. G., Lifchez, S. D., &amp; Christy, M. R. (2011). Complex and rare fracture patterns in perilunate dislocations. Hand, 6(3), 287\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11552-011-9330-z\r\n[5] Arora, R., Fichadia, U., Hartwig, E., &amp; Kannikeswaran, N. (2014). Pediatric Upper-Extremity Fractures. Pediatric Annals, 43(5), 196\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/00904481-20140417-12\r\n[6] Barbee, M. G. A., Berry-cab\u00e1n, C. S., &amp; Jacobs, B. R. (2013). 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A narrative review of the literature. MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY, 105(3), 225\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12306-020-00684-6\r\n[11] Chew, E. M., &amp; Chong, A. K. S. (2012). Hand fractures in children: Epidemiology and misdiagnosis in a tertiary referral hospital. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 37(8), 1684\u20131688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.05.010\r\n[12] Donald, J. J., &amp; Barnard, S. A. (2012). Common patterns in 558 diagnostic radiology errors. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 56(2), 173\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1754-9485.2012.02348.x\r\n[13] Eberl, R., Singer, G., Schalamon, J., Petnehazy, T., &amp; Hoellwarth, M. E. (2008). Galeazzi lesions in children and adolescents: Treatment and outcome. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 466(7), 1705\u20131709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-008-0268-6\r\n[14] Elbaih, A., Taha, M., Saker, A., Aziz, S., &amp; Shahate, A. (2016). 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The Journal of Bone\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Obe Bwami, Gabriel Onditi Elias, Neford. Ongaro, &#8220;Correlation of Radiographic Diagnosis and Surgical Findings of Upper Limb Fractures Among Children at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.673-680 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/673-680.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/673-680.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/correlation-of-radiographic-diagnosis-and-surgical-findings-of-upper-limb-fractures-among-children-at-moi-teaching-and-referral-hospital\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Correlation of Radiographic Diagnosis and Surgical Findings of Upper Limb Fractures Among Children at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3cfac5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3cfac5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d0658\" data-id=\"b3d0658\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d075b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d075b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d0824 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d0824\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d096f\" data-id=\"b3d096f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d0a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d0a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d0b14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d0b14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d20b4\" data-id=\"b3d20b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d220e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d220e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d22ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d22ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d245f\" data-id=\"b3d245f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d258a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d258a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Covid-19 on Using of Fintech in Bangladesh: Evidence from Urban Consumer<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ashiqun Nabi, Md Osama Adnan &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 681-685<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d2636 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d2636\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d27e1\" data-id=\"b3d27e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d2920 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3d2920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The article tries to understand the impact of Covid-19 on using of fintech in Bangladesh by studying the consumer behaviour of urban people. Generally, people are not enough habituated with fintech. But during the time of the covid-19 pandemic and lockdown, they were bound to use various services of fintech. That is why the main objective of this study is to identify and investigate whether covid-19 is a blessing or curse for using fintech, especially in the urban consumers of Bangladesh. The study obtained the opinions of 160 samples from the consumers who are currently using fintech and living in Dhaka city through a survey questionnaire. All data have been collected from primary and secondary sources. The study finds that consumers are using fintech during the time of pandemic more than past and it seems that the changes are a blessing for the use of fintech. Furthermore, Covid-19 helped fintech for its growth, that is why it is high time for the urban people to capitalize on all the benefits of fintech as much as possible to survive and succeed in the new normal life. However, the outcomes of this article are limited by the size of the sample and the robustness of the analysis.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 681-685\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6232<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashiqun Nabi<\/strong>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Manarat International University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md Osama Adnan<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Manarat International University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aditya, A., S. Aron-Dine, W. Dunn, L. Feiverson, P. Lengermann and C. Sahm (2019). From transaction data to economic statistics: constructing real-time, high-frequency, geographical measures of consumers spending. Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2019-057. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve.\r\n[2] Anshari, M., Almunawar, M.N., Masri, M., and Hamdan, M., (2019) Digital Marketplace and FinTech to Support Agriculture Sustainability, Energy Procedia 156, 234\u2013238.\r\n[3] Appaya, S., Gradstein, H., &amp; Mathurin-Andrew, T. (2020). Fintech can help in the response to COVID-19. But where should policymakers start?\r\n[4] Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z. B., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., &amp; Stanton, C. T. (2020). How are small businesses adjusting to covid-19? Early evidence from a survey (No. w26989). National Bureau of Economic Research.\r\n[5] Blake, M., Vanham, P., &amp; Hughes, D. (2016). 5 things you need to know about fintech. Coligny: World Economic forum. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/04\/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-fintech\/\r\n[6] Beaunoyer, E., Dup\u00e9r\u00e9, S., &amp; Guitton, M. J. (2020). COVID-19 and digital inequalities: Reciprocal impacts and mitigation strategies. Computers in Human Behavior.\r\n[7] Bofondi, M., and Gobbi, G. (2017). The big promise of FinTech. European Economy \u2013 Banks, Regulation, and the Real Sector, this issue.\r\n[8] Camacho, N., Nam, H., Kannan, P. K., &amp; Stremersch, S. (2019). Tournaments to crowdsource innovation: The role of moderator feedback and participation intensity. Journal of Marketing, 83(2), 138-157.\r\n[9] Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hendren, N., &amp; Stepner, M. (2020). How did covid-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A new real-time economic tracker based on private sector data (No. w27431). National Bureau of Economic Research.\r\n[10] Chishti, S. (2016). How peer to peer lending and crowdfunding drive the fintech revolution in the UK. In Banking beyond banks and money (pp. 55-68). Springer, Cham.\r\n[11] Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.\r\n[12] Fuster, A., Plosser, M., Schnabl, P., &amp; Vickery, J. (2019). The role of technology in mortgage lending. The Review of Financial Studies, 32(5), 1854\u20131899.\r\n[13] Goldstein, I., Jiang, W., &amp; Karolyi, G. A. (2019). To FinTech and beyond. The Review of Financial Studies, 32(5), 1647-1661.\r\n[14] Harahap, B. A., Idham, P. B., M, A. C., Rakhman, R. N., Harahap, B. A., Idham, P. B., M, A. C., &amp; Rakhman, R. N. (2017). Working paper perkembangan financial technology terkait central bank digital currency (cbdc) terhadap transmisi kebijakan moneter dan makroekonomi Perkembangan Financial Technology terkait Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) terhadap Transmisi Kebijakan Moneter dan Makroekonomi. 0\u201380.\r\n[15] Hendriyani, C., &amp; Raharja, S. U. J. (2019). Business Agility Strategy: Peer-to-Peer Lending of Fintech Startup in the Era of Digital Finance in Indonesia. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 8, 239-246.\r\n[16] Jagtiani, J., &amp; Lemieux, C. (2018). Do fintech lenders penetrate areas that are underserved by traditional banks? Journal of Economics and Business, 100, 43\u201354.\r\n[17] Jiang, J., Liao, L., Wang, Z., &amp; Zhang, X. (2018). Government Affiliation and Fintech Industry: The Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms in China. Working Paper SSRN 3116516.\r\n[18] Kunz, S., &amp; Muralidhar, A. (2017). InvestTech and Crowdsourcing Best Ideas: Investment Strategies for a Low-Yield Environment. Working paper SSRN 2899425.\r\n[19] Nader A., &amp; Mohamed D. (2020). The Dynamic Relationship between FinTech and Social Distancing under COVID-19 Pandemic: Digital Payments Evidence\r\n[20] Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., &#8230; &amp; Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: A review. International Journal of Surgery.\r\n[21] Ozili, P. K., &amp; Arun, T. (2020), \u201cSpillover of COVID-19: Impact on the Global Economy,\u201d Available at SSRN 3562570.\r\n[22] Priya, P. K., and Anusha, K. (2019, September). Fintech Issues and Challenges in India. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8 (3), 904 &#8211; 908.\r\n[23] Rabbani, M.R., Khan, S., Thalassinos, I.E. (2020), \u201cFinTech, Blockchain and Islamic Finance: An Extensive Literature Review,\u201d International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 8(2), 65-86.\r\n[24] Schueffel, P. (2016), \u201cTaming the beast: a scientific definition of fintech,\u201d Journal of Innovation Management, 4(4), 32-54.\r\n[25] Sul, E. (2020). Effects of FinTech and Crowdsourced Forecasting on Firms: Evidence from Estimize. Working paper SSRN 3573152.\r\n[26] Tut, D. (2020). FinTech and the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from electronic payment systems. Available at SSRN 3660987.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ashiqun Nabi, Md Osama Adnan &#8220;Impact of Covid-19 on Using of Fintech in Bangladesh: Evidence from Urban Consumer&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.681-685 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6232<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/681-685.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-covid-19-on-using-of-fintech-in-bangladesh-evidence-from-urban-consumer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Covid-19 on Using of Fintech in Bangladesh: Evidence from Urban Consumer<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d3729 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3d3729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d396d\" data-id=\"b3d396d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d3a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d3a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d3b3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d3b3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d3c90\" data-id=\"b3d3c90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d3da0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d3da0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d3e45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d3e45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d3f88\" data-id=\"b3d3f88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d4093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d412c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d412c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d427c\" data-id=\"b3d427c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4389 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d4389\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4420 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d4420\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4564\" data-id=\"b3d4564\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4676 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d4676\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4710 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d4710\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d485a\" data-id=\"b3d485a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d495d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d495d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4b1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d4b1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4cee\" data-id=\"b3d4cee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4e33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d4e33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An insight into the macadamia nuts industry of Zimbabwe. Its history, current state and constraints<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Innocent Mharidzo, John Mwandifura, Dr Lovemore Chikazhe, Dr J. Manyeruke and Dr N. Mashavakure- February 2022- Page No.: 686-694<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d4ee1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d4ee1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5080\" data-id=\"b3d5080\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d51ca elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3d51ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nLittle information is available on the macadamia nuts industry of Zimbabwe due to limited research in the area. This research unpacked the Zimbabwe macadamia nuts industry in terms of its origin and current outlook. The study gathered the required information through use of three search engines, which produced 28 articles rich in information in macadamia nuts industry of Zimbabwe. The search engines results revealed that Zimbabwe\u2019s macadamia nuts history dates back to 1965 when three farmers imported seedling material from Australia for planting and selling. A PECMAC factory transferred to Southdown Estates was processing the macadamia nuts producing oil, cracked nuts, butter and residues for marketing. When the Government of Zimbabwe embarked on the land reform programme this marked the entrance of A1 and A2 farmers into macadamia nuts farming which was by then was only common in Chipinge District. Establishment of macadamias has now spread to other districts of Manicaland province among them Chimanimani, Mutasa, Nyanga and Mutare and to other provinces like Mashonaland East and Mashonaland central. Although the country\u2019s National Export Strategy is basing on macadamia nuts to meet vision 2030, the government does not support the industry, which up to now has no research institute and is experiencing high cost of inputs. Currently macadamia nuts farmers mostly get support from buyers through contracts, which later put them at a disadvantage when the contractor buy their nuts at very low price. Policy regulation to support the industry are still not convincing with only statutory 38 of 2019 the only one in place. However, the statutory does not promote growth of the industry through agitating for value addition. The country is currently exporting nuts in shell and in the process losing millions of dollars. Zimbabwe export its macadamia nuts to Asia and South Africa with Europeans market still closed because of land reform disputes.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 686-694\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Innocent Mharidzo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Mwandifura <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Lovemore Chikazhe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr J. Manyeruke <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr N. Mashavakure <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] ACER ( 2017). Promoting inclusive growth through competition regulation.The case of tobacco, cotton and cattle marketing in Zimababwe.Harare.\r\n[2] AMA. (2021).Collective effort vital in macadamia nuts production.Word from the market. with AMA.The Sunday Mail.\r\n[3] APRODEV. (200). Women in Zimbabwe issues in future trade negotiations with the European Union., Harare.\r\n[4] Ariston Holdings. (2020). Ariston.co.zw. http:\/\/www.ariston.zw\r\n[5] Bega, S. (2020). Black market in macadamia nuts and avocados booming as crime syndicate take root.The Herald.\r\n[6] Brazier, A. (2015). Climate change Zimbabwe. Facts for planners and decision makers. Harare: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.\r\n[7] Business Chronicle.(2012). Macadamia nuts the little known cash crop., Bulawayo: The Chronicle.\r\n[8] Chigwere, I. (2020). ZimTrade to drive macadamia export, Harare.The Herald.\r\n[9] Chinzou,M.(2018). Irrigation scheduling in macadamia production in Chipinge-Zimbabwe\r\n[10] DAFF, 2012. Market profile of the Southern African Macadamia nuts-South Africa.\r\n[11] FAO. (2006). Commodity and trade proceedings ,Governance ,Coordination and Distributions along Commodidty value chain.\r\n[12] FAO. (2007).Socio-Economic Analysiss of policy implications of the roles of Agriculture in Developing countries.The roles of Agriculture in development policies implications and guidance. Rome, Italy.\r\n[13] Food Business Africa News. (2019). Macadamia production in Zimbabweforecasted to rise by 44%.\r\n[14] Gasana, K. et al. (2010). Evaluation of FAO coopearatiion in Zimbabwe 2006-2010. Rome.\r\n[15] GoZ, 2012. Comprehensive agricultural policy framework (2012-2032). Harare.\r\n[16] GoZ. (2012). The future we want.Report to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Harare.\r\n[17] GoZ. (2014). Value addition in raw materials and agricultural exports from Zimbabwe., Harare.\r\n[18] GoZ. (2017). Parliament of Zimbabwe-National Assembly.Harare.\r\n[19] GoZ. 2018. Towards an upper middle income economy by 2030. Harare.\r\n[20] GoZ.(2019). Statutory 138 of 2019. Agricultural Marketing Authority (Macadamia Nuts) Regulations. Harare.\r\nhttps:\/\/www.nationsonline.org\/oneworld\/zimbabwe.htm.\r\nhttps:\/\/www.postonsunday.co.zw. (2021). Farmers in Manicaland switch to macadamia nuts.\r\n[21] IISD. (2009). Trade knowledge network-Agriculture future scenarios for Southern Africa. A case study of Zimbabwe&#8217;s food security. Harare.\r\n[22] IINC. (2002). General information.\r\n[23] Majuru, A .(2019). Macadamia nuts offer export opportunities for Zimbabwe, Harare. The Sunday Mail.\r\n[24] Majuru, A. (2021). Trade focus, Harare. The Sunday Mail.\r\n[25] Maodza, T. (2020). Macadamia farmers bemoan EU snub. Harare. The Herald.\r\n[26] Maodza, T. (2020). Poor macadamia harvest expected ,climate change cited. Harare. The Herald.\r\n[27] Masiyandima, N. et al. (2011). Sustainable financing options for agriculture in Zimbabwe. Harare.\r\n[28] MOA-Zimbabwe. (2012).Importance and contribution of agriculture to Zimbabwean economy.\r\n[29] NewZWire. (2020). Zim farmers put down the coffee for macadamia nuts.\r\n[30] Reliefweb (2020). Zimbabwe: Tropical clyclone Idai.Final report- https\/www.reliefweb.com\r\n[31] Robertson, J. (2009). The zimabawean economy, where from to from here. Harare.\r\n[32] Rukuni, C. (1994). The prime movers of Zimbabwe&#8217;s Agricultural revolution. In Zimbabwe Agricultural revolution, eds.Rukuni M, and Eicher,C.K. Harare. University of Zimbabwe.\r\n[33] Sibanda, N. (2019). Tanganda cashes in on macadamia nuts. Harare. The Sunday mail.\r\n[34] Stone, R. (1988). Zimbabwe Macadamia. The Tree Nut Producer Association of Zimbabwe. Harare. The Tree Nut Producer Association of Zimbabwe.\r\n[35] USAID .(2015). Zimbabwe agriculture income and employment. Harare.\r\n[36] USITC. (1998). Macadamia nuts: Economic and competitive factors ffecting the U.S Industry. Washington D.C. USA Government.\r\n[37] Wamucii, S. (2021). Buy Zimbabwe macadamia nuts directly from exporters and suppliers-Best of 2021 marlet prices. https:\/\/wwwselinawamuchii.com\r\n39. World Bank (2008). Agriculture for development. Washington DC.\r\n[38] World Bank Group.(2020). Climate change knoledge portal for development practitioners and policy makers-country Zimbabwe. Harare.\r\n[39] ZEPARU. (2014). Agro-industries \/Food and bverages value chain diagnostic study. Harare.\r\n[40] Zimstats. 2017. Zimbabwe smallholder agricultural productivity survey, Harare.\r\n[41] ZimTrade. 2018. Collaboration is next step for Zimbabwe&#8217;s macadamia growers. Harare.\r\n[42] Zinyuke, R.(2018). Macadamia nuts: Chipinge gold mine, Mutare: Manica post.\r\n[43] Zhakata,W .(2021). 300 new farmers venture into macadamia farming.Manica Post.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Innocent Mharidzo, John Mwandifura, Dr Lovemore Chikazhe, Dr J. Manyeruke and Dr N. Mashavakure, &#8220;An insight into the macadamia nuts industry of Zimbabwe. Its history, current state and constraints&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.686-694 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/686-694.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/686-694.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-insight-into-the-macadamia-nuts-industry-of-zimbabwe-its-history-current-state-and-constraints\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An insight into the macadamia nuts industry of Zimbabwe. Its history, current state and constraints<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5fae elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3d5fae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d66ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d66ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d67fa\" data-id=\"b3d67fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d6905 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d6bfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d6bfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d6c96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d6c96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d6dea\" data-id=\"b3d6dea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d6eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d6eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d6f8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d6f8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d70c9\" data-id=\"b3d70c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d71d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d71d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d726f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d726f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d73d8\" data-id=\"b3d73d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d7672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d7672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Mediating Role of Fatalism on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Reactance in a Health Crisis Context (Covid-19)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Chantal Ngah Essomba, Tachom Waffo Boris, Soh Gustave, Tagne Nossi Alain &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 704-710<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d7753 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d7753\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d791a\" data-id=\"b3d791a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d7a67 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3d7a67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The messages on barrier gestures to COVID-19 rather seem to produce reactance. This study aimed the mediating effect of fatalism on the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological reactance to COVID-19 barrier messages. Data were collected from 232 participants using a composite questionnaire containing the emotional intelligence, psychological reactance and fatalism scales. The simple mediation model were used for data processing because it fit with three variable mediational study design. The results showed that fatalism mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological reactance vis-\u00e0-vis messages on barrier gestures to COVID-19. Emotional intelligence inhibits fatalistic beliefs and eliminates psychological reactance. In the health crisis context it is important to take socio-emotional variables into account when designing awareness campaigns inviting individuals to adopt preventive behaviors, especially when those represent the main means of eradicating the pandemic. More implications of these results, as well as future perspectives were discussed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 704-710\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6233<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Chantal Ngah Essomba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tachom Waffo Boris <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Soh Gustave<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tagne Nossi Alain<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBar-On, R. 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L\u2019Harmattan.\r\n[24]\tNiesta Kayser, D., Graupmann, V., Fryer, J. W., &#038; Frey, D. (2016). Threat to Freedom and the Detrimental Effect of Avoidance Goal Frames: Reactance as a Mediating Variable. Frontiers Psychology, 7(632), 1-13.\r\n[25]\tPerfetti, A. R. (2017). Fate and the clinic: a multidisciplinary consideration of fatalism in health behaviour. Medical Humanities, 44(1), 59\u201362. \r\n[26]\tPetrides, K. V., &#038; Furnham, A. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioral validations in two studies of emotion, recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality, 17, 39-57. \r\n[27]\tProvost, R. (2014). Intelligence \u00e9motionnelle et pr\u00e9disposition \u00e0 r\u00e9sister aux changements organisationnels (M\u00e9moire de Master, HEC \tMontr\u00e9al).\r\n[28]\tRamondt, S., &#038; Ram\u00edrez, A. S. (2017). Fatalism and exposure to health information from the media: examining the evidence for causal \tinfluence. Annals Of The International Communication Association, 1, 1-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23808985.2017.1387502\r\n[29]\tReynolds-Tylus, T. (2019). Psychological Reactance and Persuasive Health Communication: A Review of the Literature. Frontiers in communication, 4(56), 1-12.  \r\n[30]\tRosenberg, B. D., &#038; Siegel, J. T. (2017). A 50-Year Review of Psychological Reactance Theory: Do Not Read This Article. Motivation Science, \t1, 1-22. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/mot0000091\r\n[31]\tShen L. &#038; Dillard J. (2005), Psychometric properties of the Hong psychological reactance scale, Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(1), 74-\t81. \r\n[32]\tShen, L., Condit, C. M., &#038; Wright, L. (2009). The psychometric property and validation of a fatalism scale. Psychology and Health, 24(5), 597\u2013613.\r\n[33]\tSpector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221\u2013232.\r\n[34]\tThornton, A., Bhandari, P., Swindle, J., Williams, N., Young DeMarco, L.,  Sun, C., &#038; Hughes, \tC. (2019). Fatalistic Beliefs and Migration Behaviors: A Study of Ideational Demography in Nepal. Population Research and Policy Review, 1, 1-28. \thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11113-019-09551-0\r\n[35]\tWillard, S. (2006). Relationship of emotional intelligence and adherence to combination antiretroviral medications by individuals living with HIV disease. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 17, 16\u201326. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Chantal Ngah Essomba, Tachom Waffo Boris, Soh Gustave, Tagne Nossi Alain , &#8220;Mediating Role of Fatalism on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Reactance in a Health Crisis Context (Covid-19)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.704-710 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6233<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/704-710.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/mediating-role-of-fatalism-on-the-relationship-between-emotional-intelligence-and-psychological-reactance-in-a-health-crisis-context-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Mediating Role of Fatalism on the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Reactance in a Health Crisis Context (Covid-19)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8884 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3d8884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8950 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d8950\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8ac2\" data-id=\"b3d8ac2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8bd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d8bd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8c84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d8c84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8dda\" data-id=\"b3d8dda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8ef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d8ef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d8f99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d8f99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d90f2\" data-id=\"b3d90f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d91ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d91ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d92a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d92a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d93f1\" data-id=\"b3d93f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d94fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d94fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d9598 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d9598\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d96e0\" data-id=\"b3d96e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d97e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d97e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d9888 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d9888\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d99cc\" data-id=\"b3d99cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d9adb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d9adb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d9b74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d9b74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3d9cda\" data-id=\"b3d9cda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d9de5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3d9de5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Utilization of Web Application for Education and Academic Interests among Senior High School Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gel Marie B. Tiboron, Dr. Ariel Gamao, Mark Van M. Buladaco &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 711-714<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3d9e86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3d9e86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3da01e\" data-id=\"b3da01e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3da156 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3da156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the traditional teaching and learning process, the student has to go to educational institutions, attend lectures and acquire personal knowledge from the teachers. However, with the extensive use of ICT, online technology, e-publishing, and open access advancements in scholarly communication in higher education throughout the globe, the education system has transitioned from conventional to distance and e-learning. In the wake of COVID-19 epidemic, online learning and courses are increasingly being more integrated into the educational sector. Educational boards have mandated the delivery of online courses at the basic education, college and university levels. As a result, the number of people using the web application has increased. The participants of the study will be the Senior High School students studying at Davao City. The researcher will use quota sampling in selecting the respondents. 60 students will be the quota in gathering the data. The results shows strong positive relationship between the usage of web application and academic interest of the students. This implies that when the level of usage of web application increase, the level of academic interest also increases.The researcher would like to recommend that the teacher should determine that at what level students utilization on web application, and recommend new methods such as work in pairs to expand their knowledge. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 711-714\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6234\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6234<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gel Marie B. Tiboron<\/strong>\r\nGraduate Student, Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ariel Gamao<\/strong>\r\nFaculty, Institute of Advanced Studies, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mark Van M. Buladaco<\/strong>\r\nDean, Institute of Computing, Davao del Norte State College, Philippines  <\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tAcademia.edu. [Online]. Available:https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/download\/63726027\/18.01.094.2020080220200624-72658-pmlbpw.pdf. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021].\r\n[2].\t\u201cAcademic interests and attitudes,\u201d Iapsych.com. [Online]. Available:http:\/\/www.iapsych.com\/acmcewok\/Academicinterestsandattitudes.html. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021].\r\n[3].\tD. Stone, C. Jarett, M. Woodroffe, and S. Minocha, User Interface Design andEvaluation. Morgan Kaufmann, 2005.\r\n[4].\tK. Circle, \u201cHow to define the functionality needs of your website,\u201d Tbhcreative.com, 31Oct-2019.\r\n[5].\tMorgil, \u201cThe effect of web-based project applications on students\u2019 attitudes towardschemistry,\u201d Eric.ed.gov. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED501087.pdf. [Accessed: 27-Jan-2021].\r\n[6].\tM. S. Shahibi, \u201cThe Influence of Internet Usage on Student\u2019s Academic Performance,\u201d2017.\r\n[7].\tR.-A. Salas-Rueda, E.-P. S.-R. Salas-Rueda, and R.-D. Salas-Rueda, \u201cImpact of the web application for the educational process on the compound interest considering data science,\u201d Turk. Online J. Distance Educ., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 77\u201393, 2020.\r\n[8].\tResearchgate.net. [Online]. Available:https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/342608970_IMPACT_OF_THE_WEB_APPLICATION_FOR_THE_EDUCATIONAL_PROCESS_ON_THE_COMPOUND_INTEREST_CONSIDERING_DATA_SCIENCE. [Accessed: 27-Jan-2021].\r\n[9].\t\u201cStrengthening online learning when schools are closed: The role of families andteachers in supporting students during the COVID-19 crisis,\u201d Oecd.org. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/strengthening-online-learning-when-schools-are-closed-the-role-of-families-and-teachers-in-supporting-students-during-the-covid-19-crisis-c4ecba6c\/. [Accessed: 27-Jan-2021].\r\n[10].\tS. S. Aljraiwi, \u201cThe effect of classroom web applications on teaching, learning and academic performance among college of education female students,\u201d J. Educ. Learn., vol. 6, no. 2, p. 132, 2017.\r\n[11].\t\u201cWeb application testing complete guide (how to test A website),\u201d\r\nSoftwaretestinghelp.com, 15-Aug-2013. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.softwaretestinghelp.com\/web-application-testing\/. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021].\r\n[12].\tW3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), \u201cIntroduction to web accessibility,\u201d Www.w3.org.\\ [Online]. Available: ttps:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/fundamentalsaccessibility-intro\/. [Accessed: 28-Jan-2021].\r\n[13].\tW. Jiancheng, L. Xudong, and L. Loi, \u201cA model of user interface design and its code\tgeneration,\u201d in IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and\tIntegration, 2007, pp. 28-33.\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gel Marie B. Tiboron, Dr. Ariel Gamao, Mark Van M. Buladaco &#8220;Utilization of Web Application for Education and Academic Interests among Senior High School Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.711-714 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6234<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/711-714.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/utilization-of-web-application-for-education-and-academic-interests-among-senior-high-school-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Utilization of Web Application for Education and Academic Interests among Senior High School Students<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3daf4c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3daf4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3db023 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3db023\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3db184\" data-id=\"b3db184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3db29f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3db29f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3db33f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3db33f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3db5bb\" data-id=\"b3db5bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3db6df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3db6df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3db78b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3db78b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3db8de\" data-id=\"b3db8de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3db9f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3db9f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3dba8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3dba8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3dbbdd\" data-id=\"b3dbbdd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3dbfc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3dbfc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc063 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3dc063\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc1a6\" data-id=\"b3dc1a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc2a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3dc2a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc345 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3dc345\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc4ac\" data-id=\"b3dc4ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3dc5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Personal Initiative, Social Networking and Entrepreneurial Inclination among Disabled Students of Tertiary Institutions in Plateau State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Palang Agbok Isaac, Reuel Johnmark Dakung, Habila Dogo Auta &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 715-726<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc656 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3dc656\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc802\" data-id=\"b3dc802\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3dc95a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3dc95a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nEntrepreneurship is vital in the areas of innovation, job creation, nations \u2018economic and societal advancement. In view of that, Social networking is seen to be important in moderating the relationship between personal initiative and entrepreneurial inclination. This study focuses on investigating the moderating role of social networking on personal initiative and entrepreneurial inclination relationship of disabled students. The study followed a descriptive survey where quantitative approach was employed. Out of the total number of (210) questionnaires administered to disabled students across the five Tertiary Institutions (University of Jos, Plateau State Polytechnic, Plateau State University, College of Education Gindiri and Federal college of Education Pankshin) in Plateau State, Nigeria, two hundred and seven (207) were retrieved but only two hundred and three (203) were used for analysis after eliminating wrongly filled questionnaires by the respondents and the unit of analysis was at the individual level. Analysis of data involved the use of statistical package for Social Sciences SPSS version 23.0 and AMOS version 23. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation model. Results revealed that personal initiative (proactiveness, resilience and innovation) significantly and positively influences entrepreneurial inclination. Also, social networking does not moderate (Weakens) the relationship between personal initiative and entrepreneurial inclination of disabled students of Tertiary Institutions in Plateau State. The present study will help policy makers and government to give special attention to disabled students by encouraging innovativeness and proactiveness among them thereby boosting their entrepreneurial spirit. Also, the society should help encourage and support the disabled students through positive interaction and networking to help boost their entrepreneurial inclination. Like any other research, this study is limited in the following ways. Since only a single research methodological approach was employed, future research could undertake a mixed approach and triangulate to validate the current findings. Further, a longitudinal approach should be employed to study entrepreneurial inclination trends among disabled students over years.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 715-726\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6235<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Palang Agbok Isaac <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Reuel Johnmark Dakung <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Habila Dogo Auta <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAustralian Bureau of Statistics. 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The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30\u201341. doi:10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Palang Agbok Isaac, Reuel Johnmark Dakung, Habila Dogo Auta , &#8220;Personal Initiative, Social Networking and Entrepreneurial Inclination among Disabled Students of Tertiary Institutions in Plateau State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.715-726 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6235<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/715-726.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/personal-initiative-social-networking-and-entrepreneurial-inclination-among-disabled-students-of-tertiary-institutions-in-plateau-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Personal Initiative, Social Networking and Entrepreneurial Inclination among Disabled Students of Tertiary Institutions in Plateau State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3dd7bf 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3dd891\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3dda14\" data-id=\"b3dda14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3ddb3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3ddb3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3ddbe1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3ddbe1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3ddd37\" data-id=\"b3ddd37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3dde41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3dde41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3de3b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3de3b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3de560\" data-id=\"b3de560\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3de695 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3de695\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3de73f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3de73f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3de897\" data-id=\"b3de897\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3de9a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3de9a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3dea56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3dea56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3debaf\" data-id=\"b3debaf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3decc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3decc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3ded5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3ded5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3deeb3\" data-id=\"b3deeb3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3defb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3defb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3df05a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3df05a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3df1be\" data-id=\"b3df1be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3df2d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3df2d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Decision Making, Organizational Commitment as Predictor of Employee Performance<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Stella P. Ceneza, Celso L. Tagadiad- February 2022- Page No.: 727-734<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3df373 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3df373\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3df511\" data-id=\"b3df511\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3df659 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3df659\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study determined the decision making, organizational commitment as predictor of employee performance of Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan \/Technology and Livelihood Education teachers in Davao del Norte, Philippines. A quantitative non- experimental research utilizing the descriptive correlational research design in this study with a sample of 300 teachers. The researcher used sets of adapted survey questionnaires in obtaining data from the respondents which were subjected for content validity and reliability analysis. The data were analyzed using the Mean, Pearson- r, and Multiple Regression Analysis. The overall result revealed that the levels of decision making, employee performance and organizational commitment of teachers are evident most of the time. Moreover, this study confirms the assumptions about the influence of decision making and organizational commitment on the employee performance since the study reveals a very high level of employee performance as perceived by the public teachers and are significantly related to the performance of an employee. In effect, the teachers exhibit a high level of decision making, high level in organizational commitment and very high level of employee performance.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 727-734\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6236<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stella P. Ceneza<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arts and Sciences Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Celso L. Tagadiad<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arts and Sciences Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAlmarzooqi, A. H., Khan, M., &#038; Khalid, K. (2019). The role of sustainable HRM in sustaining positive organizational outcomes: An interactional framework. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(7), 1272-1292. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/IJPPM-04-2018-0165\r\n[2]\tBaek-Kyoo (Brian) Joo, Park, S., &#038; Lee, S. (2021). Personal growth initiative: the effects of person\u2013organization fit, work empowerment and authentic leadership. International Journal of Manpower, 42(3), 502-517. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/IJM-02-2020-0056\r\n[3]\tBastas, M. (2019). The Evaluation of the Project School Model in Terms of Organizational Sustainability and Its Effect on Teachers\u2019 Organizational Commitment. Sustainability, 11(13), 3549. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/su11133549\r\n[4]\tBhatti, M. A., Mohammed, A., &#038; Syah, J. A. (2018). Mediating the role of work engagement between personal resources (self-efficacy, the big five model) and nurses\u2019 job performance. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 11(3), 176-191. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/IJHRH-10-2017-0056\r\n[5]\tBhitakburi, K. 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Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 13(1), 195-210. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/JARHE-03-2019-0066\r\n[8]\tBui, H. T. M., Liu, G., Ko, W. W., &#038; Curtis, A. (2021). Harmonious workplace climate and employee altruistic behavior: From social exchange perspective. International Journal of Manpower, 42(1), 95-112. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/IJM-11-2019-0518\r\n[9]\tChaudhry, S., Ullah, U., Shahzad, K., &#038; Sulehri, I. G. (2021). Impact of workplace environment on performance in university libraries of lahore, pakistan. Library Philosophy and Practice, , 1-26. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/impact-workplace-environment-on-performance\/docview\/2506600567\/se-2\r\n[10]\tChih-Pei, H. U., &#038; Yan-Yi, C. (2017). John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205-207. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1453\/jsas.v4i2.1313\r\n[11]\tChinomona, E., Popoola, B. A., &#038; Imuezerua, E. (2017). The Influence Of Employee Empowerment, Ethical Climate, Organisational Support And Top Management Commitment On Employee Job Satisfaction. A Case Of Companies In The Gauteng Province Of South Africa. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(1), 27-42. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.19030\/jabr.v33i1.9865\r\n[12]\tChmielewska, M., Stokwiszewski, J., Filip, J., &#038; Hermanowski, T. (2020). Motivation factors affecting the job attitude of medical doctors and the organizational performance of public hospitals in warsaw, poland. BMC Health Services Research, 20, 1-12. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05573-z\r\n[13]\tCope, F. F. (2017). The relationship between teacher empowerment in decision making, and teachers&#8217; professional intentions, teacher satisfaction, and student achievement (Order No. 10669644). Available from ProQuest Central. (1986497616). 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International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 9(6), 244-262. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.20525\/ijrbs.v9i6.911\r\n[17]\tHeuer, S., &#038; Willer, R. (2020). How Is Quality of Life Assessed in People With Dementia? A Systematic Literature Review and a Primer for Speech-Language Pathologists. American Journal of Speech &#8211; Language Pathology (Online), 29(3), 1702-1715. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00169\r\n[18]\tHood, J. M. (2018). Nourish to flourish: Strengthening social emotional wellness of teachers to mitigate stress, enrich engagement, and increase efficacy: An evaluation study (Order No. 10807764). Available from ProQuest Central. (2063148492). https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/nourish-flourish-strengthening-social-emotional\/docview\/2063148492\/se-2?accountid=31259\r\n[19]\tJensen, J. A., Head, D., &#038; Mergy, C. (2020). Investigating sponsor decision-making: the role of schema theory, agency conflicts, and signaling theory in the persistence of naming rights agreements. International Journal of Sports Marketing &#038; Sponsorship, 21(3), 467-486. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/IJSMS-06-2019-0067\r\n[20]\tMustafa, N., &#038; Kingston, P. (2014). Organisational decision-making behaviour: A review \r\n[21]\tNazir, O., &#038; Islam, J. U. (2017). Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engagement: An empirical check. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 98-114. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/SAJBS-04-2016-0036\r\n[22]\tObiozor, C. N., &#038; Prof, O. N. (2021). Influence of cataloguers&#8217; motivation on their job performances in public university libraries in south east nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice, , 1-22,1A. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/influence-cataloguers-motivation-on-their-job\/docview\/2506600138\/se-2\r\n[23]\tOdeny, J. A., Maingi, S., &#038; Kurauka, J. (2020). The role of procurement procedures in environmental management: A case study of classified hotels in Mombasa County, Kenya. Menadz\u030cment u Hotelijerstvu i Turizmu = Hotel and Tourism Management, 8(1), 11-23. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5937\/menhottur2001011A\r\n[24]\tPandey, J., Gupta, M., &#038; Hassan, Y. (2021). Intrapreneurship to engage employees: role of psychological capital. Management Decision, 59(6), 1525-1545. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/MD-06-2019-0825\r\n[25]\tPahos, N., &#038; Galanaki, E. (2019). Staffing practices and employee performance: The role of age. Evidence &#8211; Based HRM, 7(1), 93-112. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/EBHRM-01-2018-0007\r\n[26]\tPuni, A., Hilton, S. K., &#038; Quao, B. (2021). The interaction effect of transactional-transformational leadership on employee commitment in a developing country: MRN. Management Research Review, 44(3), 399-417. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/MRR-03-2020-0153\r\n[27]\tRahman, M. S., Mahmud, H. Z., Md, A. H., Mannan, M., &#038; Hassan, H. (2019). Mediating effect of employee\u2019s commitment on workplace spirituality and executive\u2019ssales performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(4), 1057-1073. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/JIMA-02-2018-0024\r\n[28]\tRichardson, T. W. (2019). How Early Career Minority Teachers&#8217; Decisions to Remain Committed to the Profession Are Impacted by Individual Perceptions of Teacher Leadership Experiences (Order No. 13806850). Available from ProQuest Central. (2196991083). https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/how-early-career-minority-teachers-decisions\/docview\/2196991083\/se-2\r\n[29]\tSaid, A. (2020). Examining the impacts of organizational culture and leadership styles on the organizational performance indicators. Acta Medicinae Et Sociologica, 11(31), 39-54. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.19055\/ams.2020.11\/31\/4\r\n[30]\tSeda, F.S.S.E., Setyawati, L., Pera, Y.H.T., Damm, M.R., &#038; Nobel,K. (2020). Social exclusion, religious capital, and the quality of lofe: Multiple case studies of Indonesia and Thailand. Economics &#038; Sociology, 13(4),107-124. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14254\/2071-789X.2020\/13-4\/7 \r\n[31]\tSuifan, T. S., Abdallah, A. B., &#038; Al Janini, M. (2018). The impact of transformational leadership on employees&#8217; creativity: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Management Research Review, 41(1), 113-132. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/impact-transformational-leadership-on-employees\/docview\/1995189748\/se-2?accountid=31259\r\n[32]\tSuleman, Q., Makhdoom, A. S., Shehzad, S., Hussain, I., Alam, Z. K., Khan, I. U., Amjid, M., &#038; Khan, I. (2021). Leadership empowering behaviour as a predictor of employees\u2019 psychological well-being: Evidence from a cross-sectional study among secondary school teachers in kohat division, pakistan. PLoS One, 16(7)http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254576\r\n[33]\tTaylor, L. R. (2018). A Correlational Study of Student Demographic Characteristics, Academic Achievement, and Virtual Course Completion for High School Students Enrolled in a Virtual School Program in Southeast Texas (Order No. 10930671). Available from ProQuest Central. (2150714897). https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/correlational-study-student-demographic\/docview\/2150714897\/se-2?accountid=31259\r\n[34]\tTowns, A. B. (2019). Effective Strategies to Increase Employee Retention in Higher Education Institutions (Order No. 13884698). Available from ProQuest Central. 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U.S. CEOs of SBUs in luxury goods organizations: A mixed methods comparison of ethical decision-making profiles: JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 149(2), 443-518. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-016-3069-y\r\n[38]\tWolf, R., Reilly, J. M., &#038; Ross, S. M. (2021). Data-driven decision-making in creating class rosters. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching &#038; Learning, 14(2), 162-177. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/JRIT-03-2019-0045\r\n[39]\tXie, L., Li, D., &#038; Keh, H. T. (2020). Customer participation and well-being: The roles of service experience, customer empowerment and social support. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 30(6), 557-584. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/JSTP-11-2019-0228\r\n[40]\tZaman, N. U., Bibi, Z., Mohammad, J., &#038; Karim, J. (2017). The mediating role of positive psychological capital between perceived leadership styles and workplace advice network closeness. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(1), 66-89. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/mediating-role-positive-psychological-capital\/docview\/1903817241\/se-2?accountid=31259\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stella P. Ceneza, Celso L. Tagadiad,  &#8220;Decision Making, Organizational Commitment as Predictor of Employee Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.727-734 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6236<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/727-734.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener 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of Employee Performance<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0494 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3e0494\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0560 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e0560\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e06dd\" data-id=\"b3e06dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e07fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e07fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e089f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e089f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0a0e\" data-id=\"b3e0a0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0b1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e0b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0bbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e0bbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0d03\" data-id=\"b3e0d03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0e1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e0e1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e0eb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e0eb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e1001\" data-id=\"b3e1001\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e1106 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e1106\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e11a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e11a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e12e5\" data-id=\"b3e12e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e13f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e13f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e148c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e148c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e15db\" data-id=\"b3e15db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e16dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e16dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e1779 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e1779\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e18da\" data-id=\"b3e18da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e19f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e19f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Business Profile of Traditional Jamu Based on Herbal Commodities in Consumer Perspective<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nadya Niky Kumala, Syarif Imam Hidayat, Sri Tjondro Winarno- February 2022- Page No.: 735-744<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e1a90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e1a90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e1c13\" data-id=\"b3e1c13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e1d45 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3e1d45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aims to 1) analyze perceptions, motivations, reasons for consumers to consume and buy traditional herbal medicine at Taman Market, 2) analyze the dominant factors that cause consumers to decide to consume and buy traditional herbal medicine at Taman Market, and 3) find out the efforts and strategic actions such as what should be done to increase sales of traditional herbal medicine in the future. In this study, researchers used qualitative descriptive analysis and factor analysis. The method of determining the research location is purposive at Taman Market. The sampling method used accidental sampling with a sample of 100 respondents. Indicators in the perception of benefits, efficiency and practicality, and product safety score above 90%. Indicators in reason are the influence of others, lifestyle, and tradition. The value of 90% is only obtained by tradition, while the influence of others gets a value of 34%. Lifestyle scored 77%. Indicators in motivation are product price, product quality, and product availability. Of the three indicators, all of them scored above 90%. The results of data analysis indicate that there are three factors that influence purchasing decisions for traditional herbal medicine at Taman Market. The first factor is the belief factor, the second factor is the environmental factor, and the third factor is the superiority of the product. The results showed that the most dominant factor influencing purchasing decisions for traditional herbal medicine at Taman Market was the belief factor with a total factor loading value of 3.736 and an eigenvalue of 2.948. This shows that in the belief factor, respondents consider the benefits, efficiency and practicality, product price, tradition, and product quality from herbal medicine and after using herbal medicine the respondents are satisfied. Efforts and strategic actions can be taken by producers, namely improving and maintaining the quality and hygiene of their processed traditional herbal medicine.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 735-744\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nadya Niky Kumala<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, UPN Veterans East Java\r\nJl. Rungkut Madya No. 1 Gunung Anyar, Gunung Anyar District, Kota Surabaya East Java, 60294\r\n \r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syarif Imam Hidayat<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, UPN Veterans East Java\r\nJl. Rungkut Madya No. 1 Gunung Anyar, Gunung Anyar District, Kota Surabaya East Java, 60294\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sri Tjondro Winarno<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, UPN Veterans East Java\r\nJl. Rungkut Madya No. 1 Gunung Anyar, Gunung Anyar District, Kota Surabaya East Java, 60294\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBurhan, M. &#038; Imron, Mustajib. 2010. &#8220;Kewirausahaan Pada Industri Kecil Jamu Tradisional Ramuan Madura&#8221; dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Manajemen Teknologi XI (hlm. 1-10). Bangkalan: Universitas Trunojoyo.\r\n[2]\tEkadipta. 2020. &#8220;Analisis Preferensi Konsumen Jamu dalam Kemasan di Wilayah Jabodetabek&#8221; dalam Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat dengan tema &#8220;Kesehatan Modern dan Tradisional&#8221; (hlm. 1-16). Yogyakarta: Institut Sains dan Teknologi Al-Kamal.\r\n[3]\tHermawan, A. 2009. &#8220;Penelitian Bisnis Paradigma Kuantitatif&#8221;. Jakarta: Grasindo.\r\n[4]\tHindratno, J. 2021. &#8220;Pengaruh Budaya, Persepsi, dan Kepercayaan terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Obat Tradisional di UKM Pasar Kahayan Palangkaraya&#8221; dalam Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, Manajemen dan Bisnis, Akuntansi Volume 1, No. 1 (hlm. 1-9). Palangkaraya: Universitas Palangkaraya.\r\n[5]\tKarlina, Ni Putu N. 2015. &#8220;Pengaruh Citra Merek dan Kualitas Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk PT. Karya\r\n[6]\tKhamida, Nihayatun. 2020. &#8220;Strategi Pemasaran UD Karial Khusaini dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Penjualan dalam Aspek Nilai Kepuasan Konsumen&#8221;  dalam Journal Of Institution And Sharia Finance 3 (2), (hlm. 154-167). Palopo: Institut Agama Islam Negeri Palopo.\r\n[7]\tLatifah, Nurul. 2021. &#8220;Persepsi Konsumen Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Beras Merah Produksi KWT \u201cKasih Ibu\u201d di Kecamatan Guluk\u2013Guluk Kabupaten Sumenep&#8221; dalam Jurnal Pertanian  Cemara, Volume 18,Nomor 1 1, Mei 2021 (hlm. 64-69). Sumenep: Universitas Wiraraja. \r\n[8]\tMuslimin, Lukman, dkk. 2009. &#8220;Kajian Potensi Pengembangan Pasar Jamu&#8221;. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perdagangan Dalam Negeri. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perdagangan. Kementerian Perdangan. 215 pp.\r\n[9]\tNazir. 1998. &#8220;Metode Penelitian&#8221;. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.\r\n[10]\tPali, E. 1994. &#8220;Penjual Jamu Gendong: Motivasi Kaum Wanita Memasuki Profesi Penjual Jamu Gendong dan Peranannya dalam Keluarga (Kasus di Kota Salatiga)&#8221; dalam Tesis Program Sarjana. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.\r\n[11]\tPratiwi, Yani E. 2021. &#8220;Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Gaya Hidup dan Promosi Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Jamu \u201cMJ\u201d di Kota Yogyakarta&#8221; dalam Skripsi Fakultas Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Mercu Buana.\r\n[12]\tRizki, Pon Harijadi. 2008. &#8220;Analisis pengaruh bauran pemasaran terhadap keputusan pembelian jamu tolak angin sido mancul di wilayah Jakarta Timur&#8221; dalam Skripsi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis. Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.\r\n[13]\tSantoso, S. 2012. &#8220;Aplikasi SPSS pada Statistik Multivariat&#8221;. Jakarta: PT. Alex Media Komputindo.\r\n[14]\tSantoso, S. &#038; Tjiptono, F. 2001. &#8220;Riset Pemasaran: Konsep dan Aplikasi dengan SPSS&#8221;. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.\r\n[15]\tSimamora, B. 2005. &#8220;Analisis Multivariat Pemasaran&#8221;. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.\r\n[16]\tSupranto J. 2004. &#8220;Analisis Multivariat: Arti dan Interpretasi&#8221;. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.\r\n[17]\tZaini, Muhammad. 2018. &#8220;Pengaruh Sikap dan Norma Subjektif Terhadap Niat Menggunakan Produk Obat Herbal di Kota Banjarmasin&#8221; dalam Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 3(2), (hlm. 275-284). Banjarmasin: Politeknik Unggulan Kalimantan.\r\n[18]\tZarwinda, Irma. 2021. &#8220;Sosialisasi Minuman Rempah-Penambah Imunitas Tubuh dalam Upaya Mencegah Terpapar Virus Corona (Covid-19)&#8221; dalam Jurnal Pengabdian pada Masyarakat, Vol. 3, No. 1. Aceh Besar: Universitas Serambi Mekkah.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nadya Niky Kumala, Syarif Imam Hidayat, Sri Tjondro Winarno,  &#8220;Business Profile of Traditional Jamu Based on Herbal Commodities in Consumer Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.735-744 February 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-2\/735-744.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/business-profile-of-traditional-jamu-based-on-herbal-commodities-in-consumer-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Business Profile of Traditional Jamu Based on Herbal Commodities in Consumer Perspective<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e2ad9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b3e2ad9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e2bb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e2bb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e2d3a\" data-id=\"b3e2d3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e2e5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e2e5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e2f0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e2f0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3070\" data-id=\"b3e3070\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e318c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e318c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3233 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e3233\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3390\" data-id=\"b3e3390\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e34b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e34b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e355a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e355a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e36b2\" data-id=\"b3e36b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e37c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e37c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e386e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e386e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e39c3\" data-id=\"b3e39c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3ad5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e3ad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3b72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e3b72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3cc1\" data-id=\"b3e3cc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3dcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e3dcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3e6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e3e6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e3fcf\" data-id=\"b3e3fcf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e40e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3e40e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>AUKUS Cooperation in the Form of Australian Nuclear Submarine Technology for Stability in Indo-Pacific Region<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abdi Manab Idris, Nugroho Adi Sasongko, Yanif Dwi Kuntjoro &#8211; February 2022- Page No.: 745-750<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3e4186 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3e4186\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3e4312\" data-id=\"b3e4312\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e445e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"b3e445e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1885\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1885\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1886\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1886\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Australia\u2019s future submarine operation missions are guided by the 2009 Australian White Paper with the specification being able to carry out covert patrols at very long distances with long operating times. Submarines that meet these specifications are nuclear-powered submarines, especially the Astute Class Nuclear Submarine with high technology. The submarine specifications are 97 m long and will displace 7,400 tons of seawater when stored. The submarine can fully circumnavigate the globe without ever surfacing and, armed with tomahawk cruise missiles, can target military facilities on land from thousands of miles away. This new payload will significantly increase the Australian navy\u2019s conventional strike power. The Smart Submarine Astute can pinpoint accuracy to strike targets up to 1,200 km from the coast. According to the AUKUS Alliance (Australia-UK-US), nuclear submarines are an effort for world stabilization and security, especially in the Indo-Pacific Region. Considering the Natural, Energy and Food Wealth of the Indo-Pacific Region is the spearhead of the survival of the global community. The assembly of super-advanced nuclear submarines will not be ready until around 2040, so this cooperation will last quite a while.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 745-750\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6237\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6237<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1882\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1882\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdi Manab Idris<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Energy Security, Faculty Defense Management, Indonesia Defense University, Bogor 16810, Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nugroho Adi Sasongko <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Energy Security, Faculty Defense Management, Indonesia Defense University, Bogor 16810, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yanif Dwi Kuntjoro <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Energy Security, Faculty Defense Management, Indonesia Defense University, Bogor 16810, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1883\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1883\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\tBirkler, J., Schank, J. F., Riposo, J., Arena, M. V., Button, R. W., DeLuca, P., &#8230; &#038; Lee, G. T. (2011). Australia\u2019s Submarine Design Capabilities and Capacities: Challenges and Options for the Future Submarine. RAND CORP ARLINGTON VA NATIONAL SECURITY RESEARCH DIV.\r\n[2].\tHirdaris, S. E., Cheng, Y. F., Shallcross, P., Bonafoux, J., Carlson, D., Prince, B., &#038; Sarris, G. A. (2014). Considerations on the potential use of Nuclear Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology for merchant marine propulsion. Ocean Engineering, 79, 101-130.\r\n[3].\tMasterson, J. (2021). US, UK Pledge Nuclear Submarines for Australia. Arms Control Today, 51(8), 25-27.\r\n[4].\tPhilippe, S., &#038; von Hippel, F. (2016). The Feasibility of Ending HEU Fuel Use in the US Navy. Arms Control Today, 46(9).\r\n[5].\tPrebble, S. (2012). Secrets of the Conqueror: The Untold Story of Britain\u2019s Most Famous Submarine. Faber &#038; Faber.\r\n[6].\tRahman, M. M., Dongxu, J., Jahan, N., Salvatores, M., &#038; Zhao, J. (2020). Design concepts of supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) and nuclear marine vessel: A review. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 124, 103320.\r\n[7].\tRoychoudhury, S. (2021). Quad: Origin and Evolving Dynamics. Journal Of Global Strategic Studies, 1(2), 6-29.\r\n[8].\tWu, J., Ma, Y., Yu, C., Zou, C., Cai, X., &#038; Chen, J. (2021). Nuclear non\u2010proliferation review and improving proliferation resistance assessment in the future. International Journal of Energy Research, 45(8), 11399-11422.\r\n[9].\tDobell, G. (2020). The strange submarine saga. Security Challenges, 16(4), 117-132.\r\n[10].\tRoxy, M. K., Dasgupta, P., McPhaden, M. J., Suematsu, T., Zhang, C., &#038; Kim, D. (2019). Twofold expansion of the Indo-Pacific warm pool warps the MJO life cycle. Nature, 575(7784), 647-651.\r\n[11].\tThe Economist. (2021). 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The One Class of Vessel that is Impossible to Build in Australia Canada,\u201d. The Northern Mariner\/Le marin du nord XXIV, (3), 260-272.\r\n[35].\tBirkler, J. O. H. N., Schank, J. F., Arena, M. V., Keating, E. G., Predd, J. B., Black, J. A. M. E. S., &#8230; &#038; YOUNOSSI, O. (2015). Australia\u2019s naval shipbuilding enterprise. Rand Corporation.\r\n[36].\tHellyer, M. (2021). Delivering a stronger Navy, faster.\r\n[37].\tSwanstr\u00f6m, N., &#038; Panda, J. (2021). Resetting European Thinking on the Indo-Pacific?. ISBN: 978-91-88551-27-6..\r\n[38].\tMcCusker, K., &#038; Gunaydin, S. (2015). Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, 30(7), 537-542.\r\n[39].\tSmiddy, M. P., O\u2019Connell, R., &#038; Creedon, S. A. (2015). Systematic qualitative literature review of health care workers\u2019 compliance with hand hygiene guidelines. American journal of infection control, 43(3), 269-274.\r\n[40].\tSalajan, A., Tsolova, S., Ciotti, M., &#038; Suk, J. E. (2020). To what extent does evidence support decision making during infectious disease outbreaks? A scoping literature review. Evidence &#038; Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice, 16(3), 453-475.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1884\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1884\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdi Manab Idris, Nugroho Adi Sasongko, Yanif Dwi Kuntjoro , &#8220;AUKUS Cooperation in the Form of Australian Nuclear Submarine Technology for Stability in Indo-Pacific Region&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-2, pp.745-750 February 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6237<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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