{"id":5094,"date":"2022-03-28T07:27:06","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T07:27:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=5094"},"modified":"2022-05-29T07:50:41","modified_gmt":"2022-05-29T07:50:41","slug":"volume-vi-issue-iii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-vi-issue-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue III"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5094\" class=\"elementor elementor-5094 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd10e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd10e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd13e1\" data-id=\"9fd13e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd1555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd1555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Eco-Design on the Performance of Nigerian Bottling Company<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ademulegun, Funmilayo; Adebambo Hameed Olusegun; Alabi Kayode O.- March 2022- Page No.: 01-07<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd1636 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd1636\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd183b\" data-id=\"9fd183b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd19d1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9fd19d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study investigated the effect of eco-design practices on the performance of Nigerian bottling company. specifically, the study evaluated the level of eco-design practices and its effect on the performance on Nigerian bottling company. The study employed a quantitative research method conducted in a cross-sectional approach to collect primary data using structured questionnaire from selected 202 employees involved in eco-design practices in Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) using a simple random sampling technique. The collected primary data was analysed using both statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings of the study revealed that there is a moderate level of eco-design practices along the dimensions of design for raw materials, design for distribution, design for manufacturing, design for product use and design for end of life practices in the study area. The result of the test of hypotheses revealed a significant effect of eco-design on performance of NBC. However, there was no evidence of significant effect of design for product use on operational performance and design for raw material on environmental performance. the study recommends that firms should focus more on selection of materials with low impact and also endeavour to utilise products that are of low energy consumption to enhance their performance\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-07\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ademulegun, Funmilayo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Project management Technology, School of Logistics and Innovation Technology, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adebambo Hameed Olusegun<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Project management Technology, School of Logistics and Innovation Technology, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alabi Kayode O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Project management Technology, School of Logistics and Innovation Technology, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alonso Garcia, M. (2006). La Norma de ecodiseno UNE1503001, CONAMA, Congreso Nacional del.\r\n[2] Dallas, M. (2008). Value and RIsk Management: a guide to best practice.\r\n[3] Diabat, A., &amp; Govindan, K. (2011). An analysis of the Drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling,. 6(55), 659-667.\r\n[4] Didier, N. (2002). Managing Performance.\r\n[5] Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27(2), 31-41.\r\n[6] Esther, S.-M., Lozano, R. G., Farreny, R., Oliver-Sola, J., Gasol, C. M., &amp; Rieradevall, J. (2015). Introduction to the eco-design methodology and the role of product carbon footprint. Institute of Environmental Science and Technology.\r\n[7] Gajendrum, N. (2017). Green Supply Chain Management- Benefits Challenges and Other Related Concepts. International Journal of Applied Science Engineering and MAnagement.\r\n[8] Habib, A. M., &amp; Bao, Y. (2019). Habib, A. M., &amp; Bao, Y. (2019). Impact of Knowledge Management Capability and Green Supply Chain Management Practices on Firm Performance. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 8(6), 240-255.\r\n[9] Knight, P., &amp; Jekins, J. (2009). Adopting and applying eco-design techniques: a practitioners perspective. 5. Journal of Cleaner Production, 5(17), 549-558.\r\n[10] Laari, S. (2016). Green supply chain management practices and firm performance.\r\n[11] Lundberg, K., Balfors, B., &amp; Folkenson, L. (2006). Framework for environmental performance measurement in a swedish public sector organisation. . Journal of Cleanser Production, 11(17), 1017-1024.\r\n[12] Mori, C. D., Batalha, M. O., &amp; Alfranca, O. (2016). A Model for Measuring Technology Capability in the agrifood industry companies. British Food Journal.\r\n[13] Moullin, M. (2007). Performance measurement definitions: Linking performance measurement and organisational excellence. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance.\r\n[14] Pfeffer, J., &amp; Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organisations: A resource dependence approach.\r\n[15] Roshartini, O., Roshana, T., &amp; Abdul, N. A. (2012, Novemeber). Measuring of Technological Capabilities in Technology Transfer. Asian Social Science.\r\n[16] Sarkis, J., Gonzalez-Torre, P., &amp; Adenso-Diaz, B. (2010). Stakeholder Pressure And the adoption of environmental practices: The mediating effect of training. Journal of Operations Management, 28(2), 163-176.\r\n[17] Singhal, P. (2013). Green supply chain and Eco-design in Electronic Industry- An Empirical study.\r\n[18] Stocks, Greis, &amp; Kasarda. (2000). Enterprise logistics and supply chain structure: the role fit. Journal of Operations Management.\r\n[19] Wagner, M. (2005). How to reconcile environmental and economic performance to improve corporate sustainability: corporate environemntal strategies in the European paper industry. Journal of Environmental MAnagement, 76(2), 105-118.\r\n[20] Wakulele, S., Odock, S., Chepkulei, B., &amp; Kiswili, N. (2016, August). Effect of Eco-design on the Performance of Manufacturing Firms . International Journal of Business and Social Science, 7(8).\r\n[21] Wang, F. (2012). Research on Performance Measurement of Green Supply Chain Management.\r\n[22] Watson, K., Klingenberg, B., Polito, T., &amp; Geurts, T. (2004). Impact of environmenta lmanagement system implementation on financial performance. Management of environmental quality. 15, 622-628.\r\n[23] Yeung, J. H., Selen, W., Zhang, M., &amp; Huo, B. (2008). The effects of trust andcoercive power on supplier integration. International Journal of Production Economics, 19(5\/6), 66-78.\r\n[24] Zhu, Q., &amp; Sarkis, J. (2004). Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprise. Journal of Operations Management, 22(3), 265-289.\r\n[25] Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J., &amp; Lai, J. (2008). Confirmation of a measurement model for green supply chain m anagement practices implementation. The International Journal of Production Econmics, 111(2), 261-273.\r\n[26] Zutshi, A., &amp; Sohal, A. (2004, January). Adoption and maintainance of environmental management systems: Critical success factors. An International Journal, 15(4), 399-419.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ademulegun, Funmilayo; Adebambo Hameed Olusegun; Alabi Kayode O., &#8220;Effect of Eco-Design on the Performance of Nigerian Bottling Company&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.01-07 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/01-07.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-eco-design-on-the-performance-of-nigerian-bottling-company\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Eco-Design on the Performance of Nigerian Bottling Company<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd3b13 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9fd3b13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd3d7e\" data-id=\"9fd3d7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd3ead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd3ead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd3f50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd3f50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd40ac\" data-id=\"9fd40ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd41b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd41b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd425b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd425b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd43a6\" data-id=\"9fd43a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd44e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd44e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd4597 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd4597\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd46ef\" data-id=\"9fd46ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd47fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd47fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd48a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd48a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd49ea\" data-id=\"9fd49ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd4af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd4af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd4b8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd4b8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd4cdb\" data-id=\"9fd4cdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd4de5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd4de5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd4e81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd4e81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd4fe6\" data-id=\"9fd4fe6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd50f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd50f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Application of \u201cThe Looking Glass Self\u201d to Leadership Development<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Ambrues M. Nebo Sr &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 08-14<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd5193 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd5193\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd5317\" data-id=\"9fd5317\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd5451 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9fd5451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article introduces \u201cThe Looking Glass Self\u201d as one of the widely discussed sociological concepts in academic settings across culture. It proffers the argument that \u201cThe Looking Glass Self\u201d could be experimented as an approach to leadership development in the formal sector or private organization. It opines that in the context of \u201cThe Looking Glass Self\u201d followers act as the \u201cmirror\u201d in which a leader must imagine how he\/she appears in the eyes of followers, how he\/she is evaluated based on followers\u2019\u2019 observation and perceptions, and how the feedbacks that comes from observation and perceptions can help influence the development of a leader\u2019s sense of self. It employs the competency model and the values model as the theoretical framework that guided the study.\r\nRegarding the methodology, the qualitative approach was used to explore this topic. Precisely, it employs content analysis of relevant document, articles, or papers as source of the data from Google search engine.\r\nThe paper concludes that although followers\u2019 perception plays one of the main roles in leadership development, it all depends on how leaders interpret their followers\u2019 perceptions.\r\nThe article recommends that as an experimental concept, \u201cThe Looking Glass Self\u201d could be inculcated or infused into leadership development training module<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 08-14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ambrues M. Nebo Sr.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Department of Law Enforcement\r\nCriminal Justice &amp; Forensic Science Program- African Methodist Episcopal University\r\nDepartment of Political, University of Liberia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adl, R. (2013) How to Attack the Business Skills Mismatch, Chief Learning Officer Magazine.\r\n[2] Bhasin, H. (2021) Leadership Development \u2013 Definition, Importance, Steps and Advantages. https:\/\/www.marketing91.com\/leadership-development\/ Accessed 24 February 2022\r\n[3] Barnett, E; Casper, M (2001). &#8220;A definition of &#8220;social environment&#8221;&#8221;. Am J Public Health. 91 (3): 465. doi:10.2105\/ajph.91.3.465a. PMC 1446600. PMID 11249033. Accessed 1 January 2022\r\n[4] Cohen, W. A. (2010) Heroic Leadership-1st edition Leading with integrity and honor. ISBN-10 \u200f: \u200e0470405015 ISBN-13 \u200f: \u200e 978-0470405017. Publisher \u200f: \u200e Jossey-Bass\r\n[5] Cooley, C. H.1963 (1909) Social Organizations: A Study of the Larger Mind. New York: Shocken\r\n[6] Cooley, C H. (1902) Human Nature and the Social Order- New York: Scribner&#8217;s\r\n[7] Chandler, D., &amp; Munday, R. (2011). A dictionary of media and communication: OUP Oxford.\r\n[8] Dean, K.W. (2008) Values-Based Leadership: How Our Personal Values Impact the Workplace. http:\/\/scholar.valpo.edu\/jvbl Accessed 21 February 2022\r\n[9] Gleeson, B. (2021) 5 Attributes (And Benefits) Of Values-Based Leadership https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/brentgleeson\/2021\/07\/19\/5-attributes-and-benefits-of-values-based- leadership\/?sh=f136bd13d212 Accessed 18 February 2022\r\n[10] Hilvert, C. (2020) Values-Based Leadership: Leading with Principle https:\/\/icma.org\/blog-posts\/values-based-leadership-leading-principle\r\n[11] Indeed Editorial Team (2021) Core Values of a Great Leader https:\/\/www.indeed.com\/career-advice\/career-development\/leadership-values\r\n[12] Indeed Editorial Team (2021) Competency Framework: What It Is and How To Create It. https:\/\/www.indeed.com\/career-advice\/career-development\/competency-framework Accessed 16 Feb 2022\r\n[13] Indeed Editorial Team (2021) Values-Based Leadership: Traits and Benefits https:\/\/www.indeed.com\/career-advice\/career-development\/values-based-leadership Accessed 18 February 2022\r\n[14] Jansen, K. H. M. (2011). The only true leadership is values-based leadership. Forbes.https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/2011\/04\/26\/values-based-leadership.html#4469baed652b Accessed 18 February 2022\r\n[15] Kelman, H. (1958). &#8220;Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change&#8221; (PDF). Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2 (1): 51\u201360. doi:10.1177\/002200275800200106. S2CID 145642577 Accessed 2 January 2022\r\n[16] Kotter, J. Definition of Leadership https:\/\/www.kotterinc.com\/who-we-are\/#meet-us Accessed 22 February 2022\r\n[17] Kotter, J. Leadership Development https:\/\/www.kotterinc.com\/services\/leadership-development\/ Accessed 22 February 2022\r\n[18] Luo, Amy (2019) What is Content analysis and how can you use it in Yourresearch?https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/content-analysis\/ Accessed 1 January 2022\r\n[19] Munroe, M (2005) The Spirit of Leadership- ISBN-13: 978-0-88368-983-7 ISBN-10: 0-88368-983-9, Whitaker House, New Kensington, PA 15068\r\n[20] Maxwell, J. (2007) 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership. Revised and updated Paperback\r\n[21] Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory And Practice (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[22] Robin Abrahams and Boris Groysberg (2021) How to Become a Better Listener https:\/\/hbr.org\/2021\/12\/how-to-become-a-better-listener Accessed 1 January 2022\r\n[23] Ray, L. (2021) The Strengths &amp; Weakness of Competency Framework https:\/\/smallbusiness.chron.com\/strengths-weakness-competency-framework-31135.html Accessed 18 February 2022\r\n[24] Rose, V. (2020) Two Types of Conflict in a Workplace That Can Actually Be Constructive. https:\/\/pollackpeacebuilding.com\/blog\/types-of-conflict-in-a-workplace\/ accessed 21 February 2022\r\n[25] Stanford Report, (2005) Effective leaders made, not born, Colin Powell says https:\/\/news.stanford.edu\/news\/2005\/november30\/powell-113005.html Accessed 1 January 2022\r\n[26] Srivastava, P. C. (2016). Leadership Styles in Western and Eastern Societies And Its Relation with Organizational Performance. Pranjana: The Journal of Management Awareness, 19(1) 60. doi:10.5958\/0974-0945.2016.00006.6\r\n[27] Tyler, L. (2017) \u201cWhat Is a Business Leadership Model?\u201d BizFluent, Updated https:\/\/bizfluent.com\/about-6193153-business-leadership model-.html\r\n[28] Tanya, R. \u201cLeadership Theory vs. Leadership Style,\u201d Houston Chronicle, n.d.: https:\/\/smallbusiness.chron.com\/leadership-theory-vs-leadership-style-32967.html\r\n[29] Wooll, M. (2021) What is a leadership development program and why do you need one? https:\/\/www.betterup.com\/blog\/what-is-a-leadership-development-program-and-why-do-you-need-one. Accessed 22 February 2022\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ambrues M. Nebo Sr, &#8220;The Application of \u201cThe Looking Glass Self\u201d to Leadership Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.08-14 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/08-14.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/08-14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-application-of-the-looking-glass-self-to-leadership-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Application of \u201cThe Looking Glass Self\u201d to Leadership Development<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd8fec elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9fd8fec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd9cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd9cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd9d97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd9d97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fd9eed\" data-id=\"9fd9eed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fda026 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fda026\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fda0c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fda0c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fda20b\" data-id=\"9fda20b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fda316 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fda316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fda3b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fda3b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fda51a\" data-id=\"9fda51a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fda629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fda629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Founder Role Identity Strategy, Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Proclivity among Potential Retirees in Plateau State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Longret Geoffrey Shikpup, Reuel Johnmark Dakung, Monica C. Gajere &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 15-22<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fda6c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fda6c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fda843\" data-id=\"9fda843\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fda978 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9fda978\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">this study seeks to examine the effect of founder role identity on entrepreneurial proclivity using the mediating role of entrepreneurial attitude. To achieve this purpose,four objectives were established: firstly, to determine the relationship between founder role identity and entrepreneurial proclivity, secondly to determine the relationship between founder role identity and attitude, thirdly, to determine the relationship between attitude and entrepreneurial proclivity, and lastly to determine the extent to which attitude mediate the relationship between founder role identity and entrepreneurial proclivity. Given the purpose of this study, the cross-sectional survey design was used to collate data from a population of 510 potential retirees of the Bureau for Establishment, Plateau State Secretariat. The Krejcie and Morgan sample size selection model was used to determine the sample size of 226 potential retirees randomly selected from the state secretariate in Jos.The data was properly analysed using multiple regression analysis. The results of the findings indicated that there was a positive relationship between Founder role identity and entrepreneurial proclivity, secondly Founder role identity has significant influence on attitude, thirdly attitude has significant influence on entrepreneurial proclivity, and lastly entrepreneurial attitude function as an important intermediary in the relationship between founder role identity and entrepreneurial proclivity. In conclusion, founder role identity should be planted in the perceptions of potential retirees as it helps significantly in influencing their participation in business. Also, Policy makers and the government should increase their participation in the entrepreneurial training and development of potential retirees to expand their ability that will result to starting a business before and after retirement.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 15-22\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2022<\/p>\r\nThe Moderating Role of Timespan since Parental Divorce on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Anxiety\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Longret Geoffrey Shikpup<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Reuel Johnmark Dakung<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Monica C. Gajere<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Ajzen. I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour.In: Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process. Amherst, MA: Elsevier, 50: 179-211\r\n[2]. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought &amp; Action. A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall.\r\n[3]. Callero P. L. (1985). Role Identity Salience. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48(3), 203-215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/303381\r\n[4]. Cardon, M. S., Gregoire, D. A., Stevens, C. E., &amp; Patel, P. C. (2013). Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 28, 373-396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2012.03.00\r\n[5]. Douglas and Shepherd (2002). Self-Employment as a Career Choice: Attitudes, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Utility Maximization. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 26(3). Doi:10.1177\/104225870202600305\r\n[6]. Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., &amp;Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of management Review, 34, 511-532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.2009.40633190\r\n[7]. CovinJ. G. and Slevin D. P. (1991). A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as a Firm Behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104225879101600102\r\n[8]. Bird, B. (1988): Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case of Intention&#8221;, Academy of Management Review, 13(3).\r\n[9]. Dahalan N., Jaafar M., &amp;Rosdi S. A. (2014). Attitude And Entrepreneurial Intention Among Rural Community: The MediatingRole of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition. Article Available at Http:\/\/Www.Shs-Conferences.Org or Http:\/\/Dx.Doi.Org\/10.1051\/Shsconf\/\r\n[10]. Dakung, R.j., Munene, J. C., &amp;Balunywa, W., (2016) Roubustness of personal initiative in moderating entrepreneurial intentions and actions of disabled students. Cogent Business &amp; management, 3, 1169575. doi:10.1080\/23311975.2016.1169575\r\n[11]. Hoang, H. &amp;Gimeno, J. (2010). Becoming a Founder: how Founder Role Identity Affects Entrepreneurial Transition and Persistence in Founding. Journal of Business Venturing. doi: .1016\/j.jbusvent.2008.07.002\r\n[12]. Kim, M., Hunter, J. (1993). Relationships among Attitudes, Intentions and Behavior. Communications Research, 20: 331-64\r\n[13]. Krueger, N.F., Brazael, D.V., (1994). Entrepreneurial Potential &amp; Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory &amp; Practice, 18(3): 91-105.\r\n[14]. Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D., Carsrud, A.L. 2000. Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411-432.\r\n[15]. Krueger, N.F. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory &amp; Practice, 18(1): 5-23.\r\n[16]. Lesonsky, Rieva (2019) How Entrepreneurs over 50 are making their Mark https\/:\/\/www.score.org\/\r\n[17]. Mouraviev, N. and Avramenko, A. (2020), Entrepreneurship that Deprived Communities: Developing Oportunities, Capabilities and Enterprise Culture. Business and Economics.Emerald Publishing Limited,Bingley, pp. i-xiii. https\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-78973-985-520201001\r\n[18]. Matsuno, K. Mentzer J., and Ozsomer A., (2002). The effect of Entrepreneurial Proclivity and Market Orientation on Business Performance. Journal of Marketing. Doi:10.1509\/jmkg.66.3.18.18507.\r\n[19]. Murnieks, C. Y., Mosakowski, E., &amp; Cardon, M. S. (2014). Pathways of Passion Identity Centrality, Passion, and Behaviour Among Entrepreneurs. Journal of Management, 40(6).\r\n[20]. O\u2019Neil I., Ucbasaran D., and York J. (2020). The Evolution of Founder Identity as an Authenticity Work Process. Journal of Business Venturing. Doi:10.1016\/j\/jbusvent\/2020.196031\r\n[21]. Roach and Sauermann (2015). Founder or Joiner? The Role of Preferences and Context in Shaping Different Entrepreneurial Interests. Journal of Management Science. Vol. 61. No. 9, doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2100\r\n[22]. Shane S., Edwin A. L., and Collins C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial Motivation. Human Resource Management Review. Doi:10.1016\/S1053-4822903)00017-2\r\n[23]. Shamsudeen k., Keat Y. O., Hassan H. (2017). Entrepreneurial Success Within the Process of Opportunity Recognition and Exploitation: An Expansion of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition Model. Journal of International Review of Managementand Marketing 7(1), 107-111,2017\r\n[24]. Shane S. and Venkataraman S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1):217226\r\n[25]. Vamvaka V., Stoforos C., Palaskas T., and Bostsaris C. (2020). Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship, Perceived Behavioural Control, and Entrepreneurial Intention: Dimensionality, Structural Relationships, and Gender Differences. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 9(1). Doi:10.1186\/s13731-020-112-0\r\n[26]. Wardana L. W., Narmaditya B. S., Wibowo A., and Maendra A. M. (2020). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education and Students\u2019 Entrepreneurial Mindset: The Mediating Role of Attitude and Self-Efficacy. Doi:10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04922\r\n[27]. Yitshaki, R. &amp; Kropp, F. (2016) Entrepreneurial passions and identities in different contexts: a comparison between high-tech and social entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship &amp; Regional Development, 28(3-4).\r\n[28]. Zuzul, and Tripsas M 2019. Start-up Inertia Versus Flexibility: The Role of Founder Identity in a Nascent Industry. Doi.org\/10.1177\/00018392198843486\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Longret Geoffrey Shikpup, Reuel Johnmark Dakung, Monica C. Gajere &#8220;Founder Role Identity Strategy, Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Proclivity among Potential Retirees in Plateau State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.15-22 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6301<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/15-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/founder-role-identity-strategy-entrepreneurial-attitude-and-entrepreneurial-proclivity-among-potential-retire-esinplateau-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Founder Role Identity Strategy, Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Proclivity among Potential Retirees in Plateau State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe2eef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9fe2eef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3377 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe3377\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe34df\" data-id=\"9fe34df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe35ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe35ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe368c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe368c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe37df\" data-id=\"9fe37df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe38f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe38f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe3996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3ae1\" data-id=\"9fe3ae1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3be7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe3be7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3c89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe3c89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3dca\" data-id=\"9fe3dca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3ed5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe3ed5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe3f6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe3f6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe40cd\" data-id=\"9fe40cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe41db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe41db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe427c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe427c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe43eb\" data-id=\"9fe43eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe4500 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe4500\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>History of rice in Kenya: When was rice first introduced in Kenya?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Apollo Uma- March 2022- Page No.: 23-27<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe459f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe459f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe4728\" data-id=\"9fe4728\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe4863 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9fe4863\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nRice is the third most important cereal crop in Kenya after maize and wheat. In regards to its introduction in Kenya, the year 1907 is quoted by the majority of contemporary authors and documents. This is so unlikely because the same Asians and Arab traders who introduced the crop in Kenya had already introduced the crop in Uganda by the 1870s. Remember, the Asian and Arab traders had their headquarters in Kenya (Mombasa), and it is arguably true, that they spent most of their time in Kenya than in Uganda. Therefore, they must have cultivated or promoted the cultivation of rice in Kenya earlier than in Uganda. As rightly said by Maya Angelou in 1997, you can\u2019t know where you are going unless you understand where you came from. This prompted the review of literature from various corners of the world about the history of colonial and pre-colonial Kenya. The review was aimed at finding out other dates and the exact period when rice was introduced in Kenya and why authors were citing 1907 as the introductory year of rice cultivation in Kenya. Delving deeper into the accounts of history reveals that one of the reasons for citing 1907 could be that it is the period that marked the end of the slave trade period. And also, it is the period beyond which the production of rice was being promoted by Kenyan communities such as the Luo. As to when rice was introduced to Kenya, one would find four possible dates in literature, i.e., 1900 to 1905, 1907, the early 1800s (1800 to 1850), and the latter half of the 1800s (1851 to 1899). Following through all the accounts that have been reviewed, quoting the 19th century (considering the period from 1800 to 1899) provides a much stronger and evidence-based meaning as far as the introduction of rice cultivation in Kenya is concerned.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 23-27\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Apollo Uma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, Egerton University, P.o Box 13357 &#8211; 20100, Nakuru-Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] AGRA. (2018). Komboka rice to put in check cheap imports that thrive on the name of pishori variety. Komboka Rice. https:\/\/agra.org\/news\/komboka-rice-to-put-in-check-cheap-imports-that-thrive-on-the-name-of-pishori-variety\/\r\n[2] Ajayi, J. F. A. (Ed.). (1995). Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s (Repr). Heinemann\r\n[3] Alexander, J. (1978). Origins of African Plant Domestication. Edited by J. Harlan, J. De Wet and B. L. Stemler. The Hague: Mouton, 1976. Pp. xiii, 498, bibl., ill., tables, maps. n.p. Africa, 48(4), 418\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1158820\r\n[4] Allen, J. de V. (1974). Swahili Culture Reconsidered: Some Historical Implications of the Material Culture of the Northern Kenya Coast in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 9(1), 105\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00672707409511719\r\n[5] Atera, E., Florence, N. O., &amp; Eucabeth, B. O. M. (2018). Production and marketing of rice in Kenya: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(3), 64\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/JDAE2017.0881\r\n[6] AZ quotes. (2022). You can\u2019t really know where you are going until you know where you have been. Quotes \u203a Authors \u203a M \u203a Maya Angelou \u203a You Can\u2019t Really Know Where You&#8230; https:\/\/www.azquotes.com\/quote\/1294870\r\n[7] Bakker, W. (1974). Characterization and ecological aspects of rice yellow mottle virus in Kenya. Centre for Agricultural Publ. and Documentation, PUDOC.\r\n[8] Barrett, W. E. H. (1911). Notes on the Customs and Beliefs of the Wa-Giriama, etc., British East Africa. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 41, 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2843332\r\n[9] Brantley, C. (1979). An Historical Perspective of the Giriama and Witchcraft Control. Africa, 49(2), 112\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1158669\r\n[10] East Africa Protectorate. (1905). EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE. REPORT FOR 1905-6. BT DARLIN G &amp; SON, I\/n&gt;., 8440 \/ BACON STBEE*, E.\r\n[11] Gamble, G. (1939). Rice-Growing in Central Kavirondo. The East African Agricultural Journal, 5(3), 216\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03670074.1939.11663971\r\n[12] GRISP, Gr. (Global R. S. P. (2013). Rice almanac: Source book for the most important economic activities on Earth (Fourth Edition). IRRI.\r\n[13] Huxley, E. (1939). THE BOOK OF THE QUARTER: THE INVADERS OF EAST AFRICA1. African Affairs, XXXVIII(CLII), 347\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101216\r\n[14] James de Vere, A. (1993). Swahili origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon.\r\n[15] Kilimo trust. (2019). Characteristics of Rice End Markets in the East African Community: REGIONAL EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY TRADE IN STAPLES-II (REACTS-II) PROJECT. Kilimo Trust.\r\n[16] Krapf, L. (1860). TRAVELS, RESEARCHES, AND MISSIONARY LABORS, DURING~ AN EIGHTEEN YEARS\u2019 RESIDENCE IN EASTERN AFRICA; TOGETHER WITH JOURNEYS T O JAGGA, USAMBARA, UKAMBANI, SHOA, ABESSINIA, AND KHARTUM; AND A COASTING VOYAGE FROM MOMBAZ T O CAPE DELGADO.\r\n[17] Luckham, M. E. (1959). The Early History of the Kenya Department of Agriculture. The East African Agricultural Journal, 25(2), 97\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03670074.1959.11665245\r\n[18] McKay, Wi. F. (1975). A precolonial history of the Southern Kenyan Coast.\r\n[19] MOA. (2008). MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE: NATIONAL RICE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2008 \u2013 2018). Minsitry of Agriculture.\r\n[20] Molntosh, B. (1969). The Scotish Mission in Kenya 1891\u20141923.\r\n[21] Ndege, P. O. (2009). Colonialism and its Legacies in Kenya. 11.\r\n[22] Ndirangu, S. N., &amp; Oyange, W. A. (2019). Analysis of Millers in Kenya\u2019s Rice Value Chain. 12, 11.\r\n[23] New, C. (1971). Life, wanderings, and labours in Eastern Africa: With an account of the first successful ascent of the equatorial snow mountain, Kilima Njaro, and remarks upon East African slavery. With a new introd. by Alison Smith (3rd ed). F. Cass.\r\n[24] Ngige, J. K. (2004). An Economic Analysis of Rice Production In Mwea Irrigation Scheme. 130.\r\n[25] Obura, J., Ombok, B., &amp; Omugah, G. (2017). Analysis of Rice Supply Chain in Kenya. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 5(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20431\/2349-0349.0508002\r\n[26] Ochieng, W. R. (1943). Eastern Kenya and its invaders. Kampala: East African Literature Bureau, 1975.\r\n[27] Ogot, B. A. (1981). Historical Dictionary of KENYA. THE SCARECROW PRESS, INC. METUCHEN, N.J., &amp; LONDON.\r\n[28] Onyango, O. A. (2014). Rice production, Food security, New rice for Africa, Agricultural research and development. World Environment, 8.\r\n[29] Orchardson, E. (1986). A socio-historical perspective of the art and material culture of the Mijikenda of kenya.\r\n[30] Patterson, K. D. (1970). The Giriama Risings of 1913-1914. African Historical Studies, 3(1), 89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/216482\r\n[31] Reid. (2002). Political Power in Pre-Colonial Buganda: Economy, Society, and Warfare in the Nineteenth Century.: Ohio University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3559405\r\n[32] Seddon, D. (1968). The Origins and Development of Agriculture in East and Southern Africa. Current Anthropology, 9(5, Part 2), 489\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/200947\r\n[33] Sperling, C. D. (1947). The growth of Islam among the Mijikenda of the Kenya coast, 1826-1933 School of Oriental and African Studies: University of London. Africa, 17(2), 137\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0001972000021033\r\n[34] Thomson, J. (1887). Through Masai land: a journey of exploration among the snowclad volcanic mountains and strange tribes: eastern equatorial Africa. Being the narrative of the royal geographical society\u2019s expedition to mount Kenia and Lake Victoria Nyanza, 1883- 1884.\r\n[35] Vishnu, R., &amp; Mukami, K. (2020). Mwea Rice Growers Multipurpose Public Case Report August 2020. USAID.\r\n[36] Waaijenberg, H. (1994). Mijikenda agriculture in Coast Province of Kenya.\r\n[37] Walsh, M., Willis, J., &amp; Robinson, P. W. (1993). Reviews. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 28(1), 143\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00672709309511654\r\n[38] Willis, J. (1947). School of Oriental and African Studies: University of London. Africa, 17(2), 137\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0001972000021033\r\n[39] Ylvisaker, M. (1979). Full text of \u201cLamu in the nineteenth century: Land, trade, and politics.\u201d Trustees of Boston University, 321.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Apollo Uma, &#8220;History of rice in Kenya: When was rice first introduced in Kenya?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.23-27 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/23-27.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/23-27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/history-of-rice-in-kenya-when-was-rice-first-introduced-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>History of rice in Kenya: When was rice first introduced in Kenya?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe837b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9fe837b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"9fe8abd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe8c04\" data-id=\"9fe8c04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe8d14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe8d14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe8db2 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-9fe90aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe90aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe91ec\" data-id=\"9fe91ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe92fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe92fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe9395 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe9395\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe94de\" data-id=\"9fe94de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe95e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe95e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe968a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe968a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe97f6\" data-id=\"9fe97f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe990b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe990b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Research Profile, Attitude, and Capability of School of Management and Entrepreneurship Faculty<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Reymark S. Pabilando, Eden R. Calvez, Ronnabelle Bentor, Vic Marie Bornillo &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 28-34<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fe99a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fe99a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fe9b81\" data-id=\"9fe9b81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe9cb6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9fe9cb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Research is a concept that practitioners, managers, and policymakers respect. But more importantly, research is an academic activity by education professionals who continuously advocate learning, finding out things, analyzing information, adapting behavior, improving modern demand of educational standards and quality teaching. Biliran Province State University sees the importance of research. However, many also experience difficulty in research. This descriptive study aims to evaluate the research profile, attitude, and capability of the School of Management and Entrepreneurship faculty members in Biliran Province State University. The total enumeration sampling technique was used in selecting respondents. A total of forty faculty members served as respondents to the study. The Attitude toward Research&#8217; Scale developed by Papanastasiou (2005) was modified and used in the study. It was revealed that faculty members are less capable of writing results and discussion part in research and are anxious about conducting research. It is highly recommended that faculty members should undergo research training and seminars for them to improve their skills in writing research.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 28-34\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Reymark S. Pabilando<\/strong>\r\nSchool of Management and Entrepreneurship, Biliran Province State University, Naval Biliran, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eden R. Calvez <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Management and Entrepreneurship, Biliran Province State University, Naval Biliran, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ronnabelle Bentor <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Management and Entrepreneurship, Biliran Province State University, Naval Biliran, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vic Marie Bornillo <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Management and Entrepreneurship, Biliran Province State University, Naval Biliran, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abarquez, R. R. &amp; Palbaca, J. A. (2013). Research Capabilities of International Tourism and Hospitality Management Faculty Members. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research,\r\n[2] Akcoltekin, A., Engin, A. O. &amp; Sevgin, H. (2017). Attitudes of High School Teachers to Education Research using Classification Tree Method. Eurasian Journal of Education Research, 68, 19-47. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bC1Z6T\r\n[3] Basilio, M. B., &amp; Bueno, D. C. (2019). Research Skills and Attitudes of Master Teachers in a Division Towards Capability Training. 19th CEBU Philippine International Conference on Economics, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, Electronic copy available at: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3631867\r\n[4] Cagaanan, J. C. A., &amp; Gosadan, B. D. (2018). Research Competency among Elementary School Teachers: An evaluative assessment for School-Based Action Research (SBAR). JPAIR Institutional Research Journal, 11(1), https:\/\/bit.ly\/2V5soDo\r\n[5] De la Cruz, J. L. (2016). The Research Capability of Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College: A Basis for A Capability Enhancement Program. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research, 5(7), 39-45. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2yAEnkU\r\n[6] Department of Education. (2015). DepEd order No. 13, s. 2015: Establishment of a Policy Development Process at the Department of Education. DepEd. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2y5nPB4\r\n[7] Department of Education. (2016). DepEd Order No. 39, s. 2016: Adoption of Basic Education Research Agenda. DepEd. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2RHoG2b\r\n[8] Department of Education. (2017). DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017: Research Management Guidelines. DepEd. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3aWfoH6\r\n[9] Fetalver, M. A. (2010). Selected Predictors of Research Capability in Terms of Research Management and Research Process in State Higher Education Institutions in Region IV. Research Journal College of Engineering, 3(1). https:\/\/bit.ly\/39yzs0G\r\n[10] Gomez, M. J. S., &amp; Panaligan, C. (2013). Level of Research Competencies and Satisfaction of the Faculty Members from the College of Criminology. Asian Academic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, (14), 269-280. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bDy91V\r\n[11] Macabago, S. M. (2017). Teachers\u2019 Motivation, Attitude, Perceived Capability, and Difficulty to Conduct Action Research: A Basis for Intervention Plan for Public Elementary School Teachers (unpublished thesis). Malaybalay City, Bukidnon: Bukidnon State University.\r\n[12] Wong, A. M. (2019). Driving Forces of Master Teachers\u2019 Research Capability: Towards Building a Research Culture in the Division of Romblon, Philippines. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 3(7), 92-97. https:\/\/bit.ly\/39tzE13\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Reymark S. Pabilando, Eden R. Calvez, Ronnabelle Bentor, Vic Marie Bornillo &#8220;Research Profile, Attitude, and Capability of School of Management and Entrepreneurship Faculty&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.28-34 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/28-34.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/28-34.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/research-profile-attitude-and-capability-of-school-of-management-and-entrepreneurship-faculty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Research Profile, Attitude, and Capability of School of Management and Entrepreneurship Faculty<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff0e31 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9ff0e31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff0f0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff0f0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1094\" data-id=\"9ff1094\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff11c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff11c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1293 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff1293\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1403\" data-id=\"9ff1403\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1516 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff1516\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff15be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff15be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1745\" data-id=\"9ff1745\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1861 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff1861\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1908 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff1908\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1ada\" data-id=\"9ff1ada\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1bef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff1bef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1c90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff1c90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1de4\" data-id=\"9ff1de4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1efc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff1efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff1fb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff1fb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff2118\" data-id=\"9ff2118\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff2228 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff2228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff22cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff22cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff243c\" data-id=\"9ff243c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff255c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff255c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Predictive Influence of Petty Corruption on Operations of Southern African Universities<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Andrew Jeremiah, Sulaiman Olusegun Atiku, Michael Ochurub, Fiina Shimaneni, Elias Kandjinga- March 2022- Page No.: 35-43<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ff25ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ff25ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ff2784\" data-id=\"9ff2784\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff28ad elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9ff28ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of petty corruption on the operations of institutions of higher learning in Southern African countries. The study was prompted by the fact that Petty corruption has not received much attention as big or grand corruption from many researchers. Petty corrupt practices may cause more harm to operations in public institutions in the long term although they may appear petty and must be ignored. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted following a quantitative approach. The target population of lecturers working in the participating universities was 2684. 446 lecturers were drawn from eight (8) institutions of higher learning in Southern African countries using a stratified purposeful sampling strategy. An online survey (Google forms) was used to collect data from respondents via their email addresses, which were retrieved from their university websites. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version, 26. The study found that petty corruption negatively affects the operations of universities in the Southern African region. The implication of this study suggests that more attention should be paid to all forms of petty corrupt practices such as lateness, absenteeism, presentism, and favouritism to address impact of petty corruption on teaching and learning activities in institutions of higher learning in Southern African countries.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 35-43\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andrew Jeremiah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sulaiman Olusegun Atiku<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael Ochurub<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fiina Shimaneni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elias Kandjinga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abjorensen, N. (2014). Combatting corruption: Implications of the G20 Action Plan for the Asia-Pacific Region. Tokyo: Konrad Adenauer.\r\n[2] Argandona, A.C. (2005). Corruption and companies: The use of Facilitating Payments: The Journal of Business Ethics: Volume 60: 251-261.\r\n[3] Bak, N. (2004). Completing your thesis: A practical guide. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.\r\n[4] Camargo, C.B., Sambaiga, R., Kamanyi, E., Stahl, C., &amp; Kassa, S. (2017). Behavioural influences on attitudes towards petty corruption: A study of Social Norms and Mental Models in Tanzania. Basel: Basel Institute of Governance.\r\n[5] Clarke, R. G. (2010). How petty is petty corruption? Evidence from Firm Surveys in Africa. World Development. 39(7): 1122\u20131132.\r\n[6] Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative &amp; mixed methods approaches. London: Sage\r\n[7] Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., &amp; Lowe, A. (2003). Management research: An Introduction. London: Sage Publications.\r\n[8] Goodman, M. (2002). The iceberg model. Hopkinton, MA: Innovation Associates Organisation Learning.\r\n[9] Harrison-Cudjoe, S. (2015). \u2018\u2019Quiet corruption: Anti-Corruption Trojan Horse\u2019\u2019: Journal of Advocacy, Research and Education. 5(2).\r\n[10] John, D. (2015). Human Resource Management in the Public Sector: Policies and practices. London: Routledge, Tailor and Francis group.\r\n[11] Madsen, F.G. (2013). \u2018\u2019Corruption: A global common evil\u2019\u2019. The RUSI Journal. 158(2): 26-38.\r\n[12] Mantzaris, E.A. (2018). \u2018\u2019Towards an evidence-based corruption index in South Africa: The First Step\u2019\u2019. African Journal of Public Affairs. 4(4):271-295.\r\n[13] Morris, D.D. (2011). Forms of corruption. Retrieved: https\/\/www.CESifo Dice Report 2\/2011, Forms of Corruption, Stephen D. Morris Retrieved: 15 July 2020.\r\n[14] Mutahaba, G. (Editor) (2013). Human Resource Management in African Public Sector: Current State and future direction. Darreslaam: African Public Sector Human Resource Managers\u2019 Network (APS -HRMnet) \u2013 United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNDESA).\r\n[15] Nguyen, N. A., Doan, Q. H., Nguyen, N. M., &amp; Tran-Nam, B. (2016). The impact of petty corruption on firm innovation in Vietnam. Crime Law Society Change, 65: 377\u2013394.\r\n[16] Nicaise, G. (2019). Local power dynamics and petty corruption in Burundi. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 13(4), 698-717.\r\n[17] Riley, S. P. (1999). Petty corruption and development. Development in Practice. 9 (1-2):189-193.\r\n[18] Saunders, M.N.K., Lewis, P. &amp; Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business. (8th Edition). London: Pearson.\r\n[19] Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skills building approach. West Sussex: Wiley.\r\n[20] Stahl, C., and Kassa, S., (2018). The ambivalence of social networks and their role in spurring and potential for curbing petty corruption: comparative insights from East Africa. Presented at the 2018 OECD Global Anti-Corruption &amp; Integrity Forum, 27-28 March 2018, OECD, Paris.\r\n[21] Tran-Nam, B. (2017). 12 April. The impact of petty corruption on private sector development in Vietnam. Tax and corruption symposium.\r\n[22] World Bank. (2010). Africa development indicators 2010: Silent and lethal, how quiet\r\n[23] Corruption undermines Africa&#8217;s development. Africa development indicators 2010. World Bank. \u00a9 World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/2431 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Andrew Jeremiah, Sulaiman Olusegun Atiku, Michael Ochurub, Fiina Shimaneni, Elias Kandjinga, &#8220;Predictive Influence of Petty Corruption on Operations of Southern African Universities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.35-43 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/35-43.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/35-43.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparative-effectiveness-of-airfields-around-jakarta-as-facility-supporters-in-air-defense-territorial-empowerment-strategy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Predictive Influence of Petty Corruption on Operations of Southern African Universities<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a006ce0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a006ce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a007157 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a007157\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0072a6\" data-id=\"a0072a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a007417 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a007417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0074da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0074da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a007639\" data-id=\"a007639\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a007755 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a007a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a007a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a007b00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a007b00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a007c70\" data-id=\"a007c70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a007d8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a007d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a007e29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a007e29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a007f75\" data-id=\"a007f75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a008081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a008081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a00811e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a00811e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a00827d\" data-id=\"a00827d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a00838c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a00838c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparative Effectiveness of Airfields around Jakarta as Facility Supporters in Air Defense Territorial Empowerment Strategy<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jeffry D. Ritiau, Joni widjayanto, Afrizal Hendra, Sukma Wijaya &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 44-48<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a008428 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a008428\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a00859c\" data-id=\"a00859c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0086cb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a0086cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">As the capital city of the country, Special Capitol Region of Jakarta has an important and strategic role in the implementation of the wheels of government both at the central level and at the local government level itself. By looking at the strategic value of the existence of Special Capitol Region of Jakarta as the capital city, it is considered important to rearrange the defense potential within the framework of empowering the defense territorial around the capital city of Jakarta. With this complexity, the existence of airports around the Special Capitol Region of Jakarta territorial is a national potential that has an impact on the economy, improving people&#8217;s welfare and also supports aspects of national defense. However, nowadays, with the development of development and the level of community population as well as the development of technological advances, in the end, it has also led to changes in the level of threat to the integrity and sovereignty of the State. One indicator that can be seen related to airports in the Special Capitol Region of Jakarta territorial is the ineffectiveness of re-operating Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport as an active airport in order to reduce the density of Soekarno Hatta Airport in terms of air transport services. The limited supporting infrastructure, incoming outgoing access and the tqausers and overcapacity for incoming and outgoing vehicles, as well as the emergence of population and vehicle density in the territorial around Halim Perdanakusuma contributed to creating new problems. This study seeks to re-map the regional potential, especially Halim Perdanakusuma and Soekarno Hatta airports as well as airports as an effectiveness effort in the context of empowering air defense territorial, especially in Special Capitol Region of Jakarta. In this study using qualitative methods, where primary data in the form of interviews with competent sources and secondary data from literature studies and analysis based on supporting theories are the material in this study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 44-48\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6302<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jeffry D. Ritiau<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniverse War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joni widjayanto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniverse War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Afrizal Hendra<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniverse War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sukma Wijaya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniverse War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ministry Of Transportation. (2016). Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia number PM 47 of 2016 concerning Aviation Operations Safety Area.\r\n[2] Ministry Of Transportation. (2020). Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia PM 37 of 2020 Operation of Unmanned Aircraft in Air Space Served by Indonesia.\r\n[3] Ministry Of Deffence. (2014). Presidential Regulation No. 68 of 2014 on the arrangement of defense TERRITORIALs. 1\u201322.\r\n[4] Legiono, T. (2021). Introduction of Sysytem National Strategic Policy (SKSN), SKSN Course, Unhan.\r\n[5] Nurhayat, W. (2018). To be built, Terminal 4 of Soetta Airport can accommodate 75 aircraft. Angkasa Pura 2 website. https:\/\/www.angkasapura2.co.id\/id\/news\/event\/info\/226-akan-dibangun-terminal-4bandara-soetta-bisa-tampung-75-pesawat\r\n[6] Rachman, A. (2021). TWS 1 Introduction to war theory and QW strategy.\r\n[7] T Ri Legiono. (2021). Jak Kelola Sumda for Kamnas, National Strategic Policy System Lecture Material, Unhan.\r\n[8] Wibowo, A. H., Ramadhan, R. D., Riyanto, B., Civil, J. T., Engineering, F., Diponegoro, U., Side, A., &amp; Perdanakusuma, B. H. (2015). Analysis of the capacity of halim perdanakusuma airport as a commercial airport. 4, 172\u2013188.\r\n[9] Wikipedia. (2022). Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno\u2013Hatta. https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Soekarno\u2013Hatta.\r\n[10] Wikpedia. (2022). Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport. Artikel.https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandar_Udara_Internasional_Halim_Perdanakusuma\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jeffry D. Ritiau, Joni widjayanto, Afrizal Hendra, Sukma Wijaya, &#8220;Comparative Effectiveness of Airfields around Jakarta as Facility Supporters in Air Defense Territorial Empowerment Strategy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.44-48 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6302<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/44-48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/predictive-influence-of-petty-corruption-on-operations-of-southern-african-universities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Comparative Effectiveness of Airfields around Jakarta as Facility Supporters in Air Defense Territorial Empowerment Strategy<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0132b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a0132b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a013410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a013410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0135b1\" data-id=\"a0135b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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data-id=\"a013bd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a013cf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a013cf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a013d8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a013d8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a013ee6\" data-id=\"a013ee6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a013ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a013ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a01409a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a01409a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a01420c\" data-id=\"a01420c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a01432c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a01432c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0143d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0143d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a01451e\" data-id=\"a01451e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a014633 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a014633\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0146f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0146f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a014877\" data-id=\"a014877\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a014989 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a014989\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of students&#8217; conceptual understanding ability of calculus courses during covid-19<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nurlaili, Ambiyar, Ishak Aziz &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 49-53<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a014a31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a014a31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a014bb8\" data-id=\"a014bb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a014dce elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a014dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Conceptual understanding in mathematical learning is an essential aspect of achieving learning outcomes, but the previous research showed a lack of conceptual understanding still high, especially in calculus courses. This study aimed to describe the students&#8217; conceptual understanding of the calculus course during the online learning process and analyze their mistakes when applying the concepts learned. This study used the descriptive qualitative method with 28 students as a sample. The collecting data used a conceptual understanding ability test and interviews with students. The data analysis used data triangulation in data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on the results, the students&#8217; ability to understand the concept in online learning during the covid-19 pandemic was still low, with 17.9% of students getting poor and 21.4% getting unsatisfactory scores. Only 10.4% of students got excellent scores, 21.4% got good scores, and the average score was 28.6%. Students were confused when applying the interval concept for triple integral evaluation and the integral factor for differential equation solution. Online learning due to the covid-19 pandemic decreases student motivation because of the problems of the learning process, obstructing students from learning based on problem-solving learning. Some solutions that can address this problem are 1) using interactive problem-solving learning, 2) providing opportunities for students to construct their knowledge and understanding, 3) designing a learning model and learning media that can motivate students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 49-53\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nurlaili<\/strong>\r\nProgram Studi Doktor Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ambiyar <\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ishak Aziz <\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] E. M. E. Gitaari, G. Nyaga, G. Muthaa, and G. Reche, \u201cFactors Contributing to Students Poor Performance in Mathematics in Public Secondary Schools in Tharaka South District , Kenya,\u201d J. Educ. Pract., vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 93\u2013100, 2013.\r\n[2] Y. Gusmania and N. Agustyaningrum, \u201cAnalisis Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Mahasiswa Pada Mata Kuliah Triginometri,\u201d J. Gantang, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 123\u2013132, 2020.\r\n[3] S. Hadi and M. U. Kasum, \u201cPemahaman Konsep Matematika Siswa SMP Melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Memeriksa Berpasangan (Pair Checks),\u201d EDU-MAT J. Pendidik. Mat., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59\u201366, 2015.\r\n[4] H. Rosiyanti, \u201cImplementasi Pendekatan Pembelajaran Konstruktivisme Terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Matematika Mahasiswa Materi Transformasi Linier,\u201d FIBONACCI J. Pendidik. Mat. dan Mat., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 25\u201336, 2015.\r\n[5] N. Kania and Z. Arifin, \u201cAplikasi Macromedia flash untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika Siswa,\u201d JNPM (Jurnal Nas. Pendidik. Mat., vol. 4, no. 1, p. 96, 2020.\r\n[6] I. P. A. A. Payadnya, P. L. Noviyanti, and K. A. Wibawa, \u201cAnalisis Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Mahasiswa pada Mata Kuliah Metode Statistika I selama Pandemi COVID-19,\u201d J. Emasains J. Edukasi Mat. dan Sains, vol. IX, no. 2, pp. 288\u2013296, 2020.\r\n[7] Pujiati, M. Kanzunnudin, and S. Wanabuliandari, \u201cAnalisis Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Siswa Kelas IV SDN 3 Gemulung Pada Materi Pecahan,\u201d ANARGYA J. Ilm. Pendidik. Mat., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 37\u201341, 2018.\r\n[8] M. Gusniwati, \u201cPengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional dan Minat Belajar terhadap Penguasaan Konsep Matematika Siswa SMAN di Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk,\u201d Form. J. Ilm. Pendidik. MIPA, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 26\u201341, 2015.\r\n[9] E. Zuliana, \u201cPenerapan Inquiry Based Learning berbantuan Peraga Manipulatif dalamMeningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika pada Materi Geometri Mahasiswa PGSD Universitas Muria Kudus,\u201d Lect. J. Pendidik., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 35\u201343, 2017.\r\n[10] Y. Rahayu and H. Pujiastuti, \u201cAnalisis Kemampuan Pemahaman Matematis Siswa SMP Pada Materi Himpunan Studi Kasus di SMP Negeri 1 Cibadak,\u201d Symmetry Pas. J. Res. Math. Learn. Educ., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 93\u2013102, 2018.\r\n[11] P. R. Ningsih, \u201cPenerapan Metode Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) pada Pokok Bahasan Perbandingan Senilai dan Berbalik Nilai di Kelas VII E SMP IPIEMS Surabaya,\u201d Gamatika, vol. III, no. 2, pp. 177\u2013184, 2013.\r\n[12] A. Trianingsih, N. Husna, and N. C. Prihatiningtyas, \u201cPengaruh Model Discovery Learning terhadap Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Siswa pada Materi Persamaan Lingkaran di Kelas XI IPA,\u201d vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1\u20138, 2019.\r\n[13] T. P. Widianti, S. Musoffa, M. I. Maulana, A. S. Widayati, and R. Z. Falah, \u201cPembelajaran Daring Masa Pandemi COVID-19 Di Sekolah Indonesia Kuala Lumpur,\u201d Tarbawi J. Pendidik. Islam, vol. 18, no. 1, 2021.\r\n[14] S. Ahmed, M. Shehata, and M. Hassanien, \u201cEmerging Faculty Needs for Enhancing Student Engagement on a Virtual Platform,\u201d MedEdPublish, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1\u20135, 2020.\r\n[15] Gunawan, N. M. Y. Suranti, and Fathoroni, \u201cVariation of Models and Learning Platforms for Prospective Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period,\u201d Indones. J. Teach. Educ., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 61\u201370, 2020.\r\n[16] p. K. Dewi, D. M. . Kartika, G. . Mahayukti, and G. A. . Arnaputri, \u201cPersepsi Mahasiswa Mengenai Kuliah Daring Kalkulus diferensial di Masa Pandemi Covid- 19,\u201d J. Pendidik. Mat. Undiksha, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 2599\u20132600, 2021.\r\n[17] A. Nurcahyo, N. Ishartono, and N. A. Sudibyo, \u201cImplementasi Pembelajaran Interaktif kalkulus dengan Wolfram CDF Player Pada Kelas Semu Schoology,\u201d Aksioma J. Progr. Stud. Pendidik. Mat., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 883\u2013893, 2020.\r\n[18] I. Farida, R. R. Sunarya, R. Aisyah, and I. Helsy, \u201cPembelajaran Kimia Sistem Daring di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Bagi Generasi Z,\u201d KTI UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, pp. 1\u201311, 2020.\r\n[19] A. kusnayat Watnaya, M. hifzul Muiz, Nani Sumarni, A. salim Mansyur, and Q. yulianti Zaqiah, \u201cPengaruh Teknologi Pembelajaran Kuliah Online Di Era Covid-19 Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Mental Mahasiswa,\u201d EduTeach J. Edukasi dan Teknol. Pembelajaran, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 153\u2013165, 2020.\r\n[20] A. S. Argawi and H. Pujiastuti, \u201cAnalisis Kemampuan Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Siswa Sekolah Dasar Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19,\u201d Al Khawarizmi J. Pendidik. dan Pembelajaran Mat., vol. 5, no. 1, p. 64, 2021.\r\n[21] H. S. Purbayanti, Ponoharjo, and D. N. Oktaviani, \u201cAnalisis Kebutuhan Video Pembelajaran Matematika Pada Pandemi Covid 19,\u201d J. Ilm. Pendidik. Mat., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 165\u2013172, 2020.\r\n[22] M. K. Russell and P. W. Airasian, Classroom Assessment Concept and Applications, Sevent Edi. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.\r\n[23] D. Apriandi and I. Krisdiana, \u201cAnalisis Kesulitan Mahasiswa Dalam Memahami Materi Integral Lipat Dua Pada Koordinat Polar Mata Kuliah Kalkulus Lanjut,\u201d Al Jabar J. Pendidik. Mat., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 123\u2013134, 2016.\r\n[24] E. . Purcell and D. Varberg, Calculus with Analytic Geometri, 5th Edition, 5th ed. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2016.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nurlaili, Ambiyar, Ishak Aziz &#8220;Analysis of students&#8217; conceptual understanding ability of calculus courses during covid-19&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.49-53 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6144<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/49-53.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-students-conceptual-understanding-ability-of-calculus-courses-during-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of students&#8217; conceptual understanding ability of calculus courses during covid-19<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a015cad elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a015cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a015d99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a015d99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a015f14\" data-id=\"a015f14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a016039 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a016039\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0160d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0160d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0166fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a016863\" data-id=\"a016863\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a016992 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a016992\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a016a37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a016a37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a025772\" data-id=\"a025772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a025964 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a025964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a025a35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a025a35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a025bb9\" data-id=\"a025bb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a025cd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a025cd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a025d85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a025d85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a025f01\" data-id=\"a025f01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a026020 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a026020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Employee Factors influencing Performance in the 21st Century Organizations<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mr. Nyakundi, Abel, B., Dr. Munyao, Solomon. M. &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 54-59\u00a0<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0260c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0260c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a026249\" data-id=\"a026249\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a026389 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a026389\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nAlthough organizations are started for the purpose of achieving some set targets, their achievement has been one of the major challenges facing 21st century organizations. The result has been the collapse or liquidation of some of these organizations leaving employees jobless. Other than external environmental factors, employee factors are determinants of the extent to which an organization is likely to succeed in their specific mandate. The aim of this desktop research study was therefore to explore how employee factors influence the performance of 21st century organizations. In this regard, the study endeavored to establish how employee behaviors, employee decision-making, employee perceptions, employee motivation, and employee emotional responses contribute to organizational performance. The study employed an exploratory research design while data was collected through review of the existing literature from the global, continental, and local perspectives. The results indicated that, indeed all the five employee factors have a positive and significant influence on the performance of 21st century organizations. It can, therefore, be concluded that employees play a critical role in helping organizations achieve their set objectives and, therefore, the need for employees\u2019 matters to be given priority by their organizational leaders.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 54-59\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6303\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6303<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Nyakundi, Abel, B.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Leadership, Business and Technology, Pan Africa Christian University, P.O. Box 56875-00200, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Munyao, Solomon. M<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Leadership, Business and Technology, Pan Africa Christian University, P.O. Box 56875-00200, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aberese-Ako, M., van Dijk, H., Gerrits, T., Arhinful, D. K., &amp; Agyepong, I. A. 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G., Okunola, P. O., Oni, A. A., &amp; Adetoro, J. A. (2010). The relationship between Vice-Chancellors\u2019 leadership behaviour and the work behaviour of lecturers in Nigerian Universities: Implication for leadership training for Vice-Chancellors. Journal of Higher Education in Africa \/ Revue de l\u2019enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur En Afrique, 8(1), 123\u2013139. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jhigheducafri.8.1.123.\r\n[18] Obonyo, G. O; Ayieko, M. A &amp; Kambona, O. O. (2013). An importance analysis of of food service attributes in gastro-tourism development in Western Tourist Circuit, Kenya. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 12(4), 188-200.\r\n[19] Odollo, O. L. &amp; Ochieng, O. V. (2019). Exploring the Strategic Role of Infrastructural Choices on Manufacturing Performance: Evidence from Kenya Sugar Sector. European Journal of Business and Management, Vol.11, No.28,83-100. DOI: 10.7176\/EJBM\/11-28-10.\r\n[20] Ojwang, B. O., Ogutu, E. A., &amp; Matu, P. M. (2010). Nurses\u2019 impoliteness as an impediment to patients\u2019 rights in selected Kenyan hospitals. Health and Human Rights, 12(2), 101\u2013117. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/healhumarigh.12.2.101.\r\n[21] Ongalo, E. A. &amp; Tari, J. (2015). Effect of employee motivation strategies on organizational performance: A case of electricity generating and distribution firms in Kenya. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(8), 55-65.\r\n[22] Sattar, T., Ahmad, K., &amp; Hassan, S. M. (2015). Role of human resource practices in employee performance and job satisfaction with mediating effect of employee engagement. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 53(1), 81\u201396. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26153249.\r\n[23] Smith, P., Farmer, M., Yellowley, W., &amp; Smith, P. (2012). Organizational behaviour. ProQuest Ebook Central https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com.\r\n[24] Thurlings, M., Evers, A. T., &amp; Vermeulen, M. (2015). Toward a model of explaining teachers\u2019 innovative behavior: A literature review. Review of Educational Research, 85(3), 430\u2013471. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44667627.\r\n[25] Tonui, E.K. (2010), Effects of performance targets on employee delivery in public institutions in Kenya: A case of National Social Security Fund. Moi University Library.\r\n[26] Warshawsky, N. E., Havens, D. S., &amp; Knafl, G. (2012). The influence of interpersonal relationships on Nurse Managers\u2019 work engagement and proactive work behavior. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 42(9), 418\u2013425. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26822476.\r\n[27] Zoogah, D. B., Beugr\u00e9, C. D., &amp; Beugr\u00e9, C. D. (2012). Managing organizational behavior in the African context. Taylor &amp; Francis Group.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mr. Nyakundi, Abel, B., Dr. Munyao, Solomon. M. , &#8220;Employee Factors influencing Performance in the 21st Century Organizations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.54-59 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6303 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/54-59.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/employee-factors-influencing-performance-in-the-21st-century-organizations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Employee Factors influencing Performance in the 21st Century Organizations<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a027217 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a027217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a027c90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a027d3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a027d3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a027eb0\" data-id=\"a027eb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a027fbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a027fbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a035052 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a035052\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a035282\" data-id=\"a035282\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0353da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0353da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a035493 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a035493\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0355f9\" data-id=\"a0355f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a035718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a035718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0357c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0357c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a035931\" data-id=\"a035931\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a035a50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a035a50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Students and Teacher\u2019s Perception on the Effectiveness of Using Strategic Intervention Material in Science<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Reymark Acedillo, Jay-ar Lagahit, Ariel Jade Macusang, Jovenil Bacatan- March 2022- Page No.: 60-68<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a035b1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a035b1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a035cb1\" data-id=\"a035cb1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a035def elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a035def\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aimed to determine the perceptions of the selected students who have learning difficulties in science, and their teachers regarding the effectiveness of using Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) in science. To explore and describe the perceptions of the teacher and students, a qualitative-phenomenological approach was employed. There were six (6) participants of the study composed of teachers and students which were purposely selected. The participants of the study are from one of the public schools in Island Garden City of Samal that has teachers utilizing SIM (Strategic Intervention Material) in aiding students\u2019 least learned topics or competencies in science. The researchers used researcher-made questionnaires which were validated by a panel of experts. The researchers also utilized the focus group dicussion employing an open-ended semi-structured interview to the key informants. The researchers interviewed each of the participants and obtained some perceptions correlated to the research questions prepared by the researchers. After gathering the needed data, the researchers used thematic analysis or thematic coding as a tool for analyzing the data and drawing of the conclusion. Based on the gathered data from the participants, the researchers noticed three positive themes which were Strategic Intervention Material aids the least learned competencies, Strategic Intervention Material is simplified, and Strategic Intervention Material improves the performance of the students in class. In addition to this, there is a student, one of the participants, who stated that after Strategic Intervention Material was utilized to them, there had been an increase of her grades. Because of the positive results of the gathered data, it is possible that Strategic Intervention Material will prosper in the near future as a material that aids least the learned competencies of students. With these results also, it was recommended that the Science teachers should make their own SIM, school administrators should include the use of SIM in their planning, and similar study that has more participants and wider in scope should be conducted by future the researchers.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 60-68\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6304<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Reymark Acedillo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTeacher Education, UM Pe\u00f1aplata College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jay-ar Lagahit <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTeacher Education, UM Pe\u00f1aplata College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ariel Jade Macusang <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTeacher Education, UM Pe\u00f1aplata College\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jovenil Bacatan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTeacher Education, UM Pe\u00f1aplata College\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alboruto, V. M. (2017, May). Beating the numbers through strategic intervention materials (SIMs): Innovative science teaching for large classes. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1848, No. 1, p. 060014). AIP Publishing LLC.\r\n[2] Argyris, C. (1970). Intervention Theory &amp; Method: A Behavioral Science View.\r\n[3] Barredo, K. (2014). Development on the Academic Performance in Science Using Academic Intervention Material. Retrieved March 15, 2018 from https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/kbarredo\/action-research for-strategic-intervention-materials\r\n[4] Bunagan, F. (2012). Strategic intervention Material. Retrieved March15, 2018 from https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/felixbunagan\/strategic-intervention-aterial\r\n[5] Castaneda, A. M. (2017), Strategic Intervention Material \u2013 Tool for Remediation. Retrieved August 23, 2018, from https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/philippines\/sunstar-pampanga\/20170313\/281625305106755\r\n[6] Dacumos, L. P. N. (2016). Perspective of secondary teachers in the utilization of Science Strategic Intervention Material (SIM) in increasing learning proficiency of students in Science Education. AsTEN Journal of Teacher Education, 1(2).\r\n[7] Durham University (2008). Children\u2019s Under-achievement Could be Down To Poor Working Memory. Retrieved October5, 2018 from https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2008\/02\/080227205111.htm\r\n[8] Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American psychologist, 41(10), 1040.\r\n[9] Dy, J. O. (2007). Strategic Intervention Materials (SIM) in Teaching Science IV (Physics). Retrieved August, 20, 2014.\r\n[10] Escoreal, A. (2012). Strategic Intervention Material a Tool to Reduce Least Learned Skills in Grade Four Science.\r\n[11] Espinosa, A. A. (2014). Strategic intervention material-based instruction, learning approach and students\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 performance in chemistry. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 2(1).\r\n[12] Gultiano, A. (2012). Effects of strategic intervention material (SIM) on the academic achievements in Chemistry of public high school students.\r\n[13] Jalmasco, N. M. (2014). Science education realities. The Manila Times.\r\n[14] Johnson, R. B., &amp; Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational researcher, 33(7), 14-26.\r\n[15] Klenke, K. (Ed.). (2008). Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald group publishing.\r\n[16] Korstjens, I., &amp; Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 120-124.\r\n[17] Kuzel, A. J. (1992). Sampling in qualitative inquiry.\r\nMertens, D. M. (2019). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications.\r\n[18] Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., &amp; Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International journal of qualitative methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847.\r\n[19] Powell, R. A., &amp; Single, H. M. (1996). Focus groups. International journal for quality in health care, 8(5), 499-504.\r\n[20] Wolf, M., &amp; Bowers, P. G. (1999). The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias. Journal of educational psychology, 91(3), 415.\r\n[21] Piaget, J. (1972). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books.\r\n[22] Powell, R. A., &amp; Single, H. M. (1996). Focus groups. International journal for quality in health care, 8(5), 499-504.\r\n[23] Rodrigo, R. (2015). Importance of Strategic Intervention Materials. Retrieved from http:\/\/udyong.gov.ph\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6925:importance-of-strategic-intervention-materials&amp;catid=90&amp;Itemid=1267\r\n[24] Rosenshine, B. (2009). The empirical support for direct instruction. In Constructivist instruction (pp. 213-232). Routledge.\r\n[25] Saclao, J. (2015). Development and Impact of SIM-MOD (Strategic Intervention Material and Module Combined) on Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Mathematics at the 8th Grade Level. 13th National Convention on Statistics (NCS). Journal of Science and Mathematics, 6(90), 190-212.\r\n[26] Salviejo, E., Aranes, F. &amp; Espinosa, A. (2014). Strategic intervention material-based instruction, learning approach and students\u2019 performance in chemistry. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Education Research, 2(1), 91-123.\r\n[27] Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for information, 22(2), 63-75.\r\n[28] Tipolo, R. (2016). Strategic Intervention Material. Retrieved August 23, 2018, from https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/rtipolo\/strategic-intervention-material-64287299\r\n[29] Togonon, I. (2011). Development and Evaluation of Project \u2013Based SIM (PB \u2013SIM) in Teaching High School Chemistry [Unpublished Masters Thesis]. Technological University of the Philippines.\r\n[30] Valenzuela, D., &amp; Shrivastava, P. (2002). Interview as a method for qualitative research. Southern Cross University and the Southern Cross Institute of Action Research (SCIAR).\r\n[31] Wu, Y. T., &amp; Tsai, C. C. (2005). Effects of constructivist-oriented instruction on elementary school students&#8217; cognitive structures. Journal of biological Education, 39(3), 113-119.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Reymark Acedillo, Jay-ar Lagahit, Ariel Jade Macusang, Jovenil Bacatan, &#8220;Students and Teacher\u2019s Perception on the Effectiveness of Using Strategic Intervention Material in Science&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.60-68 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6304<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a03755c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0376ae\" data-id=\"a0376ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0377be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0377be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a037859 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a037859\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0379aa\" data-id=\"a0379aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a037ab7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a037ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a037b51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a037b51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a037c96\" data-id=\"a037c96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a037d9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a037d9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a037e3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a037e3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a037f83\" data-id=\"a037f83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a03808e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a03808e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a038141 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a038141\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0382ab\" data-id=\"a0382ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0383b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0383b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of the Major Determinants of Remittances to Nigeria: 1990 \u2013 2019<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr Victor O. Okoye, Kenechukwu J. Nwisienyi- March 2022- Page No.: 69-76<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a038459 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a038459\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0385d9\" data-id=\"a0385d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a03871f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a03871f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study investigated the major determinants of remittances to Nigeria from 1990 to 2019. The study adopted the least square method for this purpose. A dummy variable was introduced in the model to represent the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. The result showed that inflation and real effective exchange rate are statistically insignificant and so have no effect on remittances. The parameter for the COVID-19 pandemic also came out insignificant in the study. This shows that the pandemic hasn\u2019t really affected the host countries as at 2019. Broad money supply and unemployment rate were statistically significant with remittances with coefficients of 0.675 and -1.377 respectively. The result showed that, within the period under study, broad money supply and unemployment rate were major determinants of remittance inflows to Nigeria. The study recommends, amongst other things, that more research on the subject matter should be done to determine the extent of influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on remittances as the pandemic is still ravaging the world.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 69-76\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Victor O. Okoye<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Financial Studies, Department of Banking and Finance, Federal Polytechnic Oko Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kenechukwu J. Nwisienyi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Financial Studies, Department of Banking and Finance, Federal Polytechnic Oko Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adegboyega A. 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World Bank, Washington, DC. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/30279\r\n[44] Yang, D. and Choi H. (2005) Are Remittances Insurance? Evidence from Rainfall shocks in the Philippines. University of Michigan School of Public Policy, Department of Economics, Discussion Paper 53.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Victor O. Okoye, Kenechukwu J. Nwisienyi, &#8220;Analysis of the Major Determinants of Remittances to Nigeria: 1990 \u2013 2019&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.69-76 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/69-76.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a04d7b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a04d7b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a04d85e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a04d85e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a04d9cf\" data-id=\"a04d9cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-a04dfdc\" data-id=\"a04dfdc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a04e0eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a04e0eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a04e186 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a04e186\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a04e2ff\" data-id=\"a04e2ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a04e418 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a04e418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Skill Variety and Work Engagement among Bankers in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olukemi ADE-ADENIJI &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 77-83<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a04e4b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a04e4b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a04e63d\" data-id=\"a04e63d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a04e78b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a04e78b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Work engagement has been a major concern to organizations for over three decades, because it is what drives business. For the employee, engagement brings meaningfulness into work, which leads to commitment to the organization and to a sustained relationship with people. Skill variety as a core dimension of Job Characteristics Model, is a necessity for bank workers who face a high work demand requiring efforts, talents and diverse skills. The banks in Nigeria play a very important role in the economy of Nigeria, but they are faced with work overload and stress that bother on work engagement. This study was a descriptive one that used the mixed method approach of both quantitative and qualitative research and was carried out on banks in the Lagos metropolis. A total of 438 copies of questionnaires were distributed, and 353 copies were retrieved, and 15 members of senior staff were randomly selected for the interview. Method of analysis was structural equation modeling (Partial Least Square) for the quantitative, while thematic analysis was used for the qualitative. The results of the hypotheses revealed that skill variety significantly influenced physical work engagement (R-square = 0.346); emotional work engagement (R-square = 0.272); and cognitive work engagement (R-square = 0.438). The study concluded that skill variety is significant to work engagement among bankers in Nigeria. The study recommended that banks should provide adequate opportunities for the use of diverse skills to achieve a higher level of work engagement in the banks.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 77-83\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olukemi ADE-ADENIJI <\/strong><\/span>\r\nManagement and Social Science, Southwestern University, Ogun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adiarani, P. G. (2019). Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 1(85). DOI 10.18551\/rjoas.2019-01.58\r\n[2] Ajulo, A.A., Oyelere, M. &amp; Mutema, Z. (2019). Examining perceptions towards work engagement and employees\u2019 feelings of work engagement: A study among private and public Universities in Nigeria. The British Academy of Management (BAM) 2019 conference proceedings http:\/\/www.bam.ac.uk\/ downloaded on 16\/7\/2020.\r\n[3] Bon, A.T. &amp; Shire, A.M. (2017). The role of job resources on work engagement: A study on telecommunication sector. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 7 (5), 400 \u2013 410.\r\n[4] Dan, C.I., Ro\u015fca, A.C. &amp; Mateizer, A. (2020). Job crafting and performance in firefighters: The role of work meaning and work engagement. Frontal Psycholology. 11:894. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00894.\r\n[5] Falola H.O., Oludayo O.A., Igbinoba E.E., Salau O.P. &amp; Borishade T.T. (2018). Measuring work engagement strategies and employees\u2019 al outcomes in Nigerian Universities Journal of Business and Retail Management Research (JBRMR), 13 (2).\r\n[6] Hackman, J. R. &amp; Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250\u2013279.\r\n[7] Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C., Randolph, A. &amp; Chong, A. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems. 117. 442-458. 10.1108\/IMDS-04-2016-0130\r\n[8] Hussain, S., Fangwei, Z., Siddiqi, A.F., Ali, Z. &amp; Shabbir, M.S (2018) Structural equation model for evaluating factors affecting quality of social infrastructure projects. Sustainability , 10(5), 1415; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su10051415\r\n[9] Joo, B., Zigarmi, D., Nimon, K. and Shuck, B. (2017). Work cognition and psychological well-being: The role of cognitive engagement as a partial mediator. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 53(4) 446\u2013469.\r\n[10] Johnson, R.B. &amp; Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher. 33 (7), 14-26.\r\n[11] Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management, 33 (4), 692\u2010724.\r\n[12] Kanik, G., Ishaq, A.D., Mridula, M. (2018) Job satisfaction and work engagement: A study using private sector bank managers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 20(1), 58-71.\r\n[13] Kuok, A.C. &amp; Taormina, R.J. (2017). Work engagement: Evolution of the concept and a new inventory. Psychological Thought. 10(2), 262\u2013287.\r\n[14] McCarthy, B., Trace, A., O\u2019Donovan, M., Brady-Nevin, C., Murphy, M., O&#8217;Shea , M. &amp; O&#8217;Regan, (2018). Nursing and midwifery students&#8217; stress and coping during their undergraduate education programmes: An integrative review. National Library of medicine (NIH). Nurse Education Today. 61:197-209.\r\n[15] Ogbonnaya, C., Daniels, K., &amp; Nielsen, K. (2017). How incentive pay affects employee engagement, satisfaction, and trust. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review. www.harvardbusiness.org\r\n[16] Okoseimiema, I. C. &amp; Eketu, C.A. (2019). Organizational climate and employee engagement in banks in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research Sciences, Technology and Technology ISSN: 2488-9849 5, (3).\r\n[17] Oldham, G. R.&amp; Hackman, J.R. (2010). Not what it was and not what it will be: the future of job design research. Journal of Organizational Behavior 31(2-3), 463\u2013479.\r\n[18] Oliveira, A.D., Ferreira, M.C. &amp; Ribeiro. L.P.F. (2017) Work engagement. Chapter 4. Organizational psychology and evidence-based management: What science says about practice. Eds: Neiva, E.R. Vaz Torres, C., Mendon\u00e7a, H. Brazil. Springer.\r\n[19] Rich, B.L, Lepine, J. A. &amp; Crawford, E.R. (2010). Job engagement: antecedents and effects on job performance. Academic Management Journal 2(53), 617\u2013635.\r\n[20] Sonnentag, S. (2017). A task-level perspective on work engagement: A new approach that helps to differentiate the concepts of engagement and burnout. Burnout Research. 5, (1) 12-20.\r\n[21] Terry, M. (2020). Kahn&#8217;s 3 Dimensions of employee engagement: Still good to go in 2020? Hampshire, United Kingdom. Talkfreely Limited.\r\n[22] Umukoro, J. E. &amp; Egwakhe, A. J. (2019). Job characteristics dimensions and employee continuance commitment. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management. 19(10) Version 1.0.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olukemi ADE-ADENIJI, &#8220;Skill Variety and Work Engagement among Bankers in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.77-83 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/77-83.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/77-83.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/skill-variety-and-work-engagement-among-bankers-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Skill Variety and Work Engagement among Bankers in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05e247 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a05e247\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a05e341 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a05e341\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a05ed60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a05eebf\" data-id=\"a05eebf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05efd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a05efd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a05f073 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a05f073\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a05f1c6\" data-id=\"a05f1c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05f2d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a05f2d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a05f37c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a05f37c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a05f4c7\" data-id=\"a05f4c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05f5d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a05f5d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a05f698 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a05f698\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a05f81f\" data-id=\"a05f81f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05f92d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a05f92d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Agricultural Foreign Aid Allocation in Sub-Saharan Africa: The importance of Democracy and Quality of Governance<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mfouapon Alassa, Kamdem Cyrille Bergaly, Mohammadou Nourou &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 84-100<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a05f9d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a05f9d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a05fb92\" data-id=\"a05fb92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05fcf0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a05fcf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of this research is to revisit the determinants of the allocation of foreign aid to agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular focus on the effects of democracy and quality of governance. The data for the study cover the period 1996-2018 in 47 Sub-Saharan African countries. Since democracy and quality of governance are a complex and multidimensional concepts, we measure them using three variables for democracy and five variables for quality of governance. In the quantitative analyses, we perform two estimations: country fixed effects and feasible generalized least squares regressions. We find that the strength of democratic institutions and government voice and accountability positively determine foreign aid to agriculture. Moreover, the quality of governance affects the allocation of foreign aid. Indeed, political stability and absence of violence\/terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption positively determine the allocation of foreign aid to agriculture. Our findings have strong policy implication for Sub-Saharan Africa countries, which shows that it is more desirable to promote good governance and improving the processes of democratization in each country to shift agricultural aid flows from international aid agencies and donor\u2019s countries<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 84-100\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mfouapon Alassa<\/strong>\r\nPh.D Student, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Maroua, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kamdem Cyrille Bergaly<\/strong>\r\nAssociate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Yaounde-II, Soa, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammadou Nourou<\/strong>\r\nProfessor, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Acemoglu, D., &amp; Robinson, J. 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a069843 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a069843\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a069992\" data-id=\"a069992\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a069a98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a069a98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a069b53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a069b53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a069c9f\" data-id=\"a069c9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a069dab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a069dab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a069e47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a069e47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a069f9b\" data-id=\"a069f9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06a0a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a06a0a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a06a16a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a06a16a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a06a30e\" data-id=\"a06a30e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06a453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a06a453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Influencing the Adoption of Orange Fleshed Sweet potato (OFSP) Production among Smallholder Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emmanuel David, Amos, A. Olasore, Abdullahi Mohammed, Ambrose Asagba, Stephen A. Adams, Salihu Yakubu, Moses, A. Omonayin &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 101-105<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a06a50b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a06a50b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a06a69e\" data-id=\"a06a69e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06a7e7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a06a7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aimed to determine the factors that influence the adoption of Orange Fleshed Sweet potato (OFSP) as well as the constraints to non-adoption of (OFSP) varieties among small holder farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from one hundred and twenty (120) sweet potato farmers (sixty adopters and sixty non-adopters each). The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools like, percentage, mean scores and likert scale. The results of the study revealed that larger percent of both adopters and non-adopters of OFSP were males. Also, the majority of adopters had high knowledge, while non-adopters had moderate knowledge of OFSP. The adopters were motivated to adopt the OFSP mainly as a result of its high yield, pleasant taste, nutrient content of the roots, pro\ufb01t from the sale of OFSP roots and early maturing. The Perceived constraints to the adoption of OFSP by non-adopters were inadequate capital to carry out necessary farm activities, high cost of required inputs (herbicides, Organic fertilizer, and OFSP vines) for OFSP production and di\ufb03culty in integrating OFSP production technologies into existing production system. It was recommended that, concerted effort should be made to include OFSP in the mandate of extension workers and provide adequate incentives to them so that they can sensitize farmers on the importance of this crop. Also, farm inputs should be subsidized for farmers in order to promote OFSP production.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 101-105\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel David<\/strong><\/span>\r\nExtension Management Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amos, A. Olasore<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEnterprise Development Management Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullahi Mohammed<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRural Infrastructures and Institutions Development Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, (ARMTI), Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ambrose Asagba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearch Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen A. Adams<\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearch Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Salihu Yakubu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen and Youth Development Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moses, A. Omonayin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen and Youth Development Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Udemezue, J. C. (2019). Pro\ufb01tabilities and constraints to sweet potato production in Nigeria. CurrentTrends in Biomedical Engineering and Biosciences, 19(2), 556007. Retrieved from https:\/\/juniperpublishers.com\/ctbeb\/CTBEB. MS.ID.556007.php\r\n[2] Pritwani, R. &amp; Mathur, P. (2015). Strategies to combat micronutrient de\ufb01ciencies: A review. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 5 (2), 362\u2013373.\r\n[3] United State Agency for International Development USAID (2016). Orange-\ufb02eshed sweet potatoes: Improving lives in Uganda. Retrieved 23 Nov 2016 from https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/results-data\/success-stories\/orange\ufb02eshed-sweet-potatoes improving-lives-uganda\r\n[4] Global Panel (2015). Bioforti\ufb01cation: An agricultural investment for nutrition (Policy Brief No.1). Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition, London, UK.\r\n[5] Low JW, Mwanga ROM, Andrade M. Tackling vitamin A deficiency with biofortified sweet potato in sub-Saharan Africa. Global Food Security,2017:14:23-30.\r\n[6] Hotz C, Loechl C, Lubowa A. Introduction of beta-carotene-rich orange sweet potato in rural Uganda resulted in increased vitamin A intakes among children and women and improved vitamin A status among children The Journal of nutrition, 2012:142(10):1871-1880.\r\n[7] Adekambi, S. A., Abidin, P. E., Okello, J. &amp; Carey, E. E. (2018). Awareness, exposure and technology adoption: the case of orange-\ufb02eshed sweet potato in West Africa. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, 28 Jul\u20132 Aug 2018, and Vancouver, Canada. IAAE, Canada. Retrieved from:https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10568\/99134\/ADEKAMBI-Awareness-exposure-and-technologyadoption.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\r\n[8] Adeola, R. G., Ogunleye, K. Y. &amp; Adewole, W. A. (2019). Adoption intensity determinants for improved sweet potato varieties among farmers in Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development, 9 (3), 203\u2013211.\r\n[9] Loevinsohn, M., Sumberg, J. &amp; Diagne, A. (2012). Under what circumstances and conditions does adoption of technology result in increased agricultural productivity? (Protocol). EPPI Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, UK.\r\n[10] NPC. National Population Commission: Human Population Figures of Census in Nigeria. 2010\r\n[11] Kwara State Dairy. Kwara State Ministry of Information, 2002.\r\n[12] Theis, S., Lefore, N., Meinzen-Dick, R. &amp; Bryan, E. (2018). What happens after technology adoption? Gendered aspects of small-scale irrigation technologies in Ethiopia, Ghana and Tanzania. Agriculture and Human Values, 35, 671\u2013684.\r\n[13] Jenkins, M., Shanks, C. B., Brouwer, R. &amp; Houghtaling, B. (2018). Factors a\ufb00ecting farmers\u2019 willingness and ability to adopt and retain vitamin A-rich varieties of orange\ufb02eshed sweet potato in Mozambique. Food Security, 10, 1501\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12571-018-0866-4\r\n[14] Okello, J. J., Shikuku, K. M., Sindi, K. &amp; Low, J. (2015). Farmers perceptions of orange-\ufb02eshed sweet potato: Do common beliefs about sweet potato production and consumption really matter? African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 15 (4), 10153\u201310170.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel David, Amos, A. Olasore, Abdullahi Mohammed, Ambrose Asagba, Stephen A. Adams, Salihu Yakubu, Moses, A. Omonayin , &#8220;Factors Influencing the Adoption of Orange Fleshed Sweet potato (OFSP) Production among Smallholder Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.101-105 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/101-105.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/101-105.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-influencing-the-adoption-of-orange-fleshed-sweet-potato-ofsp-production-among-smallholder-farmers-in-kwara-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors Influencing the Adoption of Orange Fleshed Sweet potato (OFSP) Production among Smallholder Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06b6ed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a06b6ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06ba77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a06ba77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a06bb18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a06bb18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a06bc64\" data-id=\"a06bc64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06bd76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a06bd76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a06be14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a06be14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a079435\" data-id=\"a079435\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07959d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a07959d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07965c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a07965c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0797f0\" data-id=\"a0797f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07991d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a07991d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0799c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0799c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a079b20\" data-id=\"a079b20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a079c38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a079c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a079ce2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a079ce2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a079e33\" data-id=\"a079e33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a079f4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a079f4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07a012 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a07a012\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a07a1fb\" data-id=\"a07a1fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07a345 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a07a345\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Empowering Leaders for Youth Nurture and Retention Through Social Media in Togo Conference<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sessou Kwasi Selom Pastor &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 106-113<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07a410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a07a410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a07a5be\" data-id=\"a07a5be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07a70d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a07a70d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nYoung people in the Togo Conference complained that their leaders are not much involved with them in discussions held on their social media platforms. The statistics of the Seventh-day Adventist Church globally reveal that the church is losing its members among which there are a great number of young people. Most of these young people are social media users. Should church leaders use social media platforms to nurture Young Adventist Members in order to retain them in the Church in Togo? To answer that question, it was deemed necessary and important to obtain reliable empirical quantitative and qualitative data among young people and Pastors at Togo Conference. It is in this context that Interviews were conducted and quantitative studies were done at the Togo Conference to confirm the need for leaders&#8217; empowerment for youth nurture and retention through social media. The study also provided Biblical and social principles for youth nurture through social media platforms in the Togo Conference.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 106-113\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sessou Kwasi Selom Pastor <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Youth and Young Adult Ministry, Adventist University of Africa, Abidjan, Cote d\u2019Ivoire\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] \u201cSocial Power\u201d (2018). Accessed June 28, 2018\r\nhttps:\/\/qz.com\/africa\/1206935\/whatsapp-is-the-most-popular-messaging-app-in-africa\/\r\n[2] PETR \u010cIN\u010cALA, (2016). \u201cGenuine Discipleship Empowered by Acceptance: A Case Study \u2014Working with Youth,\u201d Journal of Adventist Mission Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, Art. 14 Digital Commons @ Andrews University.\r\n[3] Ed Stetzer, (2014). \u201cThe Real Reasons Young Adults Drop Out of Church,\u201d The Exchange, Christianity Today, accessed 29 May 2017. URL:\r\nhttp:\/\/www.christianitytoday.com\/edstetzer\/2014\/december\/real-reasons-young-adults-drop-out-of-church.html\r\n[4] Roger L. Dudley, (2000). \u201cWhy Our Teenagers Leave the Church, Personal Stories from a 10-year Study.\u201d Review and Herald Publishing Association, Hagerstown.\r\n[5] Carey Nieuwhof, \u201c5 Reasons People Have Stopped Attending Your Church (Especially Millennials).\u201d Accessed 05\/08\/19. https:\/\/careynieuwhof.com\/5reasonsmillennials\/\r\n[6] Ansel Oliver, (2013). In Europe, Adventist social media sparking interest in\r\nSpirituality. Assessed 23 June 2017.\r\nhttps:\/\/news.adventist.org\/en\/all-news\/news\/go\/2013-06-04\/in-europe-adventist-social-media-sparking-interest-in-spirituality\/\r\n[7] Joseph A. Webb, (2009). Another Look at the Back Door. Review and Herald. Assessed 23 June 2017.\r\nURL: https:\/\/www.ministrymagazine.org\/archive\/2009\/10\/another-look-at-the-back-door#.VPX7eci1r3M.email\r\n[8] Hopkins, Gary, Duane McBride, Stuart Tyner, Rene Drumm, and Wendi Kannenberg, (2009). What Jesus Said About Young Adult Ministry. Review and Herald. URL: http:\/\/archives.adventistreview.org\/article\/2585\/archives\/issue-2009-1514\/what-jesus-said-about-young-adult-ministry\r\n[9] General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Executive Committee Minute. (April 2007). Conserving Membership Gains. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. URL: http:\/\/www.adventist.org\/en\/information\/official-statements\/documents\/article\/go\/0\/conserving-membership-gains\/\r\n[10] Hubert. Cisneros, (2014). \u201cDid I Lose You?\u201d (NAD Ministerial,) accessed 29 May 2017. URL: http:\/\/www.nadministerial.org\/article\/891\/for-nad-pastors\/articles\/did-i-lose-you\r\n[11] Jenkins Clint, Martin Allan, (2014). \u201cEngaging Adventist Millennials: A church that embraces relationships,\u201d Ministry Magazine issue May 2014, Accessed 12\/07\/2020. https:\/\/www.ministrymagazine.org\/archive\/2014\/05\/engaging-adventist-millennials\r\n[12] Jonathan Howe, Steve Pfaff, (2017). \u201cSeven Keys To An Effective Church Social Media Strategy,\u201d accessed 29, June 2017. https:\/\/factsandtrends.net\/2017\/01\/03\/keys-effective-church-social-media-strategy\/\r\n[13] Clark Boyd, (2019). \u201cWhatsApp in Africa: A force for good, or digital colonialism?\u201d in The Startup, accessed, 08\/08\/2020. https:\/\/medium.com\/swlh\/whatsapp-in-africa-3c8626f4980e\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sessou Kwasi Selom Pastor, &#8220;Empowering Leaders for Youth Nurture and Retention Through Social Media in Togo Conference&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.106-113 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/106-113.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/106-113.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/empowering-leaders-for-youth-nurture-and-retention-through-social-media-in-togo-conference\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Empowering Leaders for Youth Nurture and Retention Through Social Media in Togo Conference<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07b6e5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a07b6e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07b7b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a07b7b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a07b94d\" data-id=\"a07b94d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07ba7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a07ba7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07bb22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a07bb22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a083b87\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0845ea\" data-id=\"a0845ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a084702 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a084702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0847b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0847b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a084903\" data-id=\"a084903\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a084a10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a084a10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a084ab1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a084ab1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a084c3f\" data-id=\"a084c3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a084d79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a084d79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Styles and Achievement of Students in the Colleges of Education<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Francis Britwum, Edwin Adjei, Samuel Obed Amoah, Esther Twewa Djan, Henry Yaw Acheampong, Sandra Aidoo, Elizabeth Adoma Sefah &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 114-122<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a084e20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a084e20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a084fc6\" data-id=\"a084fc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a08512f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a08512f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study assessed the effectiveness of leadership styles and achievement of students in the Colleges of Education in Ghana. The descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed in the study. A multi-stage sampling procedures were used in selecting the sample. In all, 10 principals and vice principals as well as 15 teachers and 125 students were selected from five Colleges of Education to participate in the study. Leadership Questionnaire was self-developed to collect data from the respondents. Structural Equation Model was used as the statistical tool in validating the questionnaire as well as testing the hypothesis. The convergent validity results revealed that leadership questionnaire have some amount of convergence validity. The factor loadings requirement was met by leadership questionnaire. The study found that leadership questionnaire has partial discriminant validity. The validity of the leadership questionnaire in the Ghanaian setting is limited, according to our analysis. While some of the study&#8217; indicators demonstrated a satisfactory level of validity, others did not. With the exception of two items, all of the factor loadings satisfied the 0.30 requirement. In contrast, the AVEs were poor for three of the subdimensions that did not meet the 0.50 threshold. In addition, while the estimated indices were close to the standard criterion, the majority of the model fit indices departed from the criteria provided. The findings again, showed that leadership styles; authoritarian and democratic were not significant predictors of students\u2019 academic achievement. Laissez-faire was only the leadership style that predicted students\u2019 academic achievement in the Colleges of Education in Ghana. The study recommended that principals in the Colleges of Education should make use of different combination of leadership styles to enhance smooth running of the Colleges of Education in Ghana.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 114-122\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francis Britwum <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Cape Coast, Department of Education and Psychology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edwin Adjei <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAgona SDA College of Education, Department of Education Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel Obed Amoah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSt. Monica\u2019s College of Education, Department of Education Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel Obed Amoah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSt. Monica\u2019s College of Education, Department of Education Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Esther Twewa Djan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBerekum College of Education. Department of Education Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henry Yaw Acheampong <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSt. Monica\u2019s College of Education, Department of Education Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sandra Aidoo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Cape Coast, Department of Vocational and Technical Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elizabeth Adoma Sefah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSt. Monica\u2019s College of Education, Department of Education Studies\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abwalla, J. 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Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(5), 663-683.\r\n[16] Britwum, F., Amoah, S. O., Acheampong, H. Y., &amp; Adjei, E. (2022). Self-esteem as a predictor of students\u2019 academic achievement in the colleges of education. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 14(1), 43-54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18844\/ijlt.v14i1.6302\r\n[17] Budohi, L. A. (2009). The effect of principals\u2019 leadership styles on the academic achievement of students in public secondary schools. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis. Kenyatta University, Kenja.\r\n[18] Civelek, M. E. (2018). Essentials of structural equation modelling. Lincoln: University of Nebreaska\r\n[19] Cotton, K. (2003). Principals and student achievement. Alexandra, V. A: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.\r\n[20] Coyle, M. (2012). Teacher leadership and school management: Flatten the Hierarchies. The Cleaning House. A journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 70(5), 236-239.\r\n[21] De Cremer, D. 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New York: Routledge\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Francis Britwum, Edwin Adjei, Samuel Obed Amoah, Esther Twewa Djan, Henry Yaw Acheampong, Sandra Aidoo, Elizabeth Adoma Sefah , &#8220;Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Styles and Achievement of Students in the Colleges of Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.114-122 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/114-122.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-leadership-styles-and-achievement-of-students-in-the-colleges-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Styles and Achievement of Students in the Colleges of Education<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0860bc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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elementor-element-a091b08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a091b08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a091dc8\" data-id=\"a091dc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a092005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a092005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a09213c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a09213c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0923db\" data-id=\"a0923db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0925ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0925ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a09271f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a09271f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a09299c\" data-id=\"a09299c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a092bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a092bcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a092d1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a092d1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a092f93\" data-id=\"a092f93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0931a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0931a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0932e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0932e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0935a3\" data-id=\"a0935a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0937d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0937d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Workplace Spirituality and Work Values of Philippine National Police Personnel in Davao City<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Richelito P. Maagad, Nestor C. Nabe &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 123-131<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a093912 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a093912\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a09aba6\" data-id=\"a09aba6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a09af19 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a09af19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the influence of workplace spirituality on the work values of police personnel in Davao City. It used both descriptive and inferential statistics to answer the problems. The mean and standard deviations identified the respondents&#8217; workplace spirituality and work values. Pearson r determined the significance of the relationship between the variables, while the regression analysis determined the importance of the influence of workplace spirituality on work values. 258 police personnel from different police precincts selected through stratified random sampling responded to the survey. Results showed high levels of workplace spirituality and work values among PNP personnel. Also, the correlation coefficient suggested a weak, positive, but significant relationship between workplace spirituality and work values. Likewise, the regression coefficient revealed a considerable influence of workplace spirituality on work values. The results have implications for the policies and practice of policing. For example, motivating police personnel in exercising workplace spirituality and work values may eliminate deviant behaviors resulting in better performance of duties. Furthermore, the results have substantial implications for the chaplaincy and moral recovery programs of the Philippine National Police (PNP).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 123-131\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Richelito P. Maagad<\/strong>\r\nMaster of Science in Criminal Justice, Professional Schools, The University of Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nestor C. Nabe<\/strong>\r\nMaster of Science in Criminal Justice, Professional Schools, The University of Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Bo Jensen, S., &amp; Hapal, K. (2018). Police violence and corruption in the Philippines: Violent Exchange and the war on drugs. 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Business Ethics: A European Review, 20(1), 45\u201358.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Richelito P. Maagad, Nestor C. Nabe &#8220;Workplace Spirituality and Work Values of Philippine National Police Personnel in Davao City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.123-131 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/123-131.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a55cc\" data-id=\"a0a55cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a56f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a56f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of the Impact of Hoax News during the Covid-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of National Defense<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohammad Iqbal Dwi Prasetyo, Priyanto, I Wayan Midhio &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Hoax is information that is engineered to cover up the actual information, in other words Hoax is defined as an attempt to distort the facts by using information that is convincing but cannot be verified, it can also be interpreted as an act of obscuring the true information, by flooding the media with false messages so that it can cover up the correct information. Hoax or fake news is one form of Cyber Crime that seems simple, easy to do but has a big impact on people&#8217;s social life. Furthermore, the search results obtained were grouped according to the research objectives, namely 1. Description of hoax news, 2. The concept of hoax news and its distribution in the Hoax community, 3. The Impact of Hoax News in Society and 4. National Defense and Security During the COVID-19 Pandemic. obtained then analyzed and discussed, and finally drawn conclusions. We cannot avoid the impact of hoax news in the community, this is because hoax news circulating in the community will directly have an impact on the formation of public opinion against them. Where in the formation of public opinion in the community will also have a very significant impact on social life. In fact, hoaxes are like a disease that can attack anyone at any time. If one person has been vaccinated, at least one person will be immune to various diseases. The same applies to hoax news. After preparing digital literacy protectors, the public hopes that hoax news will not enter. Adhere to digital literacy and expect someone to sift through information, regardless of whether the information is meaningful or not, whether there are arguments, data or facts.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 132-137\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6306<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammad Iqbal Dwi Prasetyo<\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Bogor, Jawa Barat Prodi Strategi Perang Semesta<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Priyanto<\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Bogor, Jawa Barat Prodi Strategi Perang Semesta<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Wayan Midhio<\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, Bogor, Jawa Barat Prodi Strategi Perang Semesta<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ashidiqie, M. L. I. I. (2020). Peran Keluarga Dalam Mencegah Coronavirus Disease 2019. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 7(8), 911\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15408\/sjsbs.v7i8.15411\r\n[2] Budiman, A. (2017). Berita Bohong (Hoax) Di Media Sosial Dan Pembentukan Opini Publik. Pusat Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI, IX(01), 2009\u20132012\r\n[3] Dliya\u2019ul Chaq, M. (2020). Analisis Penegakan Hukum Pidana Terhadap Penyebaran Berita Hoax Covid-19 Melalui Media Sosial. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Keislaman, 8(1), 19\u201332\r\n[4] Figueira, A\u0301., &amp; Oliveira, L. (2017). The current state of fake news: Challenges and opportunities. Procedia Computer Science, 121, 817\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2017.11.10 6\r\n[5] Heryanto, G. G. (2017). Bisnis Hoaks dan Literasi Digital. Retrieved January, 29, 2022.\r\n[6] Juditha, C. (2018).Interaksi Komunikasi Hoax di Media Sosial serta Antisipasinya . Jurnal Pekommas, ( 1) : 31-44.\r\n[7] Mansyah, B. (2017). Fenomena Berita Hoax Media Sosial (Facebook) Dalam Menghadapi Pemilihan Umum Gubernur DKI Jakarta Tahun 2017. Skripsi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Pasundan, 8.\r\n[8] Mulyadi, M. (2020). Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Penanganan Penyebaran Covid-19. Pusat Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI, XII(8), 13\u201318.\r\n[9] Nugroho, S. E. (2017). Upaya Masyarakat Anti Fitnah Indonesia Mengembalikan Jatidiri Bangsa dengan Gerakan Anti HOAX. Konferensi Nasional Peneliti Muda Psikologi Indonesia, 3.\r\n[10] Putri, N. F., Vionia, E., &amp; Michael, T. (2020). Pentingnya Kesadaran Hukum Dan Peran Masyarakat Indonesia Dalam Menghadapi Penyebaran Berita Hoax Covid-19. Media Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 11(1), 98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31764\/jmk.v11i1.2262\r\n[11] Rahayu, R.N. (2020). Analisis Berita Hoax Covid-19 di Media Sosial di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi, Sosial &amp; Humaniora, 1(09), 60-73.\r\n[12] Rayani, D., &amp; Purqoti, D. N. S. (2020). Kecemasan Keluarga Lansia Terhadap Berita Hoax Dimasa Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 5(1), 906\u2013912.\r\n[13] Rosidin, U., Rahayuwati, L., &amp; Herawati, E. (2020). Perilaku dan Peran Tokoh Masyarakat dalam Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Pandemi Covid -19 di Desa Jayaraga, Kabupaten Garut. Umbara, 5(1), 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24198\/umbara.v5i1.28187\r\n[14] Siagian, Lauder, Arief Budiarto, and Simatupang Simatupang. &#8220;Peran Keamanan Siber Dalam Mengatasi Konten Negatif Guna Mewujudkan Ketahanan Informasi Nasional.&#8221; Peperangan Asimetris 4.3 (2018).\r\n[15] Soekanto Soerjono. 1984. Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Cet ke-3. UI Press. Jakarta.\r\n[16] Suryanto. (2015). pengantar ilmu komunikasi ( saeful muhtadi Asep (ed.); 1st ed.). cv pustaka setia.\r\n[17] Syuhada, K. D. (2018). Etika Media di Era \u201cPost-Truth.\u201d Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 6(1), 75\u201379.\r\n[18] Tenriawali, A. Y., Suryani, S., Hajar, I., &amp; &#8230; (2020). Efek Hoax Covid-19 Bagi Igeneration Di Kabupaten Buru. Potret \u2026, 24(2), 123\u2013142. http:\/\/journal.iainmanado.ac.id\/index.php\/PP\/article\/view\/1201\/0\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohammad Iqbal Dwi Prasetyo, Priyanto, I Wayan Midhio &#8220;Analysis of the Impact of Hoax News during the Covid-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of National Defense&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.132-137 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6306<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/132-137.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-the-impact-of-hoax-news-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-from-the-perspective-of-national-defense\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of the Impact of Hoax News during the Covid-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of National Defense<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a689e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a0a689e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a6975 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a6975\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a6afd\" data-id=\"a0a6afd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a6c2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a6c2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a6cd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a6cd0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a6e2f\" data-id=\"a0a6e2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a6f56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a6f56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7014 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a7014\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7161\" data-id=\"a0a7161\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a73ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a73ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a74b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a74b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7615\" data-id=\"a0a7615\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7723 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a7723\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a77ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a77ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a791d\" data-id=\"a0a791d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7a29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a7a29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7ac3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a7ac3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7c19\" data-id=\"a0a7c19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7d21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a7d21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7dc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a7dc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a7f38\" data-id=\"a0a7f38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a8043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a8043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Mapping the Prevalence of Measles among Risk Population in Zamfara State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Dr Abubakar Garba Fada &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 138-144<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a80df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a80df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a8256\" data-id=\"a0a8256\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a8382 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a0a8382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Disease maps can be used to highlight populations at risk of a disease and its seasonal variability. Measles has been and is still being considered as one of the most infectious and perhaps the highest childhood mortality diseases world-wide. This paper examined the spatial risk of measles in Zamfara State, Nigeria with the objective highlighting areas of high risk and possible link with seasons and the available healthcare facilities. Measles prevalence and relative risk data of 2017 from the 14 LGAs of the state were used for the study. Relative risk rates were computed using \u2018at risk\u2019 population of ages 1-9 years as a proportion of the aggregated data. The maps were corroborated with seasons and distribution of healthcare facilities. While the raw data showed LGAs of highest risk located at the southernmost parts of the state, the reverse was the case with the relative risk rates. The later also highlighted relationships of relative risk rates with seasons and availability of healthcare facilities. It was concluded that the type of map drawn and the nature of data used could portray different virtualizations of disease pattern, and that both seasonality and availability of healthcare facilities play a role in the prevalence of measles in Zamfara State. It is recommended that, although the findings shed some light on the possible causal factors, more detailed studies should be carried out on these factors with a view to uncovering them for any informed actions to reduce the risk of the disease and its possible transmission chain, more especially with the current spate of banditry and forced migrations in the state.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 138-144\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Abubakar Garba Fada<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Faculty of Social Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Banerjee, S. (2016), Spatial Data Analysis, Annu. Rev. Public Health.37:47-60. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org. Retrieved 25th November, 2018.\r\n[2] Barford, A &amp; Dorling, D. (2014), Mapping Disease Patterns, Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd. DOI:10.1002\/9781118445112.stat06102.pub2, Retrieved 15th October 2018,\r\n[3] Brewer, C.A. (2006) Basic mapping principles for visualizing cancer data using geographic information systems (GIS). American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30, S25\u2013S36.\r\n[4] Cromley, E. K. (2003), GIS and Disease, Annu. Rev. Public Health. 24:7\u201324 doi: 10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.24.012902.141019\r\n[5] Gatrell A. C &amp; Elliott, S. J. (2015) Geographies of Health An Introduction (Third Edition), John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd, England, UK.\r\n[6] Ijlal Mohd Diah, I. M., Aziz, N. &amp; Kasim, M. M. ( 2017), A Comparison of Four Disease Mapping Techniques as Applied to TB Diseases in Malaysia, Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering. e-ISSN: 2289-8131 Vol. 9 No. 2-11.\r\n[7] Koch T. (2005) Cartographies of Disease: Maps, Mapping, and Medicine. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.\r\n[8] Meade, M. S. &amp; Emch, M. (2010), Medical Geography, (Third Edition) The Guilford Press. New York, USA.\r\n[9] Moss W.J. (2017), Measles. Lancet; 390(10111):2490-2502. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31463-0.\r\n[10] National Population Commission [NPopC], (2006), National Housing and Population Census, 2006\r\n[11] Pickle, L.W. &amp; Su, Y. (2002) Within-state geographic patterns of health insurance coverage and health risk factors in the United States. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 22, pp. 75\u201383.\r\n[12] Rao J.N.K. (2003) Small Area Estimation. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, USA.\r\n[13] Rican, S. &amp; G. Salem , (2010), Mapping Disease (Chapter 6) in A Companion to Health and Medical Geography, edited by Tim Brown, Sara McLafferty and Graham Moon, Wiley-Blackwell (A John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd., Publication), Hong Kong.\r\n[14] Rushton, G. (2003), Public health, GIS, and Spatial Analysis Tools, Annu. Rev. Public Health. 24:43\u201356 doi: 10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.24.012902.140843 PUBLIC\r\n[15] Tiwari, C. and Rushton, G. (2005) Using spatially adaptive filters to map late stage colorectal cancer incidence in Iowa. In: Fisher, P.F. (ed.) Developments in Spatial Data Handling: 11th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Springer, Berlin, pp. 665\u2013676.\r\n[16] Tufte, E.R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information . Cheshire, Connecticut :Graphics Press . Tukey, J.W. 1979. Statistical mapping : What should not be plotted. In: Proceedings of the 1976 Workshop on Automated Cartograph y and Epidemiology. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-1254, Arlington, Virginia. pp. 18-33.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Dr Abubakar Garba Fada, &#8220;Mapping the Prevalence of Measles among Risk Population in Zamfara State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.138-144 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/138-144.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/138-144.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/mapping-the-prevalence-of-measles-among-risk-population-in-zamfara-state-nigeria-mapping-the-prevalence-of-measles-among-risk-population-in-zamfara-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Mapping the Prevalence of Measles among Risk Population in Zamfara State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a917f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a0a917f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a924e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a924e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a93ca\" data-id=\"a0a93ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a94ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a94ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a9598 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a989e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a9a49\" data-id=\"a0a9a49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a9b67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a9b67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a9c07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a9c07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a9d6d\" data-id=\"a0a9d6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0a9e82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0a9e82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0a9f22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0a9f22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa068\" data-id=\"a0aa068\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa18a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0aa18a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0aa228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa373\" data-id=\"a0aa373\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0aa475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa515 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0aa515\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa696\" data-id=\"a0aa696\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa7a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0aa7a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Moderating Role of Timespan since Parental Divorce on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Anxiety<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Narendra Bayutama Wibisono, Saiful, Sabar Napitupulu &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 145-152<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa847 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0aa847\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0aa9d0\" data-id=\"a0aa9d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c18a4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a0c18a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to find out the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety on how young adults experience divorce from both parents. The total number of participants was 66 people and young adults aged 18-25 years. Compassion is measured using the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), anxiety is measured using the State-Trait anxiety Inventory Trait Scale (STAI-T). The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between self-compassion and anxiety in young adults who experienced divorce from both parents. Then it was found that anxiety was higher in participants who had taken an undergraduate or diploma education compared to participants who had just taken high school education and equivalent.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 145-152\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6305\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6305<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Narendra Bayutama Wibisono<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saiful <\/strong><\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabar Napitupulu <\/strong><\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] American Psychiatric Association. 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Self-compassion sebagai prediktor resiliensi pada penyintas erupsi Gunung Kelud. Universitas Indonesia.\r\n[8] Du Rocher Schudlich, T. D., &amp; Cummings, E. M. (2003). Parental dysphoria and children&#8217;s internalising symptoms: Marital conflict styles as mediators of risk. Child Development, 74(6), 1663-1681.\r\n[9] Feldman, S. S., Elliott, G. R., &amp; Elliott, G. R. (Eds.). (1990). At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Harvard University Press.\r\n[10] Freud, S. The Problem of anxiety. New York: Norton, 1936.\r\n[11] Gill, C., Watson, L., Williams, C., &amp; Chan, S. W. (2018). Social anxiety and self-compassion in adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 69, 163-174.\r\n[12] Gravetter, F. J., &amp; Forzano, L. A. B. (2012). Research methods for the behavioural sciences.\r\n[13] Cengage Learning. Hauser, S. T., Powers, S. I., &amp; Noam, G. G. (1991). Adolescents and their families: Paths of ego development. Simon and Schuster.\r\n[14] Heinz, W. (2002). Self-socialisation and post-traditional society. Advances in Lif Course Research, 7, 41-46\r\n[15] Hill, R. B. (1998). Understanding Black family functioning: A holistic perspective. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29(1), 15-25.\r\n[16] Hoyt, L. A., Cowen, E. L., Pedro-Carroll, J. L., &amp; Alpert-Gillis, L. J. (1990). anxiety and depression in young children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(1), 26- 32.\r\n[17] Jayani, D. H. (2020). Perselisihan dan Ekonomi Faktor Utama Perceraian. Diakses pada 16 Desember 2020 dari https:\/\/databoks.katadata.co.id\/datapublish\/2020\/02\/20\/perselisihan- dan-ekonomi-faktor-utama-perceraian. Katadata.co.id\r\n[18] Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: results of a randomised clinical trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 62(1), 100.\r\n[19] Lord, S. A. (2013). Meditative dialogue: Cultivating compassion and empathy with survivors of complex childhood trauma. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &amp; Trauma, 22(9), 997- 1014.\r\n[20] Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., &amp; Prichard, J. R. (2010). Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. Journal of adolescent health, 46(2), 124-132.\r\n[21] Mamun, M. A., Akter, S., Hossain, I., Faisal, M. T. H., Rahman, M. A., Arefin, A.,&amp; Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Financial threat, hardship and distress predict depression, anxiety and stress among the unemployed youths: A Bangladeshi multi-city study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 1149-1158.\r\n[22] Mattessich, P., &amp; Hill, R. (1987). Life cycle and family development. In Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 437-469). Springer, Boston, MA.\r\n[23] Muris, P., Meesters, C., Pierik, A., &amp; de Kock, B. (2016). Good for the self: Self-compassion and other self-related constructs in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression in non- clinical youths. 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Hubungan antara forgiveness dengan kecemasan anak dalam menghadapi dampak perceraian orangtua di SMPN 3 Kepanjen Kabupaten Malang (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim).\r\n[29] Olson, D. H., &amp; DeFrain, J. D. (2003). Marriages and families: Intimacy, strengths, and diversity. McGraw-Hill. Papalia, D.E., &amp; Martorell, G. (2011). Experience Human Development. NY: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[30] Pietromonaco, P. R., &amp; Barrett, L. F. (2000). The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the self in relation to others?. Review of general psychology, 4(2), 155- 175.\r\n[31] Kring, A. M., Johnson, S. L., Davison, G., &amp; Neale, J. (2014). Abnormal psychology (\u2013DSM-5 update). Hoboken.\r\n[32] Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., &amp; Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial Validation of a short form of the self\u2010compassion scale. Clinical psychology &amp; psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.\r\n[33] Riggio, H. R. (2004). Parental marital conflict and divorce, parent\u2010child relationships, social support, and relationship anxiety in young adulthood. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 99- 114.\r\n[34] Soemiyati, H. P. I., &amp; Perkawinan, U. U. (1982). Liberty. Spielberger, C. D., Gonzalez-Reigosa, F. E. R. N. A. N. D. O., Martinez-Urrutia, A. N. G. E. L., Natalicio, L., &amp; Natalicio, D. S. (1971). Development of the Spanish edition of the state- trait anxiety inventory. Interamerican Journal of psychology, 5(3-4), 145-158.\r\n[35] Spielberger, C. D. (2010). State\u2010Trait anxiety inventory. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology, 1-\r\n[36] Sudarto, Lusiana &amp; Wirawan, Henny E, \u201dPenghayatan makna hidup perempuan bercerai\u201d, Jurnal llmiah Psikologi Arkhe (o), 2, ha1.41-57, 2001.\r\n[37] Academic English : Teaching English in Academic Context, Kindle Edition ISBN : (Edited by Saiful, 2018)ASIN:BO7H31TSPY\r\n[38] Turner, J. S., &amp; Helms, D. B. (1995). Lifespan development. New York: Holt, Rineheart &amp; Winston.\r\n[39] Untari, I., Putri, K. P. D., &amp; Hafiduddin, M. (2018). Dampak Perceraian Orang Tua Terhadap Kesehatan Psikologis Remaja. Profesi (Profesional Islam): Media Publikasi Penelitian, 15(2), 106.\r\n[40] Van Dam, N. T., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., &amp; Earleywine, M. (2011). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of anxiety disorders, 25(1), 123-130.\r\n[41] Wallerstein, J. S., &amp; Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second Chances: Men. Women, and Children a Decade After Divorce, 306.\r\n[42] Wallerstein, J. S., &amp; Kelly, J. B. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: experiences of the child in later latency. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46(2), 256.\r\n[43] Wallerstein, J. S., &amp; Kelly, J. B. (1980). Effects of divorce on the visiting father\u2013child relationship. The American Journal of Psychiatry.\r\n[44] Werner, K. H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., &amp; Gross, J. J. (2012). Self- compassion and social anxiety disorder. anxiety, Stress &amp; Coping, 25(5), 543-558.\r\n[45] Wyman, P. A., Cowen, E. L., Hightower, A. D., &amp; Pedro-Carroll, J. L. (1985). Perceived competence, self-esteem, and anxiety in latency-aged children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 14(1), 20-26\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Narendra Bayutama Wibisono, Saiful, Sabar Napitupulu, &#8220;The Moderating Role of Timespan since Parental Divorce on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Anxiety&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.145-152 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6305<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/145-152.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-moderating-role-of-timespan-since-parental-divorce-on-the-relationship-between-self-compassion-and-anxiety\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Moderating Role of Timespan since Parental Divorce on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Anxiety<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c2849 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c2b06\" data-id=\"a0c2b06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c2c50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c2c50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0c2d07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0c3019\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c316b\" data-id=\"a0c316b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3278 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c3278\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0c331d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0c331d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3463\" data-id=\"a0c3463\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c357b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c357b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3619 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0c3619\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3766\" data-id=\"a0c3766\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3879 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c3879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3918 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0c3918\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3a58\" data-id=\"a0c3a58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3bba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c3bba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3c6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0c3c6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3de0\" data-id=\"a0c3de0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3ef9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c3ef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Characterization in Brako<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Isaac Oduro, Olivia Donkor, Yaa Asantewaa Bediako, Emelia Amuaful, David Adu Tuffour, Wilson Oduro, Collins Owusu, Peter Fosu, Mercy Asantewaa &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 153-163<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0c3f98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0c3f98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0c6dc4\" data-id=\"a0c6dc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c6fa6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a0c6fa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">: This paper analyses characterization in Kwabena Adi\u2019s Akan novel, Brako. The objectives of this paper are to describe the nature of the characters and identify reasons for their creation. Since the characters in the novel were twenty-six,a total enumeration sampling technique was used to cover all the characters assigned different roles to play in the novel. The study applied descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data. The data were sourced from Kwabena Adi\u2019s Akan novel, Brako. The findings indicate that the author\u2019s consideration of characterization of the novel was based on the following: character selection, character role, character symbolism, character complexity, character similarity, Character relationship, and character contrast. The social relevance of these various character traits are to help teach did actic lessons such as patriotism, hard work, traditional wisdom, and traditional knowledge. Beside the above reason, the projection of some cultural and traditional belief systems to readers is eminently clear in the novel. The pedagogical implication is that the teaching and learning of literature must be more practically oriented than theory based in order to help learners relate their learning experiences to a real-life situation for better understanding.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 153-163\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isaac Oduro <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, St. Monica\u2019s College of Education,Mampong Ashanti<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olivia Donkor <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, St. Monica\u2019s College of Education,Mampong Ashanti. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yaa Asantewaa Bediako <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, St. Monica\u2019s College of Education,Mampong Ashanti.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Adu Tuffour <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Atebubu College of Education, Atebubu, Bono East region.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wilson Oduro <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, E. P. College of Education, Amedzofe, Volta region. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins Owusu <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Agogo Presbyterian Women\u2019s College of Education. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Fosu <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Ghanaian Languages, Akrokerri College of Education <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mercy Asantewaa <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, St. Monica\u2019s College of Education,Mampong Ashanti.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Achebe C. (1958). Things Fall Apart. William Heinemann Ltd. Nigeria.\r\n[2] Agyekum, K. (2013). Introduction to Literature (3rded) Accra: Adwinsa Publication.\r\n[3] Amarteifio, V. (1985). Bediako the Adventurer: Waterville Publishing House: Accra, Ghana Aston and Savona.\r\n[4] Aston, E. (1991). The Theatre as Sign System: A semiotic as Text and Performance. London:\r\n[5] Atikasari, M. (2018). Characterization of Main Character and Moral Values in \u201cJust Say No\u201d Novel by Omar Tyree. Baylor University Press.\r\n[6] Blackeley, S. (2015).What is Symbolism in Literature? Chicago: Chicago University Press.\r\n[7] Creswell, J. W., Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5thed). SAGE Publication Inc. California: USA\r\n[8] Danaby, K (2015). \u201cCharacters in Literature: Definition, Types and Development\u201d. href=\r\n[9] Di Yani, R. (2001). Literature, Reading Fiction, Poetry and Drama. New York: McGraw-Hill, England: Wiley- Blackwell.\r\n[10] Feri, E. E. (2014). THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS NOVEL (Doctoral dissertation, UNIMED).\r\n[11] Flint, et al.(2012). Using the \u201cdocumentary method\u201d to analyze qualitative data in logistics research.International Journal of Physical Distribution &amp; Logistics Management For Alaska.Jurnal Humanis, Fakultas IImu Budaya Unud.Vol 22.1 Pebruari 2018.102-107. Grafton.\r\n[12] Hanli, S. (2014). On Narrative Technique of Can Xue&#8217;s Single Woman Trivia Documentary. Journal of Shaoxing University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), (4), 11.\r\n[13] Harman, G. (2009). Skepticism about character traits.The Journal of Ethics, 13(2-3), 235-242\r\n[14] Harrison, J. (1998) Stolen: A Play on Characters. Wales: Gomer Press. https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/character-in-literature- definition Inc. Interdisciplinary Journal of African &amp; Asian Studies, Vol.7, No.2,2021.\r\n[15] Jesefsson et al.(2013). Maturity and change in Personality: Development Trends of Temperament and Character in Adulthood. Volume 25, pp. 713. Journal of Development and psychology: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[16] Kara-Soteriou, J., &amp; Rose, H. (2008).Using children&#8217;s literature to teach about positive character traits.YC young Children, 63(4), 30.\r\n[17] Ketut, S., U. (2018).Characterization and Three Dimensions of the Main Character in Looking Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc\r\n[18] Malbon, E. S. (2009). Mark&#8217;s Jesus: characterization as narrative Christology.\r\n[19] McGovern, U. (ed). (2004). Dictionary of Literary Characters.Edinburgh: Chambers.\r\n[20] Nichols, B. (2017). Introduction to documentary.Indiana University Press.\r\n[21] Nsolibe, O., T. (2021).Character Development and Symbolism in Two Selected Drama Works.\r\n[22] Orwell G. (1945). Animal Farm. Secker and Warburg, London. England.\r\n[23] Pikering, J., H. &amp; Jeffery D., H. (1981).Consice Comparison to Literature. New York:\r\n[24] Pringle, D. (1987). Imaginary people: A Who\u2019s Who of Modern Fictional Characters. London:\r\n[25] Roberts, Edgar V. (1999). Writing about Literature. New Jersey: Printice Hall.\r\n[26] Sadowski, P. (2003). Dynamism of character in Shakespeare&#8217;s mature tragedies.University of Delaware Press.\r\n[27] Semino, E. (2014). Pragmatic failure, mind style and characterisation in fiction about autism. Language and Literature, 23(2), 141-158.\r\n[28] Smith, T. (2019).Genre, Innovation, and Johannine Characterization.In The Fourth Gospel and the Manufacture of Minds in Ancient Historiography, Biography, Romance, and Drama (pp. 208-248).Brill.\r\n[29] Sohrabi, S. (2016).Character and Characterization in the Fictions of Ebrahim Golestan (Doctoral dissertation, University of Zabol). -types-development.html.\r\n[30] University, 6.\r\n[31] Whitla, William. (2010. The English Handbook: A Guide to Literary Studies.\r\n[32] Woloch, A. (2009). The One vs. the Many: Minor Characters and the Space of the Protagonist in the Novel. Princeton University Press.\r\n[33] Xue-xia, Z., H., A., O. (2011). Comparative Study of Character and Characterization in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall and A Rose for Emily [J]. Journal of Hubei Radio &amp; Television\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Isaac Oduro, Olivia Donkor, Yaa Asantewaa Bediako, Emelia Amuaful, David Adu Tuffour, Wilson Oduro, Collins Owusu, Peter Fosu, Mercy Asantewaa &#8220;Characterization in Brako&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.153-163 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/153-163.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Upstream Supply Chain Coordination on Performance of Zimbabwean Agro Processing Sector: A Transaction Cost Theory Approach<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Judith Charumbira, Florance Shumba, George Shava, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 164-175<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0c94cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0c94cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d17b7\" data-id=\"a0d17b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d19da elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a0d19da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of the study was to establish the effect of trust, communication and relationship transaction-specific investments on the coordination of upstream supply chain activities and assess its impact on the performance of the Zimbabwean agro-processing sector. The conceptual framework of the study was drawn from Williamsons\u2019 (1975, 1985) transaction cost theory of coordination and seven hypotheses were developed. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey of the Zimbabwean agro-processing sector. Data were collected from fifty-nine stratified randomly sampled Zimbabwean agro-processing organisations and twenty purposively sampled supplier organisations. A self-administered questionnaire containing 7 points Likert scale ranging between (1) representing strongly disagree and (7) representing strongly agree was used. Descriptive statistical measures were used to analyze and present the quantitative data leading to the formulation of a theoretical model which was tested using structural equation modelling. From the model five hypothesis affect supply chain coordination i.e.; trust among supply chain players has a positive influence on supply chain coordination, communication has a positive influence on supply chain coordination, supply chain coordination has a positive impact on organisational performance, trust among supply chain players has a positive impact on organisational performance and transaction-specific investments have a positive impact on organisational performance. However, the study revealed that transaction-specific investments do not influence supply chain coordination while communication has no impact on organisational performance. The study, therefore, concluded that trust and communication among supply chain players have a positive influence on supply chain coordination. The findings also conclude that supply chain coordination, trust among supply chain partners and transaction-specific investments have a positive impact on organisational performance.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 164-175\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Judith Charumbira <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer in the Department of Marketing, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Florance Shumba <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer in the Department of Accounting, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>George Shava <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer in the Department of Business Management, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Achim, W &amp; Ritter, T (2003), Relationship-Specific Factors Influencing Supplier Involvement in Customer New Product Development, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 56, No. 9, pp721-733.\r\n[2] Arshinder, K., Kanda, A. &amp; Deshmukh, S.G., (2011), A Review on Supply Chain Coordination &#8211; Coordination Mechanisms, Managing Uncertainty and Research Directions, Available at: http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/index\/10.1007\/978-3-642-19257-9\r\n[3] Arshinder, Kanda, A. &amp; Deshmukh, S.G., (2007), An Integrative Framework for Coordination in Supply chain. 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(2005), Understanding Organizational Coordination and Information Systems &#8211; Mintzberg&#8217;s Coordination Mechanisms Revisited and Evaluated, ECIS 2005 Proceedings. 115.\r\n[48] Williamson, O.E., (1985), The Economic Institutions Of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, Free Press, New York.\r\n[49] Williamson. O.E., &amp; Ouchi. W, G. (1981), The Markets and Hierarchies and Visible Hand Perspectives, In A.H. Van De Ven and W.F. Joyce (Eds.) In Perspectives For Organisational Design And Behaviour, New York, John Wiley, pp.347-370.\r\n[50] Williamson, O.E. (1971), The Vertical Integration of Production: Market Failure Considerations, American Economics Review, Vol. 61 No. 2, pp. 112-23.\r\n[51] Yeung, J. H. Y., Selen, W., Zhang, M., &amp; Huo, B. (2009), The effects of trust and coercive power on supplier integration, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol.120, pp 66-78.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Judith Charumbira, Florance Shumba, George Shava, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu, &#8220;Upstream Supply Chain Coordination on Performance of Zimbabwean Agro Processing Sector: A Transaction Cost Theory Approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.164-175 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/164-175.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/164-175.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/upstream-supply-chain-coordination-on-performance-of-zimbabwean-agro-processing-sector-a-transaction-cost-theory-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Upstream Supply Chain Coordination on Performance of Zimbabwean Agro Processing Sector: A Transaction Cost Theory Approach<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d2884 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a0d2884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d3519 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0d3519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0d35b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0d35b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d3722\" data-id=\"a0d3722\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d3cd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0d3cd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0d3d94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0d3d94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d3f25\" data-id=\"a0d3f25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d4039 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0d4039\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between Social Intelligence and Marital Harmony among Married Catholics in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Obiemeka, Eucharia Nkechi, Ph.D, Prof. Ugoji, Florence Ngozi, Agboola, James Odunayo Ph.D- March 2022- Page No.: 176-179<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0d40e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0d40e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d4264\" data-id=\"a0d4264\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d4389 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a0d4389\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the relationship between social intelligence and marital harmony among married Catholics in Edo and Delta States. Using the multi-stage sampling procedure, the study investigated the relationship between social Intelligence and marital harmony among 606 married Catholics from 43 catholic parishes in Edo and Delta State Nigeria. Two instruments were used. These include the Social Intelligence Scale and Marital Harmony Scale. Data were analysed using simple regression and multiple regression analysis. The result suggested that social intelligence, moderating variables of duration of marriage and educational status have a positive correlation with marital harmony of the married Catholics. It was however, recommended that marriage counsellors should organize workshops, seminars for intending couples and married persons on how to spend quality time and instil the skills of social intelligence in their relationship.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 176-179\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obiemeka, Eucharia Nkechi, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Evaluation and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Ugoji, Florence Ngozia <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agboola, James Odunayo Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aminpoor, H (2013). Relationship between social intelligence and happiness in Payame Noor University students. Annals of Biological Research, 2013, 4 (5):165-168.\r\n[2] Batool, S. S., &amp; Khalid, R (2012). Emotional Intelligence: A predictor of marital quality Pakistani couples. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 27(1), 65-88.\r\n[3] Do\u011fan, T. &amp; Ery\u0131lmaz, A (2014). The Role of Social Intelligence in Happiness. Croatian Journal of Education 16(3), 863-87.\r\n[4] Honarmand, M. M. Z., Naami, A. Roshani, K. 2014). Surveying the Role of Social Intelligence and its Components in Life Satisfaction of Elderlies. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Research. 3(3), 192-197.\r\n[5] Tan. L. (2014).Correlational study. In W.F. Thomson(Ed) music in the social and behavioral sciences: An encyclopedia (pp.269-271). Thousand Oaks: SAGE publication\r\n[6] Mohammadian, H &amp;Abadi, A. (2006). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence, Tehran: Isfahan University press, proceedings of the second congress of the Iranian psychological Association.31-41\r\n[7] Rezaei, A &amp;Khalilzadeh, A. (2009). Correlation between the social intelligence of managers with job satisfaction of teachers. Journal of Educational Sciences, 7,121-145.\r\n[8] Safarinia, M, Solgi, Z &amp;Tavakkoli, S. (2011). Investigating validity and reliability of social intelligence questionnaire among university students in kermanshah. Social Psychology Research, 1(3):57-70.\r\n[9] Yahyazadeh-Jeloudar, S &amp; Lotfi-Goodarzi, F. (2012). The Relationship between Social Intelligence and Job Satisfaction among MA and BA Teachers. International Journal Education Science, 4(3): 209-213.\r\n[10] Zaheri, F,Dolatian, Shariati,, Simbar, Ebadi &amp; Azghadi (2016). Effective Factors in Marital Satisfaction in Perspective of Iranian Women and Men: A systematic review. Electron Physician. 8(12): 3369\u20133377.\r\n[11] Ziaei T, Jannati Y, Mobasheri E, Taghavi T, Abdollahi H, Modanloo M. (2014). The relationship between marital and sexual satisfaction among married women employees at Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Iran Journal Psychiatry Behaviour Science. 8(2): 44-51.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Obiemeka, Eucharia Nkechi, Ph.D, Prof. Ugoji, Florence Ngozi, Agboola, James Odunayo Ph.D, &#8220;The Relationship between Social Intelligence and Marital Harmony among Married Catholics in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.176-179 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/176-179.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/176-179.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-social-intelligence-and-marital-harmony-among-married-catholics-in-edo-and-delta-states-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Relationship between Social Intelligence and Marital Harmony among Married Catholics in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d514f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a0d514f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0d5226 elementor-section-boxed 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0d5b4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0d5b4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d5c9f\" data-id=\"a0d5c9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d5dad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0d5dad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0d6130 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0d6130\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d629b\" data-id=\"a0d629b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d639f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0d639f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0d6445 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0d6445\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a102663\" data-id=\"a102663\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a102815 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a102815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>No jab, No job\u201d: Employee Perceptions on Mandatory Coronavirus Vaccinations at Workplace in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Regis Muchowe, Dumisani Mawonde and Hazel Mubango- March 2022 Page No.: 180-185\u00a0<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1028e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1028e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a102a90\" data-id=\"a102a90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a102bcb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a102bcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"justify\">The inspiration behind this article is the prevalence of Covid-19 policies in organizations in Zimbabwe which are dominated by \u2018no jab, no job\u2019 policies during the third wave of the pandemic. The article seeks to parade the perceptions and attitudes of employees across all sectors in Zimbabwe on \u2018no jab, no job\u2019 policies, and mandatory vaccinations at the workplace. In probing the problem at hand, the researcher used quantitative methodologies to generate data from a sample size of one thousand and two hundred respondents (n = 1 200). In deriving employee perceptions the study observed that 82.5% of study respondents had at least received a first dose jab. The article displays that enterprises across Zimbabwe have Covid -19 policies, and a number of them enforce the \u2018no jab, no job\u2019 pinnacle. The last section of the article transmits that employees in Zimbabwe are opposed to the \u2018no jab, no job\u2019 policy, and there is a general belief that it is unethical and illegal. There is a general belief that mandatory vaccinations lead to poor industrial relations and reduced productivity. There is an urgent need for employers to educate employees on the need for vaccination in order to demystify circulating conspiracy theories.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 180-185\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Regis Muchowe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nZimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dumisani Mawonde <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hazel Mubango <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Asia Employment Law. (2021). Asia Employment Law Bulletin 2021. Melbourne: Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.\r\n[2] Balkhair, A. A. (2020). Covid -19 Pandemic: A New Chapter in the History of Infectious Diseases. Oman Medical Journal, 35(2), 123-124.\r\n[3] Chakrabarti, S. (2021, July 20). The Gurdian. Retrieved August 14, 2021, from The Gurdian: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/jul\/30\/minister-insisting-staff-get-covid-jab-good-idea-despite-legal-risk\r\n[4] Dhaysane, M. (2021, June 22). Anadolu Agency. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from Anadolu Agency:https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/africa\/djibouti-makes-covid-19-vaccination-compulsory\/2281266\r\n[5] Dyer, O. (2021, July 20). The BMJ. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from The BMJ: https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/374\/bmj.n1766\r\n[6] Gur-Arie, R., Jamrozik, E., &amp; Kingori, P. (2021). No Jab, No Job? Ethical Issues in Mandatory Covid -19 Vaccination of Health Care. BMJ Global Health, 6(2), 1-5.\r\n[7] Heath, R. (2021, August 4). Politico. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from Politico Global Translations: https:\/\/www.politico.com\/newsletters\/global-translations\/2021\/08\/04\/no-jab-no-job-493847\r\n[8] Jha, P., &amp; Kumar, M. (2021). Labour in India and the Covid -19 Pandemic. Indian Economic Association, 68(3), 417-437.\r\n[9] Malomo, O. (2021, August 11). BBC News. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from BBC News: https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/resources\/idt-4a11d568-2716-41cf-a15e-7d15079548bc\r\n[10] Mufambi, T. (2021, July 01). The Southern Times. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from The Southern Times: https:\/\/southerntimesafrica.com\/no-jab-no-job-no-joy\/\r\n[11] Packham, C., &amp; Jose, R. (2021, August 11). Reuters. Retrieved August 14, 2021, from Reuters: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/asia-pacific\/australias-victoria-reports-20-locally-acquired-covid-19-cases-2021-08-10\/\r\n[12] Redaction Africanews. (2021, June 29). Africanews. Retrieved August 2021, 2021, from Africanews: https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2021\/06\/29\/morocco-reopens-tourism-after-robust-vaccination-drive\/\/\r\n[13] Samaita, K. (2021, June 27). Business Day. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from Business Day: https:\/\/www.businesslive.co.za\/bd\/world\/africa\/2021-06-27-take-vaccines-or-close-shop-mnangagwa-tells-zimbabwe-businesses\/\r\n[14] Savulescu, J., Giublin, A., &amp; Danchin, M. (2021). Global Ethical Considerations Regards Mandatory Vaccination in Children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 10(6), 225-231.\r\n[15] Schengen Visa. (2021, June 2). Schengen Visa. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from Schengen Visa: https:\/\/www.schengenvisainfo.com\/news\/all-details-on-eu-covid-19-passport-revealed-heres-what-you-need-to-know\/\r\n[16] Trading Economics. (2021, August 12). Trading Economics. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from Trading Economics: https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/zimbabwe\/coronavirus-vaccination-total\r\n[17] Tshili, N. (2021, July 21). Chronicle. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from Chronicle: https:\/\/www.chronicle.co.zw\/no-jab-no-job\/\r\n[18] World Health Organisation. (2020). Novel Coronavirus (2019 nCov): Situation Report. Geneva: WHO.\r\n[19] Worldometer. (2021, August 13). Worldometer. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from Worldometer: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1?%22\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Regis Muchowe, Dumisani Mawonde and Hazel Mubango &#8220;No jab, No job\u201d: Employee Perceptions on Mandatory Coronavirus Vaccinations at Workplace in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.180-185 March 2022\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/180-185.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/180-185.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/no-jab-no-job-employee-perceptions-on-mandatory-coronavirus-vaccinations-at-workplace-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">No jab, No job\u201d: Employee Perceptions on Mandatory Coronavirus Vaccinations at Workplace in Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1039d9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a1039d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a103e13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a103e13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a103f6c\" data-id=\"a103f6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a104080 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a104080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a10411f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a10411f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a104276\" data-id=\"a104276\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10437b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a10437b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a104416 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a104416\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1045d8\" data-id=\"a1045d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a104725 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a104725\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a104822 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a104822\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a108d52\" data-id=\"a108d52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a108ef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a108ef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a108fb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a108fb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a10915b\" data-id=\"a10915b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a109278 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a109278\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Extroversion Traits on Domestic Abuse among inmates in Prisons in Kiambu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Harun Issack Hassan, Dr. Mokua Gilbert Maroko, Dr. Jane Karimi- March 2022- Page No.: 186-190<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a109320 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a109320\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1094ce\" data-id=\"a1094ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a109607 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a109607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the effects of extroversion traits on domestic abuse. This study examined extroversion traits among prison inmates in Kiambu County, Kenya. A sample size of 370 representing a target population of 10,334 inmates with a margin of error of 0.05 was selected. The study found that 66.2% of inmates who participated in the study with extroversion personality had a more solidary, quiet, and reserved trait while 33.5% had an outgoing, friendly, and energetic, trait. Respondents who were more solidary, quiet and reserved, 27.5% strongly agreed that they had experienced domestic abuse, 44.5% agreed, 9.0% strongly disagreed, 13.7% disagreed, while 5.2% were not sure. Regarding respondents who were outgoing, friendly, and energetic, 30.8% strongly agreed they had experienced domestic abuse, 51.4% agreed, 10.3% strongly disagreed, 4.7% disagreed, while 2.8% were not sure. There is a weak negative correlation (0.119) between extroversion personality type and domestic abuse. However, the negative correlation (-0.105) between extroversion and type of domestic abuse perpetrated was weak at a significance of 0.066. In addition, there was a positive correlation (0.203) between extroversion personality type and type of physical assault perpetrated. Also, the study found a negative correlation (0.144) between extroversion and physical assault trends of whether the physical assaults increased, stayed the same or decreased before imprisonment.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 186-190\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6307\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6307<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harun Issack Hassan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMount Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mokua Gilbert Maroko <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMount Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jane Karimi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMount Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahmad, S. B., &amp; Poespowidjojo, D. A. L. (2017). The Role of Personality on Intrapreneurial Behaviour towards Medium Enterprise Middle Manager Performance Success Nigeria: A Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small &amp; Medium Enterprise, 4, 67-86.\r\n[2] Buzawa, E. S., &amp; Buzawa, C. G. (Eds.). (2017). Global responses to domestic abuse. Springer International Publishing.\r\n[3] John, O. P., &amp; Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Theoretical Perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, &amp; O. P. John, Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 102\u2013138). New York: Guilford Press.\r\n[4] Kerr, S. P., Kerr, W. R., &amp; Xu, T. (2017). Personality Traits of Entrepreneurs: A Review of Recent Literature. Harvard Business School Working Paper, pp. 18-47.\r\n[5] Kosson, D. S., Vitacco, M. J., Swogger, M. T., &amp; Steuerwald, B. L. (2016). Emotional experiences of the psychopath. The clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: A practitioner\u2019s guide, 73-95.\r\n[6] Madalena, M., Carvalho, L. d., &amp; Falcke, D. (2018). Intimate Partner Violence: The Predictive Power of Experiences in the Family of Origin and of Personality Disorder Traits. Trends in Psychology, 26(1).\r\n[7] Oram S, Khalifeh H, Howard LM. Violence against women and mental health. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4: 159\u2013170.\r\n[8] Pereira, M. E., et al. (2020). Personality characteristics of victims of intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52(1).\r\n[9] Rode, D., Rode, M., &amp; Maciej, J. (2015). Psychosocial characteristics of men and women as perpetrators of domestic abuse. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 53-64.\r\n[10] Who.int. (2017, November 29). Violence against women. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-women\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Harun Issack Hassan, Dr. Mokua Gilbert Maroko, Dr. Jane Karimi, &#8220;Effects of Extroversion Traits on Domestic Abuse among inmates in Prisons in Kiambu County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.186-190 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6307<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/186-190.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-extroversion-traits-on-domestic-abuse-among-inmates-in-prisons-in-kiambu-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Extroversion Traits on Domestic Abuse among inmates in Prisons in Kiambu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10a455 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a10a455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a10a522 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a10a522\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a10a69b\" data-id=\"a10a69b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10a7c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a10a7c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a10a85f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a10ab55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a10aca1\" data-id=\"a10aca1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10adac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a10adac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a10b18a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a10b18a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a10b2e6\" data-id=\"a10b2e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10b409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a10b409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a10b4a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a10b4a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a10b5f5\" data-id=\"a10b5f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10b6fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a10b6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a113726 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a113726\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a113933\" data-id=\"a113933\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a113a78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a113a78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Economic Conditions of Communities in The Post-Natural Disaster Relocation: Case of Permanent Residence of Tondo and Duyu Villages<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Edhi Taqwa, Muslimin, Nudiatulhuda Mangun, Elimawaty Rombe, Maskuri Sutomo &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 191-200<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a113b2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a113b2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a113ccd\" data-id=\"a113ccd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a113e0f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a113e0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The research aims to Analyze changes in socio-economic conditions experienced by residents in the Permanent Housing area (Huntap) Tondo and Huntap Duyu, Analyze socio-economic activities needed by Huntap residents, Knowing and analyzing which parties are dominant in the recovery of socio-economic conditions in the Huntap area. The data used in this study is in the form of primary data sourced from 60 respondents consisting of 30 respondents residing in the Huntap Tondo area and 30 respondents residing in the Huntap Duyu area. In addition to the 60 respondents in this study also conducted interviews with Community Leaders, village head, Entrepreneurs, Employees of Zhu Chi Buddhist Foundation, and the State Civil Apparatus located in the Huntap Tondo and Huntap Duyu areas which amounted to 9 respondents. Analytical methods used Descriptive analysis through qualitative and quantitative approaches used to explain the activities of people living in the Huntap area from social and economic aspects, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), used to determine priority socio-economic activities and the dominant party in establishing social economic conditions in the Huntap region. The results showed that the disaster of September 28, 2018 has negatively impacted the social and economic conditions of affected communities living in the Huntap area characterized by deteriorating family member education, loss of some family members, increasing erratic types of work, decreased income, decreased quality of residence, and reduced property ownership. People affected by disasters living in the Huntap area still need the construction\/arrangement of housing, living costs, and job opening, with priorities in order of need: job opening, cost of living assistance, followed by residential development. The parties who play the most role in the development\/recovery of economic and social conditions in the Huntap region respectively are the government sector, private sector\/entrepreneurs, and followed by Non Governmental Organization.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 191-200\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6308\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6308<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edhi Taqwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics and Development Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business Tadulako University <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muslimin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Faculty of Economics and Business Tadulako University <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nudiatulhuda Mangun<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics and Development Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business Tadulako University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elimawaty Rombe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Faculty of Economics and Business Tadulako University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maskuri Sutomo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management Faculty of Economics and Business Tadulako University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\nBooks:\r\n[1] Arikunto (2010), Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.\r\n[2] Faris Alfadh,Muhammad (2013), NGO Diplomacy: Peran Organisasi Non-Pemerintah dalam Memberikan Perlindungan Terhadap Pekerja Migran di Malaysia, Interdependence Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, Jurnal Interdepedence, vol 1, no.2, Mei-Agustus.\r\n[3] Gunawan, Heri (2017), Pendidikan Karakter Konsep dan Implementasi, Alfabeta, Bandung.\r\n[4] Marsono (2014), Penggunaan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dalam Penelitian, In Media, Bogor.\r\n[5] Mutawadia (2016), Peran Pemerintah dalam Perluasan Lapangan Kerja Kota Makassar, Skripsi, Program Studi Ilmu Administrasi Negara Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Poliitik Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Makassar.\r\n[6] Nasution, M. 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(2015), Kajian Kerentanan Sosial dan Ekonomi Terhadap Bencana Banjir (Studi Kasus Wilayah Pesisir Kota Pekalongan), Jurnal Teknik PWK Vol.4 No.4, online: http:\/\/ e journal- S1.undip.ac.id\/index.php\/pwk\r\n[6] Isnaini, Dian (2019), Analisis Dampak Perkembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pasca Disaster Tsunami di Provinsi Aceh, Skripsi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan.\r\n[7] Kirchberger, M., (2017), Natural Disasters and Labor Markets, Journal of Development Economic, Volume 125, March 2017, Pages 40-58.\r\n[8] Louw, E., Olanrewaju, C.C.,Olanrewaju O.A., Chitakira, M., (2019), Impacts of Flood Disasters iin Nigeria: a Critical Evaluation of Health Implications and Management, Journal of Disaster Risk Studes, Vol.11 No.1\r\n[9] Marin G., Modica, M., (2017), Socio-Economic Exposure to Natural Disasters, Environmental Impact Assessment Vol 64, May 2017, Pages 57 &#8211; 66\r\n[10] Muttalib, A., Mashur (2019), Analisis Dampak Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Pasca Bencana Gempa Bumi di Kabupaten Lombot Utara (KLU), Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education Vol.5 No. 2.\r\n[11] Rudiarto, I., Pamungkas D., Anisa H., Adam K. (2016), Kerentanan Sosio-Ekonomi Terhadap Paparan Bencana Banjir dan Rob di Pedesaan Pesisir Kabupaten Demak, Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, Vol. 4 No.3, 153-170\r\n[12] Smiley, K.T., Howell, J., Elliott J.R., (2018), Disasters, local organizations, and poverty in the USA, 1998 to 2015 Population and Environment 40, 115 -135\r\n[13] So, Emily and Platt, Stephen (2014), Eartquakes and their Socio-Economic Consequences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom\r\n[14] Sriyanti R. (2011), Kondisi Seismisitas dan Dampaknya untuk Kota Palu, Infrastruktur Vol. 1 No. 2\r\n[15] Wetebosssy A.Y. S. (2001), Strategi Adaptasi Ekologi dan Sosial Ekonomi Rumah Tangga Masyarakat Korban Bencana Alam Tsunami Peserta Program Resettlement di RW Angkasa Mulyono Kelurahan Amban Kecamatan Manokwari Kabupaten Manokwari, Skripsi, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Negeri Papua\r\n[16] Yulianto, Ade; (2015), Strategi Adaptasi Sosial dan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pasca Bencana (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Kampung Trangkil Baru Kelurahan Sukorejo Kecamatan Gunung Pati Kota Semarang Pasca Bencana Alam Tanah Longsor Tahun 2014), Skripsi Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang.\r\n[17] Zein, C.A., Nababan, M., Wahyuni, A.R., Suryandari, D. (2014), Penilaian Dampak Bencana Alam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Wilayah Jangka Pendek (Studi Kasus: Provinsi Sumatra Barat Pasca Bencana Gempa Bumi Tahun 2009), Resilience Development Initiative, Working Paper Series No. 12.\r\n[18] BPS (2019), Kecamatan Mantikulore Dalam Angka, Kota Palu\r\n[19] BPS (2020), Kecamatan Tatanga Dalam Angka, Kota Palu\r\n[20] BPS (2019), Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah\r\n[21] BPS (2019), Sulawesi Tengah Dalam Angka, Sulawesi Tengah\r\n[22] Anonimous (2018), Kajian Gempa Palu Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah 28 September 2018 (M 7,4), Pusat Studi Gempa Nasional (Pusben).\r\n[23] Anonimous (2020), Dokumen Rencana Pengadaan Tanah Pembangunan Hunian Tetap Kawasan Kelurahan Duyu Kecamatan Tatanga Kota Palu, Pemerintah Kota Palu Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah.\r\n[24] Anonimous (1992), Undang-Undang-RI Nomor 4 Tentang Perumahan dan Permukiman, Jakarta https:\/\/www.britannica,com\r\n[25] https:\/\/www.kompasiana.com\/welly_yusup\/5520f0a2a333116d4946cf8f\/kebutuhan-fisiologis-\r\n[26] http:\/\/katalog.pdii.lipi.go.id\/index.php\/searchkatalog\/downloadDatabyId\/6787\/6788.pdf (Negara &amp; Masyarakat Dalam Resolusi Konflik: Sebuah catatan penutup)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Edhi Taqwa, Muslimin, Nudiatulhuda Mangun, Elimawaty Rombe, Maskuri Sutomo, &#8220;Social Economic Conditions of Communities in The Post-Natural Disaster Relocation: Case of Permanent Residence of Tondo and Duyu Villages&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.191-200 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6308<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/191-200.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-economic-conditions-of-communities-in-the-post-natural-disaster-relocation-case-of-permanent-residence-of-tondo-and-duyu-villages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Social Economic Conditions of Communities in The Post-Natural Disaster Relocation: Case of Permanent Residence of Tondo and Duyu Villages<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a114c51 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a114c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1155b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a115659 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a115659\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1157a6\" data-id=\"a1157a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1158da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1158da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a115979 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a115979\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a115ac5\" data-id=\"a115ac5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a115bd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a115bd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a115c6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a115c6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a115ddb\" data-id=\"a115ddb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a115ee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a115ee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a115ff9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a115ff9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a116322\" data-id=\"a116322\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a116555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a116555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Neurotic Personality Traits: Prevalence of domestic abuse among inmates in prisons in Kiambu County, Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Harun Issack Hassan, Dr. Mokua Gilbert Maroko, Dr. Jane Karimi &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 201-205<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1166b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1166b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1169b3\" data-id=\"a1169b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a116ddd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a116ddd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The prevalence of domestic abuse in Kenya is about 39% and is heavily exacerbated by issues such as the individuals\u2019 personality traits and their past experiences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of neurotic personality traits on domestic abuse among prisoners convicted for domestic abuse in prisons in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study used both correlational and phenomenological research designs. The target population was 10,334 inmates convicted of domestic related crimes with a sample size of 370. From the findings the respondents who were more confident, resilient, and secure and the type of physical abuse they perpetrated, 28.8% indicated physical abuse, 21.2% indicated sexual abuse, 16.0% indicated financial abuse, and 17.9% indicated emotional abuse while 16.0% were not sure. This study concluded that prevalence of domestic abuse is determined by neurotic personality traits. An implication of this finding is discussed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 201-205\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6309\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6309<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harun Issack Hassan <\/strong>\r\nMount Kenya University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mokua Gilbert Maroko <\/strong>\r\nMount Kenya University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jane Karimi <\/strong>\r\nMount Kenya University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aphane, M. P., &amp; Mofokeng, J. T. (2018). An analysis of attitudes and perceptions of domestic violence against women in rural areas of Lepelle-nkumpi municipality, Limpopo province. The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 10(1), 189\u2013204.\r\n[2] Baryshnikov, I., Joffe, G., Koivisto, M., Melartin, T., Aaltonen, K., Suominen, K., &#8230; &amp; Isomets\u00e4, E. (2017). Relationships between self-reported childhood traumatic experiences attachment style, neuroticism and features of borderline personality disorders in patients with mood disorders. Journal of affective disorders, 210, 82-89.\r\n[3] Chiang, L., Howard, A., &amp; Mwangi, M. (2018). Cycle of violence among young Kenyan women: The link between childhood violence and adult physical intimate partner violence in a population-based survey. Child Abuse Negl., 84(1), 45\u201352.\r\n[4] Dako-Gyeke, P., Addo-Lartey, A. A., Ogum Alangea, D., Sikweyiya, Y., Chirwa, E. D., Coker-Appiah, D., Jewkes, R., &amp; Adanu, R. M. K. (2019). \u2018Small small quarrels bring about happiness or love in the relationships\u2019: Exploring community perceptions and gendered norms contributing to male perpetrated intimate partner violence in the Central Region of Ghana. PloS One, 14(11), e0225296.\r\n[5] Dworkin, S., Gandhi, M., &amp; Passano, P. (Eds.). (2017). Women\u2019s empowerment and global health: A twenty-first-century agenda. Univ of California Press.\r\n[6] Gubi, D., Nansubuga, E., &amp; Wandera, S. O. (2020). Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among Married Women in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Survey.\r\n[7] Homa, S., Alsadat, S. M., and Leili, P. (2017). The role of dehumanization in the incidence of spouse abuse from the perspective of female victims of domestic abuse: a qualitative study. Community Health 4, 179\u2013189.\r\n[8] Khattak, M. N., Khan, M. B., Fatima, T., &amp; Shah, S. Z. A. (2019). The underlying mechanism between perceived organizational injustice and deviant workplace behaviours: Moderating role of personality traits. Asia Pacific Management Review, 24(3), 201- 211.\r\n[9] Laisser, R. M., Nystr\u00f6m, L., Lindmark, G., Lugina, H. I., &amp; Emmelin, M. (2011). Screening of women for intimate partner violence: A pilot intervention at an outpatient department in Tanzania. Global Health Action, 4(1), 7288.\r\n[10] Masinjila, M., &amp; Tuju, M. (2016). Reducing vulnerability to sexual and gender-based violence in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Collaborative Centre for Gender and Development.\r\n[11] Memiah, P., Ah Mu, T., Prevot, K., Cook, C. K., Mwangi, M. M., Mwangi, E. W., &#8230; &amp; Biadgilign, S. (2018). The prevalence of intimate partner violence, associated risk factors, and other moderating effects: Findings from the Kenya National Health Demographic Survey. Journal of interpersonal violence, 0886260518804177.\r\n[12] Motevaliyan, S. M., Yaacob, S. N., Juhari, R., Mansor, M., Dokoushkani, F., &amp; Watson, P. J. (2017). Associations of personality traits and childhood insult experience with perceived husbands\u2019 psychological aggression among Iranian women. Journal of family violence, 32(4), 461-470.\r\n[13] Soto, C. J. (2016). Five-factor model of personality. In S. K. Whitbourne, Vol. 2, pp. 506-510 (pp. Vol. 2, pp. 506-510). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.\r\n[14] WHO. (2017, November 29). Violence against women. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-women\r\n[15] Williams, T. F., &amp; Simms, L. J. (2018). Personality traits and maladaptively: Unipolarity versus bipolarity. Journal of personality, 86(5), 888-901\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Harun Issack Hassan, Dr. Mokua Gilbert Maroko, Dr. Jane Karimi &#8220;Neurotic Personality Traits: Prevalence of domestic abuse among inmates in prisons in Kiambu County, Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.201-205 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6309<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/201-205.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/neurotic-personality-traits-prevalence-of-domestic-abuse-among-inmates-in-prisons-in-kiambu-county-kenya\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Neurotic Personality Traits: Prevalence of domestic abuse among inmates in prisons in Kiambu County, Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a11866d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a11866d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a11873e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a11873e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1188bd\" data-id=\"a1188bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1189db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1189db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a118a84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a118a84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a118bd0\" data-id=\"a118bd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a118ce0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a118ce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a118d7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a118d7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a118ecd\" data-id=\"a118ecd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a118fdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a118fdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a119081 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a119081\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1191c7\" data-id=\"a1191c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1192d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1192d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a119372 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a119372\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1194bc\" data-id=\"a1194bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1195c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1195c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a119667 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a119667\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1197a9\" data-id=\"a1197a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1198b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1198b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a119954 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a119954\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a119abd\" data-id=\"a119abd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a119bcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a119bcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers Preparedness in Implementation of Alternative Assessment in Primary Schools within the Competency Based Education System of Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pius M. Mutiso (M.Ed.), Karen T. Odhiambo (Ph.D.)- March 2022- Page No.: 206-217<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a119c72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a119c72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a119e03\" data-id=\"a119e03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a119f40 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a119f40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe aim of the study was to evaluate teachers\u2019 preparedness for the implementation of alternative assessment in primary schools in Kenya. The location for the research was Matungulu Sub-County in Machakos County in Kenya. The survey design was adapted in the study. The study was guided by three objectives, which aimed at determining teachers\u2019 knowledge and skills for the implementation of alternative assessment (AA), application of alternative assessment strategies at classroom level and teachers\u2019 perception for the implementation of AA. The study involved 32-schools with 32 Grade-3 teachers as respondents. Qualitative method was applied using questionnaires. Findings indicated that grade three teachers had insufficient knowledge and skills hampering practice. However, they tend to lean towards traditional assessment strategies. Further, the findings revealed that grade three teachers had near positive verses negative perception towards implementation of AA. This may mean that teachers will be ready for the changing learning landscape towards competency-based education. The teacher\u2019s perception levels reveal an acceptable but not optimum level of readiness to manage education process within a self-regulated learning whose focus is on development of thinking skills more so critical thinking. The findings are supported by the fact that that the three predictor variables had a positive and significant association with implementation of alternative assessment as denoted by their beta coefficients of 0.727, 0.709 and 0.641 respectively, with all having p values &lt; 0.05. On this basis, it could be concluded that since perception is shaped by belief and experience, then the experience of teacher could be regarded as meaningful regarding AA. This can then be said to be tangible and not implied. In terms of knowledge and skills, there is an element of knowledge however, key issues are below threshold such as knowledge of portfolio and confidence in suing AA. At the same time there could be a challenge for both teachers and learners in finding their reserve to flourish as they regulate their roles thus deeming the desire to be autonomous in learners learning and as critical thinkers. There is need for further training and getting all to know and understand their perception. The end result for education researchers is to build a theoretical basis for describing educational dispositions on alternative assessment practice. The results do not provide a trend or pattern. Thus, the proposal for further research and thought in this area as the literature is also not conclusive.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 206-217\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6310<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pius M. Mutiso (M.Ed.) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Karen T. Odhiambo (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ausubel, D.P. (1960). The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 267-272.\r\n[2] Albert, P.K. (2015). 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Factors affecting EFL teachers\u2019 classroom assessment practices of young language learners (PhD thesis, The University of Iowa, U.S.).\r\n[38] Yu-Ching, C. (2008). Elementary school EFL teachers\u2019 beliefs and practices of multiple assessments. Reflections on English Language Teaching, 7(1), 37-62.\r\n[39] Valencia, S. W. 1998. Literacy portfolios in action. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.\r\n[40] Hilgaid, E. (1964). Theories of learning and instruction. New York: Chicago University Press.\r\n[41] Vaden-Goad, R. (2009). Leveraging Summative Assessment for Formative Purposes. College Teaching, 57(3), 153-155.\r\n[42] Popham, W. (2009). Assessment literacy for teachers: Faddish or fundamental? Theory into Practice, 48, 4-11.\r\n[43] O\u2019Leary, M. (2006). Towards a balanced assessment system for Irish primary and secondary schools. Oideas, 52.\r\n[44] Watt, H. (2005). Attitudes to the use of alternative assessment methods in Mathematics: A study with secondary mathematics teachers in Sydney, Australia. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 58, 21-44.\r\n[45] Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.\r\n[46] Zhou, M., &amp; Brown, D. (Eds.). (2017). Educational learning theories. Retrieved from [link]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pius M. Mutiso (M.Ed.), Karen T. Odhiambo (Ph.D.), &#8220;Teachers Preparedness in Implementation of Alternative Assessment in Primary Schools within the Competency Based Education System of Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.206-217 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6310 <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/206-217.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-preparedness-in-implementation-of-alternative-assessment-in-primary-schools-within-the-competency-based-education-system-of-kenya\/ target=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Teachers Preparedness in Implementation of Alternative Assessment in Primary Schools within the Competency Based Education System of Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a12d4b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a12d4b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a12d594 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a12d594\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a12d731\" data-id=\"a12d731\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-a12dd5e\" data-id=\"a12dd5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a12de6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a12de6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a12df0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a12df0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a12e059\" data-id=\"a12e059\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a12e15e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a12e15e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a12e203 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a12e203\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a12e348\" data-id=\"a12e348\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a12e451 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a12e451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a12e4eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a12e4eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a12e633\" data-id=\"a12e633\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13481d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a13481d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a134966 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a134966\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a134b65\" data-id=\"a134b65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a134ca5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a134ca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Tsangaya Education System on the Development of Arabic Language in Zamfara State: A Study of Some Selected Tsangaya Schools in Gusau Town<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Sirajo Muhammad Sokoto, Dr. Abubakar Adamu Masama, Dr. Bello Muhammad &amp; Dr. Murtala Marafa &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 218-223<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a134d57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a134d57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a134eef\" data-id=\"a134eef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13503b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a13503b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Tsangaya system of education is a programme designed to cater for the Almajirai\/students who are out-of-school not only in Zamfara State, but also throughout northern Nigeria. The programme is aimed at integrating traditional Qur\u2019anic Schools and western education under Universal Basic Education Commission. The establishment of Tsangaya or almajiri integrated education is one of the current issues that require special intervention from the governments at all levels to take measures to curtail the menace of street begging, drug abuse, child trafficking and youth in the name of pursuing Qur\u2019anic Education. The Tsangaya or almajiri (Itinerant Qur\u2019anic School Pupils) constitutes the largest group of out-of-school children in Nigeria numbering over nine (9) million children (Universal Basic Education Commission UBEC, 2010). This segment of Nigerian population poses tremendous challenges to the attainment of Education For All (EFA) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The study examines five Tsangaya schools within Gusau town whose contributions to the Arabic language cannot be over emphasized. The study also adopts both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection in order to be able gather more reliable information. It also uses both primary and secondary sources for information gathering.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 218-223\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Sirajo Muhammad Sokoto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arabic Language, Federal University Gusau<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Abubakar Adamu Masama<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arabic Language, Federal University Gusau<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Bello Muhammad<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arabic Language, Federal University Gusau<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Murtala Marafa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, Sokoto state University, Sokoto.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adam, M., Sokoto, S.M., Usman, A.I., Sarkin-kebbi, M. &amp; Sifawa, A.A. (2016). Tradition Versus Modernity: The Origin and Development of Islamiyya Schools in Sokoto State. An IBR TETFUND Research Seminar Paper. Presented at University Lecture Theatre, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. On 21st January, 2006.\r\n[2] Alkali, A. (2001, 4th October). Rescuing child beggars by reforming the Qur\u2019anic education system. News Nigeria.\r\n[3] Ifijeh, I.G. &amp; Juliana, J.I. (2013). Provision of formal education to almajiri: The role of libraries. European Scientific Journal. V 8(15), 97-108.\r\n[4] Isiaka, T. O. (2015). A pilot study of the challenges of infusing almajiri educational system into the Universal Basic Education in Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice V 6(16), 10 -16.\r\n[5] Kumolu, C. (2012, 26th April) Almajiri education: Modern gang up against ancient tradition. Vanguard News Nigeria. Retrieved on 28th Dec. 2016 from http:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2012\/04\/almajiri-education-modern-gang-up-against-ancient-tradition\/\r\n[6] Nasarawa, U.A. (2013). Attitudes of almajiri schools\u2019 proprietors\/teachers towards the integration of almajiri education in Sokoto North and South Local Governments Areas of Sokoto State. A paper presented at the 38th Annual International Conference of the Counseling Association of Nigeria held at Ibom Hall IBB Uyo.\r\n[7] Nasarawa, U.A. (2012). Integrating almajiri education for social security. A paper presented at the 36th Annual International Conference of the Counseling Association of Nigeria held at International Conference Centre Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun State.\r\n[8] Sebeine, A.I. &amp; Obeta, A.D. (2015). The almajiri school and national security: A critical analysis and social development implication. Global journal of Management and Business Research: Economics and Commerce. V 15 (5) Version 1.0.\r\n[9] Sulaiman, A.K. (2000). The almajiri phenomenon study of the youth in traditional Qur\u2019anic scholarship in Northern Nigeria. The Humanities Journal 1(1), 27-47.\r\n[10] Taiwo, F.J. (2013). Transforming the almajiri education for the benefit of the Nigerian society. Journal of Education and Social Research. V 3(9), 67-72.\r\n[11] Universal Basic Education Commission UBEC (2010). Implementation of Almajiri Education Programme by Federal Government. Almajiri Education Unit: Universal Basic Education Commission, Nigeria.\r\n[12] Yusha\u2019u, M.A., Tsafe, A.K., Babangide, S.I. and Lawal, N.I. (2013). The problems and prospect s of integrated almajiri education in Northern Nigeria. Journal of Pure and Applied ScienceV 2(3), 125-134.\r\n[13] Wike, E.N. (2013). Improving access and inclusive education in Nigeria: Update on the almajiri education programme. Presented at National Economic Council, Nigeria.\r\n[14] Zakir, A., Abubakar, U., Lawal, U.S., Imran, H., Habibu, I.T., Hassan, I.H. &amp; Harande, M.M. (2014). The practice of almajiri: Prospect and socio-medical challenges in Northern Part of Nigeria. Journal of African Studies and Development. DOI; 10~5897\/JASD2014.0273P. 128-131.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Sirajo Muhammad Sokoto, Dr. Abubakar Adamu Masama, Dr. Bello Muhammad &amp; Dr. Murtala Marafa, &#8220;Impact of Tsangaya Education System on the Development of Arabic Language in Zamfara State: A Study of Some Selected Tsangaya Schools in Gusau Town&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.218-223 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/218-223.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/218-223.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-tsangaya-education-system-on-the-development-of-arabic-language-in-zamfara-state-a-study-of-some-selected-tsangaya-schools-in-gusau-town\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Tsangaya Education System on the Development of Arabic Language in Zamfara State: A Study of Some Selected Tsangaya Schools in Gusau Town<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a135f47 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a135f47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a13669e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a13669e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a136813\" data-id=\"a136813\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13692c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a13692c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1369d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1369d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a136b25\" data-id=\"a136b25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a136c34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a136c34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a136cd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a136cd0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a136e1d\" data-id=\"a136e1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a136f5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a136f5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a136ffc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a136ffc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a137156\" data-id=\"a137156\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13726b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a13726b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a137309 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a137309\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a137447\" data-id=\"a137447\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a137551 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a137551\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1375ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1375ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a13775c\" data-id=\"a13775c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a137873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a137873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Critique of the Positivist Paradigm in Human Sciences<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jaja, Ibifuro Robert, Idoniboye, Omiete, Amadi, Cornelius Chukwudi PhD &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 224-229<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a137920 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a137920\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a137aa0\" data-id=\"a137aa0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a137d31 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a137d31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Positivism is prominent term in the human sciences due to its cherished claim of objective knowledge. However, the continuous scrutiny of our knowledge claims has shook the very foundation in which positivism stands on. The rather slow reaction of proponents of positivism to the criticisms levied on their paradigm have also truncated the development of the human sciences. This paper therefore critically appraises the positivism with the intention to make clear its strong points and pitfalls. We established the philosophical foundations of the positivist paradigm and the philosophical implication of the tenets of positivism was highlighted. The study contended that the attainment of objective knowledge and generalizable laws in the human sciences is almost impossible. In conclusion, this paper calls for the accommodation of other methodologies or paradigms in the human sciences and a reconsideration of the objective of the human sciences.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 224-229\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jaja, Ibifuro Robert<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idoniboye, Omiete<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amadi, Cornelius Chukwudi PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Amadi, F. Posthumanism and Elastic Re-articulation of Method, Methodology and Data. 2019, Unpublished Paper\r\n[2] Crotty, M. The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and perspective in the research process London: Sage Publications, 2002.\r\n[3] Dowding, K. Model or Metaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy of Network Approach. Political Studies,1995, Vol. 45, Issue.\r\n[4] Eboh, M. P. Philosophic Thought &amp;Gynist Deconstruction of Gender. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers International Ltd. 2015.\r\n[5] Feigl, H. Positivism. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/positivism accessed July 16, 2020.\r\n[6] Fs.blog, Francis Bacon and the Four Idols of the Mind. 2016, https:\/\/fs.blog\/2016\/05\/francis bacon-four-idols-mind\/Accessed 18 July, 2020\r\n[7] Jason, L. What is psychology\u201fs greatest achievement? Blog.oup, 2014, https:\/\/blog.oup.com\/2014\/12\/psychologys-greatest-achievement\/Accessed 17 July, 2020.\r\n[8] Marsh, D. and Stoker, G., eds. Theory and Methods in Political Science, 2ndedn Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.\r\n[9] Mcleod, S. Karl Popper &#8211; Theory of Falsification simplypsychology.org, 2017, https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/Karl-Popper.html accessed July 16, 2020.\r\n[10] Newman, W. L. Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches 7thed. Edinburgh: Pearson Educational Limited, 2014.\r\n[11] Outhwaite, R.W. Positivism: Sociological. Researchgate.net, n.d., https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/304193 463_Positivism_Sociological\/link\/5a2e62260f7e9b63e53d6795\/download.accessed July 16, 2020\r\n[12] Popper, K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books. 1959.\r\n[13] Rasheed, R. Ten famous psychology achievements. Thecompleteuniversityguide.co.2020, https:\/\/www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk\/student-advice\/what-to-study\/ten-famouspsychology-achievements. Accessed 17 July, 2020\r\n[14] Shea, Brendan. Karl Popper: Philosophy of Science. Researchgate.net, 2016, https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/29991943\r\n[15] Karl popper philosophy of science accessed July 16, 2020\r\n[16] UKEssays. November 2018. Advantages and Disadvantages of Positivism. [online]. 2018, https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/sociology\/advantages-disadvantages-positivism- 9924.php?vref=1 Accessed 20 July 2020\r\n[17] Zammito, J. H. (2004) A Nice Derangement of Epistemes: Post-positivism in the study of Science from Quine to Latour. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jaja, Ibifuro Robert, Idoniboye, Omiete, Amadi, Cornelius Chukwudi PhD , &#8220;A Critique of the Positivist Paradigm in Human Sciences&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.224-229 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/224-229.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/224-229.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-critique-of-the-positivist-paradigm-in-human-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Critique of the Positivist Paradigm in Human Sciences<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a138b46 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a138b46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a138c13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a138c13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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data-id=\"a139249\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a139396\" data-id=\"a139396\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1394a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1394a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a13953e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a13953e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1515c8\" data-id=\"a1515c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a15176d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a15176d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a151835 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a151835\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1519b4\" data-id=\"a1519b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a151ad0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a151ad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a151b79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a151b79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a151cdd\" data-id=\"a151cdd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a151dee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a151dee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a151e95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a151e95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a152102\" data-id=\"a152102\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a152248 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a152248\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Facility dose reference levels for radiation doses for paediatric head CT examination at Moi teaching and referral hospital<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tima Nassir, Onditi Elias, Festus Njuguna, Jack Odunga &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 230-234<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1523c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1523c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a15256e\" data-id=\"a15256e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1526a6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a1526a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Objective: To establish facility dose reference levels for radiation doses for paediatric head CT examination at Moi teaching and referral hospital.\r\nMethods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study done at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. A total number of 127 patients aged between 0 to 15years were recruited into the study using systematic sampling technique. Data was collected from the Computed tomography console and estimated effective dose calculated. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analysis was done using T-test to test for association between the dependent and independent variables between the groups. Pearson correlation coefficient and scatter plots were used to describe the relationship between the radiation doses, age and Body Mass Index. A P value of &lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.\r\nResults: The mean age for the participants studied was 5.21years. The most common indication for Computed tomography was hydrocephalus (24%). The average Computed Tomography Dose Index, Dose Length Product and effective dose was 32.84 mGy, 1006.1 mGy.cm and 4.01mSv respectively.\r\nThe Facility reference level was set as the median value for CTDIVOL, DLP and effective dose at 36.5mGy, 850.6mGy.cm and 3.75mSv respectively.\r\nConclusion: Computed Tomography Dose Index of the patients are within normal parameters with other places in the world. The Dose Length Product and effective dose are within range with the ones of National Diagnostic Reference Level for Kenya but higher than others countries such as Turkey. There was statistically significant correlation between age and effective dose.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 230-234\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tima Nassir <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Radiology and Imaging, Moi University School of Medicine<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onditi Elias<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Radiology and Imaging, Moi University School of Medicine<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Festus Njuguna<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jack Odunga<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Reproductive Health, Moi University School of Medicine<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Meyer S, Groenewald WA, Pitcher RD. Diagnostic reference levels in low-and middle-income countries: Early \u201caLARAm\u201d bells? Acta Radiologica. 2017;58(4):442-8.\r\n[2] Vassileva J, Rehani MM, Applegate K, Ahmed NA, Al-Dhuhli H, Al-Naemi HM. IAEA survey of paediatric computed tomography practice in 40 countries in Asia, Europe, Latin America and Africa: procedures and protocols. European radiology. 2013;23(3):623-31.\r\n[3] Oduko J, Young K, editors. Patient dose survey of mammography systems in the UK in 2013\u20132015. International Workshop on Breast Imaging; 2016: Springer.\r\n[4] Hayton A, Wallace A, Marks P, Edmonds K, Tingey D, Johnston P. Australian diagnostic reference levels for multi detector computed tomography. Australasian physical &amp; engineering sciences in medicine. 2013;36(1):19-26.\r\n[5] Vawda Z, Pitcher R, Akudugu J, Groenewald W. Diagnostic reference levels for paediatric computed tomography. SA Journal of Radiology. 2015;19(2).\r\n[6] Korir GK, Wambani JS, Korir IK, Tries MA, Boen PK. National diagnostic reference level initiative for computed tomography examinations in Kenya. Radiation protection dosimetry. 2016;168(2):242-52.\r\n[7] Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2012;380(9840):499-505.\r\n[8] Brenner DJ, Eric J. Hall.&#8221; Computed tomography\u2014an increasing source of radiation exposure.&#8221;. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(22):2277-84.\r\n[9] Brody AS, Frush DP, Huda W, Brent RL. the AAP Section of Radiology. Radiation risk to children from CT imaging. Pediatrics. 2007;120:677-82.\r\n[10] Al-Rammah TY. CT radiation dose awareness among paediatricians. Italian journal of pediatrics. 2016;42(1):1-6.\r\n[11] Strauss KJ, Goske MJ, Kaste SC, Bulas D, Frush DP, Butler P, et al. Image gently: ten steps you can take to optimize image quality and lower CT dose for pediatric patients. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2010;194(4):868-73.\r\n[12] Muhammad NA, Abdul Karim MK. Diagnostic Reference Level of Radiation Dose and Image Quality among Paediatric CT Examinations in A Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia. 2020;10(8).\r\n[13] Breiki G, Abbas Y, El-Ashry M, Diyab H. Evaluation of radiation dose and image quality for patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) examinations. 2009.\r\n[14] van der Merwe CM, Mahomed N. An audit of radiation doses received by paediatric patients undergoing computed tomography investigations at academic hospitals in South Africa. SA J Radiol. 2020;24(1):1823-.\r\n[15] Sulieman A. Establishmentof diagnostic reference levels in computed tomography for paediatric patients in Sudan: A pilot study. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2015;165.\r\n[16] Ria F, Davis JT, Solomon JB, Wilson JM, Smith TB, Frush DP, et al. Expanding the concept of diagnostic reference levels to noise and dose reference levels in CT. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2019;213(4):889-94.\r\n[17] Kritsaneepaiboon S, Trinavarat P, Visrutaratna P. Survey of pediatric MDCT radiation dose from university hospitals in Thailand: a preliminary for national dose survey. Acta radiologica. 2012;53(7):820-6.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tima Nassir, Onditi Elias, Festus Njuguna, Jack Odunga &#8220;Facility dose reference levels for radiation doses for paediatric head CT examination at Moi teaching and referral hospital&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.230-234 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/230-234.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/230-234.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/facility-dose-reference-levels-for-radiation-doses-for-paediatric-head-ct-examination-at-moi-teaching-and-referral-hospital\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Facility dose reference levels for radiation doses for paediatric head CT examination at Moi teaching and referral hospital<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a153649 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a153d6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a153eb7\" data-id=\"a153eb7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1678ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1678ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1679c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1679c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a167b77\" data-id=\"a167b77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a167cba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a167cba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a167d6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a167d6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a167ed1\" data-id=\"a167ed1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a16ee83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a16ee83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a16efae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a16efae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a16f15f\" data-id=\"a16f15f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a16f28b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a16f28b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a16f330 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a16f330\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a16f4b2\" data-id=\"a16f4b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a16f5d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a16f5d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Input Analysis of Strategic Management Approach to Organizing Adult Literacy Programme in Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emoruwa Felix Oladapo Ph.D, Erinsakin Martins Ph.D- March 2022- Page No.: 235-239<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a16f67b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a16f67b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a16f7fa\" data-id=\"a16f7fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a16f92d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a16f92d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe implementation of the adult literacy programme is to make adults become literate. However, the organization of the programme is faced with many challenges; thus the need for this study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised personnel of the Adult Literacy Programme in Ondo State, Nigeria. The sample size of the study was forty six (46) respondents, selected through a purposive simple random sampling technique. An instrument developed by the researcher, titled \u201cquestionnaire on input analysis of strategic management approach in adult literacy programme was used to collect data. It was fashioned on four likert rating scales. The research instrument was validated through the use of the test-retest method with the outcome of 0.73 coefficient reliability obtained. Findings showed that effective planning and goals could be achieved through a strategic management approach. Based on this finding, recommendations were made that; managers of the programme should be well trained in the use of strategic management approach and always use it when handling the programme in order to achieve the goals of the programme, increase productivity, efficiency and effectiveness in the organisation of Adult literacy programme.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 235-239\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emoruwa Felix Oladapo Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Erinsakin Martins Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Adeyemi Federal University of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akintayo, M.O. &amp; Oghenekohwo, J.E (2003). Cooprate strategies for policy formulation and planning in organization mimeograph.\r\n[2] Alaneme, E (2010). Nigeria: E-9 ministerial meeting in Abuja. Lagos: Daily Champion Publication.\r\n[3] Ani, R.O. (2003). An introductory approach to the study of adult education. Onitsha. Dongainbad Communication.\r\n[4] Chieke, J.C, Madu, C.O &amp; Ewelum, J.N (2017). Adult literacy: the Nigerian perspective. Asian Journal of Educational Research\r\n[5] David, F. (2012). Strategic management: concepts and cases (13th ed.) New Jersey: Practice Hall.\r\n[6] Esmaeli, M., Mohammed, Z, Yarahmadzehi, H. &amp; Abtin, A. (2013). Strategic management practices in the local authorities: Factors associated with adoption of strategic management in the local authority. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5 (3).\r\n[7] Erastus A (2010). Nigeria: E-9 ministerial meeting in Abuja. Lagos: Daily Champion Newspaper. 21 June, 2010.\r\n[8] Igbo, R.O. (2008). Contemporary adult education: An inclusive approach. Enugu: CIDJAP Printing Press.\r\n[9] Imel, S.H. (1985). Adult literacy education: overview Eric Digest No. 40.\r\n[10] Linda, T. &amp; Mekhala, R. (2022). Strategic management.\r\n[11] Mintzberg, H. (2003). The strategIC process: concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed.) New York:. Prentice Hakk Publishing.\r\n[12] Muchira W.N (2003). Relationship between strategic implementation on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Retrieved on January 25th, 2022, from http:chss.uon.ac.ke\/sites\/default\/files)chs\/\r\n[13] Niels-Hugo, B. (2017). Adult literacy programme in developing countries. Washington and Lee University, USA, and IZA, Germany.\r\n[14] Nkemchor, E.M. &amp; Ezeanolue, E.T. (2021). Effect of strategic management on organizational performance in tertiary institution in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Social Science and Humanities Research 9 (3): 75-89.\r\n[15] Nzeneri, I.S. &amp; Ogili, E. (2000). \u201cFunctional literacy and development. The relevance of local authorities in Nigeria\u201d. Journal of Empirical Studies in Psychology and Edcuation (NYAESPE), 1 (3).\r\n[16] Pearce, J.A. &amp; Robinson, R.B (2013). Strategic management: planning for domestic and glibal competition (13th ed). New York: Mcgraw-Hill Irwin.\r\n[17] Sarumi, A.A (2000). Introduction to history of adult education in Nigeria (1st ed). Ibadan: Gift Communication Publishing House.\r\n[18] Sarumi, A.A (2001). Contemporary issues in historical foundations of adult education. Ibadan: University Press.\r\n[19] Samad, S, Yusuf, Y.M, Ahmed, A &amp; Yakimbi, M (2015). Modelling strategic management planning, transformational leadership and organizational performance: The integration of strategic management theories. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9 94-99\r\n[20] St \u2013 Hilaire, W.G.A (2011). \u201cEmpirical evaluation test of the strategic planning process on the overall performance of the company\u201d. Global Journal of Management and Business Research. 11 (1). 41-50.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emoruwa Felix Oladapo Ph.D, Erinsakin Martins Ph.D, &#8220;Input Analysis of Strategic Management Approach to Organizing Adult Literacy Programme in Ondo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.235-239 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/235-239.pdf <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/235-239.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/input-analysis-of-strategic-management-approach-to-organizing-adult-literacy-programme-in-ondo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Input Analysis of Strategic Management Approach to Organizing Adult Literacy Programme in Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a17075e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a170b81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a170cd4\" data-id=\"a170cd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a170de1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a170de1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a170e7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a170e7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a170fd1\" data-id=\"a170fd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1710e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1710e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a17117f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a17117f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1712c8\" data-id=\"a1712c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1713d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1713d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a172327 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a172327\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1728ef\" data-id=\"a1728ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a175423 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a175423\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a17554f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a17554f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a175720\" data-id=\"a175720\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a175917 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a175917\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>In Kano State, Nigeria, The Effects of Cooperative Instructional Strategies on The Performance of Secondary School Students in Geography<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zubairu Suleiman Abubakar Ph.D, Ogunlade Bamidele Olusola Ph.D &amp; Ibrahim Bala &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 240-246<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a175a1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a175a1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a175bcf\" data-id=\"a175bcf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a175d17 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a175d17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The impacts of cooperative instructional methodologies (think-pair-share and Student Teams-Achievement Divisions) on secondary school students&#8217; performance in geography in Kano State, Nigeria were explored. The study used a pre-and post-test quasi-experimental design. A total of four intact classes from two senior secondary schools in the Nassrawa Educational Zone of Kano State, Nigeria, were used to collect data. For the study, three research questions and three hypotheses were developed. For data collection, the researcher used two instruments: the Geography pre-diagnostic test and the Geography post-diagnostic test. To answer research questions, mean and standard deviation were employed, and hypotheses were tested using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with pre-test scores as covariates to correct for the sample&#8217;s baseline differences. A partial eta squared value of 0.017 suggested a substantial association between the pre-test and post-test scores on the Geography Performance Test. The findings showed that therapy had a significant negative impact on students&#8217; performance (t(93) =-0.633, p=0.528) and (t(93) = 1.415, p=0.160).Based on the findings, it was suggested that geography teachers engage in collaboration in which students are held accountable for each other&#8217;s achievements. There are no gender differences between the two tactics. Students who were taught using the think-pair-share and student team accomplishment division methodologies outperformed those who were taught using the traditional method.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 240-246\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zubairu Suleiman Abubakar Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundation and Curriculum ABU, Zaria, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogunlade Bamidele Olusola Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Technology, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science, and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibrahim Bala<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Technology, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science, and Technology, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdul, J.N. (2007). Effect of fieldwork on students\u2019 achievement in environmental Education content in senior secondary school geography (unpublished) Master Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[2] Abidoye, J.A. &amp; Oguniyi, S.O. (2012). Availability and utilization of instructional materials as factors of students\u2019 Academic performance in Geography in Ondo State Secondary Schools. Nigeria Journal of Research and Production.20 (1). 37-44\r\n[3] Abimbola, I.O. (2001). A Brief History of Teaching. A publication of the Department of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.\r\n[4] Adamu, I. &amp; Musa M. (2012).Influence of Grades in Mathematics on Students Skills in Financial Accounting at Federal College of Education Zaria, Nigeria VONUKLANG Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology Education.2 (1). 24-29\r\n[5] Adamu, I. &amp; Usman, M. A. (2014). Impact Appraisal of classroom Management (Attendance and Participation) on Performance of Business Education Students in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Journal of Education and practice 5(25). A publication of the International Institute for Science, Technology, and Education (IISTE), California State University, York, USA.5(25).86-92\r\n[6] Astudilo, L. &amp; Naiz, M. (2006). Reasoning strategies students use to solve stoichiometry problems and their relationship to alternative concepts, prior knowledge, and cognitive variables. Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 21(2).172 \u2013 184.\r\n[7] Baker, T. &amp; Clerk, J. (2010). Cooperative learning a double edge sword: A collaborative learning model for use with diverse student groups. Intercultural Education 21 (3) 257-260\r\n[8] Dikko, S. (2009). Creativity: A Panacea for Nigerian School Child. Journal of childhood and Primary Education 6 (2) 38-42\r\n[9] Esan, A. O. (2009). Effects of cooperative and individualistic problem-solving strategies on students learning outcomes in secondary school mathematics. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Teacher Education. University of Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n[10] Huang, Y. M., Liao Y.W. &amp; Chen, H. C. (2014). A jigsaw\u2013based cooperative learning approach to improve learning outcomes for mobile situated learning. Educational Technology &amp; Society 17 (1) 128-140\r\n[11] McKeachie, W.J. &amp; Svinikki, M. (2014) Mckiechie\u2019s Teaching Tips: Strategies Research &amp; Theory for College and University Teacher (12th Ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin\r\n[12] Ogunlade, B.O. and Ogunlade, J.O. (2018). Students\u2019 Perception on the Role of Technical and Vocational Education in Preparation for Employment in Ondo State Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Design in Technical, Vocational. Education and Training (TVET-IJORAD) Volume 2 (1) pp 216-221\r\n[13] Ogunlade, B.O. (2019) Instructional Technology an Effective Panacea for Dynamic Education Transformation in Learning: Disseminating Tools for Learning. IGI Global Publication U.S.A pgs 127-137\r\n[14] Ogunlade, B.O. and Akhigbe, O.J (2016). Social Media: A veritable tool for effective Instructional Delivery in the Tertiary Institution for sustainable National Development. Journal of Nigeria Association for Educational Media and Technology (JEMT) Vol.21 (1), pp 226-238\r\n[15] Ogunlade, B.O. (2014). Promoting Instructional Technology for Effective and Efficient Academic Performance in Nigerian Schools in Effects of Information Capitalism and Globalization on Teaching and Learning. IGI Global Publication. U.S.A pgs 48-60\r\n[16] Ogunlade, B.O. (2019) Instructional Technology an Effective Panacea for Dynamic Education Transformation in Learning: Disseminating Tools for Learning. IGI Global Publication U.S.A pgs. 127-137\r\n[17] Olowoyeye, G.B., Ogunlade, B.O. (2015). Instructional Materials and Ubiquitous Computing Technology: The Strong Bonds to Effective Learning in Nigerian Secondary Education. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, 3 (8), 92-101\r\n[18] Omoshehin, M. F. (2004). Effects of a training program in cooperative learning of pre-service teachers \u2018classroom practice and pupils&#8217; learning outcomes in social studies. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Teacher Education. University of Ibadan, Ibadan.\r\n[19] Sare, S. &amp; Yasemin, K. (2013). Effects of Think-Pair-Share technique on mathematics self-efficacy Perception of Seventh-grade primary school students.5th world conference on educational sciences WCES 2013 in the Pro-social and behavioral sciences. 116,332-338. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com on 16 June 2017\r\n[20] Woolfolk, A. (2011). Educational psychology: Active Learning Edition, 11th ed. Boston: Allyn &amp; Bacon.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zubairu Suleiman Abubakar Ph.D, Ogunlade Bamidele Olusola Ph.D &amp; Ibrahim Bala, &#8220;In Kano State, Nigeria, The Effects of Cooperative Instructional Strategies on The Performance of Secondary School Students in Geography&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.240-246 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/240-246.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/240-246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/in-kano-state-nigeria-the-effects-of-cooperative-instructional-strategies-on-the-performance-of-secondary-school-students-in-geography\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>In Kano State, Nigeria, The Effects of Cooperative Instructional Strategies on The Performance of Secondary School Students in Geography<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a176bf5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a176bf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a176cd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a176cd0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a176e3f\" data-id=\"a176e3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a176f54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a176f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a176ff0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a176ff0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a177145\" data-id=\"a177145\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a177254 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a177254\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1772ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1772ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a17743b\" data-id=\"a17743b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a177541 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a177541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1775e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1775e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a177725\" data-id=\"a177725\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a177833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a177833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1778cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1778cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1937f3\" data-id=\"a1937f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1939d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1939d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a193aaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a193aaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a193c39\" data-id=\"a193c39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a193d63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a193d63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a193e0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a193e0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a193f8d\" data-id=\"a193f8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19409e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a19409e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Family Structure on Household Economy in Malawi: A Case of Chinsapo 2 and Area 49, an Urban Setting in Lilongwe City in Malawi<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lovemore G. Mwanandi and Cherrie Mwanandi &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 247-260<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a194148 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a194148\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1942d7\" data-id=\"a1942d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a194416 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a194416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study assessed the impact of family structure on household well-being using family savings, family income and food security as variables. Data was collected from 102 households and analyzed using descriptive statistics by computation of means, percentages, variances, standard deviations and frequency distributions, and inferential statistics. The results show that there is a positive relationship between family structure and household economy, and that people living in the urban are better off than those in the semi-rural or rural areas. The study further indicated that female and youth headed households or families are disadvantaged as compared to male and adult headed households or families.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 247-260\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lovemore G. Mwanandi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPrivate Industry Practioners\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cherrie Mwanandi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPrivate Industry Practioners\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Atanda, A. A., Aminu, B. S., &amp; Alimi, Y. O. (2012). The role of population on economic growth and development: evidence from developing countries.\r\n[2] Basu, K. (2016). A behavioral model of simultaneous borrowing and saving. New York: Hunter College.\r\n[3] Bogenschneider, K. N. (2010). Improving Health Care Quality While Curbing Costs: How Effective are Consumer Health Savings Accounts and Pay for Performance? Madison: USA: Meg Wall-Wild.\r\n[4] Bonke, J. (1992). Choice of Foods-Allocation of Time and Money, Houshold Production and Market Services. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.\r\n[5] Burney, N. a. (1992). Socio-economic Characteristics and Household Savings\u201d. An Analysis of Household Saving Behaviour in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 3(1), 31\u201348.\r\n[6] C. Elbers, W. C. (2004). Environmental policy, population dynamics and agglomeration.\r\n[7] Chalasani, S. M. (2012). Migration among adolescents from rural Malawi. New York: Population Council.\r\n[8] Chety, R. (2014). The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 141-147.\r\n[9] Dao, M. (2012). Population and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(1), 503-518.\r\n[10] Demuth, S. a. (2004). Family structure, Family Process and adolescent delinquency: Significance of Parental Absence versus Parental Gender. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(1), 58-81.\r\n[11] Dreze, J. a. (1997). Impact of Household Size and Family Composition on Poverty. India: University of Essex.\r\n[12] Elbers, C., &amp; Withagen, C. (2003). Environmental Policy, Population Dynamics and Agglomeration. Contributions in Economic Analysis &amp; Policy.\r\n[13] FAO. (2001, May-June). Committee on World Food security Rome. Food and Agricultural Organization, pp. 14-15.\r\n[14] FAO. (2012). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. Economic Growth is Necessary but not Sufficient to Accelerate Reduction of Hunger and Malnutrition. Rome: FAO.\r\n[15] Fruechting, P. (2014). The Subjective Well-Being of Youth Heads of Households in Rural Southern Malawi. Milwaukee: The University of Wisconsin.\r\n[16] Gorman, E. (2017). Marriage and Money: The Effect of Marital Status on Attitudes Toward Pay and Finances. Work and Occupations, 27(1), 64-88.\r\n[17] Kazianga, H. a. (2015). Norms of Allocation within Nuclear and Extended-Family Households. San Francisco: Oklahoma State University.\r\n[18] Lupton, J. a. (1999). Marriage, Assets and Savings. Michigan: University of Michigan.\r\n[19] Martin, K. S. (2004). Social Capital is Associated with Decreased Risk of Hunger. Social Science Medicine, 58(12), 2645\u20132654.\r\n[20] Mattila, P. (1999). Economic Theories of the Household: A Critical Review. Finland: The United Nations University.\r\n[21] McConnell, R. a. (2002). Economics: Principles, Problems and Policies (15th Edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.\r\n[22] Milazzo, P. A. (2015). \u201cWomen Left Behind? Poverty and Headship in Africa\u201d. Washington DC: The World Bank.\r\n[23] Miles, A., &amp; Et Al. (2013). A new model of social class? Findings from the BBC\u2019s Great British Class Survey experiment. . Sociology, 47(2), 219-250.\r\n[24] Mirza, S. (2006). Childhood Bypassed: Rwanda\u2019s Youth Headed Households. USA: The Johns Hopkins University.\r\n[25] National Statistics Office. (2018). Malawi Population and Housing Census Report.\r\n[26] NSO. (2008). 2008 Population and Housing Census. Zomba: Malawi: National Statistical Office.\r\n[27] NSO. (2016). Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015-2016. Zomba, Malawi: National Statistical Office.\r\n[28] Ntaganira, J. H. (2012). Sexual Behaviors Among Youth Heads of Household in Gikongoro, South Province of Rwanda. Kigali: National University of Rwanda.\r\n[29] Nzinyane, L. (2010). Practice Guidelines for the Integration of Child-Headed Households in South into Extended Families. Pretoria: UNISA.\r\n[30] Olayemi, A. O. (2012). Effects of Family Size on Household Food Security in Osun State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2(2), 136-141.\r\n[31] Perkins, D. R. (2001). Economics of Development (5th Edition ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company Limited.\r\n[32] Perkins, D. R. (2001). Economics of Development (5th Edition ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company Limited.\r\n[33] Pollard, A. Y. (1990). Demographic Techniques (3rd Edition ed.). Sydney: Pergamon Press.\r\n[34] Ross, C. M. (1990). The Impact of the Family on Health: The Decade in Review. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 52., 1059-1078.\r\n[35] Ross, E C; Mirowsky, J; Goldsteen, K. (1990). The impact of the family on health. The decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1059-1078.\r\n[36] Ruby, B. a. (2006). The Incidence of Extended Households among Black and White Women. Journal of family Issues, 10(1), 147-168.\r\n[37] Sabila, S. C. (2014). Factors that Influence Food Security in Rural Households of Mount Elgon Sub County, Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya: University of Nairobi.\r\n[38] Save the Children Malawi. (2008). Protecting Children in a Time of Crisis: Annual Report. USA: United Nations.\r\n[39] Shin, H. (2008). Female Headed Households, Living Arrangements and Poverty in Households. Texas: The University of Texas at Austin.\r\n[40] Sunden, A. E. (1998). Gender differences in the allocation of assets in retirement savings plans. New York: American Economic Review.\r\n[41] Thomas, A., &amp; Sawhill, I. (2005). For love and money? The impact of family structure on family income. The Future of Children, 57-74.\r\n[42] Todaro , M., &amp; Smith, S. (2012). Economic Development, Eleven Edition.\r\n[43] Todaro, M. a. (2012). Economic Development (11th Edition ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley.\r\n[44] UNFPA. (2010). Population Dynamics in the Least Developed Countries s: Challenges and Opportunities for Development and Poverty Reduction. Washington: United Nations Population Fund.\r\n[45] UNICEF Malawi. (2011). Malawi Child Protection Strategy 2012-2016. Lilongwe: Malawi: UNICEF Malawi Country Office.\r\n[46] United Nations. (2010). Bridging the urban divide. Earthscan. State of the world&#8217;s cities 2010\/2011.\r\n[47] WB. (2013). Poverty Assessment: Assessing a Decade of Progress in Reducing Poverty, 2000-2010. Dhaka: World Bank Office.\r\n[48] Wheaton, W. C. (1977). Income and Urban Residence: An Analysis of Consumer Demand for Location. The American Economic Review, 67(4), 620-631.\r\n[49] Whitney, E. a. (2008). Understanding Nutrition (12th Edition ed.). US: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lovemore G. Mwanandi and Cherrie Mwanandi, &#8220;Impact of Family Structure on Household Economy in Malawi: A Case of Chinsapo 2 and Area 49, an Urban Setting in Lilongwe City in Malawi&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.247-260 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/247-260.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/247-260.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-family-structure-on-household-economy-in-malawi-a-case-of-chinsapo-2-and-area-49-an-urban-setting-in-lilongwe-city-in-malawi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Family Structure on Household Economy in Malawi: A Case of Chinsapo 2 and Area 49, an Urban Setting in Lilongwe City in Malawi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a195219 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a195219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element-a195a7b\" data-id=\"a195a7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a195b8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a195b8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a195c24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a195c24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a195d6c\" data-id=\"a195d6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a195e97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a195e97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a195f60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a195f60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1960b7\" data-id=\"a1960b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1961bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1961bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a196265 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a196265\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1963a7\" data-id=\"a1963a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1964b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1964b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a19654c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a19654c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1966bb\" data-id=\"a1966bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1967c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1967c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Comparative Analysis of Kierkegaardian and African Existentialism<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Purissima Emelda Egbekpalu, PhD &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 261-265<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a196863 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a196863\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1969da\" data-id=\"a1969da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a196b08 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a196b08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Existentialism is a philosophical trend that concerns itself with concrete experience of man. This paper comparatively studies Kierkegaard\u2019s and African existentialism. It discovers that Western existentialism springs mainly from the notion of nothingness of human existence and man\u2019s limiting existential conditions. Kierkegaard himself emphasizes subjective existence through the challenging experiences of life as the sure way to authentic existence. On the other hand, while positioning itself in direct opposition to this pessimistic understanding of man\u2019s existence, African existentialism spices itself with optimism grounded in the understanding that man is the beauty and apex of God\u2019s creation. The paper also establishes various notions of Kierkegaard\u2019s existentialism that are comparable to that of Africans. It therefore concludes that both existential perspectives strive to understand man in his lived experiences in order to direct him towards authentic existence but from diverse points of subjective and communal life\u2019s experiences. It concludes that African existentialism offers a more balanced attitude to life through the interplay of personal and community existence. .<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 261-265\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Purissima Emelda Egbekpalu, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy, Madonna University, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Achebe C, (1959). Things Fall Apart. William Heinemann Publishers.\r\n[2] Aristotle. Politics (1998). C.D.C. Reeves (trans.), Hackett Publishing Company.\r\n[3] Broudy, H.S. (1941). Kierkegaard\u2019s Levels of Existence: Philosophical Phenomenological Research. International Phenomenological Society.\r\n[4] Edeh, M.P., (2007). Towards an Igbo Metaphysics. Loyola University Press.\r\n[5] Egbekpalu, P. (2016). Despair as a Motivating Factor for the Attainment of Genuine Selfhood and Authentic Human Existence: Kierkegaardian Perspective. SKIASON Journal of Philosophy1(1), 51-58.\r\n[6] Egbekpalu. P.E. (2021). The reality of human existence: Coping with existential conditions, pains and sufferings of life. Madonna University Press.\r\n[7] Ekwunife, A. N. O. (1990). Consecration in Igbo Traditional Religion, Snaap Press Ltd.\r\n[8] Gyekye, Kwame. (1984) Akan Concept of a Person, in Wright, Richard A.: ed., African Philosophy: An Introduction. University Press of America.\r\n[9] Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and Time. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (eds.), Harper and Row, New York.\r\n[10] Ihuah, S.A. (2022). Interrogating the Concept of Personhood in African Thought: Beyond the Communitarian Debate. Thought and Action Journal of Philosophy, 1(1), 1-21.\r\n[11] Kierkegaard, S. (1967). Journal and papers. Princeton University Press, vol. 1.\r\n[12] Kierkegaard, S. (1967). Stages on life\u2019s way. W. Lowrie (ed.), Schocken Books.\r\n[13] Kierkegaard, S. (1974). Sickness Unto Death. In: Lowrie, W. (ed.) Fear and Trembling and Sickness Unto Death, Princeton University Press.\r\n[14] Lavine, T.Z. (1984). From Socrates to Sartre: The philosophic quest. Bantam Books.\r\n[15] Metuh, E. I. (1991). African Religions in Western Conceptual Schemes: The Problem of Interpretation. IMICO Press, Nigeria.\r\n[16] Nwala, T.U (2010). Igbo philosophy: The philosophy of Igbo-speaking peoples of Nigeria.\r\n[17] Ogugua P., (2003). Igbo Understanding of Man: A Step to Understanding Igbo Metaphysics and Fostering a True Philosophy of Life. Penmark Publishers, Awka.\r\n[18] Onwu, E.N (2002). Uzo ndu na eziokwu: Towards an understanding of Igbo traditional religious life and philosophy. In: Ndigbo: A matter of identity, vol 3.\r\n[19] Onwuatuegwu, I.N (2021). An Overview of the Igbo Cosmologic-Ontological Conception and the Structure of the World: A Philosophical Reflection. International Journal of Advanced Research, 9(05), 25-30. h ttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21474\/IJAR01\/12803.\r\n[20] Palmer, D.D. (1996). Kierkegaard for beginners. Writers and Readers, Inc.\r\n[21] Pattison, G. (1999). Kierkegaard: The aesthetic and the religious. SCM- Canterbury Press Ltd.\r\n[22] Purissima, E. (2007). The Concept of Self in the thoughts of Soeren Kierkegaard. Our Saviour Press.\r\n[23] Sartre, J.P (1958). Being and Nothingness. Methuen Press.\r\n[24] Ugwu, A.K, Ozoemena, L.C and Ngwoke, H.C. (2022). A critical review of African communitarianism. Madonna University Journal of Thought and Action, 1(1), 69-79.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Purissima Emelda Egbekpalu, PhD, &#8220;A Comparative Analysis of Kierkegaardian and African Existentialism&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.261-265 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/261-265.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/261-265.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comparative-analysis-of-kierkegaardian-and-african-existentialism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Comparative Analysis of Kierkegaardian and African Existentialism<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19798b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a19798b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a197a65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a197a65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a197bf8\" data-id=\"a197bf8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a197d20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a197d20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a197dcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a197dcf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a197f2a\" data-id=\"a197f2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19803f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a19803f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1980dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1980dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1982cb\" data-id=\"a1982cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a198408 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a198408\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1984ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1984ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a19860a\" data-id=\"a19860a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19d99d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a19d99d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a19daed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a19daed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a19dca1\" data-id=\"a19dca1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19ddca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a19ddca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a19de71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a19de71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a19dfd0\" data-id=\"a19dfd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19e0dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a19e0dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a19e185 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a19e185\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a19e2ff\" data-id=\"a19e2ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19e40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a19e40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Church as A Pathway to National Rebirth in Nigeria: A Reflection on Matthew 5:13<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ogunlusi Clement Temitope (Phd) &amp; Aina Oluwatobi Opeyemi &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 266-272<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a19e4aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a19e4aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a19e64e\" data-id=\"a19e64e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a19e77e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a19e77e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The work studied how the Church could serve as a pathway to national rebirth with emphasis on Matt 5: 13-16. Using analytical and descriptive methods, the paper discussed the theological implications of the Church being salt and light in the context of Nigeria. The metaphorical parlance and symbolic understanding of these elements of light and salt both in the Biblical and social world is not only significant but instructive. For instance, salt is a sign of covenant while light is a sign of orderliness and progress. In other words, salt preserves while light is a guide and could also be a warning light. In the face of endemic corruption, bad leadership, lack of value for human life, materialism, greed, covetousness, worldly pleasure, instant glory through rituals among young people and the likes that are prevalent in contemporary Nigeria, one then wonders what impact Churches are making in the country. Jesus enjoined his followers to \u201clet their light shine before others, so that they may see their good works and give glory to the father in heaven (Matt. 5:16). The work therefore emphasized areas where the Church in Nigeria can make appreciable impacts and further explained that even though our society is corrupt and full of abominable things, the Church must be the salt and the light. This it maintains could be achieved if she retained her distinctiveness, stand for and speak out the truth, protest against folly, deceit and wickedness. The paper recommended that the Church should rise to the challenge of Matt 5:13-16 in order to achieve a successful national rebirth.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 266-272\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6311\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6311<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogunlusi Clement Temitope (Phd) <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Religious Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria\/span&gt;<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aina Oluwatobi Opeyemi<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Religious Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nReferences are not available\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogunlusi Clement Temitope (Phd) &amp; Aina Oluwatobi Opeyemi &#8220;The Church as A Pathway to National Rebirth in Nigeria: A Reflection on Matthew 5:13&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.266-272 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6311<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/266-272.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-church-as-a-pathway-to-national-rebirth-in-nigeria-a-reflection-on-matthew-513\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Church as A Pathway to National Rebirth in Nigeria: A Reflection on Matthew 5:13<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c646d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a1c646d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c6549 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c6549\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c66da\" data-id=\"a1c66da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c680a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c680a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c68b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c68b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c6a14\" data-id=\"a1c6a14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c6b25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c6b25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c6bd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c6bd0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c6d19\" data-id=\"a1c6d19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c6e2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c6e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c6ed2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c6ed2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7022\" data-id=\"a1c7022\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c7127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c71ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c71ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7318\" data-id=\"a1c7318\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c7420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c74ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c74ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7601\" data-id=\"a1c7601\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c7714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c77b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c77b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7919\" data-id=\"a1c7919\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7a2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c7a2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between Worker Participation in the Implementation of Safety Standards and Employee\u2019s Performance in Textile Manufacturing Companies in Selected Counties in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Collins N. KERAKA, Jane OMWENGA, James KILIKA, Lawrence O. Alaro- March 2022- Page No.: 273-278<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7acb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c7acb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7c4d\" data-id=\"a1c7c4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c7d7c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a1c7d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nBackground: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of workers participation in implementation of safety standards in textile manufacturing companies in Kenya. Theories that anchored the study include: Heinrich domino theory, Human factor theory, behavioral based Safety theory, system theory and social exchange theory. Methods: The target population included all the 22 textile manufacturing companies in the export processing zone. This study sampled 400 respondents and adopted a descriptive cross sectional research design. Data was collected using questionnaire and key informant\u2019s interviews and coded for computerized data entry. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential analysis which were done using statistical package for social Sciences. Inferential statistics was carried out by the use of multiple regression analysis to determine the significance of the independent variable and moderating variable in respect of employee performance in textile industries in Kenya. Hypothesis testing was carried out using t-test. Result: Inferential statistical analysis revealed that there was a correlation between worker\u2019s participation and employee performance (r = 0.701). Conclusion: The study concluded that workers participation in implementation of safety standards if properly utilized contributes to improved employee performance in textile manufacturing companies in Kenya. The study recommends that textile manufacturing companies should conduct periodic safety training and awareness of safety standards among their employees. Well-structured policies should be formulated and enforced to ensure compliance among employees. It further recommended that workers should be involved in decision making of safety standards.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 273-278\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins N. KERAKA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Recruitment Training and Development, Muranga University Technology, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jane OMWENGA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Entrepreneurship Technology Leadership and Management, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James KILIKA <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lawrence O. Alaro <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akpan, E. I. (2011). Effective safety and health management policy for improved performance of organizations in Africa. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(3), 159-165.\r\n[2] Aksorn, T., &amp; Hadikusumo, B. (2008). Critical success factors influencing safety program performance in Thai construction projects. Safety Science, 46(4), 709-727.\r\n[3] Awino, Z. B., Muturia, J. M., &amp; Oeba, L. K. (2012). Strategic planning, planning outcomes and organizational performance\u2013an empirical study of Commercial Banks in Kenya. DBA Africa Management Review, 2(3), 134-149.\r\n[4] Babbie, E. R. (2020). The practice of social research. Cengage learning.\r\n[5] Crawford, J. (2019). Employment and the Workplace Supporting Healthy Aging. In Healthy Aging (pp. 349-354). Springer, Cham.\r\n[6] De Greef, M., Van den Broek, K., (2004) Quality of the working environment and productivity: Research Findings and Case studies, European Agency for Safety and Health and Work, Belgium\r\n[7] Diefendorff, J. M., Brown, D. J., Kamin, A. M., &amp; Lord, R. G. (2002). Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. Journal of organizational behavior, 23(1), 93-108.\r\n[8] Dorman, P. (2000). The economics of safety, health, and well-being at work: an overview. Geneva: ILO.\r\n[9] Guest, D. E., Michie, J., Conway, N., &amp; Sheehan, M. (2003). Human resource management and corporate performance in the UK. British journal of industrial relations, 41(2), 291-314\r\n[10] Gunningham, N. (2008). Occupational health and safety, worker participation and the mining industry in a changing world of work. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 29(3), 336- 361.\r\n[11] Lamm, F., Massey, C., &amp; Perry, M. (2006) Is there a link between workplace health and Safety and Firm performance and productivity. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relation.Vol.32 No.1, pp 75-90\r\n[12] Leedy, P. &amp; Ormrod, J. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.\r\n[13] Mugenda, O. M., &amp; Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research Methods: Sample size determination. African Centre For Technology Studies.\r\n[14] Quinlan, M., Mayhew, C., &amp;Bohle, P. (2001). The global expansion of precarious employment, work disorganization, and consequences for occupational health: a review of recent research. International journal of health services, 31(2), 335-414.\r\n[15] Wachter, J. K., &amp; Yorio, P. L. (2014). A system of safety management practices and worker engagement for reducing and preventing accidents: An empirical and theoretical investigation. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention, 68, 117-130.\r\n[16] Williams, J. H. (2003). \u201cPeople-Based Safety: Ten Key Factors to Improve Employees\u2019 Attitudes.\u201d Professional Safety (2), 32-36.\r\n[17] Yanar, B., Kosny, A., &amp; Smith, P. (2018). Occupational health and safety vulnerability of recent immigrants and refugees. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(9), 2004\r\n[18] Zahoor, H., Chan, A. P., Utama, W. P., Gao, R., &amp; Zafar, I. (2017). Modeling the relationship between safety climate and safety performance in a developing construction industry: a cross-cultural validation study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(4), 351.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Collins N. KERAKA, Jane OMWENGA, James KILIKA, Lawrence O. Alaro, &#8220;Relationship between Worker Participation in the Implementation of Safety Standards and Employee\u2019s Performance in Textile Manufacturing Companies in Selected Counties in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.273-278 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6111<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/273-278.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-worker-participation-in-the-implementation-of-safety-standards-and-employees-performance-in-textile-manufacturing-companies-in-selected-counties-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relationship between Worker Participation in the Implementation of Safety Standards and Employee\u2019s Performance in Textile Manufacturing Companies in Selected Counties in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c8cc4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a1c8cc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c991a\" data-id=\"a1c991a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c9a93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c9a93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c9b46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c9b46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c9cbb\" data-id=\"a1c9cbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c9dd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1c9dd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1c9e8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1c9e8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1c9fef\" data-id=\"a1c9fef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ca111 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1ca111\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1ca1b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1ca1b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ca346\" data-id=\"a1ca346\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ca47c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1ca47c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of the Added Value of Arabica Coffee in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Indah Dwi Kurniawati, Sri Tjondro Winarno, Mubarokah- March 2022- Page No.: 279-282<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1ca527 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1ca527\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ca778\" data-id=\"a1ca778\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ca8e8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a1ca8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to analyze the added value of Arabica coffee in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The location determination was carried out in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency with the consideration that the research location is one of the Arabica coffee development areas in East Java Province. The population in this study consisted of group leaders, coffee farmers, coffee processors and the Department of Agriculture in Mojokerto Regency. A sample of 10 respondents from a total of 13 respondents was taken using a purposive technique. To determine the amount of added value obtained from processing cocoa and coffee, using the value added calculation method used by Hayami, et.al (1987). The results showed that the value added analysis of the Arabica coffee processing business in Ketapanrame Village and Trawas Village resulted in the added value of natural processed green bean coffee of IDR 3,284.09 with a value added ratio of 30.1%. The added value of ground coffee is Rp. 9,750.00 with a ratio of 48.75%. Meanwhile, the added value analysis of green bean processing Wine method in coffee processing farms in Ketapanrame and Trawas villages is Rp. 10,022.06 with a ratio of 56.79%. The added value of ground coffee processing in Ketapanrame and Trawas villages is Rp. 23,083.33 with a ratio of 69.25%.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 279-282\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Indah Dwi Kurniawati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, UPN Veteran, East Java, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sri Tjondro Winarno<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, UPN Veteran, East Java, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mubarokah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, UPN Veteran, East Java, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Hayami, Y., Kawagoe, T., Morookaand, Y., &amp; Siregar, M. (1987). Agricultural marketing and processing in upland Java. A perspective from a Sunda village. CGPRT Centre.\r\n[2] Janissen, B., &amp; Huynh, T. (2018). Chemical composition and value-adding applications of coffee industry by-products: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 128(July 2017), 110\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.10.001\r\n[3] Priantara, I.D.G.Y., Mulyani, S., Satriawan, I.K. 2016. ANALISIS NILAI TAMBAH PENGOLAHAN KOPI ARABIKA KINTAMANIBANGLI. Jurnal Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri. 4 (4): 33-42.\r\n[4] Soetriono, &amp; Suwandari, A. (2016). Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian. Intimedia.\r\n[5] Van Keulen, M., &amp; Kirchherr, J. (2020). The implementation of the Circular Economy: Barriers and enablers in the coffee value chain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 125033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125033\r\n[6] Winarno, S.T., Darsono, Harisudin, M., &amp; Sudiyarto. (2018). Retensi Kopi Lokal Yang Bersaing Di Pasar Global. CV. Mitra Sumber Rejeki.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Indah Dwi Kurniawati, Sri Tjondro Winarno, Mubarokah, &#8220;Analysis of the Added Value of Arabica Coffee in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.279-282 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/279-282.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/279-282.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-the-added-value-of-arabica-coffee-in-trawas-district-mojokerto-regency-east-java-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of the Added Value of Arabica Coffee in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1dd319 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a1dd319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1dd3f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1dd3f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1dd58a\" data-id=\"a1dd58a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1dd6bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1dd6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1dd765 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1dd765\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1dd8c6\" data-id=\"a1dd8c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1dd9e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1dd9e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1dda95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1dda95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ddbe7\" data-id=\"a1ddbe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ddcfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1ddcfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1ddd9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1ddd9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ddef3\" data-id=\"a1ddef3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1de002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1de002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1de0a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1de0a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1de1f9\" data-id=\"a1de1f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1de313 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1de313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1de3b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1de3b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1de517\" data-id=\"a1de517\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1de62b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1de62b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1de6cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1de6cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1de831\" data-id=\"a1de831\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1de94c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1de94c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Appraising Cameroon Students Communicative Competence in English<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jean D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Banga Amv\u00e9n\u00e9 &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 283-286<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1de9ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1de9ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1deb6a\" data-id=\"a1deb6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1dec9a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a1dec9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despite the adoption of the competency-based approach and the establishment in Cameroon of the teaching of English right from primary schools some twenty years ago, communicating in English is still a difficult task among French-speaking students. The present survey shows that, out of seventy-two students cumulating at least nine years of English studies, only three were able to prove themselves competent in an elementary communication situation that required them to introduce themselves by correctly forming five sentences indicating the following: name, age, date and place of birth, number of years they had been studying English. It seems therefore, that the teaching of communicative English may not have been effective in the Cameron education system whose lack of internal efficiency is also confirmed<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 283-286\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6320\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6320<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jean D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Banga Amv\u00e9n\u00e9<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Subjects Didactics, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Benveniste, E. (1970). L\u2019appareil formel de l\u2019\u00e9nonciation. Langages, 17, 12-18.\r\n[2] Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In J. C. Richards and R. W. Schmidt (eds.), Language and Communication, 2-27. Longman.\r\n[3] Canale, M. and Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to language teaching and testing. Applied linguistics, 1(1), 1-47. DOI : 10.1093\/applin\/ I.1.1.\r\n[4] Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press.\r\n[5] Foucault, M. (1969). L\u2019arch\u00e9ologie du savoir. Paris : Gallimard.\r\n[6] Haroche, C. Henry, P. &amp; P\u00eacheux, M. (1971). La S\u00e9mantique et la coupure saussurienne: langue, langage, discours. Langages, 6(24), 93-106.\r\n[7] Hirtt, N. (2009). L\u2019approche par comp\u00e9tences: une mystification p\u00e9dagogique. L\u2019\u00e9cole d\u00e9mocratique, 39. http:\/\/www.bief.be\/docs\/publications\/terminologie_competences_070223.pdf\r\n[8] Hymes, D. (1984). Vers la comp\u00e9tence de communication. Paris: Hatier-CREDIF.\r\n[9] Jonnaert, P. (2006). La comp\u00e9tence comme organisateur des programmes de formation revisit\u00e9e, ou la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de passer de ce concept \u00e0 celui de \u00ab l\u2019agir comp\u00e9tent\u00bb. Qu\u00e9bec: OR\u00c9\/UQAM.\r\n[10] Krashen, S. et Terrel, T. (1983). The Natural Approach, Language Acquisition in the Classroom. New York: The Alemany Press.\r\n[11] M\u2019Batika, A. (2004). Introduction, in Jonnaert, P., et M\u2019Batika, A., Les r\u00e9formes curriculaires. Regards crois\u00e9s. Qu\u00e9bec: PUQ.\r\n[12] Maingueneau, D. (1991). L\u2019analyse du discours. Introduction aux lectures de l\u2019archive. Paris: Hachette.\r\n[13] Maingueneau, D. (2009). Les termes cl\u00e9s de l&#8217;analyse du discours. Paris: Seuil.\r\n[14] Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00e9ducation de base du Cameroun (2006). Arr\u00eat\u00e9 N\u00b0 315\/B1\/1414 fixant les modalit\u00e9s de promotion des \u00e9l\u00e8ves du cycle de l&#8217;enseignement primaire. Yaounde : MINEDUB.\r\n[15] Reuter, Y. et al. (2013). Dictionnaire des concepts fondamentaux des didactiques. Brussels: De Boeck Sup\u00e9rieur.\r\n[16] Saussure, F. de (1984). Cours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Paris: Payot.\r\n[17] UNESCO (1995). Rapport sur l&#8217;\u00e9tat de l&#8217;\u00e9ducation en Afrique. Strat\u00e9gies \u00e9ducatives pour les ann\u00e9es 90 : orientations et r\u00e9alisations. Dakar: BREDA.\r\n[18] Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Grammatical, Situational and Notional Syllabuses. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jean D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Banga Amv\u00e9n\u00e9 &#8220;Appraising Cameroon Students Communicative Competence in English&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.283-286 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6320<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/283-286.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/appraising-cameroon-students-communicative-competence-in-english\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Appraising Cameroon Students Communicative Competence in English<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1eb230 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a1eb230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1eb7d5\" data-id=\"a1eb7d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1eb8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1eb8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1eb990 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1eb990\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ebae5\" data-id=\"a1ebae5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ebbf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1ebbf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1ebc90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1ebc90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ebdd9\" data-id=\"a1ebdd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ebedc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1ebedc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1ebf86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1ebf86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ec0ca\" data-id=\"a1ec0ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1ec1ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1ec1ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1ec285 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1ec285\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1ec3cb\" data-id=\"a1ec3cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20b109 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a20b109\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a20b266 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a20b266\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a20b47b\" data-id=\"a20b47b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20b5bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a20b5bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Study on the Role of Online Services in Mental Healthcare Access<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lovely Singh &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 287-294<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a20b669 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a20b669\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a20b81a\" data-id=\"a20b81a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20b954 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a20b954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Mental health (MH) has always been disassociated from physical health in the mainstream healthcare domain, and so has mental healthcare access. However, with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, it was not just about physical health; the pandemic and the ensuing lockdown highlighted the challenges people face with mental health issues. With a global pandemic, there was a sudden drastic change in the lives of the people, such as restricted movements, lack of human warmth\/touch, change in work and study mode, loss of loved ones, heightened emotions and very few ways to process or express them resulted in the rise of mental health issues. For a problem to be resolved, acknowledgement is required first. An increase in MH issues came with a positive acknowledgement around of problem. Some with acceptance, some with initial denial, started to look for ways to deal with the changes. In this age of technology, seeking help regarding MH issues is also moving online, and this paper will deal with this question. We are going to look at the dimensional change in accessing MH care service in the age where most of the time of people is being spent online.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 287-294\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lovely Singh <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Global Affairs, Ambedkar University Delhi <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Chandrashekar, P (2018, March 23). Do mental health mobile apps work: evidence and recommendations for designing high-efficacy mental health mobile apps. National Center for Biotechnology Information, US. Retrieved November 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5897664\/\r\n[2] World Health Organization. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on mental, neurological and substance use services: results of a rapid assessment. Geneva. Retrieved November 4, 2021, from The impact of COVID-19 on mental, neurological and substance use services (who.int)\r\n[3] Technology and the Future of Mental Health Treatment. (2019, September). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved November 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/technology-and-the-future-of-mental-health-treatment\r\n[4] Naresh, N (2021, October 14). Increased use of Mental Health Apps during the Covid-19. Inventiva. Retrieved November 4, 2021, from https:\/\/www.inventiva.co.in\/stories\/inventiva\/increase-mental-health-app\/\r\n[5] Sontag-Padilla, L. M., Kase, C. A., Woodbridge, M. W., &amp; Stein, B. D. (2016). Evaluation of CalMHSA Student Mental Health Online Resources. In Evaluation of CalMHSA Student Mental Health Online Resources (pp. 1\u201310). RAND Corporation. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.7249\/j.ctt1b67wk1.1\r\n[6] NIMH\u00bb Technology and the Future of Mental Health Treatment. (2019, September). Retrieved November 4, 2021 from www.nimh.nih.gov website: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/technology-and-the-future-of-mental-health-treatment\r\n[7] Stiefel, S. (2018, May 1). &#8216;The Chatbot Will See You Now&#8217;: Mental Health Confidentiality Concerns in Software Therapy. SSRN. Available at https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3166640. DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3166640\r\n[8] Lipschitz, J., Miller, C. J., Hogan, T. P., Burdick, K. E., Lippin-Foster, R., Simon, S. R., &amp; Burgess, J. (2019). Adoption of Mobile Apps for Depression and Anxiety: Cross-Sectional Survey Study on Patient Interest and Barriers to Engagement. JMIR mental health, 6(1), e11334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/11334\r\n[9] Schueller, S., Neary, M., O&#8217;Loughlin, K., Adkins, E. (2018). Discovery of and Interest in Health Apps Among Those With Mental Health Needs: Survey and Focus Group Study\r\nJ Med Internet Res 2018;20(6):e10141\r\nURL: https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2018\/6\/e10141\r\nDOI: 10.2196\/10141\r\n[10] Wang, K., Varma, D. S., &amp; Prosperi, M. (2018). A systematic review of the effectiveness of mobile apps for monitoring and management of mental health symptoms or disorders. Journal of psychiatric research, 107, 73\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.10.006\r\n[11] Online mental health (2021). Mind for Better Mental Health. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https:\/\/www.mind.org.uk\/media-a\/2932\/online-mental-health-2018.pdf\r\n[12] What is Telemental Health? (n.d.). NIMH. Retrieved November 24, 2021 from www.nimh.nih.gov website: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/publications\/what-is-telemental-health\r\n[13] Marks, M. (January 29, 2019). Artificial Intelligence Based Suicide Prediction. 21 Yale Journal of Law and Technology 98 (2019), Retrieved November 24, 2021, from SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3324874\r\n[14] Arsenivic, M. (March 17, 2021). 16 Fascinating Mindfulness Statistics to know in 2021. Modern Gentlemen. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https:\/\/moderngentlemen.net\/mindfulness-statistics\/\r\n[15] Tatum, M. (October 26, 2021). Best Online Therapy Services. Verywellmind. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/best-online-therapy-4691206\r\n[16] Migala, J. (May 25, 2021). Best Meditation Apps. Verywellmind. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/best-meditation-apps-4767322\r\n[17] Lekach, S. (October 30, 2020). Youtube Guided Meditation Video Views Skyrocket During Pandemic. Mashable India. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https:\/\/in.mashable.com\/tech\/17983\/youtube-guided-meditation-video-views-skyrocket-during-pandemic\r\n[18] Kulkarni, S. (January 1, 2021). COVID-induced lockdowns fueled dating apps like Bumble, OkCupid, and Tinder into the mainstream\u2026 Afaqs. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https:\/\/www.afaqs.com\/news\/mktg\/covid-induced-lockdowns-fueled-dating-apps-like-bumble-okcupid-and-tinder-into-the-mainstream\r\n[19] Saloni Dattani, Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2021) &#8211; &#8220;Mental Health&#8221;. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: &#8216;https:\/\/ourworldindata8.org\/mental-health&#8217; [Online Resource]\r\n[20] Schuster, R., Pokorny, R., Berger, T., Topooco, N., &amp; Laireiter, A. R. (2018). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online and Blended Therapy: Survey Study Amongst Licensed Psychotherapists in Austria. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(12), e11007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/11007\r\n[21] Mental Health Matters. (November, 2020). The Lancet Global Health, 8(11), e1352. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30432-0\r\n[22] Kovacevic, R. (February 11, 2021). Mental Health: lessons learned in 2020 for 2021 and forward. World Bank Blogs. Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/health\/mental-health-lessons-learned-2020-2021-and-forward\r\n[23] Denworth, L. (September 28, 2017). The Paradox of Confiding in (Near) Strangers. Psychology Today. Retrieved November 26, 2021, from https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/brain-waves\/201709\/the-paradox-confiding-in-near-strangers\r\n[24] Cherry, K. (August 21, 2021). The Pros and Cons of Online Therapy. Verywellmind. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from The Pros and Cons of Online Therapy (verywellmind.com)\r\n[25] Mental Health Apps Market &#8211; Global Assessment 2021 &#8211; 2031, Industry Analysis 2016 &#8211; 2020 and Opportunity Assessment. (n.d.). Persistence Market Research. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https:\/\/www.persistencemarketresearch.com\/market-research\/mental-health-apps-market.asp\r\n[26] Novotney, A. (February, 2021). A growing wave of online therapy. Https:\/\/Www.apa.org. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https:\/\/www.apa.org\/monitor\/2017\/02\/online-therapy\r\n[27] McHugh, S. (December 9, 2021). The 9 Best Online Therapy Services of 2021. Ecounselling.com. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https:\/\/www.e-counseling.com\/online-therapy\/\r\n[28] Torous, J., J\u00e4n Myrick, K., Rauseo-Ricupero, N., &amp; Firth, J. (2020). Digital Mental Health and COVID-19: Using Technology Today to Accelerate the Curve on Access and Quality Tomorrow. JMIR mental health, 7(3), e18848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/18848\r\n[29] Dr Tom Micklewright discusses top mental health apps. (2020, August 5). [Video]. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mf1vgJmhIek\r\n[30] Pietrangelo, A. (May 23, 2019). How Does Technology Affect Your Health? The Good, the Bad and Tips for Use. Healthline. Retrieved December 30, 2021 from What Are the Negative and Positive Effects of Technology? (healthline.com)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lovely Singh &#8220;A Study on the Role of Online Services in Mental Healthcare Access&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.287-294 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/287-294.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" 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elementor-element-a20d79f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a20d79f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a20d8e7\" data-id=\"a20d8e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20d9e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a20d9e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a20da89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a20da89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a20dbe4\" data-id=\"a20dbe4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20dcf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a20dcf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Contributions of roof covering material to Acoustic and Thermal Effect on Learning Activities in Institution Buildings in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akugbe Collins Oviasogie- March 2022- Page No.: 295-303<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a20dd95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a20dd95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a20df1d\" data-id=\"a20df1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a20e05b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a20e05b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe material that makes up the institution buildings for learning activities must meet the required standard for temperature and sound level, else, learning process and the end-users will be affected. Meanwhile, aluminium material that has gained incessant usage as roof covering material for institution buildings in Nigeria is known to be poor insulator of sound and heat. This study, therefore, investigates the contribution of roof covering materials to the acoustic and thermal effect on learning activities in institution buildings with a view to improve the learning environment and health of the end-users in Nigeria. The buildings studied are the lecture halls, library, and student hostel. Using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table, a total of 384 sample sizes drawn with the questionnaire were administered, and the number returned and filled was analysed using chi-square and regression analysis. The findings show the disadvantage of aluminium roof covering that includes sound interference during learning activities, diverted attention among students and reduced teaching ability of the teacher or instructors mostly in both the lecture hall and the library. In addition, the material&#8217;s poor heat insulation nature causes increased sweating and headache. Therefore, recommendations that can sustain the available material best fit the available cost were made based on the study research findings\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 295-303\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akugbe Collins Oviasogie <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akinbode R, Lam KB, Ayres JG, Sadhra S (2014). Voice disorders in Nigerian primary school teachers. Occup Med (Lond). 64(5):382-6. doi: 10.1093\/occmed\/kqu052. Epub 2014 May 6. PMID: 24803677.\r\n[2] American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (2010). Specification for audiometers (ANSI S3.6-2010). ANSI, New York.\r\n[3] Amusan, 2016 Amusan, M. A. (2016). Cultivating Effective Pedagogical Skills in In-Service Teachers: The Role of Some Teacher Variables. Journal of the International Society for Teacher Education, 20(1), 83-89.\r\n[4] Arenibafo, F. (2017). The Transformation of Aesthetics in Architecture from Traditional to Modern Architecture: A case study of the Yoruba (southwestern) region of Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 1(1), 35-44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25034\/1761.\r\n[5] ASHRAE. (2007). ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC applications (ASHRAE).\r\n[6] Bashar S. Mohammed (2009). Paper Crete as Infill Materials for Composite Wall System in Carol Flexer Ph.D., 2006, Classroom Acoustics &#8211; The Effects on Standards &amp; Pupils&#8217; Learning.\r\n[7] Borg, S. (2008). English language teachers\u2019 beliefs about research: Perspectives from the Netherlands. Levende Talen Journal of the Dutch Association of Modern Language Teachers, 9(3), 3-13.\r\n[8] Bradley J. S, Sato H. (2008). The intelligibility of speech in elementary school classrooms. J Acoust Soc Am. 123 (4), 2078-86. doi: 10.1121\/1.2839285. PMID: 18397015.\r\n[9] Bucholz S., Jessica L., Julie L., Sheffler J. (2009). Creating a Warm and Inclusive Classroom Environment: Planning for All Children to Feel Welcome. Electronic Journal for Inclusive Education, 2, (4)\r\n[10] Campbell B., David E. (2008). Voice in the Classroom: How an Open Classroom Climate Fosters Political Engagement among Adolescents: Political Behaviour, Vol. 30, No. 4 pp. 437-454.\r\n[11] Chen, S., Ni, Y., Zhang, L. et al. (2017). Noise exposure in occupational setting associated with elevated blood pressure in China. BMC Public Health 17, 107 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4050-0\r\n[12] Department of Urban and Regional Planning, FUTA (2012). FUTA Master Plan.\r\n[13] Richard Emanuel, Jim Adams, Kim Baker, E. K. Daufin, Coke Ellington, Elizabeth Fitts, Jonathan Himsel, Linda Holladay &amp; David Okeowo (2008). How College Students Spend Their Time Communicating. International Journal of Listening, 22:1, 13-28. DOI: 10.1080\/10904010701802139\r\n[14] Gaurdino B., Caroline A., Elizabeth F. (2010). Changing Behaviors by Changing the Classroom Environment: Teaching Exceptional Children, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 8-13.\r\n[15] Gilavand, A. (2016). \u201cInvestigating the Impact of Environmental Factors on Learning and Academic Achievement of Elementary Students: Review\u201d [On-line]. Available: https:\/\/www.ijmrhs.com\/medical-research\/investigating-the-impact-of-environmental-factors-on-learning-and-academic-achievement-of-elementary-students-review.pdf. ISSN No: 2319-5886 [October 17, 2021]\r\n[16] Hadjioannou, Xenia. (2007). Bringing the Background to the Foreground: What Do Classroom Environments That Support Authentic Discussions Look Like: American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2 pp. 370-399.\r\n[17] Higgins, S.; Hall, E.; Wall, K.; Woolner, P.; McCaughey, C. (2005). The Impact of School Environments: A Literature Review; Design Council: London, UK. http:\/\/maxxroofing.com\/10-factors-to-consider-before-selecting-your-roofing-material\/\r\n[18] Ising, H and Kruppa, B. (2004). Health effects caused by noise: evidence in the literature from the past 25 years. Noise Health, 6 (22) 5-13.\r\n[19] Larsen J. B, Blair J. C (2008). The effect of classroom amplification on the signal-to-noise ratio in classrooms while class is in session. Lang Speech Hearing ServSch. 39(4):451\u2013460. doi: 10.1044\/0161-1461(2008\/07-0032)6\r\n[20] McGraw-Hill (2006). Building Design and Construction Handbook. New York San Francisco Washington: Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. Retrieved from 10 Factors to Consider before selecting roofing material.\r\n[21] Miller; Angela; Katherine C. (2011). Classroom Environment. http:\/\/www.education.com\/reference\/article\/classroom-environment\/.\r\n[22] M\u00fcnzel, T., Steven, S., Hadad, O., Daiber, A (2019). The sixth sense is involved in noise induced stress responses and vascular inflammation: evidence of heightened amygdalar activity in response to transport noise in man. European Heart Journal, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz867\r\n[23] Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET, 2010). Nigerian Climate Review. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nimetng.org\/uploads\/publication\/2010%20Climate%20Review.pdf\r\n[24] Nosko, M.; Kov\u00e1\u010dik, J. (2017). Sound absorption ability of aluminium foams. Met. Foam. 1, 15\u201341, doi:10.23977\/metf.2017.11002.\r\n[25] Nwadiogwa, N. E. (2011). Strategies for Achieving Spatial Flexibility in Hostels. Enugu Campus ANSI (2007). S12.2-2008: Procedure for the Computation of Loudness of Steady Sounds (ANSI)\r\n[26] Reybrouck M, Podlipniak P and Welch D (2019) Music and Noise: Same or Different? What Our Body Tells Us. Front. Psychol. 10:1153. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01153\r\n[27] Salvi R, Sun W, Ding D, Chen G-D, Lobarinas E, Wang J, Radziwon K and Auerbach BD (2017). Inner Hair Cell Loss Disrupts Hearing and Cochlear Function Leading to Sensory Deprivation and Enhanced Central Auditory Gain. Front. Neurosci. 10:621. doi: 10.3389\/fnins.2016.00621\r\n[28] Schafer; Erin C.; Melissa S. (2012). A sound classroom environment. ASHA Leader, 17 (4): 14-17.\r\n[29] Stansfield, S.A.; Berglund, B.; Clark, C.; Lopez-Barrio, I.; Fischer, P.; \u00d6hrstr\u00f6m, E.; Haines, M.M.; Head, J.; Hygge, S.; van Kamp, I.; Berry, B.F. (2005) Aircraft and road traffic noise and children&#8217;s cognition and health: a cross-national study. Lancet, 365, 1942-1949.\r\n[30] Stewart, N. (2008). Outdoor to indoor: A-weighted sound level reduction of typical modular classrooms and assessment of potential performance improvements based on the outdoor-indoor transmission class spectrum. In Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 156 Acoustical Society of America (ASA), 5, 1, 040003.\r\n[31] Vit\u00e1skov\u00e1, K. Jehli\u010dkov\u00e1, K. \u0160ebkov\u00e1, L. Keprdov\u00e1, T. (2014). Voice dysfunction self-awareness and treatment in the education of educators and students and the impact of the difficulties on the education process and educators professional career. 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN14) Barcelona, Spain Proceedings, 659-668.\r\n[32] Woolner P, Hall E (2010) Noise in schools: a holistic approach to theissue. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7:3255\u20133269.\r\n[33] Zannin PH, Ferreira AM (2009) Field measurement of acousticquality in university classrooms. J Sci Ind Res 68:1053\u20131057.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akugbe Collins Oviasogie, &#8220;Contributions of roof covering material to Acoustic and Thermal Effect on Learning Activities in Institution Buildings in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.295-303 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/295-303.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/295-303.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/contributions-of-roof-covering-material-to-acoustic-and-thermal-effect-on-learning-activities-in-institution-buildings-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Contributions of roof covering material to Acoustic and Thermal Effect on Learning Activities in Institution Buildings in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a211ac3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a211ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a211ba1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a211ba1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a211d30\" data-id=\"a211d30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a211e51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a211e51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a211ef1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a211ef1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a21204b\" data-id=\"a21204b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a212163 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a212163\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a212202 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a212202\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a212350\" data-id=\"a212350\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a212456 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a212456\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a212506 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a212506\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a21264c\" data-id=\"a21264c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a212756 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a212756\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2127ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2127ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a212941\" data-id=\"a212941\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a212a47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a212a47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a212ae7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a212ae7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a212c29\" data-id=\"a212c29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a212d36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a212d36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a212dd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a212dd1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a212f38\" data-id=\"a212f38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a213050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a213050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Adoption and Use of Digital Literacy among Selected Libraries in Tertiary Colleges in Tanzania<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bulugu, Paskazia Patrick and Julius Tunsaje Tweve &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 304-309<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2130f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2130f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a213267\" data-id=\"a213267\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a213399 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a213399\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study chiefly aimed at assessing the adoption and use of digital literacy among libraries in selected tertiary colleges. Two tertiary college were selected as cases studies, namely, Tanzania Public Service College (TPSC) and Dar es Salaam Maritime Institute (DMI).The study aimed at examining the status of digital literacy adoption, determining the use of digital literacy on their day-to-day activities, and identifying challenges of digital literacy adoption and use among libraries in selected colleges. A sample of 98 library users were selected as respondents. Data was collected through questionnaire and face-to-face interview. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, while content analysis was used for qualitative data.\r\nThe findings show that majority of the respondents were aware of the adoption and use of Digital Literacy, but faced challenges such as technophobia, lack of enough and supported instructions on digital literacy, poor power supply to support internet, and insufficient digital literacy facilities. In fact, the majority of respondents had adopted and used digital literacy for less than a year. The use of digital literacy has a number of benefits such as easy and quick access of information, retrieval of library information in cataloguing and classification, as well as accessing different databases to acquire relevant data and information.\r\nThe study recommends that the government and top management of institutions or colleges should make available more funds to support libraries in the adoption and use of digital literacy, allow librarians to take short courses to enhance adoption and use of digital literacy, purchase more digital literacy facilities, purchase a strong standby generator, and accommodate digital literacy programmes in college curricula.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 304-309\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6312\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6312<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bulugu, Paskazia Patrick <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTumaini University, Tanzania<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Julius Tunsaje Tweve<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTumaini University, Tanzania<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Association of College and Research Library. (2016). Information Literacy forrHigherrEducation Frameworkk for Higher Education. 36. http:\/\/www.ala.org\/acrl\/files\/issues\/infolit\/framework.pdf.\r\n[2] Bejakovi\u0107, P., &amp; Mrnjavac, \u017d. (2020). The importance of digital literacy on the labour market. Employee Relations, 42(4), 921\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ER-07-2019-0274\r\n[3] Cordell, R. M. (2013a). Information l iteracy and d igitaL Competing or complementary\u202f? Communications in Information Literacy, 7(2), 126\u2013136.\r\n[4] Cordell, R. M. (2013b). Information literacy and digital literacy: Competing or complementary? Communications in Information Literacy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15760\/comminfolit.2013.7.2.150\r\n[5] Emiri, O. T. (2017). Digital Literacy Skills Among Librarians in University Libraries In the 21st Century in Edo And Delta States, Nigeria. International Journal of Library and Information Services, 6(1), 37\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/ijlis.2017010103\r\n[6] Hadjerrouit, S. (2014). A Theoretical Framework to Foster Digital Literacy\u202f: The Case of Digital Learning Resources Said Hadjerrouit To cite this version\u202f: HAL Id\u202f: hal-01054704 A Theoretical Framework to Foster Digital Literacy\u202f: The Case of Digital Learning Resources.\r\n[7] IFLA. (2017). IFLA Statement on Digital Literacy. Ifla, August, 1\u20136. https:\/\/www.ifla.org\/files\/assets\/faife\/statements\/ifla_digital_literacy_statement.pdf\r\n[8] Karpati, A. (2011). Digital literacy in education. In Policy brief (Issue May, pp. 1\u201312). https:\/\/iite.unesco.org\/files\/policy_briefs\/pdf\/en\/digital_literacy.pdf\r\n[9] Lawal, V. (2017). Information Literacy and the Future of Digital Information Services at the University of Jos Library.\r\n[10] Lwehabura, M. J., &amp; Stilwell, C. (2008). Information literacy in Tanzanian universities: Challenges and potential opportunities. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 40(3), 179\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961000608092553\r\n[11] Lwoga, E., Sife, A., Chilimo, W., &amp; Busagala, L. S. P. (2005). The role of universities in creating ICT awareness, literacy and expertise: Experiences from Tanzanian public universities. Universities: Taking a Leading Role in ICT Enabled Human Development, 35\u201344. http:\/\/www.bsprimer.com\/muk\/pdfs\/ICTBook.pdf#page=41\r\n[12] Meyers, E. M., Erickson, I., &amp; Small, R. V. (2013). Digital literacy and informal learning environments: An introduction. Learning, Media and Technology, 38(4), 355\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439884.2013.783597\r\n[13] Muneja, P. . (2010). A reflection of Tanzanian libraries in the digital age: Challenges and prospects. A Paper Presented as a Key Note Address During the Annual Conference for the Tanzania Library Association (TLA) Held in February, 2010 in Mbeya Tanzania., October, 6\u20139.\r\n[14] Mungwabi, H. N. (2019). The effectiveness of library information literacy instructions given to undergraduate students at the University of Dar es Salaam. 14(2), 99\u2013112.\r\n[15] NKebukwa, L. L. (2016). Status on usage of e lectronic-resources by students at the college of business education. Business Education Journal, I(2), 1\u201313.\r\n[16] Oghenetega, L., &amp; Cln, U. (2015). Conceptual and Adoption of Technology Acceptance Model in Digital Information Resources Usage by Undergraduates\u202f: Implication to Higher Institutions Education in Delta and Edo of Nigeria. 6(21), 82\u201393.\r\n[17] Sparks, J. R., Katz, I. R., &amp; Beile, P. M. (2016). Assessing Digital Information Literacy in Higher Education: A Review of Existing Frameworks and Assessments With Recommendations for Next-Generation Assessment. ETS Research Report Series, 2016(2), 1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ets2.12118\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bulugu, Paskazia Patrick and Julius Tunsaje Tweve, &#8220;The Adoption and Use of Digital Literacy among Selected Libraries in Tertiary Colleges in Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.304-309 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6312<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/304-309.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-adoption-and-use-of-digital-literacy-among-selected-libraries-in-tertiary-colleges-in-tanzania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Adoption and Use of Digital Literacy among Selected Libraries in Tertiary Colleges in Tanzania<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a21832d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a21832d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a218402 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a218402\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a218d8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a218edd\" data-id=\"a218edd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a218fe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a218fe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a219089 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a219089\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2191ce\" data-id=\"a2191ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a219307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a219307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2193a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2193a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2194ef\" data-id=\"a2194ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2195ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2195ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a219699 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a219699\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2197fb\" data-id=\"a2197fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a219910 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a219910\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Monetary Policy and Deposit Money Banks Lending in Nigeria 2000-2020<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Obi-Nwosu Victoria O; Chukwu, Kenechukwu Origin &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 310-321<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2199ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2199ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a219b39\" data-id=\"a219b39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a219c6c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a219c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the effect of monetary policy on deposit money banks lending in Nigeria (2000 &#8211; 2020) using secondary data from Statistical bulletin of Central Bank of Nigeria. The research work used the Vector Autoregressive Estimates to test the effect of the independent variables (Monetary Policy Rate, Liquidity Ratio, Cash Reserve Ratio and Loan to Deposit Ratio) on the dependent variable (Total loans and advances). The study found that monetary policy has negative and significant effect on deposit money banks lending in Nigeria within the period of the study. The study therefore advocates that monetary authority should strive to maintain a reasonable interest rate that will tends to reduce cost of borrowing and lending in the economy. There is need to strengthen bank loan and advance and monetary policy through effective and efficient regulation and supervisory framework. Government should through the Central Bank of Nigeria ensure working monetary policy instrument and make a periodic review of the polices in a way that will encourage bank lending. Monetary authority should manage the lending rate properly for it to be attractive and affordable for investors to borrow money from the bank. In conclusion, monetary policy rate, liquidity ratio, cash reserve ratio and loan to deposit ratio should be looked into by monetary authority in a way that is friendly to loan advancement especially relating to those who are in need of it. Finally, monetary policy should not be used in isolation but in collaboration with fiscal policy<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 310-321\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obi-Nwosu Victoria O<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwu, Kenechukwu Origin<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Afolabi, M., Adeyemi, K., Salawudeen, O., &amp; Fagbemi.T. (2018). Monetary policy and bank credit in Nigeria: A Toda-Yamamoto Approach. AUD\u0152, 14 (5), 717-735.\r\n[2] Ajie,H.S. &amp; Nenbe,S.G. (2010).An econometric analysis of monetary policy and stock prices in Nigeria. International Journal of Economic Development, Research and Investment, 19(51),175-192.\r\n[3] Akanbi, T.A., &amp; Ajagbe, F.A. (2012).Analysis of monetary policy on commercial banks in Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 6(51), 12038-12042.\r\n[4] Akomolafe, K.J., Danladi, J.D., Babalola, O., &amp; Abah, A.G. (2015). Monetary policy and commercial banks\u2019 performance in Nigeria. Public Policy and Administration Research, 5(9).158-166.\r\n[5] Anowor, O. F., &amp; Okorie, G.C. (2016). A reassessment of the impact of monetary policy on economic growth: Study of Nigeria. International Journal of Developing and Emmerging Economies, 4(1),82-90.\r\n[6] Bassey, G. E. (2018). Liquidity management in Nigerian deposit money banks: Issues, challenges and prognosis. International journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 6(5).556-580.\r\n[7] Borio, C., Gambacorta, L., &amp; Hofmann, B. (2015).The influence of monetary policy on bank profitability. BIS Working Papers. No. 514. Pp. 1-37.\r\n[8] CBN (2018).CBN Annual Reports and Accounts.Central Bank of Nigeria. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cbn.gov.ng\r\n[9] CBN (2018). CBN Statistical Bulletin for the financial sector. Central Bank of Nigeria. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cbn.gov.ng\r\n[10] CBN (2020). CBN Statistical Bulletin for the financial sector. Central Bank of Nigeria. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cbn.gov.ng\r\n[11] Corb, H. (2012). Interest Rate Swaps and other Derivatives.Columbia University press.\r\n[12] Dare, F. D. &amp; Okeya, I. O. (2017). Monetary policy and commercial banks\u2019 credit performance: evidence from UBA Plc. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 8(4),60-67.\r\n[13] Dhanuskodi, R. (2014). Impact of Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR) on Profitability: Panel Evidence from Commercial Banks in Malaysia. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Social Sciences (GB14 Mumbai Conference) Mumbai, India.1-12.\r\n[14] Disalvo, J. &amp; Johnston, R. (2017). Banking Trends: The Rise in loan-to-deposit Ratios: Is 80 the new 60? Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Research Department.Pp: 18-23.\r\n[15] Douglas, J. (2014). Bank Liquidity Requirements: An Introduction and Overview. The Brookings Institution.1-30.\r\n[16] Ekpung, G.E., Udude, C.C., &amp; Uwalaka, H.I. (2015). The impact of monetary policy on the banking sector In Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(5),1015-1031.\r\n[17] Imoisi, A. I., Olatunji, L.M. &amp; Ekpenyong, B.I. (2013). Monetary policy and its implications for balance of payments stability in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(3), 196-204.\r\n[18] Isedu, M. (2013). Effect of monetary policy on macro-economic performance: The case of Nigeria. University of Greenwich.\r\n[19] Jegede C. A (2014). Effects of monetary policy on the commercial banks lending in Nigeria. Review of Public Administration and Management ,3(5), 134-146.\r\n[20] Kelilume, I. (2014). Effects of the monetary policy rate on interest rates in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 8(1), 45-55.\r\n[21] Kurotamunobaraomi, T., Giami, I., &amp; Obari, O. (2017).Liquidity and performance of Nigerian banks. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management. International Institute of Academic Research and Development, 3(1), 34-46.\r\n[22] Obidike, P. C., Ejeh, G. C. &amp; Ugwuegbe, S. U. (2015). The impact of interest rate spread on the performance of Nigerian Banking Industry. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(12), 131-139.\r\n[23] Okorafor, E. O. (2010). Monetary policy and economic development: lessons from the deregulation policy in Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Management Review (INJODEMAR),5(1).212-224.\r\n[24] Oladele,S.A, Amos,M.O. &amp; Adedeji, A.A. (2017).Effects of interest rate on the profitability of deposit money banks in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 9(10),46-55.\r\n[25] Olaoluwa, F.O. &amp; Shomade, H.G. (2017).Appraisal of monetary policies on commercial bank lending behavior in Nigeria Banking Industry. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 17(4), 1-9.\r\n[26] Onyemaechi, J.O. (2005).Monetary theory and policy. National Open University of Nigeria Ahmadu Bello way, Victoria Island, Lagos.\r\n[27] Onodugo, I. C., Okoro, E. U., Amujiri, B.A. &amp; Onodugo, V.A. (2013). Impact of monetary policy regimes on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. Management Strategies Journal, Constantin Brancoveanu University,32(2),15-29.\r\n[28] Osakwe, A.C., Ibenta, S.N., &amp;Ezeabasili, V.N.(2019). Monetary policy and the performance of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(2), 399-413.\r\n[29] Rosemary, N. (2013). The effect of credit management on the financial performance of Micro-finance Institutions in Kenya. University of Nairobi, Kenya, 1-69.\r\n[30] Udeh, S. N., (2015). Impact of monetary policy instruments on profitability of commercial banks In Nigeria: Zenith Bank Experience. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting.6 (10): 2222-2847\r\n[31] Uloma, A.O. (2017). Monetary policy instruments and their effects on turnover ratio of commercial banks in Nigeria. Journal of Business and African Economy ,3(1), 61-95\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Obi-Nwosu Victoria O; Chukwu, Kenechukwu Origin &#8220;Monetary Policy and Deposit Money Banks Lending in Nigeria 2000-2020&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.310-321 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/310-321.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/310-321.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/monetary-policy-and-deposit-money-banks-lending-in-nigeria-2000-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Monetary Policy and Deposit Money Banks Lending in Nigeria 2000-2020<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a21f965 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a21f965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a21fa54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a21fa54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a21fbff\" data-id=\"a21fbff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a21fd30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a21fd30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a21fdde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a21fdde\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a22041b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22055f\" data-id=\"a22055f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22066b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a22066b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a220705 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a220705\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22085b\" data-id=\"a22085b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22095d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a22095d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a220a00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a220a00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a220b4c\" data-id=\"a220b4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a220c52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a220c52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a220cef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a220cef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a220e5b\" data-id=\"a220e5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a220f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a220f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Learning Assignment and Quality of Business Studies Textbook in Secondary Schools in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sarah Getahun Bekele, Paul Odundo Amollo, John Kamau Mwangi, Ganira Khavugwi Lilian &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 322-328\u00a0<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a221010 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a221010\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22118a\" data-id=\"a22118a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2212b3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a2212b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Properly designed business studies textbook promotes effective and independent learning through appropriate learning assignments yielding achievement of learning objectives for sustained academic results in business studies. Learning assignments in business studies textbook offers learner with opportunity to develop skills and master requisite knowledge accelerating exciting learning process paving way for lively episodes of learning in and outside classroom. However, inappropriate or amorphous questions in core textbook limits realization of specific objectives blocking knowledge construction and as a result degrading learners\u2019 mean score in business studies. The study adopted exploratory research design through quantitative and qualitative approach to data collection and analysis. Counts, percentages, means, standard deviations, Chi square tests and content analysis were used for data analysis. Cross tabulation of results indicated that learning assignments significantly influence quality of Business studies textbook implying that appropriate learning assignment supports achievement of learning for sustained learning experience. Further analysis showed that subject goals, skill development and concept mastery influence quality of learning assignments encouraging knowledge retention and recall ability among leaners. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant learning assignments be provided in business studies textbook in order to accelerate learning across the school system.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 322-328\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6313<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sarah Getahun Bekele <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Communication Technology and Pedagogical Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Paul Odundo Amollo <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Communication Technology and Pedagogical Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Kamau Mwangi <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Communication Technology and Pedagogical Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ganira Khavugwi Lilian <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Communication Technology and Pedagogical Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Bekele S. G., Odundo P. A., Mwangi J. K., Ganira K. L., (2022) Instructional Content and Quality of Business Studies Textbook in Secondary School in Kenya, International Journal of Educational Technology and Learning, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 12(1), pages 1-9.\r\n[2] Bekele S.G, Odundo P.A., Mwangi J.K. and Ganira K.l. (2022) Instructional Policy and Quality of Business Studies Textbook in Secondary schools in Kenya, Europen journal of Education Education studies, 9(3): 156-168\r\n[3] Bekele, S. G., Amollo, P. O., Mwangi, J. K., &amp; Lilian, G. K. (2021). Teaching Methods and Quality of Business Studies Textbook in Secondary Schools in Kenya. Journal La Edusci, vol. 2(5), pages 19-29.\r\n[4] Ganira K. L. and Odundo P. A. (2020). Influence of Pedagogical content knowledge on teacher trainee professional competency at University of Nairobi, Kenya. America Journal of Education and Learning 5(1), pp 1-12.\r\n[5] Ganira K. L., Odundo, A. P., Gatumu, J. C., Muasya, N. J. (2019). Social studies Curriculum and Cooperation among the Preschool Learners in Nairobi County Kenya: Assessing Effectiveness of Instructional Methods, American journal of social sciences and humanities 4(1): 86- 97.\r\n[6] Jitpranee, and Songsirisak (2019). Impact of homework assignment on student`s learning Journal of education Naresuan university Vol. 21(2)\r\n[7] Kent, C., Laslo, E., &amp; Rafaeli, S. (2016). Interactivity in online discussions and learning outcomes. Computers &amp; Education, 97: 116-128.\r\n[8] Lau, K. H., Lam, T., Kam, B. H., Nkhoma, M., Richardson, J. and Thomas, S. (2018). The role of textbook learning resources in e-learning: A taxonomic study. Computers &amp; Education, 118, 10-24.\r\n[9] Lepik, M., Grevholm, B. and Viholainen, A. (2015). Using textbooks in the mathematics classroom\u2013the teachers\u2019 view. Nordic Studies in Mathematics Education, 20(3-4), 129-156.\r\n[10] Munyao E.M, Odundo P. A. and Ganira L. (2022). Policies Guiding Pedagogy and Teacher of Business Studies Competency in Kajiado County, Kenya: Instructional Skills\u2019 Policy Discourse, Global Journal of Educational Studies Vol. 8, No. 1 pp. 1-15Anwar, F. (2019). Activity-Based Teaching, Student Motivation and Academic Achievement. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 6(1), 154-170.\r\n[11] Ndinda A.J., Barasa P.L. and Omulando C. (2017). The use of Textbook Illustrations in Teaching of Reading Comprehension: A study of Secondary Schools in Kathiani District-Kenya. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 7(8), 101-121.\r\n[12] Nguyen, V.A. (2017). The Impact of Online Learning Activities on Student Learning Outcome in Blended Learning Course Journal of information and knowledge managementReport No. 17\/18-11). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Toronto District School Board.\r\n[13] Oluoch P. M., Odundo P. A. Mwangi J. K. (2020). Context of Vignettes and Ethical Sensitivity in Decision-Making Among Undergraduate Business Studies Learners at University of Nairobi, Kenya, Journal of Education and Learning; Vol. 9, No. 4; 2020\r\n[14] Valejo, B.J.M., Rafael, M.H.C., Ricardo, M.R (2020). Improvement of Memory and Motivation in language learning in Primary Education through interactive digital whiteboard (10w): The future in a post pandemic period; Sustainability 12(8109).\r\n[15] Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sarah Getahun Bekele, Paul Odundo Amollo, John Kamau Mwangi, Ganira Khavugwi Lilian &#8220;Learning Assignment and Quality of Business Studies Textbook in Secondary Schools in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.322-328 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6313<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/learning-assignment-and-quality-of-business-studies-textbook-in-secondary-schools-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Learning Assignment and Quality of Business Studies Textbook in Secondary Schools in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22ac75 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a22ac75\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a22b710\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22b856\" data-id=\"a22b856\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22b961 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a22b961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a22b9fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a22b9fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22bb4b\" data-id=\"a22bb4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22bc52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a22bc52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a22bcea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a22bcea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22be34\" data-id=\"a22be34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22bf43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a22bf43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a22bfdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a22bfdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22c14c\" data-id=\"a22c14c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22c25e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a22c25e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Armed Banditry, Coercive Approach and Human Security in the Northwest Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ibrahim Abdullahi- March 2022- Page No.: 329-338<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a22c30a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a22c30a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a22c4aa\" data-id=\"a22c4aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a22c5f1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a22c5f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nLocalized banditry had swiftly grown with a bush fire effect consuming almost the entire Northwest geo-political region of Nigeria in recent times, its rapid transformation to becoming a more deadly attrition, and the potential of overturning the socio-economic, security and political wellbeing of the entire Northern region. This study examines the remote and immediate causes of tribalized security challenges as armed banditry, with a special interest from the aftermath of 2015 elections and the emergence of Muslim, Hausa-Fulani President, with an anti-corruption inclination, which coincided with unprecedented diverse uprisings and security impasses. The study also examines the armed banditry trend, extent of their appalling activities and how it affects socio-economic wellbeing within the affected region. The study further assesses the appropriateness and effectiveness of coercive approach to such localized upheavals, leveraging on propositions of Securitization (Copenhagen) Theorist, whose primary assumptions are hinged around multifaceted approach to security; and their justification for taking extraordinary and rule breaking measures in handling insecurity. The study further explores effectiveness of forcible approaches in other context through a peer-review analysis to infer likely outcome of current strategy applied by Nigeria. The study offers more suitable solutions and proffer practical policy recommendations. Most recent studies on the subject matter would be studied and credible data from existing research would be reviewed.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 329-338\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibrahim Abdullahi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD. Candidate &#8211; Conflict, Peace and Strategic Studies (CPS), Department of Political Science, Nile University of Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abubakar. U. (2021) Military Approach Has Failed to End Insecurity In Nigeria &#8211; https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/military-approach-has-failed-to-end-insecurity-in-nigeria-peace-advocates\/ (Accessed 12.12.21)\r\n[2] Abdulyakeen, A. (2021) Armed Banditry and Human Security in Northwestern Nigeria: The Impacts and the Way Forward &#8211; Journal of Humanities Social and Management Sciences Edwin Clark University Vol 1 NO 1\r\n[3] Acharya, A. and Buzan B. (2017) \u201cWhy Is There No Non-Western International Relations Theory? Ten Years On.\u201d International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Volume 17, Issue 3, https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/irap\/article\/17\/3\/341\/3933493 Accessed January 20, 2022\r\n[4] ACAPS (2020) Banditry violence and displacement in the Northwest 20200723_acaps_short_note_northwest_banditry_crisis_nwbc_nigeria.pdf (Accessed 12.12.21)\r\n[5] Ademola, A. (2021) The Growing Threat of Armed Banditry in North-West Nigeria https:\/\/www.strifeblog.org\/2021\/01\/08\/the-growing-threat-of-armed-banditry-in-north-west-nigeria\/ accessed 30.01.22\r\n[6] Adewuyi, A.S. (2021) Nigeria Navigating Insurgence to Banditry and Avoidable Resurgence Aayday Approach\r\n[7] Africa Center (2021) Nigeria\u2019s Diverse Security Threats &#8211; https:\/\/africacenter.org\/spotlight\/nigeria-diverse-security-threats\/\r\n[8] All Africa (2021) Nigeria: Intelligence Failure Compounding Insecurity in Nigeria &#8211; https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/202104190268.html\r\n[9] Akinbi, S. (2015). \u201cThe impact of Insecurity on Livelihood and Social service Provision in Kotido District\u201d, In Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper.New York:United Nations Development Programme\r\n[10] Barnett, J. and Rufai M. (2021) The Other Insurgency: Northwest Nigeria\u2019s Worsening Bandit Crisis \u2013 War on the Rock &#8211; https:\/\/warontherocks.com\/2021\/11\/the-other-insurgency-northwest-nigerias-worsening-bandit-crisis\/\r\n[11] Baysoy, E. 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(2015) Toward a Theory of Human Security \u2013 JICA Research Institute March 2015 &#8211; https:\/\/www.jica.go.jp\/jica-ri\/publication\/workingpaper\/jrft3q000000267e-att\/JICA-RI_WP_No.91.pdf accessed 31.01.22\r\n[49] This Day (2018) Beyond the Banditry in Zamfara -https:\/\/www.thisdaylive.com\/index.php\/2018\/04\/05\/beyond-the-banditry-in-zamfara (accessed 12.12.21)\r\n[50] Tukur, M. B. (2013) Perspectives on the Conflicts between Farmers and Transhumant Pastoralists in Nigeria &#8211; https:\/\/pastoralist2.wordpress.com\/2013\/06\/11\/ (Accessed 13.12.21)\r\n[51] UNOCHA (2009) Human Security in Theory and Practice: Application of the Human Security Concept and the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security &#8211; https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/sites\/dms\/HSU\/Publications%20and%20Products\/Human%20Security%20Tools\/Human%20Security%20in%20Theory%20and%20Practice%20English.pdf\r\n[52] UNTFHS (NY) What Is Human Security &#8211; https:\/\/www.un.org\/humansecurity\/what-is-human-security\/\r\n[53] Vanguard. (2020). Banditry in Nigeria has International Dimension \u2013 IGP https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2020\/08\/banditry-in-nigeria-has-international-dimension-igp\/\r\n[54] Zenn, J. 2018. \u201cThe terrorist calculus in kidnapping girls in Nigeria: Cases from Chibok and Dapchi\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ibrahim Abdullahi, &#8220;Armed Banditry, Coercive Approach and Human Security in the Northwest Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.329-338 March 2022 URL: 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a230669 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a230669\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2307b7\" data-id=\"a2307b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2308bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2308bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a23095f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a23095f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a230abe\" data-id=\"a230abe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a230bcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a230bcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effects of Global Sourcing on Supply Chain Performance in Dairy Manufacturing Companies in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dumisani Mawonde, Josphat Nyoni, Peter Ngarize and Servious Gaviro &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 339-342<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a230c69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a230c69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a230de7\" data-id=\"a230de7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a230f0d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a230f0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed to determine the effects of global sourcing on supply chain performance in dairy manufacturing companies in Zimbabwe. A mixed-method approach was used and a sample size of 24 procurement staff for the questionnaire was selected from a population of 25 procurement professionals in dairy manufacturing companies. Interviews were carried out with procurement professionals from dairy manufacturing companies. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 was used to analyze quantitative data whilst thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The findings of the study show that global sourcing practices had a significant positive effect on the quality of purchased materials, an insignificant positive effect on landing cost of materials, and a significant negative effect on stock availability of materials. The study concluded that the adoption of global sourcing may not guarantee improved supply chain performance in dairy manufacturing companies. This means that the effectiveness of global sourcing may depend on the sector and context in which it is applied. Therefore, it was recommended that dairy manufacturing companies need to consider adopting global sourcing practices and other supportive local sourcing strategies to improve their supply chain performance in the context of developing countries.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 339-342\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dumisani Mawonde<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josphat Nyoni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Ngarize <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Servious Gaviro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBarney, J. (1991), \u201cFirm resources and sustained competitive advantage\u201d, Journal of Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 99-120.\r\n[2]\tChari, F. and Bethuel, S.N., (2017). An assessment of the impact of disaster risks on dairy supply chain performance in Zimbabwe, Cogent Engineering:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311916.2017.14093\r\n[3]\tCho, J., and Kang, J., (2001). Benefits and challenges of global sourcing: US Appeals for retail firms. International marketing review.\r\n[4]\tCreswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.\r\n[5]\tDuening, T. N., and Click, R. L., (2005). Essentials of business process outsourcing. Published simultaneously in Canada by John Wiley &#038; Son.\r\n[6]\tEllram, L., Tate, W. and Billington, C. (2008). \u201cOffshore outsourcing of professional services: a transaction cost economics perspective\u201d, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 148-163.\r\n[7]\tKrejcie, R. V., and Morgan, D. D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement. \r\n[8]\tLeiblein, M.J., Reur,J.J. and Dalsace, F. (2002).\u201cDo make or buy decisions matter? The influence of organizational governance on technological performance\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, Vol.23 No.9, pp. 817-833.\r\n[9]\tMatthyssens, P., Pauwels, P., and Quintens, L., (2006). Global purchasing: State of the art and research directions. Journal of purchasing and supply management.\r\n[10]\tNajmi, A., Gholamian, M. R., and Makui, A., (2013).Supply chain performance models: A literature review on approaches, techniques, and criteria\r\n[11]\tNassimbeni, G., (2003). Local manufacturing systems and the global economy: Are they compatible? The case of the Italian eyewear district. Journal of Operations Management\r\n[12]\tNjarui D M G, Gatheru M, Wambua J. M, Nguluu S, Mwangi D M and Keya G. A., (2009). Dairy Cattle Value Chain Assessment: Characterization of Milk Production in Semi-Arid Kenya. KASAL Dairy Working Document\r\n[13]\tNyamwanza, T., Mavhiki, S., Nyamwanza, L., and Chagwesha, M. (2015). Capacity utilization strategies in the milk processing industry in Zimbabwe. The Journal of management and marketing research, Vol 19\r\n[14]\tPhiri, E., (2014). An Assessment of Zimbabwe\u2019s Dairy Sector. Retrieved from\r\n[15]\tWong, W.P. and Wong, K.Y. (2008). \u2018A review on benchmarking of supply chain performance measures\u2019, Benchmarking: An International Journal\r\n[16]\tSchlecht, S., and Spiller, A., (2009). Procurement strategies of the German dairy sector: Empirical evidence on contract design between dairies and their agricultural suppliers. The University of Goettingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development.\r\n[17]\tTrent, R. J., and Monczka, R. M., (1991). Achieving Excellence in global sourcing: MIT Sloan management review.\r\n[18]\tTrent, R. J., and Monczka, R., (1991). Global sourcing: A development approach: International journal of purchasing and material management.\r\n[19]\tTrent, R., and Monckza, R., (2003). International purchasing and global sourcing: Journal of supply chain management: A global review of purchasing.\r\n[20]\tZimbabwe Association for Dairy Farmers. (2013). The dairy industry in Zimbabwe A brief history overview. Retrieved from Available at ZimbabweAssociation-of Dairyfarmers.html. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dumisani Mawonde, Josphat Nyoni, Peter Ngarize and Servious Gaviro, &#8220;The Effects of Global Sourcing on Supply Chain Performance in Dairy Manufacturing Companies in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.339-342 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/339-342.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/339-342.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effects-of-global-sourcing-on-supply-chain-performance-in-dairy-manufacturing-companies-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effects of Global Sourcing on Supply Chain Performance in Dairy Manufacturing Companies in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a231dcc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a231dcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a231ea2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a231ea2\" 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a232503\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a232649\" data-id=\"a232649\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a23275d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a23275d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2327f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2327f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a23294f\" data-id=\"a23294f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a232a56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a232a56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a232afb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a232afb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a232c56\" data-id=\"a232c56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a232d5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a232d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a232df7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a232df7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a232f41\" data-id=\"a232f41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a23304f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a23304f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2330ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2330ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a233255\" data-id=\"a233255\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a233364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a233364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Solo On and Off Duty: Challenges of Selected Solo Parent Employees in Call Center Companies and the Implication of Republic Act 8972<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ralph Joseph C. Tuazon, Jessa C. Butiu, Sittie Farhannah C. Natangcop, Jessa Mae L. Lonzaga, Marie Katrina A. Lim &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 343-350<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a233487 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a233487\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a23363f\" data-id=\"a23363f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a233786 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a233786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study aims to unravel the challenges that solo parent workers face in their workplace while simultaneously exploring their struggles beyond their career or profession. The implementation of Republic Act No. 8972, also known as the \u201cSolo Parents\u2019 Welfare Act of 2000\u201d Section 6 (Flexible Work Schedule) and Section 8 (Parental leave) were also assessed by the proponents on randomly selected BPO companies in the Philippines. The purpose of this study is to create a narrative based on the stories of solo parents and how the implementation of the stated legislation affects them. \r\n\r\nThis study revealed different narratives on how solo parents face challenges, how the people around them affect them, and the instances they consider as the most challenging as a solo parent. In addressing the challenges faced by solo parent employees, it was emphasized that both companies and the government has its role to play. In the perspective of the offices concerned with the mentioned sector, implementing the legislation for solo parents will be favorable for the company because it can improve their solo parent employees\u2019 productivity since they can exert more focus on their job. Moreover, it is conspicuous that most solo parent participants are not that knowledgeable regarding the other provisions of the law. Motions in the Congress about the amendments of the said law are mentioned as well. The study was completed with the intention to benefit solo parent workers, company\u2019s productivity together with its human resource department that exercises the legislation\u2019s virtue efficiently.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 343-350\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6314<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ralph Joseph C. Tuazon<\/strong>\r\nVox Nova<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jessa C. Butiu<\/strong>\r\nCommunity of Human Resource Management (CHRS), and Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City Branch (PUP Quezon City)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sittie Farhannah C. Natangcop<\/strong>\r\nCommunity of Human Resource Management (CHRS), and Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City Branch (PUP Quezon City)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jessa Mae L. Lonzaga<\/strong>\r\nCommunity of Human Resource Management (CHRS), and Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City Branch (PUP Quezon City)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Marie Katrina A. Lim<\/strong>\r\nCommunity of Human Resource Management (CHRS), and Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City Branch (PUP Quezon City)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAgero, L.B. &#038; Guhao, E.S. (2016). Single Parents of School Children: Tales of Survival. International Journal of Advancements in Research &#038; Technology, Volume 5, Issue 6, 99 ISSN 2278-776. http:\/\/www.ijoart.org\/docs\/SINGLE-PARENTS-OF-SCHOOL-CHILDREN-TALES-OF-SURVIVAL.pdf\r\n[2]\tAlam, M.N., Hassan, M., Bowyer, D., and Reaz, Md. (2020). The Effects of Wages and Welfare Facilities on Employee Productivity: Mediating Role of Employee Work Motivation, Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 14(4), 38-60. doi:10.14453\/aabfj.v14i4.4 https:\/\/ro.uow.edu.au\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2116&#038;context=aabfj\r\n[3]\tAlonge, H. O. &#038; Osagiobare, E. O. (2020). Single-Parent Teachers\u2019 Work-Life Balance and Job Productivity in Edo State Public Senior Secondary Schools. Education Quarterly Reviews, Vol.3 No.3, Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3672265\r\n[4]\tAndersen, K. (2013). The number of US children living in single-parent homes has nearly doubled in 50 years: Census data. Life Site News. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.lifesitenews.com\/news\/thenumber-of-children-living-in-single-parent-homes-has-nearly-doubledin\r\n[5]\tAyd\u0131ner Boylu, A. &#038; Ozturk, M. S. (2014). Single Parent Families. 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(2016, October 15). 320 Million Children in Single-Parent Families. Inter Press Service. https:\/\/www.globalissues.org\/news\/2016\/10\/15\/22568\r\n[10]\tChild Development Institute. (2013). The Challenges and Rewards of Single Parenting \u2013 A Guide. Retrieved from https:\/\/childdevelopmentinfo.com\/family-living\/single-parentingchallenges-rewards\/\r\n[11]\tD\u201fMello, L. Dr. Govindaraju, B.M. &#038; Dr. Monteiro, M. (2016). A Study on the Challenges Faced by Single Parent on Teenager Care\u201d, International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology, Page Number 54-59, Volume 1, Issue 1\r\n[12]\tDelmonte, L. (2014, December 31). Home Management Practices of Solo Parents in Samar, Philippines | Countryside Development Research Journal. https:\/\/cdrj.ssu.edu.ph\/index.php\/CDRJ\/article\/view\/60\r\n[13]\tDePaulo, B. M. (2004, January 2). The Scientific Study of People Who Are Single &#8211; Contents. http:\/\/www.unmarriedamerica.org\/Spectrum\/Bibliography\/contents-page.htm\r\n[14]\tDiez, L. A. M. (2019, February 2). The Academic Performance of Students from Solo Parent Families of Jesus F. Magsaysay High School IBA. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). https:\/\/www.ijsr.net\/get_abstract.php?paper_id=ART20195561\r\n[15]\tEdwards, K.A., Evans, G., &#038;Schwam, S. (2020, April 8). Parenting Through the Pandemic: Who\u2019s Working, Who\u2019s Caring for the Kids, and What Policies Might Help. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/blog\/2020\/04\/parenting-through-the-pandemic-whos-working-whos-caring.html\r\n[16]\tFancy, C. (2016). Single Parenting: A Challenge To The Family In The Contemporary Society. IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS). Volume 21, Issue 10, Ver. 6, PP 31-37. e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. http:\/\/www.iosrjournals.org\/iosr-jhss\/papers\/Vol.%2021%20Issue10\/Version-6\/F2110063137.pdf\r\n[17]\tGlobal Policy Review (2020, November 3). The Abandonment of Single Mothers in the Philippines during COVID-19. The IWI: International Women\u2019s Initiative. https:\/\/www.theiwi.org\/gpr-reports\/abandonment-of-single-mothers-in-the-philippines-covid19\r\n[18]\tIRB \u2013 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada: \u201cPhilippines: Treatment of unwed and single mothers and their children, including treatment of unwed and single mothers when their children are outside the country (2015-February 2017) [PHL105738.E]\u201d, Document #1397641 &#8211; ecoi.net https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/1397641.html\r\n[19]\tKaiman, J. (2016, May 28). The Philippines has 1.8 million abandoned children. Here\u2019s what keeps many from adoption. Los Angeles Times. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world\/asia\/la-fg-philippines-orphans-adv-snap-story.html?fbclid=IwAR0aftFt-BfTVeFIMWSSAxiKvAXtqkToPCqERSdi6V7TMCW8KyHEB6zad2U \r\n[20]\tKamburupitiya, M. (2018). Work Related Stress: A Literature Review, Harshana PVS, Department of Agriculture Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Ruhuna University of Sri Lanka, Mapalana, https:\/\/juniperpublishers.com\/asm\/pdf\/ASM.MS.ID.555586.pdf\r\n[21]\tKim G.E., Choi H.Y., &#038; Kim E.J. (2018) Impact of economic problems on depression in single mothers: A comparative study with married women. PLoS ONE 13(8): e0203004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203004\r\n[22]\tKluczyk, Malgorzata (2013) The impact of work-life balance on the wellbeing of employees in the private sector in Ireland. Master\u2019s Thesis, Dublin, National College of Ireland. http:\/\/norma.ncirl.ie\/880\/1\/mkluczyk.pdf \r\n[23]\tLaw Office Of Cohen &#038; Jaffe. (2020, December 12). Long Island Marital Status Employment Discrimination Against Single Moms Lawyers | Law Office of Cohen &#038; Jaffe, LLP. Law Office Of Cohen &#038; Jaffe LLP. https:\/\/www.cohenjaffe.com\/areas-we-serve\/long-island-ny\/employment-law-lawyer\/employment-discrimination\/against-single-moms-at-work\/#:%7E:text=Workplace%20discrimination%20against%20single%20moms,category%20of%20marital%20status%20discrimination.&#038;text=For%20example%2C%20single%20women%20with,from%20co%2Dworkers%20or%20supervisors\r\n[24]\tMaier, C. A. (2017, November 14). Perceptions of Positive Attributes of Never-Married Single Custodial Mothers and Fathers. Library.Ndsu.Ed. https:\/\/library.ndsu.edu\/ir\/handle\/10365\/26823\r\n[25]\tMaldonado, L. C. &#038; Nieuwenhuis, R. (2018).  The triple bind of single-parent families: resources, employment and policies. Faculty Works: Social Work. 4. https:\/\/digitalcommons.molloy.edu\/swk_fac\/4\r\n[26]\tMaldonado, L. C., &#038; Nieuwenhuis, R. (2018). The triple bind of single-parent families: resources, employment and policies. Faculty Works: Social Work. 4. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt2204rvq\r\n[27]\tMesias, S. (2020, June 8). Filipino single mothers bear the brunt of COVID-19. World Vision Philippines. https:\/\/www.worldvision.org.ph\/stories\/filipino-single-mothers-bear-the-brunt-of-covid-19\/#:%7E:text=Based%20on%20a%20recent%20study,million%20of%20whom%20are%20women\r\n[28]\tMrinde, N.J. (2014) The Challenges That Single Parented Students Face In Attaining Secondary Education. Master\u2019s Thesis, The Open University of Tanzania. https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/33425432.pdf\r\n[29]\tPasion, P. (2017, March 7). DSWD: Amend law to provide more benefits for solo parents. Rappler. https:\/\/www.rappler.com\/nation\/dswd-amend-law-benefits-solo-parents-international-womens-day \r\n[30]\tPasion, P. (2017, May 12). Single mothers: Different faces, same struggles. Rappler. https:\/\/www.rappler.com\/nation\/single-mothers-faces-struggles\r\n[31]\tPatajo-Kapunan, A. L. (2015, September 13). Solo Parents\u2019 Welfare Act and work benefits to solo-parent employees | Atty. Lorna Patajo-Kapunan. BusinessMirror. https:\/\/businessmirror.com.ph\/2015\/09\/13\/solo-parents-welfare-act-and-work-benefits-to-solo-parent-employees\/\r\n[32]\tPong, S. (1998). The School Compositional Effect of Single Parenthood on 10th Grade Achievement. Sociology of Education 71:1, 23-42.\r\n[33]\tPress Release &#8211; Expanded Solo Parents Welfare Act of 2020 to ease qualms of PH \u2019Naytays\u2019- Revilla. (2020, May 6). [Press release]. http:\/\/legacy.senate.gov.ph\/press_release\/2020\/0506_revilla1.asp\r\n[34]\tPress Release &#8211; PRIB: Hontiveros seeks to expand benefits for solo parents. (2019, March 17). [Pressrelease]. http:\/\/legacy.senate.gov.ph\/press_release\/2019\/0317_prib1.asp#:%7E:text=According%20to%20Hontiveros%2C%20the%20Philippine,million%20of%20whom%20were%20female\r\n[35]\tREPUBLIC ACT NO. 8972 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR BENEFITS AND PRIVILEGES TO SOLO PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. (n.d.). The LAWPHiL Project. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https:\/\/lawphil.net\/statutes\/repacts\/ra2000\/ra_8972_2000.html\r\n[36]\tRichards, L. &#038; Schmiege, C. (1993) Family Relations. Family Diversity. Vol. 42, No. 3, p.ips in Single-Parent Homes. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1988, 50, 4, Nov, 1049.\r\n[37]\tRuggeri, K. &#038; Bird, C.E. (2014). Single parents and employment in Europe: Short Statistical ReportNo.3.https:\/\/www.rand.org\/content\/dam\/rand\/pubs\/research_reports\/RR300\/RR362\/RAND_RR362.pdf\r\n[38]\tSchmuck, D. (2013). Single parenting: fewer negative effects of children&#8217;s behaviors than claimed, Modern Psychological Studies: Vol. 18: No. 2 , Article 12. Available at: https:\/\/scholar.utc.edu\/mps\/vol18\/iss2\/12\r\n[39]\tSoomar, S.M. &#038; Ali, S.K. (2019). Single Parenting: Understanding Reasons and Consequences. Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Pakistan. https:\/\/juniperpublishers.com\/jojnhc\/pdf\/JOJNHC.MS.ID.555781.pdf\r\n[40]\tStack, R. J. (2017, October 17). The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single Parents: An Exploration of the Journey from Social Distress to Seeking Help. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10834-017-9551-6?error=cookies_not_supported&#038;code=2d1d2144-9166-4e90-bf9a-be62f7a6fc1f\r\n[41]\tStephen, E.N. &#038; Udisi, L. (2016). SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CHILDREN: A STUDY OF AMASSOMA COMMUNITY IN BAYELSA STATE https:\/\/www.idpublications.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Full-Paper-\r\n[42]\tStrengths and challenges of single mothers in Helsinki, Dawadi, Diaconia University, 2019 https:\/\/www.theseus.fi\/bitstream\/handle\/10024\/265227\/FINAL%20THESIS-.pdf?sequence=2&#038;isAllowed=y\r\n[43]\tThe Importance of Work-Life Balance On Employee Performance Millennial Generation In Indonesia. (2020). Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(09). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31838\/jcr.07.09.203 \r\n[44]\tThe Manila Times, (2014, January 27). Solo parent has right to flexible work schedule that does not affect company productivity. The Manila Times. https:\/\/www.manilatimes.net\/2014\/01\/27\/legal-advice\/dearpao\/solo-parent-has-right-to-flexible-work-schedule-that-does-not-affect-company-productivity\/71158\/\r\n[45]\tThe Manila Times, (2016, April 29). Labor benefits of a solo parent. The Manila Times. https:\/\/www.manilatimes.net\/2016\/04\/30\/legal-advice\/dearpao\/labor-benefits-of-a-solo-parent\/259240\/\r\n[46]\tWoessmann, L. (2020, July 15). An International Look at the Single-Parent Family. Education Next. https:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/international-look-single-parent-family\/\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ralph Joseph C. Tuazon, Jessa C. Butiu, Sittie Farhannah C. Natangcop, Jessa Mae L. Lonzaga, Marie Katrina A. Lim &#8220;Solo On and Off Duty: Challenges of Selected Solo Parent Employees in Call Center Companies and the Implication of Republic Act 8972&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.343-350 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6314<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/343-350.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/solo-on-and-off-duty-challenges-of-selected-solo-parent-employees-in-call-center-companies-and-the-implication-of-republic-act-8972\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Solo On and Off Duty: Challenges of Selected Solo Parent Employees in Call Center Companies and the Implication of Republic Act 8972<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2346ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2346ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a234783 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a234783\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2348f5\" data-id=\"a2348f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a234a18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a234a18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a234abc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a234abc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a234c1b\" data-id=\"a234c1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a234d29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a234d29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a234dcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a234dcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a234f14\" data-id=\"a234f14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a235028 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a235028\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2350c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2350c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a23520d\" data-id=\"a23520d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a235310 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a235310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2353b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2353b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2354f8\" data-id=\"a2354f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a235609 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a235609\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2356a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2356a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2357f4\" data-id=\"a2357f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2358f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2358f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a235996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a235996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a237071\" data-id=\"a237071\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a237272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a237272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Reaching Jayapura City by Applying Christ&#8217;s Method for Immigrants<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adie Alfrets Lantu, Hendriks Stimson Hutagalung, Rolyana Ferinia- March 2022- Page No.: 351-355<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a237342 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a237342\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a237508\" data-id=\"a237508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a237655 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a237655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThere are many problems and challenges of urban evangelism facing the Protestant church in Jayapura City, Papua \u2013 Indonesia. the purpose of this paper is to find the best methods and strategies to reach immigrants in Jayapura city with the gospel of Jesus Christ. How the Protestant Church in Jayapura reached out to the residents of the city of Jayapura, the majority of whom were immigrants. How is applying Christ&#8217;s method in the context of the modern world so important? The methodology used in this research is a literature study, the authors develop the topic of discussion by reviewing articles from websites, books, scientific articles and other literature that have discussed the same and relevant topics. The analysis and research results emphasize the method of Christ that will provide success in evangelism in the city of Jayapura and its application in modern times. Through the center of influence program, digital ministry, congregation planting and small groups that will be carried out by the Christian church in the city of Jayapura will have a major impact on the progress of evangelism in the city of Jayapura. The involvement of all church members to evangelize will bring success in the work of preaching the gospel.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 351-355\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6315\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6315<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adie Alfrets Lantu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProgram Pasca Sarjana Magister Filsafat Universitas Advent Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hendriks Stimson Hutagalung <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProgram Pasca Sarjana Magister Filsafat Universitas Advent Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rolyana Ferinia <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProgram Pasca Sarjana Magister Filsafat Universitas Advent Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tCosta, F. M. (2015, 06 05). Jayapura, Light from the East. Retrieved from Kompas: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160304103619\/http:\/print.kompas.com\/baca\/2015\/06\/05\/Jayapura,-Cahaya-dari-Timur\r\n[2]\tJubi. (2019, 08 29). The name of Jayapura City is proposed to be changed to Port Numbay. Retrieved from Jubi.co.id: https:\/\/www.teras.id\/news\/pat-20\/179668\/nama-kota-jayapura-diusulkan-diganti-jadi-port-numbay\r\n[3]\tMambor, V. (2020, 09 19). Papua Live Matter. Retrieved from Jubi.co.id: https:\/\/jubi.co.id\/enembe-sebut-jumlah-oap-di-provinsi-papua-23-juta-jiwa\/\r\n[4]\tMission, A. (2021). Using Christ&#8217;s Method. Retrieved from Adventist Mission: https:\/\/am.adventistmission.org\/using-christs-method\r\n[5]\tMoyer, B. C. (1992). The Challenge of the Cities. Retrieved from Encyclopedia of Seventh-Day Adventist: https:\/\/www.ministrymagazine.org\/archive\/1992\/11\/the-challenge-of-the-cities\r\n[6]\tSamaan, P. (2012). Christ&#8217;s Method Alone. Retrieved from Advent Source: https:\/\/www.adventsource.org\/store\/adult-ministries\/community-services\/christs-method-alone-37147\r\n[7]\tSennet, R. (1994). Flesh and Stone. New York: Norton.\r\n[8]\tShenk, W. (1995). Writing the Vision. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press.\r\n[9]\tStikom. (2018). Social Media Means. Retrieved from repository.dinamika.ac.id: https:\/\/repository.dinamika.ac.id\/id\/eprint\/2324\/5\/BAB_III.pdf\r\n[10]\tWhite, E. G. (2021). The Ministry of Health and Healing. Retrieved 08 13, 2021, from EGW Writings: https:\/\/m.egwwritings.org\/en\/book\/2715.557\r\n[11]\tWidyananda, R. F. (2020, 06 04). Types of Social Media Most Often Used by Indonesians. Retrieved from Merdeka.com: https:\/\/www.merdeka.com\/jatim\/10-macam-media-sosial-yang-paling-sering-digunakan-oleh-orang-indonesia-kln.html\r\n[12]\tWilson, L. (2018, 08 29). What Digital Ministry Means. Retrieved from Apps4God: https:\/\/apps4god.org\/artikel\/apa-artinya-pelayanan-digital-dan-apa-kaitannya-dengan-kreativitas\r\n[13]\t Johnson, K. W. (2014). Frienship Evangelism. Retrieved from Sabbath School and Personal Ministries: https:\/\/www.sabbathschoolpersonalministries.org\/page-436\r\n[14]\tWhite, E. G. (2021). The Ministry of Health and Healing. Retrieved from EGW Writings: https:\/\/m.egwwritings.org\/en\/book\/2715.557\r\n[15]\tEllen G. White, Gospel Workers, 136-139. {ChS 49.1}\r\n[16]\tPeter Wagner, Church Planting for a Greater Harvest, (Ventura, CA: Regal Books, 1990), 11.\r\n[17]\tEllen G. White, Testimonies for the Church, vol. 7, p. 16).\r\n[18]\tKominfo, (2020). http:\/\/kominfo.jayapurakota.go.id\/2018\/03\/08\/sejarah-singkat-kota-jayapura\/\r\n[19]\tBadan Pusat Statistik, https:\/\/www.industry.co.id\/read\/3866\/bps-delapan-kota-ini-dengan-biaya-hidup-paling-mahal-di-indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adie Alfrets Lantu, Hendriks Stimson Hutagalung, Rolyana Ferinia, &#8220;Reaching Jayapura City by Applying Christ&#8217;s Method for Immigrants&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.351-355 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6315<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/351-355.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/reaching-jayapura-city-by-applying-christs-method-for-immigrants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Reaching Jayapura City by Applying Christ&#8217;s Method for Immigrants<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a238484 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a238484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a238557 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a238557\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2386e4\" data-id=\"a2386e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a238809 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a238809\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2388b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2388b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a238a0c\" data-id=\"a238a0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a238b17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a238b17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a238bb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a238bb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a238d04\" data-id=\"a238d04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a238e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a238e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a238eaf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a238eaf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a238ff8\" data-id=\"a238ff8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a239105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a239105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2391a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2391a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2392ef\" data-id=\"a2392ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2393ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2393ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a23949a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a23949a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2395e1\" data-id=\"a2395e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2396e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2396e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a239784 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a239784\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2398f1\" data-id=\"a2398f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a240808 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a240808\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Anxiety and Stress as Correlates of Financial Adjustment among Pre-Retirement Age Public Primary School Teachers in North-East Geo-political Zone of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akafa, Ranyang Nyangwae, E.G. Egbe-Okpenge (Prof), &#038; A. O. Amali (Prof)- March 2022- Page No.: 356-361<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a240903 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a240903\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a240b0a\" data-id=\"a240b0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a240c5e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a240c5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study investigated how anxiety and stress correlates with financial adjustment among pre-retirement age public primary school teachers in North-Eastern Nigeria. Three specific objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study and three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study made up of 53,142 public primary school teachers in 10, 173 schools in North Eastern, Nigeria. The sample size for the study was 397 public primary school teachers. The selection of sample size was done using proportionate stratified random sampling and convenience sampling techniques. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled \u201cAnxiety, Stress and Financial Adjustment Questionnaire (ASFAQ)\u201d. The questionnaire was validated by five experts and its reliability was established using Cronbach Alpha method. The reliability coefficients were 0.65 for the anxiety scale, 0.72 for stress scale and 0.61 for financial adjustment scale. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC) and Multiple Regression Analysis were used for data analysis via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings of the study revealed that anxiety and stress correlated negatively with financial adjustment among pre-retirement age public primary school teachers. The test of hypotheses found that anxiety and stress significantly predict financial adjustment of pre-retirement age public primary school teachers in North\u2013Eastern Nigeria. The study concluded that anxiety and stress play significant roles in determining the financial retirement adjustment of pre-retirement age public primary school teachers. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that, counsellors should adopt interventions like the pre-retirement counselling therapy to help teachers with anxiety issues who are finding it difficult to make social decisions that can have impact on their lives during retirement. \r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 356-361\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akafa, Ranyang Nyangwae<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational Open University of Nigeria, Jalingo Study Centre, Taraba State\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>E.G. Egbe-Okpenge (Prof)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and General Studies, Joseph Sarwuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A. O. Amali (Prof)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations and General Studies, Joseph Sarwuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdetunde, C.O.(2017). Socio-Economic Adjustment of Retired Civil Servants in Kwara and Lagos States, Nigeria: A Qualitative Study. A PhD Dissertation, Covenant University, Otta, Nigeria. Retrieved on 19 February, 2020 from www.eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng\/10107\/1ADETUNDE%2C%20\/CHRISTINA%20\/OLUFUNKE.pdf\r\n[2]\tDoaa, E. E. &#038; Raefa, R. A (2016). Factors affecting adjustment to retirement among retirees elderly persons. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. 6(8): 112-122.\r\n[3]\tEgbas, J. (2017). Who knows where ex-pensions boss has disappeared into? Retrieved on 27\/4\/2020 from www.pulse.ng\/news\/local\/maina-who-knows-where-ex-pensions-boss-has-disappeared-into\/yzexv55\r\n[4]\tEze, J. U (2010). Differentials in pre-retirement preparation strategies of secondary school teachers in Anambra and Enugu states of Nigeria: Implications for workplace counseling. The Counsellor Volume 28,47-57\r\n[5]\tFontielle, A (2020). Budgeting for the four Financial Phases of Retirement. Retrieved on      1\/6\/2021 from www.invostopedia.com\/article\/personal-finances\/110315\/4-phases-retirement-and-how-budget-them\r\n[6]\tGaladanchi, A.A. (2012). Effects of stress and creativity on academic performance among secondary school students in Katsina state, an unpublished Dissertation submitted to the Department of Education, UDU, Sokoto.\r\n[7]\tIgbo, H.I. &#038; Awopetu, R.G. (2012). Strategies for Curbing Pre-Retirement Anxiety among Primary School Teachers in Gboko LGA of Benue state. Interdisciplinary journal of Contemporary Research in Business. 4(6): Retrieved on 10 July, 2020 from ijcrb,webs.-comjournal-disciplinary\r\n[8]\tJah, I; Franchie, B. N; and Anyeh, P.M (2019). Retirement preparedness of public sector employees in Cameroon: The case of civil servants in the Buea Municipality. A Theses submitted to the department of Business and Managementstudies of PAID-WA. Retrieved on19\/2\/2020 fromwww.paidafrica.org\/images\/data\/isatou_jah.pdf\r\n[9]\tKwesi, N.W. &#038; Ellen, A.M.A. (2012). Retirement planning and counselling: Issues and challenges for teachers in public schools in the Sekondi Circuit. US- China Education Review A8 (2012): 755-767 David Publishing. Retieved on 4 November, 2019 from files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED53645\/.pdf\r\n[10]\tNdimele, U. (2017). This is how much the federal government borrowed from pension funds in 2019. Retrieved on 14\/01\/2022 from www.nairametrics.com\/2020\/02\/17\/this-is-how- much-federal-government-borrowed-from-pension-funds-in-2019\r\n[11]\tNwaoba, C.N. (2013). Sources of anxiety among public servants approaching retirement: the efficacy of counseling. The Educational Psychologist, 7(1), 184-190.\r\n[12]\tNweke, J. O. (2015). Post-retirement stress under non-contribution pension regime: A study of retired civil servants in Ebonyi State Nigeria. Canadian Social Sciences, 11(16), 109-117. doi:10.3968\/7106\r\n[13]\tNyoro, K.N &#038; Otieno, O.J (2016). Predictors of employee preparedness for retirement in public institutions within Mombasa County, Kenya. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE). 3 (1): 136-145.\r\n[14]\tObioma S.N. (2016). The problems of retirement as perceived by retired secondary school teachers in Imo State: Implications for counseling. The counsellor, 35 (1&#038;2): 39-53\r\n[15]\tOgujiofor, E.N. (2018). Assessment of retirement preparedness among civil servants in state health board of Enugu state; Nigeria. Retrieved on the 19th February,2020 from www.oee.unn.edu.ng\/read\/assessment-of-retirement-preparedness-among-civil-servants-in-state-health-board-of-enugu-state-nigeria?rdr=1\r\n[16]\tOlatunde, A. &#038; Onyinye, T, (2013). Problems and prospects of retirement adjustments on families of retirees among civil servants in Ekiti state, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal by European Scientific Institute ESI, Special Education, 1: 241-246. Retrieved on 4 November, 2019 from eujournal.org.index.php\/esj\/article\/view\/125\/1261\r\n[17]\tOlowookere, D. (2017). FG takes 5tr loan from pension funds to pay salaries, others. Retrieved on 14\/01\/2022 from www.businesspost.ng\/economy\/fg-takes-n5tr-loan-from-pension-funds-pay-salaries-others\r\n[18]\tPeter, K.V., Samuel, K.A., Yayra, D., &#038; Kwesi, N.W. (2018). Managing pre-retirement anxiety among Teachers in Yilo-Krobo Municipality in Eastern Region of Ghana\u2019 US-China Education Review B Retrieved from Doi: 10-117265\/2161-6248\/2018.03.001\r\n[19]\tRedhwan, A.A., &#038; Robert, C. (2011). Stress and coping strategies among retired people in Malaysia: A Qualitative study. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2(2), 143-147\r\n[20]\tUgwu, E. L., Enwereuzor, K.I., Mefoh, C.P., Ugwu, I.L., &#038; Onyishi, E.I. (2019). Pre-retirement anxiety: development and validation of a measurement instrument in a Nigerian sample. Journal of Psychology in Africa. 29 (1), 43-48. Retrieved on 10\/7\/2021 from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14330237.2019.1568054\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akafa, Ranyang Nyangwae, E.G. Egbe-Okpenge (Prof), &#038; A. O. Amali (Prof), &#8220;Anxiety and Stress as Correlates of Financial Adjustment among Pre-Retirement Age Public Primary School Teachers in North-East Geo-political Zone of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.356-361 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/356-361.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/356-361.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/anxiety-and-stress-as-correlates-of-financial-adjustment-among-pre-retirement-age-public-primary-school-teachers-in-north-east-geo-political-zone-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Anxiety and Stress as Correlates of Financial Adjustment among Pre-Retirement Age Public Primary School Teachers in North-East Geo-political Zone of Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a241acd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a241acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: 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data-id=\"a24203a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a242153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a242153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2421ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2421ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24233e\" data-id=\"a24233e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a242444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a242444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2424e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2424e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a242643\" data-id=\"a242643\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a242753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a242753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2427ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2427ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a242936\" data-id=\"a242936\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a242a49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a242a49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a242ae3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a242ae3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a242c22\" data-id=\"a242c22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a242d2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a242d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a242dc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a242dc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a242f31\" data-id=\"a242f31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a243043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a243043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Home Environment as Correlates of Primary School Pupils\u2019 Literacy Skills Development in Ibadan Metropolis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M. D Amosun and Tayo, C. Ogunyebi &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 362-366<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2430e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2430e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a243289\" data-id=\"a243289\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2433bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a2433bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">One serious problem currently facing primary education in Nigeria is illiteracy. An alarmingly high percentage of primary school children are not learning to read, that is, they cannot use reading as a tool of learning, a problem which is also synonymous to writing. Researchers have also identified factors such as teachers\u2019 quality, school factor and availability of reading materials, foreign language usage, as factors that could be responsible for such marred development of literacy skills in children. However, most studies on the influence of home language on children\u2019s literacy skills were all foreign studies. In view of these, this study investigates home environment as correlate of literacy skills of primary pupils in Ibadan metropolis. The study adopted a correlational survey research design. Simple random sampling technique was used to select one and twenty (120) primary three pupils. Pupils reading assessment (0.92), Pupils\u2019 Home-environment and literacy Questionnaire (0.70) as well as Writing assessment scale (0.91) were the instruments used in the study. Two research question were answered using inferential statistic of Pearson product movement correlation. The findings revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between home environment and reading skills of pupils. (r=0.30; p<0.05), but no significant relationship between home environment and writing skills (r=-0.04; p>0.05). The study recommended that effort must be made on the part of the parents to ensure that their home environment is such that facilitates and stimulates the literacy skills of their children<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 362-366\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. D Amosun<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood and Educational Foundations, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tayo, C. Ogunyebi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood and Educational Foundations, University of Ibadan, Nigeria\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAsodike, J. D &#038; Ikpitibo, C. L. (2014). Basic Issues in Primary Education delivery in  Nigeria. European Scientific Journal 8(1): 150- 164\r\n[2]\tAulls, M. W &#038; Sollars, V. (2003). The differential influence of the home environment on the  reading ability of children entering grade one. Reading Improvement 40(4): 164-177.\r\n[3]\tAyoti, A. L. (2015). Free Newspaper and reading culture: a culture of the People Daily, (unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis) University of Nairobi, Nairobi.\r\n[4]\tColker, L.J. (2009). Literacy development begins at home with a literate home environment.  Houston, RIF publishers.\r\n[5]\tCummings, K. &#038;Petscher, Y. (Eds.). (2015). The fluency construct: Curriculum-based measurement concepts and applications. New York: Springer Science and Business Media.\r\n[6]\tEdem. E, Mbaba, U.G., Udosen, A., &#038; Isioma, E. P. (2011). Literacy in primary and  secondary education in Nigeria. Journal of Language and Culture 2(2):15-19 \r\n[7]\tEnamen, J. (2015). The role of picture books in promoting reading culture among Nigerian children: implication for libraries and development of leadership qualities, International Journal of Academic Library and Information Science, 3(2), 65\u201371.\r\n[8]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria. (2013). National Policy on Education. NERDC Press, Lagos. Nigeria. Pg 29.\r\n[9]\tGillon, G. T. (2004). Phonological awareness from research to practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.\r\n[10]\tIroegbu, V. I. &#038; Iroegbu, C. L. (2018). The Relative Effect of Activity and Direct Teaching Adjuncts on Primary School Pupils\u201f Learning Outcomes in English Language: Journal of Education and Practice, 9(2), Pp. 112 \u2013 116.\r\n[11]\tIroegbu, V.I. &#038; Igweike, O. M.(2020). Effect of parental involvement on the reading skills of pupils in lower primary school in Ondo state, Nigeria Journal of Education &#038; Social Policy Vol. 7(4), 89-96 \r\n[12]\tJaiyeoba, A. O. (2011). Primary School Teachers\u2019 Knowledge Of Primary Education  Objectives and Pupils Development. African Educational Research Network. 11(1): 4-8\r\n[13]\tNgorosho, D.L. (2010). Key Indicators of home environment for educational research in rural communities in Tanzania. Child indicators Research 3(3): 327-348\r\n[14]\tNyamu, F. W. (2015). Assessment of Factors Influencing Achievement Of Basic Reading  literacy in public primary schools in nyeri county, kenya. Masters project submitted to the Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Eastern Africa\r\n[15]\tMahuro G. M. &#038; Hungi N. (2016). Parental participation improves students academic achievement: A case of Iganga and Mayuge district in Uganda. Cogent education Vol. 3, Issue 1, Kenya cover page cogent education \u2013 Mahuro and Hungi. Http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2016.1264170\r\n[16]\tOECD (2012). Literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environment: Framework for the OECD survey of adult skills. OECD publishing. Retrieved 7th April, 2014 from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/numeracy\r\n[17]\tOkon N., (2003). Improving literacy through vocabulary acquisition\u2019s. Appl.Lit. Reading. 1(1): 125-132.\r\n[18]\tOtache, I. (2020). Poor reading culture in Nigeria: the way forward. African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Vol. 3( 4),  25-37\r\n[19]\tOyetunde,T.O, Ojo,G,. Korb,K.A.,  Babudoh, G. (2016).  Improving Literacy Instructional  Practices in Primary Schools in Nigeria: Strategies That Work. Journal of Literacy Information and Computer Education 6(2), 2323-2328\r\n[20]\tRaymond, E.(2019). Factors responsible for the poor reading achievement of pupils in public primary schools from teachers\u2019 perspectives: A case study of Yola South and North Local Government area of Adamawa state. International journal of Research -Granthaalayah Vol.7(5), 209-229.\r\n[21]\tSebastian, J. Moon, J. &#038; Cunningham, M. (2017). The Relationship of School \u2013 based parental involvement with student\u201fs achievement: a comparison of principal and parent survey reports from PISA 2012. Educ.Stud 43, 123 \u2013 146. Doi. 10.1080\/03055698.2016.1248900.\r\n[22]\tTarraga V, Garcia, B. &#038; Reyes, J. (2017). Home \u2013 based family involvement and academic achievement: a case study in primary educational studies. Educ.stud 44, 361 \u2013 375. Doi:10.1080\/03055698.2017.1373C36\r\n[23]\tTeale, W. &#038; Sulzby, E. (1986). Emergent literacy: Writing and reading. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.\r\n[24]\tWhitehurst, G.J &#038; Longman, C. J. (1998). Child development and emergent Literacy. Child  Development 69(3), 848-872. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M. D Amosun and Tayo, C. Ogunyebi, &#8220;Home Environment as Correlates of Primary School Pupils\u2019 Literacy Skills Development in Ibadan Metropolis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.362-366 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/362-366.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/362-366.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/home-environment-as-correlates-of-primary-school-pupils-literacy-skills-development-in-ibadan-metropolis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Home Environment as Correlates of Primary School Pupils\u2019 Literacy Skills Development in Ibadan Metropolis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a245d5f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a245d5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a245e34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a245e34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a245fc1\" data-id=\"a245fc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a246107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a246107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2461af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2461af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24630d\" data-id=\"a24630d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24641a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24641a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2464c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2464c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24660d\" data-id=\"a24660d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24671c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24671c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2467b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2467b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24690c\" data-id=\"a24690c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a246a14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a246a14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a246aaf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a246aaf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a246bfc\" data-id=\"a246bfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a246d07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a246d07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a246da2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a246da2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a246eeb\" data-id=\"a246eeb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a246fed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a246fed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24708c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24708c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2471ec\" data-id=\"a2471ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a247301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a247301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Civics Teachers to Improve Student Obedience to the Norms Applicable in the School Environment at 5 Tanete Junior High School, Mamasa Regency<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Muh. Asri Tapa, Yoel Sambira, Andi Alim &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 367-371<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24739d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24739d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a247514\" data-id=\"a247514\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24763b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a24763b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to determine the obedience of students to the norms that apply at the Junior High School 5 Tanete and also to find out the efforts made by Civics teachers in increasing student obedience to the norms that apply in schools. This research is a type of qualitative research. The informants consisted of the principal, Civics teacher and several students. This research is located in Sapan Village, Pana&#8217; sub-district, Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi, to be precise at the Tanete 5 Junior High School. Data collection techniques using documentation, observation and interviews. Data analysis begins with data reduction, presentation of verification data, and concluding. The results showed that the description of students&#8217; obedience to the norms that apply at Junior High School 5 Tanete is quite good, it can be seen from the record of violations that are still quite small and there are no fatal violations of norms, the interaction between students looks friendly and disciplined, this is enough to explain that students in these schools generally obey the prevailing norms. Meanwhile, the efforts made by Civics teachers to increase students&#8217; obedience to the norms that apply in schools are by acting as coaches, motivators, trying to be good role models and giving sanctions to students of Tanete 5 Junior High School.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 367-371\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muh. Asri Tapa<\/strong>\r\nFaculty Pancasila and Civic Education, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yoel Sambira<\/strong>\r\nFaculty Pancasila and Civic Education, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andi Alim<\/strong>\r\nFaculty Pancasila and Civic Education, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] J. J. Macionis, \u201cSociology,\u201d Sixth Edit., New Jersey: Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997.\r\n[2]\tS. Kusumadewi, T. Hardjajani, and A. N. Priyatama, \u201cHubungan antara Dukungan Sosial Peer Group dan Kontrol Diri dengan Kepatuhan terhadap Peraturan pada Remaja Putri di Pondok Pesantren Modern Islam Assalaam Sukoharjo,\u201d J. Ilm. Psikol. Candrajiwa, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 01\u201310, 2013.\r\n[3]\tA. Samana, Profesionalisme Keguruan. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 1994.\r\n[4]\tN. Muhadjir, Qualitative Research Methodology. Yogyakarta, 1998.\r\n[5]\tP. Prayitno, A. Afdal, I. Ifdil, and Z. Ardi, Layanan Bimbingan Kelompok dan Konseling Kelompok yang Berhasil: Dasar dan Profil. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2017.\r\n[6]\tM. Surya, Psikologi Konseling. Bandung: Pustaka Bani Quraisy, 2003.\r\n[7]\tM. Christine, Pedagogi: Strategi dan Teknik Mengajar dengan Berkesan. Bandung: PT Setia Purna Inves, 2009.\r\n[8]\tR. Jungjunan, \u201cPeran Guru PKn Dalam Membentuk Karakter Disiplin Siswa: Studi Deskriptif Analitis di SMAN 1 Ciasem Kabupaten Subang,\u201d Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, 2012.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muh. Asri Tapa, Yoel Sambira, Andi Alim &#8220;The Role of Civics Teachers to Improve Student Obedience to the Norms Applicable in the School Environment at 5 Tanete Junior High School, Mamasa Regency&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.367-371 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/367-371.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/367-371.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-civics-teachers-to-improve-student-obedience-to-the-norms-applicable-in-the-school-environment-at-5-tanete-junior-high-school-mamasa-regency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Role of Civics Teachers to Improve Student Obedience to the Norms Applicable in the School Environment at 5 Tanete Junior High School, Mamasa Regency<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a248820 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a248820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2488ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2488ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a248a72\" data-id=\"a248a72\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a249698\" data-id=\"a249698\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2497a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2497a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a249845 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a249845\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"a249b2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a249c97\" data-id=\"a249c97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a249dab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a249dab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of pre-harvest losses of banana and the social wellbeing of farmers in Boyo Division, North West Region of Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nkwain K. T., Odiaka E. C., &#038; Ikwuba A. A. &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 372-377<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a249e46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a249e46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a249fbc\" data-id=\"a249fbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24a0dd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a24a0dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study assessed pre-harvest losses of banana and its effect on the social wellbeing of farmers in Boyo Division. It have as objectives to; assess banana production systems in Boyo division, examine the extent of pre-harvest losses of banana in Boyo division, and assess the effect of the losses on the social wellbeing of the farmers. The study employed multi-stage sampling techniques to select 380 respondents from three out of four Sub-divisions in Boyo Division. Data was obtained from the respondents with the aid of Questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews. The data obtained was analysed using descriptive statistics and relational content analysis. The results revealed that majority of banana farmers practiced banana-coffee intercrop with farm sizes ranging from 0.1-4 hectares. Majority of the producers (87%) were smallholders\u2019 farmers. The results further revealed that during the 2019\/2020 cropping cycle, an estimated amount of 89,272 banana suckers were planted\/maintained, 61,055 plants harvested, while 28,217 plants were lost at pre-harvest stage. Most of the losses (21-30%) were recorded in the banana-coffee intercrop system. These quantity lost subjected a significant proportion, 81% and 59% of the farmers\u2019 households to food shortages, inability to access good health facilities and societal commitments. The study therefore, concludes that pre-harvest losses of bananas significantly affect the social wellbeing of the farmers and recommend that intercropping should be reduced and improved cultivation practices provided to the farmers.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 372-377\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nkwain K. T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Food Technology and Research (CEFTER), Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Odiaka E. C.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Communication, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ikwuba A. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tFood and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), (2020). Trade and Market: Banana Facts and Figures. Banana Cultivars. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United State. http;\/\/www.fao.org\/economic\/est\/est-commodities\/bananas\/bananafacts\/en\/#.XjQQDB7TU0N. Accessed on 6th November, 2020.\r\n[2]\tAjambo, S., Rietveld, A., Nkengla, L.W., Niyongere, C., Dhed\u2019a, D.B., Olaosebikan, D.O., Nitunga, E., Toengaho, J., Kumar, L. P., Hanna, R., Kankeu, R. S. &#038; Omondi, A. (2018). Recovering banana production in bunchy top-affected areas in Sub-Saharan Africa: developing gender- responsive approaches. Actu Hurticulturae, 1196: 1-9.\r\n[3]\tFood and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), (2019). Trade and Market: Banana Facts and Figures. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United State. http;\/\/www.fao.org\/economic\/est\/est-commodities\/bananas\/bananafacts\/en\/#. XjQQDB7TU0N. Accessed on 31st January, 2020.\r\n[4]\tFood and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), (2018). Banana Market Review: Preliminary results for 2018. Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. Pp.12.\r\n[5]\tOlumba, C.C. &#038; Onunka, C. N. (2020). Banana and Plantain in West Africa: Production and Marketing. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition, and development, 20 (2): 15474-15489.\r\n[6]\tMbide, C. M., Doutrelepont, H., Vrydaghs, L., Swennen, R. L., Swennen, R.J., Beeckam, H., Langhe, E. &#038; Maret, P. (2005). The initial history of bananas in Africa. A reply to Jan Vansina, Azania, 2003, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 40 (1): 128-135.\r\n[7]\tKoigi, B. (2016). Cameroon top banana producer in Africa-Caribbean-Pacific region. https:\/\/africabusinesscommunities.com. Accessed on 18th January, 2021.\r\n[8]\tCauthen, J., Jones, D., Gugerty, M. K. &#038; Anderson, C.L. (2013). Banana and Plantain Value Chain: West Africa EPAR Brief No. 239. Prepared for the Agricultural Policy Team of the Bill &#038; Melinda Gates Foundation, pp. 25.\r\n[9]\tAvana-Tientcheu, M- L., Sime, C, H., Tsobou, R. &#038; Tchoundjeu, Z. (2019). Diversity, Ethnobotanical Potential and Sustainability Assessment of Plants Used by Traditional Healers to Treat Cancer in Boyo Division, North-West Region, Cameroon. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 27 (3): 1-22.\r\n[10]\tJacobsen, K., Fogain, R., Mouassom, H. &#038; De Waele, D. (2004). Musa-based cropping systems of the Cameroon highlands: a case study of the West and Northwest provinces of Cameroon, with emphasis on nematodes. Fruits, 59 (5): 311\u2013318.\r\n[11]\tAfrican Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF). (2009). Feasibility Study on Technologies for Improving Banana for Resistance Against Bacterial Wilt in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Agricultural Technology Foundation, pp. 92.\r\n[12]\tMuchuruza, Y. P. &#038; Melchior, H. R. (2013). The Effects of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (Bxw) on Food Security and the People&#8217;s Livelihood: The Case of Nshamba and Rubale Divisions in Kagera Region, Tanzania. KADETFU and CDI organizations, Tanzania. Pp. 44.\r\n[13]\tKeshavarz, M., Karami, E. &#038; Vanclay, F. (2013). The social experience of drought in rural Iran. Land Use Policy, 30: 120\u2013129.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nkwain K. T., Odiaka E. C., &#038; Ikwuba A. A. , &#8220;Assessment of pre-harvest losses of banana and the social wellbeing of farmers in Boyo Division, North West Region of Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.372-377 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/372-377.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/372-377.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-pre-harvest-losses-of-banana-and-the-social-wellbeing-of-farmers-in-boyo-division-north-west-region-of-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of pre-harvest losses of banana and the social wellbeing of farmers in Boyo Division, North West Region of Cameroon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24affd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a24affd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24b0cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24b0cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24b24f\" data-id=\"a24b24f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24b377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24b377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24b419 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24b419\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24b56f\" data-id=\"a24b56f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24b678 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24b678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24b71e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24b71e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24b86a\" data-id=\"a24b86a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24b977 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24b977\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24ba13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24ba13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24bb60\" data-id=\"a24bb60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24bc6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24bc6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24bd0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24bd0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24be4d\" data-id=\"a24be4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24bf63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24bf63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24bffe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24bffe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24c14d\" data-id=\"a24c14d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24c25f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24c25f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24c2fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24c2fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24c458\" data-id=\"a24c458\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24c56e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24c56e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Measure Adopted by Accommodation Establishment Amid Global Health Pandemic in Naval, Biliran<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Reymark S. Pabilando,  Teofilo Tapaya, Jose Mari Sale &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 378-384<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24c60a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24c60a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a24c78e\" data-id=\"a24c78e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24c8b9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a24c8b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper presents a social measure adopted by accommodation establishment amid global health pandemic in Naval, Biliran. The aim is to evaluate the social measure practices of different accommodation establishment to provide recommendations for the improvement of the Hospitality industry during this pandemic.  This paper used descriptive approach to assess the demographic profile of the respondents such as age, sex, civil status, name of the establishment, services offered, total number of rooms, amenities and the social measure used by the establishment. It was revealed that majority of the accommodation establishments has set a limit on the number of bookings and guests in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the area. During working hours, the majority of the employees engages in social distancing and employs social measures and the management adapt DOH social measures as a policy in their workplaces. Thus, it is recommended that the management should follow protocols from the government to avoid spread of the Covid-19. Data and profiling of guests and staff should be monitored by management so that they can be easily tracked down.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 378-384\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Reymark S. Pabilando <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Management and Entrepreneurship, Biliran Province State University, Naval Biliran, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teofilo Tapaya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Management and Entrepreneurship, Biliran Province State University, Naval Biliran, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jose Mari Sale  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Management and Entrepreneurship, Biliran Province State University, Naval Biliran, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAlvarez FE, Argente D, Lippi F (2020) A simple planning problem for covid-19 lockdown. NBER Working Paper. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26981, (Accessed on July 11, 2020)\r\n[2]\tBakar, N.A.; Rosbi, S. Effect of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci. 2020, 7, 4. ang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, X. Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020, 83, 102913. \r\n[3]\tOron, D.P.; Topol, E.J. Scripps Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.scripps.edu\/science-and-medicine\/translational-institute\/about\/news\/sarc-cov-2-infection\/ (accessed on 22 September 2020).\r\n[4]\tMorawska, L.; Cao, J. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality. Environ. Int. 2020, 139, 105730. \r\n[5]\tPeeri, N.C.; Shrestha, N.; Rahman, M.S.; Zaki, R.; Tan, Z.; Bibi, S.; Baghbanzadeh, M.; Aghamohammadi, N.;\r\n[6]\tZhang, W.; Haque, U. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: What lessons have we learned? Int. J. Epidemiol. 2020, 49, 717\u2013726. \r\n[7]\tConnor, P. Pew Research Center. Available online: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/04\/01\/morethan-nine-in-ten-people-worldwide-live-in-countries-with-travel-restrictions-amid-covid-19\/ (accessed on 1 April 2020).\r\n[8]\tAlBattat, A.R., MatSom, A.P., 2014. Emergency planning and disaster recovery inMalaysian hospitality industry. Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci. 144, 45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.07.272.\r\n[9]\tAlonso, A.D., Kok, S.K., Bressan, A., O\u2019Shea, M., Sakellarios, N., Koresis, A., et al., 2020.COVID-19, aftermath, impacts, and hospitality firms: an international perspective.Int. J. Hosp. Manag., 102654\r\n[10]\tBai, Y., Yao, L., Wei, T., Tian, F., Jin, D.Y., Chen, L., Wang, M., 2020. Presumedasymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. JAMA 1406\u20131407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.2565.\r\n[11]\tBarrows, C.W., Gallo, M., Mulleady, T., 1996. AIDS in the US hospitality industry:recommendations for education and policy formulations. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp.Manag. 8 (1), 5\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09596119610108581.\r\n[12]\tBerelson, B., 1952. Content Analysis in Communication Research. Free Press, Glencoe, IL.\r\n[13]\tLaw, R., 2005. A perspective on SARS and education in hospitality and tourism. J. Teach.Travel. Tour. 5 (4), 53\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J172v05n04_04.\r\n[14]\tLeung, P., Lam, T., 2004. Crisis management during the SARS threat: a case study of themetropole hotel in Hong Kong. J. Hum. Resour. Hosp. Tour. 3 (1), 47\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J171v03n01_05.\r\n[15]\tLisak, D., 1994. The psychological impact of sexual abuse: content analysis ofinterviews with male survivors. J. Trauma. Stress 7 (4), 525\u2013548.\r\n[16]\tLiu, J., Huang, J., Li, Z., Qu, X., Zheng, X., Tu, C., et al., 2020. A High-Efficiency Hospital Emergency-response Mode is Key to Successful Treatment of COVID-19 Patients in\r\n[17]\tZhuhai. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-20125\/v1.Lodder, W., de Roda Husman, A.M., 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential healthrisk, but also data source. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30087-X.\r\n[18]\tMalhotra, N., Birks, D., 2007. Marketing Research: an Applied Approach: 3rd EuropeanEdition. Pearson education.\r\n[19]\tMalhotra, R., Venkatesh, U., 2009. Pre-crisis period planning: lessons for hospitality andtourism. Worldw. Hosp. Tour. Themes 1 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.110817554210910949896.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Reymark S. Pabilando,  Teofilo Tapaya, Jose Mari Sale , &#8220;Social Measure Adopted by Accommodation Establishment Amid Global Health Pandemic in Naval, Biliran&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.378-384 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/378-384.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/378-384.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-measure-adopted-by-accommodation-establishment-amid-global-health-pandemic-in-naval-biliran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Social Measure Adopted by Accommodation Establishment Amid Global Health Pandemic in Naval, Biliran<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a252f00 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a252f00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2535a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2535a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a253644 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a253644\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a253790\" data-id=\"a253790\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a253898 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a253898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a253933 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a253933\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a253a81\" data-id=\"a253a81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a253b92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a253b92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a253c2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a253c2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a253d72\" data-id=\"a253d72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a253e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a253e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a253f1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a253f1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a254081\" data-id=\"a254081\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25418d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25418d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a254230 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a254230\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a254399\" data-id=\"a254399\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2544a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2544a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Radiation Doses of Children, Undergoing Computed, Tomography of the Head at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tima Nassir, Onditi Elias, Festus Njuguna, Jack Odunga- March 2022- Page No.: 379-386<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a25459d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a25459d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a254738\" data-id=\"a254738\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a254905 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a254905\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nObjective: To determine the Volumetric Computed Tomography Dose Index, Dose Length Product and the effective dose of radiation delivered during routine head Computed tomography examination in children less than 15 years at Moi Teaching and Referral hospital and their association with Body Mass Index and age. \r\nMethods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study done at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. A total number of 127 patients aged between 0 to 15years were recruited into the study using systematic sampling technique. Data was collected from the Computed tomography console and estimated effective dose calculated. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analysis was done using T-test to test for association between the dependent and independent variables between the groups. Pearson correlation coefficient and scatter plots were used to describe the relationship between the radiation doses, age and Body Mass Index. A P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.\r\nResults: The mean age for the participants studied was 5.21years. The most common indication for Computed tomography was hydrocephalus (24%). The average Computed Tomography Dose Index, Dose Length Product and effective dose was 32.84 mGy, 1006.1 mGy.cm and 4.01mSv respectively.\r\nThe effective radiation dose decreased as age increased (4.31 to 3.25 mSv, with a P= 0.025 and R=0. 511. There was no association between Body Mass Index and the effective dose (R=0.076). \r\nConclusion: Computed Tomography Dose Index of the patients are within normal parameters with other places in the world. The Dose Length Product and effective dose are within range with the ones of National Diagnostic Reference Level for Kenya but higher than others countries such as Turkey. There was statistically significant correlation between age and effective dose.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 379-386\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tima Nassir<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Radiology and Imaging, Moi University School of Medicine\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onditi Elias <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Radiology and Imaging, Moi University School of Medicine\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Festus Njuguna <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jack Odunga <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Reproductive Health, Moi University School of Medicine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tLong DE, Villasante Tezanos AG, Wise JN, Kern PA, Bamman MM, Peterson CA, et al. A guide for using NIH Image J for single slice cross-sectional area and composition analysis of the thigh from computed tomography. PloS one. 2019;14(2):e0211629.\r\n[2]\tWHO. What is Ionizing Radiation? (2017). WHO. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/ionizing_radiation\/about\/what_is_ir\/en\/. 2017.\r\n[3]\tWHO. Radiation protection in paediatric care. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/ionizing_radiation\/medical_radiation_exposure\/paediatric-care\/en\/. 2018.\r\n[4]\tAlzen G, Benz-Bohm G. Radiation protection in pediatric radiology. Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International. 2011;108(24):407.\r\n[5]\tNagai H, Kurihara O. Outline of UNSCEAR 2013 report (1). Radionuclide releases, dispersion and deposition. Nippon Genshiryoku Gakkai-Shi. 2014;56(12):791-5.\r\n[6]\tBrenner DJ, Eric J. Hall.&#8221; Computed tomography\u2014an increasing source of radiation exposure.&#8221;. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(22):2277-84.\r\n[7]\tBourguignon MH, editor Justification and optimisation in radiation protection: which one is first? Proceedings of the 10th European ALARA network workshop September 12-15th Prague Czech Republic; 2006.\r\n[8]\tKlavs D, Pa\u0161agi\u0107 D, Kotar N. Radiation protection in pediatric radiography\u2013Introducing some immobilization and protection equipment. Paediatrics Today. 2016;12(1):81-6.\r\n[9]\tUffmann M, Schaefer-Prokop C. Digital radiography: the balance between image quality and required radiation dose. European journal of radiology. 2009;72(2):202-8.\r\n[10]\tFarman AG. ALARA still applies. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology. 2005;4(100):395-7.\r\n[11]\tMoifo B, Tene U, Moulion Tapouh JR, Samba Ngano O, Tchemtchoua Youta J, Simo A, et al. Knowledge on irradiation, medical imaging prescriptions, and clinical imaging referral guidelines among physicians in a sub-Saharan African country (Cameroon). Radiology research and practice. 2017;2017.\r\n[12]\tSiegel JA, Sacks B, Pennington CW, Welsh JS. Dose optimization to minimize radiation risk for children undergoing CT and nuclear medicine imaging is misguided and detrimental. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2017;58(6):865-8.\r\n[13]\tStrauss KJ, Goske MJ, Kaste SC, Bulas D, Frush DP, Butler P, et al. Image gently: ten steps you can take to optimize image quality and lower CT dose for pediatric patients. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2010;194(4):868-73.\r\n[14]\tKalra MK, Maher MM, Rizzo S, Kanarek D, Shephard J-AO. Radiation exposure from chest CT: issues and strategies. Journal of Korean medical science. 2004;19(2):159-66.\r\n[15]\tBrady Z, Ramanauskas F, Cain T, Johnston P. Assessment of paediatric CT dose indicators for the purpose of optimisation. 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Communicating radiation risks in paediatric imaging: information to support health care discussions about benefit and risk. 2016.\r\n[22]\tSatharasinghe D, Jeyasingam J, Wanninayake W, Pallewatte A. Pediatric diagnostic reference levels in computed tomography: a systematic review. Journal of Radiological Protection. 2021.\r\n[23]\tKisembo H, Shalin S, Kavuma A, Nakatudde R, Bugeza S. A survey of paediatric CT radiation doses in two selected hospitals in Kampala, Uganda: a radiation safety concern. International Journal of Cancer Therapy and Oncology. 2015;3(3):3227.\r\n[24]\tKharbanda AB, Krause E, Lu Y, Blumberg K. Analysis of radiation dose to pediatric patients during computed tomography examinations. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2015;22(6):670-5.\r\n[25]\tVawda Z, Pitcher R, Akudugu J, Groenewald W. Diagnostic reference levels for paediatric computed tomography. SA Journal of Radiology. 2015;19(2).\r\n[26]\tHayton A, Wallace A. Derivation of Australian diagnostic reference levels for paediatric multi detector computed tomography. Australasian physical &#038; engineering sciences in medicine. 2016;39(3):615-26.\r\n[27]\tKritsaneepaiboon S, Trinavarat P, Visrutaratna P. Survey of pediatric MDCT radiation dose from university hospitals in Thailand: a preliminary for national dose survey. Acta radiologica. 2012;53(7):820-6.\r\n[28]\tSuliman I, Khamis H, Ombada T, Alzimami K, Alkhorayef M, Sulieman A. Radiation exposure during paediatric CT in Sudan: CT dose, organ and effective doses. Radiation protection dosimetry. 2015;167(4):513-8.\r\n[29]\tAlzimami K. Assessment of radiation doses to paediatric patients in computed tomography procedures. Polish journal of radiology. 2014;79:344.\r\n[30]\tLodwick DL, Cooper JN, Adler B, Lee C, Kelleher K, Minneci PC, et al. How to identify high radiation burden from computed tomography: an example in obese children. Journal of Surgical Research. 2017;217:54-62. e3.\r\n[31]\tHuda W, Chamberlain CC, Rosenbaum AE, Garrisi W. Radiation doses to infants and adults undergoing head CT examinations. Medical physics. 2001;28(3):393-9.\r\n[32]\tKim S, Song H, Samei E, Yin FF, Yoshizumi TT. Computed tomography dose index and dose length product for cone\u2010beam CT: Monte Carlo simulations of a commercial system. Journal of applied clinical medical physics. 2011;12(2):84-95.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tima Nassir, Onditi Elias, Festus Njuguna, Jack Odunga, &#8220;Radiation Doses of Children, Undergoing Computed, Tomography of the Head at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.379-386 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/379-386.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/379-386.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/radiation-doses-of-children-undergoing-computed-tomography-of-the-head-at-moi-teaching-and-referral-hospital\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Radiation Doses of Children, Undergoing Computed, Tomography of the Head at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2558b5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a256671 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a256671\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2567dc\" data-id=\"a2567dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2568ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2568ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a25698c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a25698c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a256adb\" data-id=\"a256adb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a256bdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a256bdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a256c86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a256c86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a256df5\" data-id=\"a256df5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a256f0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a256f0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of COVID-19 on the On-going Refugees Economic Inclusion in Kenya: Difference-in-Differences Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Serge B. Hounton, Dulo Nyaoro &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 387-400<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a256fae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a256fae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a25712d\" data-id=\"a25712d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25725d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a25725d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the refugee\u2019s livelihood and the on-going economic inclusion in Kenya. We analyse the impact of the pandemic on various refugee settlements such as, Kalobeyei Settlement, and urban areas in the host country compared to the formal camps (Kakuma and Dadaab), Kenya. By doing so, we use the Difference-in-Differences evaluation analysis to access the impact of the pandemic on the refugee\u2019s livelihood (refugees\u2019 income) and the economic inclusion (relief services). We use data collected by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) from May to July 2020 in Kenya to empirically analyse the effect of COVID-19 on the refugees. Our findings show that the refugees in the Kalobeyei settlement and urban areas livelihoods have been negatively and significantly affected than the refugees in the formal camps, Kakuma and Dadaab. Moreover, our analysis reveals that the pandemic has increased the aid dependency of Kalobeyei and urban refugees in Kenya. That means the COVID-19 has negatively impacted on-going refugees\u2019 economic inclusion in Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 387-400\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Serge B. Hounton<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster of Arts Student in Forced Migration Moi University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dulo Nyaoro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPeace Institute Coordinator Moi University, Kenya \r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAlaoui, S. (2020). Inside Dadaab Refugee Camps: Safe-Proofing Relief Distribution During COVID-19. United Nations Foundation (UNF). https:\/\/unfoundation.org\/blog\/post\/inside-dadaab-refugee-camps-safe-proofing-relief-distribution-during-covid-19\/\r\n[2]\tBetts, A., Easton-Calabria, E., &#038; Pincock, K. (2021). Localising Public Health: Refugee-led organisations as first and last responders in COVID-19. World Development, 139: 10531(03), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105311\r\n[3]\tBhagat, R. B., Harihar, R. R. S., Archana, S., Roy, K., &#038; Govil, D. (2020). The COVID-19, Migration and Livelihood in India: A Background Paper for Policy Makers (Issue April). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.12528.00008\r\n[4]\tBraam, D. H., Srinivasan, S., Church, L., Sheikh, Z., Jephcott, F. L., &#038; Bukachi, S. (2021). Lockdowns, lives and livelihoods: the impact of COVID-19 and public health responses to conflict affected populations &#8211; a remote qualitative study in Baidoa and Mogadishu, Somalia. Springer, 15(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13031-021-00382-5\r\n[5]\tBukuluki, P., Mwenyango, H., Katongole, S. P., Sidhva, D., &#038;Palattiyil, G. (2020). The socio-economic and psychosocial impact of Covid-19 pandemic on urban refugees in Uganda. Social Sciences &#038; Humanities Open, 2(1), 100045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssaho.2020.100045\r\n[6]\tDempster, H., Ginn, T., Graham, J., Guerrero Ble, M., Jayasinghe, D., Shorey, B., Beltramo, T., Fix, J., Mejia-Mantilla, C., Schmieding, F., Tabasso, D., Tanner, J., Hirose, Y., Huang, C., Lang, H., Lee, E., Post, L., Saez, P., Ruaudel, H., &#038; Schwartz, E. (2020a). Locked Down and Left Behind: The Impact of COVID-19 on Refugees\u2019 Economic Inclusion. https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/\r\n[7]\tDempster, H., Ginn, T., Graham, J., Guerrero Ble, M., Jayasinghe, D., Shorey, B., Beltramo, T., Fix, J., Mejia-Mantilla, C., Schmieding, F., Tabasso, D., Tanner, J., Hirose, Y., Huang, C., Lang, H., Lee, E., Post, L., Saez, P., Ruaudel, H., &#038;Schwartz, E. (2020b). Locked Down and Left Behind: The Impact of COVID-19 on Refugees\u2019 Economic Inclusion (Issue July). https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/\r\n[8]\tFinsterwalder, J., Kabadayi, S., Fisk, R. P., &#038; Boenigk, S. (2020). Creating hospitable service systems for refugees during a pandemic: leveraging resources for service inclusion. Journal of Service Theory and Practice. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JSTP-07-2020-0175\r\n[9]\tGolesorkhi, L. Z., Fortson, G., Harder, K., &#038; Riedmann, T. (2020). Centering community in COVID-19 responses: refugee women\u2019s livelihoods in a global pandemic. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJSSP-07-2020-0332\r\n[10]\tHanck, C., Arnold, M., Gerber, A., &#038; Schmelzer, M. (2019). Introduction to Econometrics with R.\r\n[11]\tILO. (2020). As job losses escalate, nearly half of global workforce at risk of losing livelihoods. ILO. http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/about-the-ilo\/newsroom\/news\/WCMS_743036\/lang&#8211;en\/index.htm\r\n[12]\tLau, L. S., Samari, G., Moresky, R. T., Casey, S. E., Kachur, S. P., Roberts, L. F., &#038; Zard, M. (2020). COVID-19 in humanitarian settings and lessons learned from past epidemics. In Nature Medicine (Vol. 26, Issue 5, pp. 647\u2013648). Nature Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0851-2\r\n[13]\tMulu, N. T. (2021). COVID-19 and its Effects on the Lives and Livelihoods of Congolese Female Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the City of Cape Town. African Human Mobilty Review, Volume 7 N(May), 1\u201322.\r\n[14]\tUNHCR. (2020a). Kenya &#8211; Socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on refugees in Kenya. UNHCR Web Page. https:\/\/microdata.unhcr.org\/index.php\/catalog\/245\r\n[15]\tUNHCR. (2020b). KENYA STATISTICS PACKAGE. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ke\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/05\/Kenya-Statistics-Package-30-April-2020.pdf\r\n[16]\tUNHCR. (2020c). UNHCR Kenya expresses continued solidarity in ongoing efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and calls for more support. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ke\/17875-press-release-unhcr-kenya-expresses-continued-solidarity-in-ongoing-efforts-to-contain-the-covid-19-pandemic-and-calls-for-more-support.html\r\n[17]\tUNHCR. (2021). KENYA Registered refugees and asylum-seekers: As of 31 May 2021 (Issue May).\r\n[18]\tUNHCR Kenya. (2017). Kalobeyei Settlement. UNHCR Web Page. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ke\/kalobeyei-settlement\r\n[19]\tUNHCR Kenya. (2020). Kalobeyei Integrated Socio-Economic Development Plan (KISEDP). UNHCR Web Page. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ke\/kisedp-2\r\n[20]\tUNHCR Kenya. (2021a). Dadaab Refugee Complex. UNHCR Web Page. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ke\/dadaab-refugee-complex\r\n[21]\tUNHCR Kenya. (2021b). Kakuma Refugee Camp and Kalobeyei Integrated Settlement. UNHCR Web Page. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ke\/kakuma-refugee-camp\r\n[22]\tUNICEF Kenya. (2020). Kenya Humanitarian Situation Report (Issue 3).\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Serge B. Hounton, Dulo Nyaoro, &#8220;Impact of COVID-19 on the On-going Refugees Economic Inclusion in Kenya: Difference-in-Differences Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.387-400 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/387-400.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/387-400.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-on-going-refugees-economic-inclusion-in-kenya-difference-in-differences-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of COVID-19 on the On-going Refugees Economic Inclusion in Kenya: Difference-in-Differences Analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25dbae elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a25dbae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25df3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25df3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a25dfec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a25dfec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a25e147\" data-id=\"a25e147\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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data-id=\"a25e45d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25e56b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25e56b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a25e60e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a25e60e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a25e759\" data-id=\"a25e759\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25e862 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25e862\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a25e8fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a25e8fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a25ed3d\" data-id=\"a25ed3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25ee4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25ee4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a25eee6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a25eee6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a25f04d\" data-id=\"a25f04d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25f164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a25f164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Indigenous Language Education for Entrepreneurial Skills and Youth Empowerment in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Awola\u0301oye\u0300, S.O. Ph. D, Emoruwa, O.T. Ph. d &#038; Saka, I.O. &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 401-405<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a25f20a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a25f20a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a25f38f\" data-id=\"a25f38f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a25f4ba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a25f4ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education is a process of imparting knowledge, skill and attitudes to the learners through the appropriate use of languages.  The state of Nigeria\u2019s education system had hindered the process of empowerment of youths in the country. The paper examines the role of indigenous languages as an instrument for the provision of qualitative and functional education that would instill in the life of the youth an entrepreneurial skill for self-reliance. Education, formal and non-formal, public awareness and training are considered as key processes by which humans and the society can reach their full potential. However, despite the huge investment of Nigerian government in education at all levels, many Nigerians are still wallowing in abject poverty. The youths happened to be the worst affected because they lack the informal type of education that can allow entrepreneurial diversity, therefore their hope is on the government and the few corrupt elites without a mind of being self employed. Indigenous language education which despises idleness, instills discipline and stimulate creativity have become a thing of the past in our society. Data were collected based on variables such as folklore, names, proverbs, taboo through a structured interview of identified resource persons and relevant textbooks and these were analysed. The findings revealed that indigenous language is such a potent tool that will allow youths to diversify their employment search from mainly white-collar jobs to self empowerment, having the strong mind that no job is too low for an idle hand, or else the devil will find work for them. The paper hereby posits that empowering our youth through our indigenous language is the best course of action by exposing them to different teaching in our culture.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 401-405\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Awola\u0301oye\u0300, S.O. Ph. D<\/strong>\r\nMetropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emoruwa, O.T. Ph. D <\/strong>\r\nMetropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saka, I.O.<\/strong>\r\nMetropolitan University, Sylhet, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAde\u0301da\u0300po\u0323, A.A. (2012). \u201cThe need for entrepreneurial ekills in Nigeria of 21st Century.\u201d Eminent \tPersonality Lecture, Kwara State College of Education,. Vol.15, Pp 1-5.\r\n[2]\tAfo\u0323la\u0301bi\u0301, F.O. (2017). \u201cManaging entrepreneurship education for job and wealth creation in \tNigeria.\u201d 3rd Ade\u0301ye\u0323mi\u0301 College of Education, On\u0300do\u0301 Inaugural Lecture, 4-12\r\n[3]\tAfo\u0323la\u0301bi\u0301, F.O. and A\u0300la\u0300o\u0301, F.O. (2013). \u201cAppraising the role of education management in \tinitiating and \tsustaining a viable entrepreneurship education for national development.\u201dEuropean Scientific Journal 8, no 623-26 \r\n[4]\tAla\u0301de\u0301sanmi, B. and Aki\u0301nto\u0301ye\u0300, W. (2005) An Introductory Text to Yoru\u0300ba\u0301 Culture and Literature. \tI\u0300lo\u0323rin: Universal Print.\r\n[5]\tAnho, J.E. (2012). \u201cEntrepreneurship education: A panacea for unemployment, poverty \treduction and national insecurity in developing and underdeveloped countries.\u201d \tAmerican International Journal of Contemporary Research 4, 3, 5-8. \r\n[6]\tAwo\u0301ni\u0301yi\u0300 T.A. (1978). Yoru\u0300ba\u0301 language in education 1846-1974. A Historical Survey. I\u0300ba\u0300da\u0300n: \tOxford University Press, \r\n[7]\tDe\u0301la\u0300no\u0323\u0300, I.O. (1983). O\u0300we L\u2019e\u0323sin O\u0323\u0300ro\u0323\u0300. Yoru\u0300ba\u0301 Proverbs. I\u0300ba\u0300da\u0300n: University Press. \r\n[8]\tFa\u0301di\u0301pe\u0323\u0300, N.A. (1978). The Sociology of the Yoru\u0300ba\u0301. Iba\u0300da\u0300n: University Press.\r\n[9]\tIkuenomore, M.G. (2009). \u201cContributions of leading philosophers to the practical  methodology \tof childhood education\u201d. In Ogunboyede, M.O. (ed) . Introduction to Pre-primary \tEducation in Nigeria. Ondo: Eligboye Educational Publication\r\n[10]\tMu\u0301sa\u0301, H.K. and Atu\u0301ramu\u0301, O.O. (2017). \u201cRelevance of indigenous language education towards \tthe transformation of nigeria.\u201d Journal of the School of Language, Ade\u0301ye\u0323mi \tCollege of Education, 8: 1, 116-119.\r\n[11]\tO\u0323de\u0323\u0301di\u0300ran, N.A. (2014). \u201cEducation for empowerment and national security.\u201d A Lead Paper \tPresented at the 5th National Conference of Kwara State College of Education, O\u0300ro\u0301 \t1-6\r\n[12]\tO\u0323du\u0301njo\u0323, J.F. (1961). A\u0300ko\u0301jo\u0323po\u0323\u0300 Ewi\u0300 Ala\u0301du\u0300n. I\u0300ba\u0300da\u0300n: Longman Limited, \r\n[13]\tOgunwale, A. (2016). Naming in yoruba: A sociolinguistic exposition. Ile-Ife\u0323: O\u0323bafemi \tAwo\u0301lo\u0323\u0301wo\u0323\u0300 University Press.\r\n[14]\tO\u0323la\u0301tu\u0301nji\u0301, O.O.  (1984). Features of the Yoru\u0300ba\u0301 oral poetry. I\u0300ba\u0300da\u0300n: University Press.\r\n[15]\tOlu\u0301ya\u0301mo\u0323, O.  (2009). E\u0323\u0300ko\u0323\u0301 A\u0300s\u0323a\u0300 I\u0300bi\u0301le\u0323\u0300 Yoru\u0300ba\u0301 fu\u0301n Ake\u0323\u0301ko\u0323\u0300o\u0323\u0301 O\u0300de O\u0300ni\u0301. O\u0300so\u0301gbo: E\u0323\u0300mi\u0301ade\u0301 Printing Press.\r\n[16]\tOsalor, P. (2012). Youth empowerment and entrepreneurial revolution. London: Posang \tInternational \tLimited.\r\n[17]\tSa\u0300ka\u0301, I.O. (2012). Teaching of indigenous languages: A tool for national re-orientation and \ttransformation, Journal of the School of Languages 6, no 2 (2012): 139-141\r\n[18]\tTa\u0301i\u0301wo\u0300, O. (2017). Our responsibilities to our indigenous language for sustainable democratic \tchange in Nigeria. Journal of the School of Languag 8, Pp29-33 \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Awola\u0301oye\u0300, S.O. Ph. D, Emoruwa, O.T. Ph. d &#038; Saka, I.O. &#8220;Indigenous Language Education for Entrepreneurial Skills and Youth Empowerment in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.401-405 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/401-405.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/401-405.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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elementor-element-a2636b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2636b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a263753 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a263753\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2638b4\" data-id=\"a2638b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2639ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2639ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a263a68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a263a68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a263bba\" data-id=\"a263bba\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-a2641cd\" data-id=\"a2641cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2642d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2642d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a264373 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a264373\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2644b4\" data-id=\"a2644b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2645c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2645c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a264660 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a264660\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2647c4\" data-id=\"a2647c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2648cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2648cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Customer Relationship Management on Customer Loyalty among Selected Banks in Jos, Plateau State Nigeria: The Mediating Role of Positive Word of Mouth and Organisation Prestige<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olubayo John Popoola, Linus vem, Gambo Nanven Jephthah, Nanfa Kusa, Janet Onayi Emmanuel- March 2022- Page No.: 406-414<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a264972 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a264972\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a264b01\" data-id=\"a264b01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a264c4e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a264c4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe increasing competition and other challenges faced by banks in Nigeria have made it necessary for them to look inward so as to distinguish their individual services through Customer Relationship Management (CRM).  The motivation of study to researcher is to examine the role of customer relationship management (CRM), positive word of mouth (PWM), organization prestige (OP) on customer loyalty (CL). Being a descriptive study, survey method is adopted for data collection. For data collection purpose, a questionnaire on the 5-point Likert scale was adopted and distributed among employees of banks. 390 questionnaires were administered and 360 respondents were recovered and using the partial least squares path modeling method (Smart PLS) analysis was used for the test of hypotheses. The result of the test of the first hypothesis shows that there is significant relationship between customer relationship management and customer loyalty. The test of the second hypothesis shows that there is a significant relationship between customer relationship management programme implementation and organisation prestige. The third hypothesis also affirmed that there is significant relationship between Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Positive Word of Mouth (PWM). The forth hypothesis shows that good organisation prestige has significant impact on customer loyalty. The fifth hypothesis has slight contradiction and shows that positive word of mouth does not really has significant relationship with customer loyalty.  In view of these findings, it was recommended, that banks should put good customer relationship management (CRM) in place in order to enhance their customers which are capable of having improvement in customer loyalty.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 406-414\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olubayo John Popoola<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Linus vem<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gambo Nanven Jephthah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nanfa Kusa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Janet Onayi Emmanuel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAshforth B.E and Mael, F. 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Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olubayo John Popoola, Linus vem, Gambo Nanven Jephthah, Nanfa Kusa, Janet Onayi Emmanuel, &#8220;The Role of Customer Relationship Management on Customer Loyalty among Selected Banks in Jos, Plateau State Nigeria: The Mediating Role of Positive Word of Mouth and Organisation Prestige&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.406-414 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/406-414.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/406-414.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-customer-relationship-management-on-customer-loyalty-among-selected-banks-in-jos-plateau-state-nigeria-the-mediating-role-of-positive-word-of-mouth-and-organisation-prestige\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Role of Customer Relationship Management on Customer Loyalty among Selected Banks in Jos, Plateau State Nigeria: The Mediating Role of Positive Word of Mouth and Organisation Prestige<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2687be elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2687be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2694e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2695f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2695f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a26978d\" data-id=\"a26978d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2698ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2698ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26994d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26994d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a269abb\" data-id=\"a269abb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a269c92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a269c92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a269da6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a269da6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a269fb8\" data-id=\"a269fb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26a0de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a26a0de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26a1a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26a1a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a26a336\" data-id=\"a26a336\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26a454 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a26a454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Instruction in Mechanical Accuracy on Correct Spelling and Use of Comma in Composition Writing by Students in College of Education, Billiri, Gombe State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sulaiman Jamila &#038; Danga, Luka Amos, Ph. D. &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 415-418<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26a4f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26a4f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a26a68e\" data-id=\"a26a68e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26a7dd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a26a7dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research centered on effects of instruction in mechanical accuracy on correct spelling and the use of comma in composition writing by students in College of Education Billiri. It was geared towards improving students\u2019 performance in essay writing. A quasi experimental research design was adopted. The population was NCE I students of College of Education Billiri, Gombe State. A sample of 112 NCE 1 students selected purposively was used. Two intact classes of NCE I students, one as the control and the other as experimental group were used. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The 2018 WASSCE questions were adapted and used to collect data, and the data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and t-test statistics. The results showed a significant difference between students who received treatment on mechanical accuracy as they achieved higher than those who did not. The study concluded that instruction in mechanical accuracy improves students\u2019 correct spelling and use of comma in composition writing. Based on these findings, a number of recommendations were made, major among is that teachers of English composition writing should teach mechanical accuracy separately for the learners to apply the rules while composing essays.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 415-418\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6316<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sulaiman Jamila <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Education, Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Danga, Luka Amos, Ph. D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCollege of Education, Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAnnie Moon, 2018, http:\/\/myschool.ng 2012 Lund Research Ltd. dissertation.laerd.com 25\/5\/20\r\n[2]\tAwotunde, P.O. &#038; Ugodulunwa, C.A. (2004). Research methods in education. Jos: Fab Anieh (Nig) Ltd.\r\n[3]\tOyetunde, T. O. (ed). (2018). Issues in postgraduate studies. Jos: School of Postgraduate Studies.\r\n[4]\tUzo, O. (2007). The four cardinal points of any good writing. https:\/\/ezinearticles.com \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sulaiman Jamila &#038; Danga, Luka Amos, Ph. D., &#8220;Effects of Instruction in Mechanical Accuracy on Correct Spelling and Use of Comma in Composition Writing by Students in College of Education, Billiri, Gombe State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.415-418 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6316\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/415-418.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-instruction-in-mechanical-accuracy-on-correct-spelling-and-use-of-comma-in-composition-writing-by-students-in-college-of-education-billiri-gombe-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Instruction in Mechanical Accuracy on Correct Spelling and Use of Comma in Composition Writing by Students in College of Education, Billiri, Gombe State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26b7f3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a26b7f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26b917 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26b917\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a26e8fd\" data-id=\"a26e8fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26eb9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a26eb9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26eceb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26eceb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a26efaa\" data-id=\"a26efaa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26f1ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a26f1ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26f305 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26f305\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a26f5a7\" data-id=\"a26f5a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26f7b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a26f7b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26f8ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26f8ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a26fb73\" data-id=\"a26fb73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a26fd91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a26fd91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a26fea7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a26fea7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a27011a\" data-id=\"a27011a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a27025b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a27025b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a27030f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a27030f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a270477\" data-id=\"a270477\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a27059c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a27059c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a270681 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a270681\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a270934\" data-id=\"a270934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a270b5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a270b5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relative Contributions of Disaggregated Government Social Expenditure to Income Poverty Reduction in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Dr. FASHANU Felix Adeniyi, Dr. KASALI Taofeek Aremu, Dr. OLOWE Olukemi Olumuyiwa &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 419-426<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a270ca6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a270ca6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a270f9d\" data-id=\"a270f9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a272abb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a272abb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Poverty has been viewed severally as a phenomenon that constitutes a major menace threatening the whole fabric of the development process in developing economies worldwide. However, attempts made to reduce this menace have not produced any significant positive results in Nigeria. It is for this purpose that this study investigates the relative contributions of disaggregated government social expenditure to income poverty reduction in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex post facto research design using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model technique to analyse time-series data for a period from 1981 to 2020. The results established a long-run relationship between government social recurrent expenditure capital transfer and social transfer. CT and GSEX were found to be inversely related to poverty reduction (dPOVR). On the other hand, however, ST was found to be positively related to dPOVR. The study, therefore, concluded that while CT and ST have potentials for poverty reduction in Nigeria, increased government on GESX will further increase poverty. The study, therefore, recommended that government should prioritise the investment in social infrastructure in the rural areas where most of the poor in Nigeria reside, and this should be complemented with sustainable improvement in the government&#8217;s social recurrent expenditures on education, health and sanitation. To also make ST more effective, we further recommended that government should put in place reliable programs of social transfer and revisit government policies on pension and gratuities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 419-426\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6317<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. FASHANU Felix Adeniyi<\/strong>\r\nMcPherson University, College of Social and Management Sciences, Seriki-Sotayo, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. KASALI Taofeek Aremu<\/strong>\r\nMoshood Abiola Polytechnic, School of Business and Management Studies, Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. OLOWE Olukemi Olumuyiwa<\/strong>\r\nMcPherson University, College of Social and Management Sciences, Seriki-Sotayo, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdekoya, O.O. 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Economic growth and poverty reduction in a rapidly changing world. Economic Brief 019, European Union Retrieved from www.http\/\/ec.europa.eu\/economy_finance\/publication, pp 1-17\r\n[36]\tRavallion, M. &#038; Chen, S.(2007). China&#8217;s uneven progress against poverty. Journal of Development Economics.82(1): 1-42\r\n[37]\tRavallion, M. (2010). A Comparative Perspective on Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India. The World Bank Research Observer 26(1): 71-104 \r\n[38]\tSamuel, A.C. (2020). Does government spending reduce poverty in Nigeria? Evidence from Autoregressive Distributed Lag specification. Ekonomi Bisnis, 25(1), pp 14-25.\r\n[39]\tSchultz, T. W. (1981). Investing in People: The Economics of Population Quality. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.\r\n[40]\tShenggen, F. (2007). Linkages between government spending, growth and poverty in India and China. Food Policy For Developing Countries: The Role Of Government In The Global Food System. Case Study 9-2, Cornel University, Ithaca, New York.\r\n[41]\tSylvester, A.F. &#038; Obayori, J. (2018). Health care expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Research innovations in social sciences.2(3): 33-36.\r\n[42]\tUgwu, E. I. (2012). Economic growth and poverty in Nigeria: is growth pro-poor? Evidence from existing data set. MSc Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nssuka.\r\n[43]\tVijayakuman, S. (2013). An empirical study of the nexus of poverty, GDP growth, dependency ratio and employment in developing countries. Journal of Competitiveness, 5(2), pp 67-82.\r\n[44]\tWorld Bank, (2014). Global Monitoring Report, 2014:  Ending Poverty and Sharing Prosperity.  Washington DC: World Bank.\r\n[45]\tWorld Bank, (2019). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.  http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/products\/wdi  \r\n[46]\tWorld Bank, (2020a). Poverty and shared prosperity. Retrieved 18\/11\/2020 from www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/poverty-and-shared-prosperity.\r\n[47]\tWorld Bank, (2020b). About the World bank. Retrieved 18\/11\/2020 from www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Dr. FASHANU Felix Adeniyi, Dr. KASALI Taofeek Aremu, Dr. OLOWE Olukemi Olumuyiwa &#8220;Relative Contributions of Disaggregated Government Social Expenditure to Income Poverty Reduction in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.419-426 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6317<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/419-426.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relative-contributions-of-disaggregated-government-social-expenditure-to-income-poverty-reduction-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relative Contributions of Disaggregated Government Social Expenditure to Income Poverty Reduction in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2745f4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a274a7f\" data-id=\"a274a7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a274cce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a274cce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a274e0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a274e0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2750b8\" data-id=\"a2750b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2752ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2752ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a27542c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a27542c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2756cd\" data-id=\"a2756cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2758e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2758e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a27603d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a27603d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2762e3\" data-id=\"a2762e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2764f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2764f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a276640 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a276640\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2793e7\" data-id=\"a2793e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a27964c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a27964c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2797a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2797a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a279b64\" data-id=\"a279b64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a279d8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a279d8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ethical Practices among Media Bloggers in Information Provision in Tanzania<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Julius Tweve and Martha Malyi &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 427-435<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a279edd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a279edd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a27a1f6\" data-id=\"a27a1f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a27a43e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a27a43e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nI. INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThere has been a mushrooming of blogs on the Internet; in 1999, there were about 50 existing blogs and they were only known by a few individuals (Johnson, Kaye, Bichard, &#038; Wong, 2007). However 29 percent (57 million) of American Internet users\u2019 accessed blogs (Lenhart &#038; Fox, 2006) and 8 out of 10 Americans knew what a blog was and almost half of America had visited blogs (Synovate, 2007). This phenomenal growth may be due to the dynamic nature of blogs; however, the aspect of ethical practices requires to be observed. While some blogs are updated weekly, many more are updated hourly (or even more frequently), with postings in reverse chronological order. Most are interactive and allow viewers to post comments (Lenhart &#038; Fox, 2006). Unlike static websites, blogs depend upon hyperlinks not only to boost attention to their own blog but also ensure that users can be quickly led to relevant information. At their idealized best, we blogs are said to be a space to reflect on the \u2018deluge of data\u2019 (Blood, 2002) that receive, offering an antidote to the mass-mediated, corporatized culture that surrounds. They have the capability to report the news without constraints of censure or the pressures of advertising and draw upon a diverse range of sources. At their reductive worst, bloggers have been said to be strongly opinionated and even vitriolic in response to those who oppose their political positions (Johnson &#038; Kaye, 2004).\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 427-435\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6318\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6318<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Julius Tweve <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTumaini University Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martha Malyi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTumaini University Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBlood, R. (2002). The weblog handbook: Practical advice on creating and maintaining Your blog. Cambridge MA: Perseus Publishing. \r\n[2]\tBucar and RojaFazaeli, (2008). Free Speech in Weblogistan? The Offline Consequences of Online Communication: Cambridge University Pres. Vol. 40, No. 3  \r\n[3]\tChong, (2010). Using blogging to enhance the initiation of students into academic research.\r\n[4]\tDeibert, (2014).Parchment, printing, and hypermedia: Communication and world order transformation.Columbia University Press.\r\n[5]\tIshengoma, F. R. (2013). Online Social Networks and Terrorism 2.0 in Developing Countries International Journal of Computer Science &#038; Networks Solutions, 1(4).\r\n[6]\tKelly. (2012). Culture Shock and Higher Education Performance: Implications for Teaching\r\n[7]\tKothari, (2000). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, (2nd Ed). New Delhi:NewAgeInternational Limited,\r\n[8]\tMalyi M.E. (2018) The Influence of Information Age in Developing Media bloggs. A Research Paper submitted to the Department of Mass Communication and Journalism in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of Masters Degree of Arts in Mass Communication\r\n[9]\tMedia Council of Tanzania (MCT) Code of Ethics for media professionals, 2016 Edition. \r\n[10]\tOppenheim, A. N.(Eds). (1992). Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement. Great Britain; Printer Publisher Limited\r\n[11]\tOso, W. Y. and Onen, D. (Eds.). (2008). A General Guide to Writing Research Proposal and Report; A Handbook for Beginning Researchers. Kampala.\r\n[12]\tNgulube P. (2000), Professionalism and Ethics in Records Management in the Public Sector in Zimbabwe.Records Management Journal, 10 (3):161-173. \r\n[13]\tTweve, J (2013) An Overview of Teacher Ethics and Professionalism at Universities. The Education Review, USA. 3(11), 187-193.\r\n[14]\tTweve, J. (2016), Challenges Records Managers face in adhering to ethical practices in Tanzania\u2019s Government Ministries. Delhi Business Review, Vol. 17 No. 2 July \u2013 December 2016). \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Julius Tweve and Martha Malyi, &#8220;Ethical Practices among Media Bloggers in Information Provision in Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.427-435 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6318<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/427-435.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ethical-practices-among-media-bloggers-in-information-provision-in-tanzania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Ethical Practices among Media Bloggers in Information Provision in Tanzania<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a27bf6a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a27bf6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a27c100 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a27c100\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a27c3c6\" data-id=\"a27c3c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29abee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29abee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29ad89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29ad89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a29b076\" data-id=\"a29b076\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29b336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29b336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29b4af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29b4af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a29b778\" data-id=\"a29b778\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29b9cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29b9cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29bb1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29bb1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a29bdcc\" data-id=\"a29bdcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c006 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29c14b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29c14b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a29c3e5\" data-id=\"a29c3e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29c604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29c604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29c72d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29c72d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a29c9c0\" data-id=\"a29c9c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29cbd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29cbd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29cd0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29cd0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a29cfa8\" data-id=\"a29cfa8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29d1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a29d1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Indonesia&#8217;s Message of Peace to the World: A Case Study of the Indonesian Christian Church&#8217;s Yasmin Conflict<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alvina Kusuma, Agus Adriyanto, Syamsunasir.- March 2022- Page No.: 436-439<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a29d2cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a29d2cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2a99b1\" data-id=\"a2a99b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2a9b3d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a2a9b3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe Yasmin Christian Church conflict in Indonesia has been finalized after 15 years of conflict over establishing a house of worship in Bogor, Indonesia. In settlement of cases in the world&#8217;s spotlight, violence after violence continues to haunt Indonesian society, famous for its plurality. There is only a final settlement after 15 years of conflict: the establishment of the Yasmin Indonesian Christian church in Bogor, Indonesia. The granting of Building Permits by the Bogor City Government as evidence of the end of the long conflict of the Indonesian Christian Church yasmin that has been going on for approximately 15 years, which the Bogor Government carried out, is one of the efforts to appreciate the diversity that exists in the city of Bogor. Granting Building Permit documents is not the final process, but the Bogor Government promises to continue to be treated sustainably to maintain diversity. This conflict resolution process is in the spotlight of the world. This conflict was initially a locally based issue but became a national issue and even became a spotlight in the international world. This event is a peaceful message from Bogor to the world that peace can be achieved by mutual respect and compliance with rules that have been mutually agreed upon by all parties. Indonesia&#8217;s message of peaceful democracy and respect for human rights and religious freedom offered to the international community has arrived, thus attracting the world&#8217;s attention.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 436-439\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6319<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alvina Kusuma <\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agus Adriyanto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syamsunasi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nIndonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdnan Buyung Nasution, &#8220;Guarantee of Religious Freedom in the State of Law in Indonesia,&#8221; in Freedom of Religion, Human Rights and National Commitment, ed. Erick J. Barus (Jakarta: Marturia PGI Field, 2009)  \r\n[2]\tAffandi, Nurkholik. Harmony in Diversity (An Analysis of the Construction of Peace Between Religious Peoples). Journal of Religious Communication and Social Affairs. Vol: XV, No. 1, June 2012.\r\n[3]\tAji, Ahmad Mukri. 2014. Identification of Potential Pre- And Post-Establishment Conflicts in Indonesia and Efforts to Address Them (Case Study in Bogor City and Regency). Mizan: Journal of Sharia Science. Volume 2 No. 1 June 2014.\r\n[4]\tDavid Cohen, Rule of Law for Human Rights in the Asean Region: A Base-Line Study, (Depok: Human Rights Resource Centre, 2011), p. 26-27\r\n[5]\tAritonang, Arthur. Freedom of Religion in the Thought of Andreas A. Yewangoe. The New Perspective In Theology And Religious Studies Vol. 1, No. 2 (2020):35-46\r\n[6]\tAritonang, Jan Sihar. Can the Church have justice? Journal of Theologia In Loco Vol. 2, No. 1, April 2020: 7-23\r\n[7]\tIndonesian Muslim Communication Forum, Chronology of GKI Yasmin conflict in Bogor City: chronology compiled by GKI Yasmin, Forkami and Bogor City Government, 2017.\r\n[8]\tHandoko, Duwi. Study of the Right to Freedom of Religion and Belief and the Right to Employment. Adjudication: Journal of Legal Sciences, Volume 3 Number 1, June 2019.\r\n[9]\tJayadi Damanik, &#8220;Human Rights Perspective on Public Order In GKI Yasmin Bogor Case&#8221; Journal of Human Rights, 2018.\r\n[10]\tRusmulyadi, Framing Islamic Media Online on Religious Conflicts in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Communication Volume 03, Number 01, June 2013\r\nWebsite References\r\n[11]\tAmerican Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative, &#8220;Expert\u201fNote on the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration&#8221; Washington, May 2012, http:\/\/www.americanbar.org \r\n[12]\tInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on page http:\/\/trearies.un.org\r\nOther references: \r\n[13]\tNational Commission HAM RI study of PBM No. 9 and 8 of 2006 (Jakarta, 2019)\r\n[14]\tSupreme Court Decision No.127 PK\/TUN\/2009 &#8220;GKI Yasmin Lawsuit&#8221; \r\n[15]\tJoint Regulation (PBM) of the Minister of Religious Affairs and Minister of Home Affairs Number 8 of 2006 and Number 9 of 2006\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alvina Kusuma, Agus Adriyanto, Syamsunasir., &#8220;Indonesia&#8217;s Message of Peace to the World: A Case Study of the Indonesian Christian Church&#8217;s Yasmin Conflict&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.436-439 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6319<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/436-439.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/indonesias-message-of-peace-to-the-world-a-case-study-of-the-indonesian-christian-churchs-yasmin-conflict\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Indonesia&#8217;s Message of Peace to the World: A Case Study of the Indonesian Christian Church&#8217;s Yasmin Conflict<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2aa969 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2aa969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2aaa44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2aaa44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2aabb6\" data-id=\"a2aabb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2aace0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2aace0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2aad7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2aad7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2aaedf\" data-id=\"a2aaedf\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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data-id=\"a2ab43f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ab588 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ab588\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ab63d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ab63d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ab795\" data-id=\"a2ab795\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ab8b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ab8b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ab95a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ab95a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2abaab\" data-id=\"a2abaab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2abbb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2abbb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2abc55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2abc55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2abda5\" data-id=\"a2abda5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2abeab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2abeab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2abf46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2abf46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ac0ad\" data-id=\"a2ac0ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ac1c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ac1c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Governance and Human Rights on the International Scene<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>John Walah Mua (PhD)- March 2022- Page No.: 440-444<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ac25c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ac25c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ac3d3\" data-id=\"a2ac3d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ac502 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a2ac502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe promotion, protection and violation of human rights constitute one of the most recurring arenas of debate in international politics. All states proclaim their commitment to human rights. This commitment was consolidated with the adoption of the United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and other related instruments. But the quest to match that ideal with reality by committed governments, international and regional organisations has not been easy because gross human rights violations still exist across the globe. These violations have shaken national and international legitimacy of some governments. The objective of this paper is to explore aspects of the problems which are vital to the study of human rights and governance.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 440-444\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Walah Mua (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and Comparative Politics,University of Buea\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBarber, Benjamin. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. \r\n[2]\tBasic Facts about the UNO, New York: UN Department of Public Information, 1995. \r\n[3]\tBlaster, Anthony. Democracy, Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 2002.  \r\n[4]\tBrendalyn Ambrose, Democratisation and the Protection of Human Rights in Africa, Westport, Connecticut, Praeger, 2001, P. 79. \r\n[5]\tBrownlie, Ian. Basic Documents on Human Rights, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, \r\n[6]\tBuergenthal, International Human Rights in a Nutshell, P. 100. \r\n[7]\tBuergenthal, Thomas. International Human Rights in a Nutshell, Saint Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing, 1995. \r\n[8]\tBull, H. \u201cHuman Rights and World Politics\u201d in R. Pettman (ed.), Moral Claims in World Affairs, London: Croom Helm, 1999. \r\n[9]\tClaude, Richard. Human Rights in the World Community; Issues and Actions, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. \r\n[10]\tCranston, Maurice.What are Human Rights? London: London University Press, 2000. \r\n[11]\tDegan Matthews.Human Rights and World Politics, Los Angeles: Evena Press, 2003. \r\n[12]\tDepartment of Public Information, 1999, Pp. 14-24. \r\n[13]\tDonnelly Jack and Rhoda Howard, International Handbook of Human Rights, New York: Greenwood Press, 1997. \r\n[14]\tEdward Lawson.Encyclopaedia of Human Rights, New York: Taylor and Francis, 1998. \r\n[15]\tEdwards, Mary.Diplomacy in the 20th Century, California: Deby Press, 1999. \r\n[16]\tFalk, Richard.Global Governance in the 21st Century, International Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2001. \r\n[17]\tFreedom Harry Street.The Individual and the Law, London: Penguin, 2001. \r\n[18]\tFreeman, Charles.Human Rights, London: B.T. Batsford, 1988.\r\n[19]\tHenkin, Louis.The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. \r\n[20]\tHitchener D. G. and W.H. Harbold, Modern Government, New York: Dodd and Mead, 1994. \r\n[21]\tHuman Rights and Elections, A Handbook on the Legal, Technical and Human Rights Aspects of Elections, Published by the UN Centre for Human Rights in Geneva, 1994. \r\n[22]\tHumana, Charles.The Economist, 15 April 2005.  \r\n[23]\tKofi A. Annan.The Question of Intervention, New York: UN \r\n[24]\tLocke, John.The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 199. \r\n[25]\tLowe, Norman.Mastering Modern World History, New York: Macmillan, 2005. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Walah Mua (PhD), &#8220;Governance and Human Rights on the International Scene&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.440-444 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/440-444.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/440-444.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/governance-and-human-rights-on-the-international-scene\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Governance and Human Rights on the International Scene<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad302 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2ad302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad3dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ad3dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad551\" data-id=\"a2ad551\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ad667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad703 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ad703\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad852\" data-id=\"a2ad852\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad961 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ad961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ad9fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ad9fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2adb47\" data-id=\"a2adb47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2adc50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2adc50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2cb5fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2cb5fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cb854\" data-id=\"a2cb854\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cb9ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2cb9ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2cba9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2cba9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cbc10\" data-id=\"a2cbc10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cbd2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2cbd2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2cbde6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2cbde6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cbf44\" data-id=\"a2cbf44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2cc063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc108 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2cc108\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc291\" data-id=\"a2cc291\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc3ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2cc3ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluating the Education Management Information System: A study on Non- Government College-level in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sushanta Roy Chowdhary &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 445-452<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc454 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2cc454\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc5f5\" data-id=\"a2cc5f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc734 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a2cc734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe aim of this study is to evaluate the Education Management Information System (EMIS) on the basis of the perception of the principals of Non-government College in Bangladesh. Descriptive research design and quantitative method were used in this study. A simple random sampling method was also used in the research. The population size was 1901 and the sample size was  92 in this study. For data collection, structured questioners were applied in interview. It is found that CTQ and SQ were in neutral position; System quality and System Use had  neutral position but had a positive trend; CSE and  IQ, US had moderately good, and PNB was in good position. This results may be helpful to use for the upgradation of EMIS and policy making. \r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 445-452\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sushanta Roy Chowdhary <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssocaite Professor, Department of Management, Rajshahi College, Rajshahi, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAl Koofi, A. 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Evaluation of the Neo Municipal Edition Information System used at the Belmopan City Council, Research for National Development Journal, Vol-2, No-1, 2018, http:\/\/ojs.ub.edu.bz\/index.php\/rndj\/issue\/view\/9\r\n[45]\tStripling, G. D. (2017). An Empirical Assessment of Energy Management Information System Success Using Structural Equation Modeling. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Engineering and Computing. (1019) https:\/\/nsuworks.nova.edu\/ gscis_etd\/1019.\r\n[46]\tSunaengsih, C. (2019). Principal Leadership in the Implementation of Effective School Management; DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17509\/mimbar-sd.v0i0.15200\r\n[47]\tTansley, C., Newell, S., &#038; Williams, H. (2001). Effecting HRM-Style Practices Through An Integrated HRIS: An E-Green Field Site? Personnel Review ,Vol. 30, 2001, P 35.\r\n[48]\tTaylor, S., &#038; Todd, P. A. (1995). Assessing ITusage: the role of prior experience. MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 561-570.\r\n[49]\tTeece, D.J. (1988). Capturing Value from Technological Innovation: Integration, Strategic Partnering, and Licensing Decisions, INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics, Vol. 18, No. 3; 1 Jun 1988; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/inte.18.3.46\r\n[50]\tTillett, K., Moguel, A., &#038; Williams, D. (2017). Moodle Management Systems Success at the University of Belize (Belize City Campuses), Research for National Development Journal, Vol-1, No-1, 2017, http:\/\/ojs.ub.edu.bz\/ index.php\/rndj\/issue\/view\/5\r\n[51]\tUgwoke, F.N. &#038; Iruke Samuel, C. (2015). A Computerized Educational Administrative Information System For Post-Primary School Management Board (Ppsmb) Enugu State, Quest Journals Journal of Software Engineering and Simulation Volume 2 ~ Issue 9 (2015) pp: 18-28, www.questjournals.org\r\n[52]\tUrbina, A., Wolfe, K., Chabl\u00e9, A., Coleman, B., &#038; Flores, D. (2019). Measuring the Success of the Management Information System at the National Emergency Management Organization, Journal of MIS@UB, v. 3, n. 1, nov. 2019. http:\/\/ojs.ub.edu.bz\/index.php\/rndj\/article\/view\/\r\n[53]\tViveiros, A., Cole, D., Laing, J. &#038; Reyes, J. (2018). Measuring the Success of Open Education Management Information System (OpenEMIS) implemented by the Education Department of Belize, Research for National Development Journal, Vol-2, No-1, 2018,http:\/\/ojs.ub.edu.bz\/index.php\/rndj\/issue\/view\/9\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sushanta Roy Chowdhary , &#8220;Evaluating the Education Management Information System: A study on Non- Government College-level in Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.445-452 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/445-452.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/445-452.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluating-the-education-management-information-system-a-study-on-non-government-college-level-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluating the Education Management Information System: A study on Non- Government College-level in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cd702 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2cd702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ce421 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ce421\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ce4ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ce4ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ce613\" data-id=\"a2ce613\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ce725 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ce725\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ce7c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ce7c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ce908\" data-id=\"a2ce908\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cea0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2cea0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ceaa9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ceaa9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cec0f\" data-id=\"a2cec0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ced20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ced20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: An Apparatus for Russia\u2019s National Interest Maximization<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abu Rushd Mohammad Saikh &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 453-460<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2cedbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2cedbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cef46\" data-id=\"a2cef46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2cf093 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a2cf093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict constitutes an ideal case study for addressing the difficulty of national interest in foreign policy formulation. Nagorno-Karabakh occupied by Armenia is recognized by the international community as a part of Azerbaijan. Unresolved for a few years, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has verified a true Gordian knot. This article examines the role of external actors, specifically role of Russia in this conflict. Russia is widely thought of to be the foremost relevant and anxious regional power. Russia\u2019s ambition to retain the Soviet era influence in its strategic backyards, the geopolitical importance of Nagorno-Karabakh and its relations with Armenia and Azerbaijan made itself a crucial regional actor in this conflict. Russia possesses authority to escalate and deescalate through military assistance and mediation. This article demonstrates that Russia utilizes the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict to maximize its national interest in the south Caucasian region.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 453-460\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6321<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abu Rushd Mohammad Saikh <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Dhaka, Bangaldesh  <\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\thttps:\/\/www.osw.waw.pl\/en\/publikacje\/analyses\/2016-04-06\/four-day-war-nagorno-karabakh\r\n[2]\tAbilov, S. (2018). OSCE Minsk Group: Proposals and failure, the view from Azerbaijan. Insight Turkey, 20 (1), pp. 143-164.\r\n[3]\tAbrahamyan, Eduard (October 12, 2016). Armenia\u2019s New Ballistic Missiles Will Shake Up the Neighborhood: Russia has decided to feed an arms race between Armenia and Azerbaijan. \r\nThe National Interest. Accessed April 27, 2019.\r\n[4]\tAskarov, A. (2019). Shadows of the April 2016 war: Armenia and Azerbaijan back in a deadlock? Eurasia Daily Monitor, 16 (45). Askerov, A. &#038; Matyok, T. (2015).\r\n[5]\tAskerov, A. (2015). The UN, OSCE, and Azerbaijan\u2019s Karabakh impasse: Imposing or making peace? In The Actual Problems of Azerbaijani Studies, Slavyan University.\r\n[6]\tAskerov, A. (2014). The Mountainous-Karabakh conflict: Negotiating for peace or winning time? In Globallasma Prosessinde Qafqaz ve Merkezi Asiya. Qafqaz University.\r\n[7]\tBoyajian, D. (February 5, 2019). Why Russia needs Armenia and vice versa. The Armenian Weekley. https:\/\/armenianweekly.com\/2019\/02\/05\/why-russia-needs-armenia-and-vice versa\/\r\n[8]\tFuller, L. (November 3, 2008). \u2018Moscow Declaration\u2019 a victory for Armenia. Radio Free Europe\/Radio Liberty. Accessed, April 27, 2019. https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/Moscow_Declaration_A_Victory_For_Armenia\/1337592.html \r\n[9]\tKharatyan, M. (March 27, 2019). Armenia hopes for Nagorno-Karabakh\u2019s return to the negotiating table.Accessed, April 8, 2019. https:\/\/oc-media.org\/armenia-hopes-fornagornokarabakh-s-return-to-the-negotiating-table\r\n[10]\tKucera, J. (August 6, 2019). Pashinyan calls for unification between Armenia and Karabakh. Euroasianet. \r\n[11]\tKucera, J. (April 1, 2019). After peace negotiations, threats of war break out between Armenia and Azerbaijan: Armenia\u2019s defense minister threatened to take more of Azerbaijan\u2019s territory, and Azerbaijan reacted in kind. Accessed April 27, 2019. https:\/\/eurasianet.org\/after-peace-negotiations-threats-of-war-break-out-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan\r\n[12]\tHopmann, T. P. (2014). Minsk Group mediation of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Confronting an \u201cIntractable Conflict\u201d In: IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2014, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 167-179.\r\n[13]\tShaw, M. N. (2003). International law. Grotius. Shaw, M. N. (January 01, 1997). The heritage of States: The principle of \u201cuti possidetis juris\u201d today. British Yearbook of International Law, 67, 75-154 Problem or Solution? Russia&#8217;s Role in the NagornoKarabakh Conflict. Accessed on March 10, 2022. https:\/\/www.e-ir.info\/2015\/10\/19\/problem-or-solution-russias-role-in-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict\/%20ANA\r\n[14]\tCharles A. Beard, The Idea of National Interest: An Analytical Study of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1934), p. 20; see also James N. Rosenau, &#8220;National Interest&#8221;, in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), vol. 11, pp. 33-39.\r\n[15]\tJoseph Frankel, Internntional Relations in a Changing World (Oxford, 1979), p. 85. Hans J. Morganthau, &#8220;Another Great Debate: The National Interest of the United States,&#8221; The American Political Science Review (Washington, December 1952, p. 973.)\r\n[16]\tHans J. Morgenthau, &#8220;Natioal Interest and Moral Principle in Foreign policy, The Primacy of the National Interest,&#8221; ~ American Scholar, XVIII. (Spring, 1949)\r\n[17]\tHans J. Morgenthau, &#8220;The Mainsprings of American Foreign Policy: The National Interest vs. Moral Abstractions,&#8221; The American Political Science Review, XLIV (December, 1950), 840-1. Hereafter cited as APSR XLIV.\r\n[18]\tBull, H. (1966) \u2018International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach\u2019, in World Politics, 18, pp. 361\u201377. Bull, H. (1977) The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London).\r\n[19]\tBull, H. (ed.) (1984) Intervention in World Politics (Oxford).\r\n[20]\tBull, H. &#038; Watson, A. (eds) (1984) The Expansion of International Society (Oxford). Bull, H. (2000) \u2018The State\u2019s Positive Role in World Politics\u2019, 1977; 1979 in Alderson Gilpin, R. (1981) War and Change in World Politics (New York).\r\n[21]\tGilpin, R. (1987) The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton)Gilpin, R.G. (1996) \u2018No One Loves A Political Realist\u2019, in Security Studies, 5, pp. 4\u201326.\r\n[22]\tGilpin, R. (2000) The Challenge of Global Capitalism (Princeton).\r\n[23]\tMearsheimer, J.J. (1990) \u2018Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War\u2019, International Security, 15 (1) (Summer).\r\n[24]\tMearsheimer, J.J. (2001) The Tragedy of Great Powers (New York).\r\n[25]\tRousseau, J.J., \u2018The Social Contract\u2019 in Barker, E. (ed.), Social Contract: Essays by Locke, Hume, Rousseau (New York).\r\n[26]\tWaltz, K.N. (1959) Man, the State and War (Columbia). Waltz, K.N. (1979) Theory of International Politics (New York).\r\n[27]\tWaltz, K.N. (1990) \u2018Realist Thought and NeoRealist Theory\u2019, Journal of International Affairs, 44, pp. 21\u201337.\r\n[28]\tWaltz, K. (1991) \u2018America as a Model for the World?\u2019, PS: Political Science and Politics.\r\n[29]\tWaltz, K.N. (2000) \u2018Globalization and American Power\u2019 in The National Interest, Spring. De Waal, Black Garden, Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War (New York: New York University Press 2002) pp. 241\u2013245.\r\n[30]\tR. Aitken, \u2018Not \u201cEthnic Conflict\u201d But Processes of Ethnicization: Towards a Comparative Analysis of Processes of Ethnicization During Conflicts\u2019, paper delivered at the conference Beyond The Nation? Critical Reflections on Nations and Nationalism in Uncertain Times, Belfast, United Kingdom, 13 Sept. 2007.\r\n[31]\tM. Ignatieff, The Warriors Honor Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (New York: Henry Holt and Co. 1998) p. 45.\r\n[32]\t\u2018Ethnic Conflict in the Transcaucasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh\u2019, Theory and Society 20\/5 (Oct. 1991) pp. 631\u2013660. For Tishkov, environmental and economic issues are transformed by national elites into ethnonational movements in the Soviet Union during late 1980s; V. Tishkov, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications 1997) pp. 68\u201371.\r\n[33]\tL. Altstadt, \u2018Ethnic Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh\u2019, in L. Drobizheva, R. Gottemoeller, C. M. Kelleher, and L. Walker (eds.).\r\n[34]\tEthnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe 1996) p. 231.\r\n[35]\tW. Wohlforth, \u2018Realism and the End of the Cold War\u2019, International Security 19\/3 (Winter 1994\/ 1995) p. 92.\r\n[36]\tStuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic politics of Ethnic War, pp. 15-18. Accessed on 10 March, 2022. https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/conflict-ukraine\r\n[37]\tMonica Duffy Toft, The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests and Indivisibility of Territory, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003.\r\n[38]\tStuart J. Kaufmann, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic politics of Ethnic War, pp. 30-39.\r\n[39]\tCedereman, Lars-Erik, Emergent actors in World Politics: How States and Nations Develop and Dissolve. 1997, Princeton: Princeton University Press, chapter 8.\r\n[40]\tSmith, A.(1993): \u201cThe Ethnic Sources of Nationalism\u201d, pp. 28-29.\r\n[41]\tBeissinger, Mark, R. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[42]\tRobert Kocharian, \u201cRussia\u2019s Important Role in Regional Processes\u201d, International Affairs (Moscow), Vol. 49, No. 2 (April 2003), p. 107.\r\n[43]\t\u201cArmenian, Russian Defense Ministers Signed Two Intergovernmental Agreements\u201d, Caspian News Agency , 14 September 2001.\r\n[44]\tNazmi G\u00fcl and G\u00f6k\u00e7en Ekici, \u201cStratejik Ortaklar Arasnda Bir Sorun mu Var? Putin\u2019in Ermenistan Ziyareti ve Moskova-Erivan \u00f8li\u00fakileri\u201d, Stratejik Analiz, Vol.2, No. 19 (November 2001), p. 36.\r\n[45]\tAlena Kim, \u201cArmenia, Russia Reaffirm Commitment to Military Cooperation\u201d, RFE\/RL (02 October 2002).\r\n[46]\tFraser Cameron and Jarek M. Domanski, \u201cRussian Foreign Policy with Special Reference to its Western Neighbours\u201d, EPC Issue Paper, No. 37 (13 July 2005), p. 14.\r\n[47]\tSergei Blagov, &#8220;Kocharian\u2019s Moscow Visit Underscores Strengthening Armenian-Russian Security Cooperation\u201d, Eurasia Insight, 21 January 2003.\r\n[48]\tTimur Onica, \u201cArmenia, Russia Sign Further Military Cooperation Agreements\u201d, RFE\/RL, 13 November 2003;Kim Iskyan, \u201cBig Bad Pariah: Armenia in Russia\u2019s Embrace\u201d, Moscow Times, 24 March 2004;Ilan Berman, \u201cThe New Battleground: Central Asia and the Caucasus\u201d, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Winter 2004-2005), p. 66.\r\n[49]\tSamvel Matiosyan and Alman Mir Ismail, \u201cArmenia and Azerbaijan Differ over Russian Base Pull-out\u201d, Eurasia Insight, 28 June 2005.\r\n[50]\tChechens Receiving Medical Treatment in Azerbaijan\u201c, Interfax, 06 January 2000. 38 Hikmet Hadjy-zadeh, \u201cThe Chechen War Echoes in Azerbaijan\u201d, Eurasia Insight, 24 August 2000.\r\n[51]\tOkan Ye\u00failot, \u201cAzerbaycan\u2019daki \u00c7e\u00e7en M\u00fclteciler ve Rusya ile \u00f8li\u00fakilere Yans\uf0f5malar\uf0f5\u201d, in Okan Ye\u00failot, De\u00f8i\u00fben D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeninde Kafkasya, Istanbul, Kitabevi, 2005,p. 197.\r\n[52]\t\u201cRussia, Azerbaijan Condemn Terrorism, Separatism\u201d, Turan News Agency , 07 February 2002.\r\n[53]\tDaan van der Schriek, \u201cMoscow Hostage Crisis Encourages Close Russian-Azerbaijani Relations\u201d, Eurasia Insight, 30 October 2002.\r\n[54]\tAyg\u00fcn Attar also makes a similar comparison between the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the Palestine Question and she characterizes the resolution of both conflicts as \u201chopeless\u201d. See Ayg\u00fcn Attar, Karabag\u02d8 Sorunu Kapsam\u0131nda Ermeniler ve Ermeni Siyaseti (Armenians and Armenian Policy within the framework of the Karabakh conflict), Ankara: Atat\u00fcrk Aras\u00b8t\u0131rma Merkezi, 2005, p. 150.\r\n[55]\tNaz\u0131m Cafersoy, El\u00e7ibey d\u00f6nemi Azerbaycan D\u0131s\u00b8 politikas\u0131, Haziran 1992-Haziran 1993: Bir Bag\u02d8\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k M\u00fccadelesinin Diplomatik \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc (Azerbaijani Foreign Policy during the El\u00e7ibey Era, June 1992\u2013June 1993: A Diplomatic Narrative of the Independence Struggle), Ankara: Association for Solidarity with Asylum Seekers and Migrants, 2001, p. 144.\r\n[56]\tScott Taylor, Unreconciled Differences: Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan, Ottawa: Esprit de Corps Books, 2010, p. 157.\r\n[57]\tUmut Uzer, Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus, London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 176\u2013177.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abu Rushd Mohammad Saikh, &#8220;The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: An Apparatus for Russia\u2019s National Interest Maximization&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.453-460 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6321<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" 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elementor-element-a2eca64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2eca64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ecbb8\" data-id=\"a2ecbb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2eccc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2eccc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ecd66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ecd66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2eced3\" data-id=\"a2eced3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ecfe6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ecfe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Education and Security: Exploring Areas of Collaboration between Schools and Security Agencies in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gulesh, James Obadiah, Mallam Al-Hassan S. Yakmut, Aledare, Shola Emmanuel &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 461-465<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ed080 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ed080\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ed20b\" data-id=\"a2ed20b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ed348 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a2ed348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Widespread insecurity in Nigeria predisposes schools and institutions of learning to constant attacks by terrorists, kidnappers and bandits. This endangers life and learning infrastructure thereby affecting school enrolment, psychological and mental wellbeing of students, guardians and teachers while exposing them to financial extortion. Predicated upon the country\u2019s overstretched security structures and apparatuses, this paper examines the interplay between education and security for the purpose of identifying ways of collaboration between schools and security agencies to mitigate the tides of insecurity. The paper is expository in nature such that content analysis is used. Thus, Structural Functionalist theory is adopted as a framework of analysis. It is identified that political, social and professional factors are likely to undermine synergy that will stem the tides of criminality perpetrated against students and schools. The paper recommended among other things, government and stakeholders within Nigeria\u2019s education and security systems should emphasise and facilitate rapid linkage between the two sectors to exploit their potentials and strengthen the needed interrelationship between them under a defined framework.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 461-465\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gulesh, James Obadiah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mallam Al-Hassan S. Yakmut<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aledare, Shola Emmanuel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAgerholm, H. (2016). Kidnapped schoolgirls \u2018used as human shield\u2019 by Boko \tHarma. Independent Magazine, 28 December 2016.\r\n[2]\tAkinwale, Y. (2018). 124,000 active personnel, 291,685 policemen \u2013 are Nigerian \tsecurity agencies weighed down by conflicts? Sahara Reporters, May 29, \t2018.\r\n[3]\tAudu, C. T, Lukeman, A. A and Mohammed, N. N. (2014) A Nexus between \thigher education,security challenges and sustainable development in \tNigeria. Journal of Research and Methods in Education, 4(4). 16-\t22.\r\n[4]\tCampbell, J. (2021). Kidnapping and ransom payments in Nigeria. Council on Foreign Relations.\r\n[5]\tFriday, O. (2014). Imperatives of education and security challenges in Nigeria: Implication for education for all. Journal of Resourcefulness and Distinction, 7(1). 1-9.\r\n[6]\tIbrahim, J. &#038; Bala, S. (2018). Civilian-led governance and security in Nigeria after \tBoko Haram. United States Institute of Peace, Special Report.\r\n[7]\tJohn, J. S. (2020). The concept of education. Education. \r\n[8]\tJoshua, S., Ibietan, J. &#038; Azuh, D. (2016). \u201cEducation and Nigeria\u2019s national \tsecurity\u201d. Proceedings of INTED2016 Conference 7th-9th March 2016, \tValencia, Spain. Pp. 3660-3665.\r\n[9]\tNigeria-South Africa Chambers of Commerce (NSACC). (2021). \u201cSecurity \tchallenges in Nigeria and the implications\u201d.\r\n[10]\tNigeria-South Africa Chambers of Commerce (NSACC). (2021). \u201cSecurity \tchallenges in Nigeria and the implications\u201d.\r\n[11]\tOdeniyi, S., Ojiude, A. &#038; Tolu-Kolawole, D. (2020). $2.4m ransom paid for \tkidnapped students\u2019 release in 2020 \u2013 Report. Punch Newspaper, August 3, 2021.\r\n[12]\tOguunleye, G. O., Adewale, O.S, Adisa, B. K &#038; Ogunde, A.O. (2011). A \tcomputer- Based security framework for crime prevention in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 10th International conferences of the Nigeria computer security held on July 25th -29th 2011.\r\n[13]\tOmonijo, D. O., Obiorah, C. B., Oliver, O. Uche, C. Anyaegbunam, M. C., Shaibu, A. O, \tOgunwa, C. E. (2017). Exploring social theories in the study of insecurity in contemporary Nigeria. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 3(7). 59-76.\r\n[14]\tOwonikoko, O. (2021). \u201cInsecurity is crippling Nigeria\u2019s education system \u2014 \there\u2019s what we must do\u201d.\r\n[15]\tPatra, G. (2021). \u201cMeaning, aims and process of education\u201d.\r\n[16]\t\u0160ulovi\u0107, V. (2010). Meaning of security and theory of securitization. Belgrade Centre of Security Policy. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gulesh, James Obadiah, Mallam Al-Hassan S. Yakmut, Aledare, Shola Emmanuel, &#8220;Education and Security: Exploring Areas of Collaboration between Schools and Security Agencies in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.461-465 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/461-465.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/461-465.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/education-and-security-exploring-areas-of-collaboration-between-schools-and-security-agencies-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Education and Security: Exploring Areas of Collaboration between Schools and Security Agencies in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ee1ac elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a2ee1ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ee27d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2ee27d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2ee3f5\" data-id=\"a2ee3f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a309217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a309217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3092ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3092ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a309493\" data-id=\"a309493\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3095b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3095b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a309665 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a309665\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3097c8\" data-id=\"a3097c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3098ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3098ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a309990 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a309990\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a309adf\" data-id=\"a309adf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a309bf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a309bf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a309c95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a309c95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a309ddf\" data-id=\"a309ddf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a309eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a309eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a309f87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a309f87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a30a17d\" data-id=\"a30a17d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a30a2a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a30a2a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a30a342 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a30a342\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a30a4b4\" data-id=\"a30a4b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a30a5c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a30a5c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Adopting Electronic Instructional Strategies as an Alternative Mode of Education Delivery in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ayodele M. Asebiomo (PhD), Iorliam, Emmanuel Igbalumun Vambe (Ph.D)- March 2022- Page No.: 466-472<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a30a662 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a30a662\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a30a7e7\" data-id=\"a30a7e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a30a917 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a30a917\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1701\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1701\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nWhile there is a significant rise in electronic learning (e-learning) adoption and digital accessibility across Africa recently due to new normal COVID as it was the situation before now. Nigeria still suffers from acute digital and electronic poverty that continues to exacerbate educational inequalities. The continual challenges facing the traditional teaching strategies and teacher education such like insecurity and pandemic as currently been witness in Nigeria and worldwide demanded the use of alternative teaching strategies to enhance teaching and learning. Hence, adopting electronic teaching and learning strategies will promote equal access to learning as well as promoting digital equity among the citizens. This write up x-rays this concept of e-learning and digital equality with specific descriptions of various e-learning strategies, tools and resources that will promote effective teaching and learning in the country. It was recommended that all stakeholders should do all things possible to evoke e-learning and digital literacy to the teaching and learning process in the country for effectiveness and continuity of education irrespective of natural or man-made challenges.  \r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 466-472\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1702\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1702\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayodele M. Asebiomo (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC), Sheda \u2013 Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iorliam, Emmanuel Igbalumun Vambe (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Abuja, Abuja., Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1703\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1703\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAREAi (2021). Education Digital Equity Initiative (Policy Guide). UK FCDO\u2019s Prosperity Fund Digital Access Program, UKaid Sponsored Programe. www.areai4africa.org; https:\/\/equity.areai4africa.org\/\r\n[2]\tAREAi (2021). Education Digital Equity Initiative (Learning Manual). UK FCDO\u2019s Prosperity Fund Digital Access Program, UKaid Sponsored Programe. www.areai4africa.org; https:\/\/equity.areai4africa.org\/\r\n[3]\tAREAi (2021). Education Digital Equity Initiative (Access Toolkit). UK FCDO\u2019s Prosperity Fund Digital Access Program, UKaid Sponsored Programe. www.areai4africa.org; https:\/\/equity.areai4africa.org\/\r\n[4]\tBawden, D. (2008) &#8216;Origins and Concepts of Digital Literacy&#8217; in C. Lankshear, &#038; M. Knobel,Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies and Practices New York: Peter Lang Publishing\r\n[5]\tFieldhouse, M. &#038; Nicholas, D. (2008) &#8216;Digital Literacy as Information Savvy: the road to information literacy&#8217; (in C. Lankshear, M. Knobel (2008c) Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies and Practices)\r\n[6]\tJ. Littlefield (2018).  The Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Distance    Learning. Dotdash publishing\r\n[7]\tGreg Sherman (2006). Instructional Roles of Electronic Portfolios Handbook of Research on ePortfolios  (Radford University, USA) DOI: 10.4018\/978-1-59140-890-1.ch001 (Pages: 14)\r\n[8]\tLeu, D. J., Kinzer, C. K., Coiro, J., Castek, J., &#038; Henry, L. A. (2013). New literacies: A dual-level theory of the changing nature of literacy, instruction and assessment. In D. E. Alvermann, N. J.Unrau, &#038; R. B. Ruddell (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading. 6, 1150\u20131181. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.\r\n[9]\tNakpodia, E.D &#038; Urien, J (2011). Teacher education in Nigeria: challenges to educational administrators in the 21st century. The Social Sciences 6 (5) 350-356, \r\n[10]\tOgunyinka,E., Okeke T., &#038;Adedoyin, R. Teacher education and development in Nigeria. (2015).Ananalysis of reforms, challenges and prospects.Esducation journal, 4, 3, 2015, 111-122.doi: 10.11648\/j.edu.20150403.14 \r\n[11]\tPark, J.C. &#038; Bodzin, A.M. (2000). Dialogue Patterns of Preservice Science Teachers Using Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Communications on the World Wide Web. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 19(2), 161-194. Charlottesville, VA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved January 4, 2022 from https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/primary\/p\/8068\/.\r\n[12]\tSpires, H, Bartlett, E., Quick, H., and Garry, A. (2012), Digital Literacies and Learning: Designing a Path Forward. Friday Institute White Paper Series\r\n[13]\tU.S. Department of Education, Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education. (2015). \r\n[14]\twww.maviseducation.com\/store &#8211; 12\/10\/2021\r\n[15]\thttps:\/\/info.flipgrid.com\/  &#8211; Retrieved 23\/10\/2021\r\n[16]\thttps:\/\/moodle.org\/  &#8211; Retrieved 2\/11\/2021\r\n[17]\thttps:\/\/www.classdojo.com\/  &#8211; Retrieved 10\/11\/2021\r\n[18]\thttps:\/\/learnenglish.britishcouncil.org\/ &#8211; Retrieved 15\/11\/2021\r\n[19]\thttps:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/ &#8211; Retrieved 26\/11\/2021\r\n[20]\thttps:\/\/everfi.com\/ &#8211; Retrieved 30\/11\/2021\r\n[21]\thttps:\/\/deafworldaroundyou.org\/stories &#8211; Retrieved 2\/12\/2021\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1704\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1704\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayodele M. Asebiomo (PhD), Iorliam, Emmanuel Igbalumun Vambe (Ph.D), &#8220;Adopting Electronic Instructional Strategies as an Alternative Mode of Education Delivery in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.466-472 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/466-472.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1705\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1705\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/466-472.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1706\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1706\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/adopting-electronic-instructional-strategies-as-an-alternative-mode-of-education-delivery-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Adopting Electronic Instructional Strategies as an Alternative Mode of Education Delivery in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a30b71e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a30b71e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a30b7fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a30b7fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a30b9af\" data-id=\"a30b9af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a322312 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a322312\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3223c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3223c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a322524\" data-id=\"a322524\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a322633 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a322633\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3226df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3226df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a322839\" data-id=\"a322839\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a32294a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a32294a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3229eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3229eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a322b44\" data-id=\"a322b44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a322c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a322c49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a322ceb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a322ceb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a322e35\" data-id=\"a322e35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a322f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a322f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a322fd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a322fd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a32313d\" data-id=\"a32313d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3232c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3232c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Managerial Practices for Knowledge Sharing in Organizations<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Samuel Mwachiro Mwawasi- March 2022- Page No.: 473-477<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a323366 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a323366\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3234e5\" data-id=\"a3234e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a323623 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a323623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn today\u2019s organizations managers are increasingly becoming aware that the proper use of knowledge can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage. While it is true that organizations try to attract the best personnel in terms of skill and experience, these skills do not automatically translate to increased efficiency, productivity and sustainable competitive advantage. Research has shown that worldwide organizations lose up to $10 billion due to lack of knowledge sharing. [1].Drawing from secondary sources of data the roles of individual, managerial and contextual factors in facilitating or impeding knowledge sharing has been analyzed. The benefits of knowledge sharing include improved organizational productivity, development of new strategic capabilities, better customer service, development of new knowledge, improved job satisfaction to the employees and job security among others [5], [6],[8], [4].The individual, managerial and contextual factors hindering knowledge sharing have been identified by,[5-6], [9], [4], [10], and others. These can be mitigated through better managerial practices for the benefits of knowledge sharing to be realised.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 473-477\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6322<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Samuel Mwachiro Mwawasi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Management and Economics, Pwani University, P.O.Box, 195-80108, Kilifi-Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tJohn Brown, 2019.Knowledge Sharing.helpjuice.com\/blog. Accessed on 01\/04\/2020.\r\n[2]\tLionel Laroche &#038; Don Rutherford, 2012, Recruiting, Retaining, and Promoting Culturally Different Employees, Routledge, USA.\r\n[3]\tAnne-Wil Harzing&#038; Ashly H.Pinnington, 2011, International Human Resource Management, 3rd Ed, Sage Publications, London, UK.\r\n[4]\tFaizuniah Pangil, 2013.Knowledge and the importance of Knowledge sharing in Organizations. The European Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(2), 102-112, Rep.uum.edu.my\/11360\/1\/15.pdf, Accessed on 01\/04\/2020, 08:04 P.M.\r\n[5]\tKimiz Dalkir, 2005, Knowledge Management in Theory &Practice; Elsevier, UK.\r\n[6]\tThomas H.Davenport &#038; Laurence Prusak, (2000). Working Knowledge.How Organizations Manage what they know, Havard Business School Press, USA.\r\n[7]\tMellisa A.Schilling, 2010, Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, McGraw-Hill, NY.\r\n[8]\tRichard L.Daft, 2012; New Era of Management, 10th Ed, South-Western, Cengage Learning.\r\n[9]\tAndreas Riege.(2005).Three-dozen Knowledge-sharing Barriers Managers must consider, Journal of knowledge management,9(3),18-32,citeseex.ist.psu.edu\/viedoc\/download?doi=10.1,1453.5258&#038;rep=rep1&#038;type=pdf.Accessed on 04\/04\/2020,05:37 PM.\r\n[10]\tLiana Razmerita, Kathrin Kirchner&#038;Pia Nielsen, 2016.What Factors Influence Knowledge Sharing In Organizations. A Social Dilemma Perspective of Social Media Communication. Journal of Knowledge Management, 20(6), 8-32,research-api-cbs.dk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/45013819\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-03-2016-0112.pdf.Accessed on 04\/04\/2020, 05:17 P.M.\r\n[11]\tDonald Hislop, 2009, Knowledge Management in Organizations. A Critical Introduction, 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press, UK.\r\n[12]\tElias M.Awad&#038;Hassan M.Ghaziri.(2010),Knowledge management, 2nd(Ed), International technology group, USA.\r\n[13]\tJoe Tidd &#038; John Bessant, 2009, Managing Innovation, Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational change,4th Ed,John Wiley&#038;sons,UK.\r\n[14]\tPeter F.Drucker, 2011, The Practice of Management, Routledge, NY, USA.\r\n[15]\tEdwin C.Leonard, 2010. Supervision, Concepts and Practices of Management, 11th Ed, South-Western Cengage Learning, USA.\r\n[16]\tElayne Coakes, 2003. Knowledge Management, Current Issues and Challenges, USA.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Samuel Mwachiro Mwawasi, &#8220;Managerial Practices for Knowledge Sharing in Organizations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.473-477 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6322<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/473-477.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3250b3\" data-id=\"a3250b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a32521f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a32521f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3252c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3252c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3258bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a325a14\" data-id=\"a325a14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a325b33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a325b33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a325bdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a325bdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a325d46\" data-id=\"a325d46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a325e56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a325e56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Increasing Attention Span by Developing Fine Motor Skills of a child with Special Needs<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rajeeka Shehana Jenorge- March 2022- Page No.: 478-506<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a325ef0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a325ef0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a326063\" data-id=\"a326063\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a326191 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a326191\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMany children find it difficult to pay attention during class and in general activities. Their attention span is very low and they struggle to progress. Teachers find it difficult to keep the children focused on a topic for a certain period of time. Parents are constantly complaining of their child\u2019s low attention span and the inability to stay focused or perform a simple instruction. In order to help the children, increase attention span many research techniques and strategies are being analyzed and applied. From a very early age children start entering preschools. Most of their time of a day is spent at school. This clearly highlights that teachers play a great role in a child\u2019s life. Teachers are able to identify a variety of skills in the children. They are able to see the child\u2019s strengths and weaknesses. Benjamin Franklin stated that when a child is spoken to, he may forget, when taught he may remember but when the child is involved in the activity they would learn effectively. This clearly highlights that giving children hands on activities would not only keep their interest but they would learn effectively. manner. The activities presented in this study are fun based which allows the child and teacher to enjoy the session together. Teachers could use them as a base in their lesson plans and enrich the child\u2019s development which in turn would help to increase the child\u2019s attention span. Through this action research parents, teachers and educationists would be able to highly benefit and provide the needed input to the child and in turn help the child towards success.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 478-506\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rajeeka Shehana Jenorge <\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearcher MSc in Psychology of Applied Behaviour Change\r\nB.Ed in Special Needs Education\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBrain Harmony. (2018). Brain Harmony. . .proven results. https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5aba683bb27e39b76dac30b7\/t\/5c85f3fbeef1a1afdbd07e2e\/ 1552282707172\/BH+Parent+Packet_Dyslexia.pdf Fine Motor Skills- Infancy, Toddlerhood, Preschool, School age, Encouraging fine motor development. (n.d.). Psychology Encyclopedia- Child Development. https:\/\/psychology.jrank.org\/pages\/247\/Fine-Motor-Skills.html#ixzz5akjN1KHI\r\n[2]\tIDEA Individual with Disabilities Education Act. (2017). IDEA Individual with Disabilities Education Act. https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/regs\/b\/a\/300.8\/b\r\n[3]\tLougy,R.A. , DeRuva,S.L. ,Rosenthal,D.,. (2007). Teaching Young Children with ADHD: Successful Strategies and Practical Interventions for PreK-3. [E-book].\r\n[4]\tMCLeod S.A. (2018). Theories of Selective Attention. Simple Psychology. https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/attention-models.html\r\n[5]\tPaxton,J. &#038; Shoemake,T. (2007). Fun Ways to Increase Children\u2019s Attention Span. https:\/\/www.atu.edu\/research\/professionaldevelopmentgrants\/06-07\/jackiepaxton\/Final_Report-Fun_Ways_to_Increase_Children_s_Attention_Span.pdf\r\n[7]\tProvost, B., Lopez, B.R. &#038; Heimerl, S. (2006). A Comparison of Motor Delays in Young Children: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Delay, and Developmental Concerns.\r\n[8]\tJournal of Autism and Development Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0170-6\r\n[9]\tSenapthi.B. (2017). Effectiveness of Fine Motor Activities on Fine Motor Skills in an ADHD Preschooler Child without DCD: A Case Study. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy\u2014An International Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0973- 5674.2017.00098.3\r\n[10]\tStates\u2019 and territories\u2019 definitions of\/criteria for IDEA Part C eligibility. (2015). States\u2019 and Territories\u2019 Definitions of\/Criteria for IDEA Part C Eligibility. http:\/\/ectacenter.org\/~pdfs\/topics\/earlyid\/partc_elig_table.pdf\r\n[11]\tStewart, Roger A.; Rule, Audrey C.; Giordano, Debra A. (2007). The Effect of Fine Motor Skill Activities on Kindergarten Student Attention. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35(2), 103\u2013109. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ775800\r\n[12]\tThe National Academy of Sciences. (2016). Parenting Matters: Supporting Parents of Children Ages 0\u20138. NCBI. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK402020\/\r\n[13]\tThomaidis.L, Zantopoulos.G.Z, Fouzas.S, Antagou.L, Bakoula.C &#038; Konstantopoulos.A. (2014).\r\n[14]\tPredictors of severity and outcome of global developmental delay without definitive etiologic yield: a prospective observational study. BMC Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-14-40\r\n[15]\tThorne.G And Thomas.A. (n.d.). What Is Attention? The Center for Literacy and Learning. https:\/\/www.cdl.org\/what-is-attention\/\r\n[14]\tZone of Proximal Development (ZPD). (n.d.). Vygotsky Learning Conference. https:\/\/vygotskyetec512.weebly.com\/zone-of-proximal-development.html\r\n[16]\tGesell Theory (n.d). Gesell at Yale. Program in Early Childhood https:\/\/www.gesell-yale.org\/pages\/gesell-theory\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rajeeka Shehana Jenorge, &#8220;Increasing Attention Span by Developing Fine Motor Skills of a child with Special Needs&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.478-506 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/478-506.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/increasing-attention-span-by-developing-fine-motor-skills-of-a-child-with-development-delay\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Increasing Attention Span by Developing Fine Motor Skills of a child with Special Needs<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3270fa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a3270fa\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3276c1\" data-id=\"a3276c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3277d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3277d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a32787b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a351215\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3513ac\" data-id=\"a3513ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3514e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3514e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a351592 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a351592\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3516ee\" data-id=\"a3516ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a351800 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a351800\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3518af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3518af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3519ff\" data-id=\"a3519ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a351b12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a351b12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a351bb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a351bb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a351d29\" data-id=\"a351d29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a351e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a351e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Traditional Institution and Inter-ethnic Relations: A Study of Lafia Emirate Council Nasarawa State, Nigeria 1999-2019<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dalhatu, Musa Yusha\u2019u, Shuaibu Zakari, Shuaibu Sidi Safiyanu &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 507-515<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a351ee2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a351ee2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3520f7\" data-id=\"a3520f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a352234 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a352234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper seeks to empirically assess the impact of Lafia Emirate Council on inter-ethnic relations from 1999 to 2019 using descriptive and correlation matrix. Inter-ethnic relations in an environment with high degree of diversity often become tense since the advent of the Nigerian fourth republic. Lafia Emirate is a miniature Nigeria, consisting of diverse ethnic and religious groups. However, the crises and contestations that have characterized the polity of the country especially its upsurge since the return to democracy in May 29, 1999 was relatively tamed in the Emirate due to the impact of the Emirate Council in moderating inter-ethnic relations in the area. The paper attempted an empirical x-ray into the impact of the Lafia Emirate Council on inter-ethnic relations in the Emirate.  After reviewing relevant literature and firsthand information gathered through questionnaires, primary and secondary data were analyzed guided by the social capital theory. The findings have revealed positive impact of the Lafia Emirate Council on inter-ethnic relations on virtually almost all the key variables tested. It\u2019s suggested the need for constitutional roles for Emirate Councils to achieve more rewarding successes. The mediation and reconciliation role of traditional rulers should be strengthened and institutionalized to serve as an alternative conflict resolution mechanism in view of its efficacy and mending of relationship and fences.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 507-515\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6323<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dalhatu, Musa Yusha\u2019u <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Political Science Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shuaibu Zakari<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Political Science Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shuaibu Sidi Safiyanu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences IMAP Polytechnic Lafia, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tEgwu, M. C. (2016). The role of traditional rulers in conflict resolution in Nasarawa State: A study of Lafia Local Government Area. FULafia \tJournal of Social Sciences (1), 219 &#8211; 229.\r\n[2]\tDalhatu, M. Y. &#038; Ladan, O. N. (2017). Fundamentals of local government administration in Nigeria. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press \tLtd.\r\n[3]\tJibo, M. (2014). Elite politics in the Middle Belt of Nigeria 1993 \u2013 2014.Ibadan: kraft Books Limited.\r\n[4]\tYakubu, A. M. (2006). Emirs and politicians: Reforms and recrimination in Northern Nigeria, 1900 \u2013 1 966. Kaduna: ABU Press.\r\n[5]\tSankira, M. U. (2014). Mai Lafian Bare-Bari, Four decades of hardwork and dedication (May, 1974 \u2013 Date), Ibadan: Vast Publishers.\r\n[6]\tAlubo, O. (2011). Ethnic conflict and citizenship crises in central Nigeria. Ibadan: Eddy Asae Nigeria Press. \r\n[7]\tAnyawu, U. D &#038; Aguwa, J.C.U. (Eds) (1993). The Igbo and the tradition of politics. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Company.\r\n[8]\tBlench, R. S., Longtan, U.H. &#038; Walsh, M. (2006). The role of traditional rulers in conflict prevention and mediation in Nigeria. Abuja: \tDFID. Retrieved on June 22, 2019.\r\n[9]\tRatcliffe, P. (2014). Ethnic group, Sociopedia.isa, DOI: 10.1177\/205684601421, Retrieved on June 30, 2019.\r\n[10]\tAdewumi, U. D &#038; Aguwa, J.C.U. (Eds) (1993). The Igbo and the tradition of politics. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Company.\r\n[11]\tJibo, M. (2014). Elite politics in the Middle Belt of Nigeria 1993 \u2013 2014.Ibadan: kraft Books Limited.\r\n[12]\tMohammed, I. S., Muhammad, F. B. &#038; Nazariah, B. O. (2017). Nigeria\u2019s ethnic-regional tripod federalism: characters and complexities, \tInternational Journal of Management Research and Review 7(3), \tArticle No. 11\/289-303. www.researchgate.net. Retrieved on \tAugust 1, 2019. \r\n[13]\tEtim, O. F. &#038; Wilfred, I. O. (2013). Administration of national integration in Nigeria: the challenges and prospects. Mediterranean Journal \tof Social Science, Rome, MCSER Publishing 4(14). www.google.com. Retrieved on July 3, 2019.   \r\n[14]\tIdowu, A. O &#038; Sayuti, U. (2016). Visiting the hippopotamus: national integration issues in Nigeria. Romanian Journal of Regional Science. \twww.rra.ro\/rjrs\/v1014.Idowu. \tRetrieved on June 5, 2019.\r\n[15]\tBulama, J. M. (n.d). Federalism and the Nigerian experience: A sword or a Shield? Plateau, Faculty of Law, University of Jos. Academia.edu. Retrieved on June 16, 2019. \r\n[16]\t[16] Osimen, G.U., Balogun A. &#038; Adenegan T. S. (2013). Ethnicity and identity crisis: Challenges to national integration in Nigeria 16(4) IOSR \tJournal of humanities and Social Science. www.iosrjournals.org. Retrieved on July 2, 2019. \r\n[17]\tKenneth, N. (2012).  The Role of Traditional Institutions of Governance in Managing Social Conflicts in Nigeria\u2019s Oil-Rich Niger Delta \tCommunities: Imperatives of Peace-Building Process in the Post-Amnesty Era, in British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences ISSN: \t2046-9578, 5 (2) Publishing, Inc. 2012 http:\/\/www.bjournal.co.uk\/BJASS.aspx 202 EEE.\r\n[18]\tAbdullahi G., Ibrahim M.J. &#038; Mamman J., El-rufa\u2019I T. A. (2018). Traditional institution and national integration for sustainable development in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management 10(33). www.iiste.org. Retrieved on August 8, 2019.\r\n[19]\tRex, J. (1971). Inter-ethnic relations in urban context-an example of a theoretical model. ethnies 1. \r\n[20]\tMohammed, Y. A. (2014). The Lafiya Emirate and the influences of Kanem-Borno in the socio-economic development of parts of the central \tregion of Nigeria. A paper presented at the celebration of Kanem-Borno millennium and Yerwa centenary 12th \u2013 17th November, 2007.\r\n[21]\tMohammed, Y. A. (1997). First Anniversary of Nasarawa State: Brief on Lafia \u2013 The State capital and city of hope. Being a text presented \tat one year anniversary of Nasarawa State, Lafia.\r\n[22]\tEchu I. &#038; Ahmad I. M. (1999). Alhaji (Dr.) Isa Mustapha Agwai I: the 16th Emir of Lafia, Jos, Fab Education Books.\r\n[23]\tNlewen, O. D. (2017). Ethnicity and the dilemma of ethno-communal conflicts in North-Central Nigeria: the case of Nasarawa State. Zeszty \tNaukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantow Uj Nauki Spoleczne, NR 20(1) pp.25-46. Retrieved on 21st January, 2020.\r\n[24]\tYoshimichi,S.(2013).Socialcapital,Sociopedia.isa,DOI:10.1177\/205684601374.http:\/\/www.sagepub.net\/isa\/resources\/pdf\/SocialCapital.pdf. Retrieved on June 6, 2019. \t\r\n[25]\tHossam A. (ND) Social capital theory, http:\/\/biblio.uabcs.mx\/html\/libros\/pdf\/11\/24.pdf. Retrieved on June 6, 2019.\r\n[26]\tBhandari H. (2009) What is social capital? a comprehensive review of the concept. Article in Asian Journal of Social Science. www.researchgate.net\/publication\/233546004. Retrieved on June 4, 2019. \r\n[27]\tAlubo, O. (2003). Gap and potholes in Nigeria\u2019s political practice: Issues of citizenship, who is in and who is out pp.54 -73 Abah, S. (Ed) Geographies of Citizenship in Nigeria, Zaria: Tamara\r\n[28]\tYakubu, A. M. (2006). Emirs and politicians: Reforms and recrimination in Northern Nigeria, 1900 \u2013 1 966. Kaduna: ABU Press.\r\n[29]\tVaughan, O. (2000). Nigerian chiefs: Traditional power in modern politics. Rochester: University of Rochester Press.\r\n[30]\tMeek, C. K. (1977). The northern tribes of Nigeria. London: Frank Cass and Company Ltd.\r\n[31]\tMato, K &#038;Ernest E. (2009) A Comparative analysis of Local Administration in some African Nations and Nigeria vis-\u00e0-vis position of \ttraditional \trulers. University of Abuja Journal of Political Studies, 1(4) pp. 92 \u2013 107, Ibadan: Daily Graphics Nig. Ltd. \r\n[32]\tNuhu, Z. &#038; Ahmed, M. (2013). Agricultural landuse in sub-urban Lafia of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Part II Social Science and Humanities \t4(4). Savap.org.pk\/journal\/ARint.\/vol.4(4)\/2013(4.4-64) pdf. Retrieved on 21st of August, 2019.\r\n[33]\tDaniel, B. &#038; Obadiah, B. (2013). The emerging central business district (CBD) in Lafia town, Nigeria and its related urban planning problems. \tIn World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Industrial and System Engineering. 7(3).https:\/\/waste.org\/publications\/8156.\r\n[34]\tEmankhu, S. E. &#038; Ubangari, A. Y. (2015). The nature of peri-urban development in Lafia, Nasarawa state. In International Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Research 1(3) pp. 1- 8. www.eajournals.org. Retrieved online on July 13, 2019.\r\n[35]\tNational Population Commission (2006). Federal Republic of Nigeria.\r\n[36]\tFormer Lafia Division Elders Consultative Forum (FLDECF), (2012). Memorandum submitted to the High Powered Commission of Inquiry \ton Ethnic Violence in Assakio of Lafia Local Government Area.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dalhatu, Musa Yusha\u2019u, Shuaibu Zakari, Shuaibu Sidi Safiyanu &#8220;Traditional Institution and Inter-ethnic Relations: A Study of Lafia Emirate Council Nasarawa State, Nigeria 1999-2019&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.507-515 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6323<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/507-515.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/traditional-institution-and-inter-ethnic-relations-a-study-of-lafia-emirate-council-nasarawa-state-nigeria-1999-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Traditional Institution and Inter-ethnic Relations: A Study of Lafia Emirate Council Nasarawa State, Nigeria 1999-2019<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a35305d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a35305d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a353128 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a353128\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3532a1\" data-id=\"a3532a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3533c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3533c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a35346f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a35346f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3535c2\" data-id=\"a3535c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3536da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3536da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a353778 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a353778\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a369ccd\" data-id=\"a369ccd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a369e18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a369e18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a369ed8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a369ed8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a36a046\" data-id=\"a36a046\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a36a162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a36a162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a36a208 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a36a208\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a36a36e\" data-id=\"a36a36e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a36a4a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a36a4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a36a556 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a36a556\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a36a6c2\" data-id=\"a36a6c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a36a7ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a36a7ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a36a896 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a36a896\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a36aa36\" data-id=\"a36aa36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a36ab66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a36ab66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Compesations on Job Satisfaction among Employees of Media Industry in Tanzania Lessons from Sahara Media Group<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joan John Lyimo and Elias Adolf Tarimo- March 2022- Page No.: 516-522<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a36ac0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a36ac0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a36ada2\" data-id=\"a36ada2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a36af60 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a36af60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIt is not well known as to what extent compensation and social benefits effects on employee job satisfaction in the media industry in Tanzania. This paper examines the effect of compensations and social benefits on job satisfaction among employees of Sahara media Group in Tanzania. This study employed simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique. The sample of the study was 80 while the data were collected through questionnaire, interview and documentary review. Moreover, the data was analyzed through descriptive analysis, frequency and percentage analysis and inferential statistics analysis. The study found that there is a strong relationship between the influence of basic pay, job allowances and job satisfaction. The study recommended that Sahara Media Group should modify and keep providing compensation and social benefits to its employees so as to ensure job satisfaction among them.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 516-522\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6324\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6324<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joan John Lyimo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMBA Student, Institute of Accountancy Arusha- Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elias Adolf Tarimo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Business Management, Institute of Accountancy Arusha- Tanzania \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdeoye, A.O. and Z. Fields, 2014.Compensation management and employee job satisfaction in media companies: A case of Nigeria. J. Soc. Sci., 41: 345-352.\r\n[2]\tBustamam, F.L., S.S. Teng and F.Z. Abdullah, 2014.Reward management and job satisfaction among frontline employees in hotel industry in Malaysia.Proc. Social Behav. Sci., 144: 392-402.\r\n[3]\tCreswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications\r\n[4]\tChiu et al. (2012), Satisfaction and Comparison Income, Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 61 pp.359-81.\r\n[5]\tDeVaney, S, A., &#038; Chen, Z. S. (2013). Job Satisfaction of recent graduates in Financial services, US Department of Labour, Bureau of Labour Statistics, Compensation and Working Conditions.\r\n[6]\tDulebohn, J. H., Werling, S.E. (2007). Compensation Research Past, Present and Future, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 17 No.2, pp.191-207.\r\n[7]\tHashim, R., &#038;Mahmood, R. (2015).What Is The State Of Job Satisfaction Among Academic Staff At Malaysian Universities? Unitar E-Journal, 7(1), 15-26.\r\n[8]\tHeathfield, S.M.(2012). Salary. Retrieved on 18 December 2020 from http:\/\/humanresources.about.com\/od\/glossarys\/g\/salary.htm\r\n[9]\tHeneman, H. G. &#038;, Judge, T.A. (2000), Compensation Attitudes, Compensation in Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp.61-\r\n[10]\tIbrahim, I.I. and A. Boerhaneoddin, 2010.Is job satisfaction mediating the relationship between compensation structure and organisational commitment? A study in the Malaysian power utility. J. Global Bus. Econ., 1: 43-61.\r\n[11]\tLai, Hsin-Hsi. 2017. The Influence of Compensation System Design on Employee Satisfaction. African Journal of Business Management Vol. 5(26), pp. 10718-10723.\r\n[12]\tLawrence H (2018) Employee Benefits and Social Welfare: Complement and Conflict: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.\r\n[13]\tMillan, J.M., J. Hessels, R. Thurik and R. Aguado, 2013. Determinants of job satisfaction: A European comparison of self-employed and paid employees. Small Bus. Econ., 40: 651-670.\r\n[14]\tMichaelowa K. (2002). Teacher Job Satisfaction, Student Achievement, and the Cost of Primary Education in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, HWWA Discussion Paper 188.\r\n[15]\tMill\u00e1n, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda, Hessels, Jolanda, Thurik, Roy and Aguado Rafael, (2011), Determinants of Job Satisfaction across the EU-15: A Comparison of Self-Employed and Paid Employees, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper.\r\n[16]\tMokaya, S., Musau, J. and Karanja, K. (2013)  Effects of Working Conditions on Employee Satisfaction in Hotel Industry in Kenya. International journal of Arts and Commerce Vol. 2 No. 2\r\n[17]\tMulvey, P. W., Le Blanc, P.V., Heneman, R.L &#038;McInerney, M. (2012). The Knowledge of Pay Study: E-mails from the Frontline, Worldatwork, Scottsdale, AZ,\r\n[18]\tOdunlade, R.O. (2017). Managing Employee Compensation and Benefits for Job Satisfaction in Libraries and Information Centres in Nigeria. Available http:\/\/unllib.unl.edu\/LPP\/\r\n[19]\tPopoola, S. O., Ayeni, C.O., (2007) Work Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Organisational Commitment of Library Personnel in Academic and Research Libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice\r\n[20]\tNawab, S. and K.K. Bhatti, 2011. Influence of employee compensation on organizational commitment and job satisfaction: A case study of media companies of Pakistan. Int. J. Bus. Soc. Sci., 2: 25-32.\r\n[21]\tNetswera, F.G., E.M. Rankhumise and T.R. Mavundla, 2005.Employee retention factors for South African higher education institutions: A case study. S. Afr. J. Hum. Resour. Manage., 3: 36-40.\r\n[22]\tSociety for Human Resource Management (2015). Employee Job Satisfaction and Engagement.A research report by SHRM.Retrieved from www.shrmstore.shrm.org.\r\n[23]\tSalisu, J.B., E. Chinyio and S. Suresh, 2015.The impact of compensation on the job satisfaction of media companies Manage. Rev., 6: 282-296.\r\n[24]\tTerera, S.R. and H. Ngirande, (2014). The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention in media companies.Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci., 5: 481-487.\r\n[25]\tWren, D. A. (1994). The evolution of management thought. (4th ed.) New York: Wile\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joan John Lyimo and Elias Adolf Tarimo, &#8220;The Effect of Compesations on Job Satisfaction among Employees of Media Industry in Tanzania Lessons from Sahara Media Group&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.516-522 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6324<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a36c5e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a37df3c\" data-id=\"a37df3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a37e09e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a37e09e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a37e15f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a37e15f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a37e2d3\" data-id=\"a37e2d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a37e3ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a37e3ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a37e4a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a37e4a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a37e5f9\" data-id=\"a37e5f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a37e70c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a37e70c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a37e7b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a37e7b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a37e923\" data-id=\"a37e923\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a37ea39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a37ea39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a37ead7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a37ead7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a37ec4a\" data-id=\"a37ec4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a37ed64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a37ed64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Economic Analysis of Household Water Consumption in Yola North Lga. Adamawa State \u2013Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Atiman Kasima Wilson, Dr. O.A Adewusi and Dr. S.H ZUMMO- March 2022- Page No.: 523-530<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a37ee02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a37ee02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a37ef91\" data-id=\"a37ef91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a37f529 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a37f529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study analysed Household Water Consumption in Bekaji, Yola North LGA of Adamawa State Nigeria from January 2021 to November 2021.The study employed the primary method of data collection where 700 structured questionnaires were administered and 224 were retrieved and analysed. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the source of water in Bekaji and also to evaluate the determinants of water demand in Bekaji. Furthermore, the study found that majority of households in the study area depends on Small Scale Private water vendors for domestic use and   inability of public water system to supply adequate water. The study also, found determinants like household size, education, and income of household head to be positively significant in household water consumption. The study recommended full privatization of the water sector in Adamawa State and increase in budgetary allocation for public water agencies.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 523-530\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atiman Kasima Wilson<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic, Bali, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. O.A Adewusi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Economics, Modibbo Adamawa University, Yola, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. S.H ZUMMO<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Economics, Modibbo Adamawa University, Yola, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdewusi, O.A.(2015. Socio- Economic Analysis of Pipe-Borne Water Supply in Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol 6, No.5,2015\r\n[2]\tBakker, K. (2003b). A Political Ecology of Water Privatization. Studies in Political Ecology, \t70(1): 35-58.\r\n[3]\tBakker, K. J. (2007). Privatizing Water: Government Failure and World\u2019s Urban Water Crisis. London: Cornell University Press.\r\n[4]\tBakker, K. J. (2013). Neoliberal versus Post-Neoliberal Water: Geographies of Privatization and Resistance. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(2): 253-260.\r\n[5]\tChukwu, K.E. (2015). Water Supply Management Policy in Nigeria: Challenges in the Wet Land Area of Nigeria Delta. European Scientific Journal, 11(25): 305-316.\r\n[6]\tHelen G.,Ezra.D.,Emmanuel..T.(2018).Forecasting of Water Supply in Bekaji-Jimeta-           \r\n[7]\tHofkers, E. H. (1981). Small Community Water Supply, Technology of Small Water System in \tDeveloping Countries, New York: John Willey and Sons.\r\n[8]\tHall, D. and Lobina, E. (2006, October). Pipe Dreams: The Failure of the Private Sector to Invest in Water Service in Developing Countries. Proceedings of 25th Annual Conference of Public Services International. University of Greenwich, London.\r\n[9]\tHarris, C. (2003). Private Participation in Infrastructure in Developing Countries. World Bank Working Paper No.5, World Bank: Washington D. C http:\/\/rru.worldbank.org\/documents\/paperslinks\/1481.pdf\r\n[10]\tHofkers, E. H. (1981). Small Community Water Supply, Technology of Small Water System in \tDeveloping Countries, New York: John Willey and Sons.\r\n[11]\tHoughton, A. (2004). The American Heritage Dictionary of English Language. 4th Edn., \tColorado: M.Co.   http:\/\/www.idadesal.org\/world-congress\/world-congress\/\r\n[12]\tIshaku, H. T., Peter, A. A., Hamman, A. and Dama, F. M. (2010). The Role of Private Water \tVenting in Nigeria Peri-Urban Informal Settlements: Implication for Policy Markers. \tJournal of Water Resource and Protection, 2(10): 1082-1087.\r\n[13]\tJoint Monitoring Programme (2015). Report on the Use of Drinking Water Sources, Country, \tRegional and Global Estimates on Water and Sanitation. Washington D C, World Bank.\r\n[14]\tKariuki, M. and Schwartz, J. (2005). Small-Scale Private Service Providers of Water Supply and Electricity, in A Review of Incidence, Structure Pricing and Operating Characteristics. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. Washington D.C.\r\n[15]\tKirkpatrick, C., Parker, D. and Zhang, Y. (2006). State Versus Private Provision of Water \tServices in Africa: An Empirical Analysis. The World Bank Economic Review, Washington DC 20(1): 1-143. Research Conducted by Centre on Regulation and Competition Institute for Development Policy and Management University of Manchester UK and School of Management Cranfield University, Bedfordshire.  \r\n[16]\tKjellen, M. (2000). Complementary Water Systems in Dar es Salam, Tanzania: the Case of \tWater Vending. International Journal of Water Resources and Development, 16(1): 143-154.\r\n[17]\tKrejcie, R. V. and Morgan, D. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. \tEducational and Psychological Measurement, 30(1): 607-610.\r\n[18]\tKurawa, I. A. (2009). About Yola. Report for Research and Documentation Directorate. A \tPublication of Yola State Government, Nigeria.\r\n[19]\tLalzad, A. (2007). \u201cAn Overview of the Global Water Problems and Solutions\u201d. A Speech on \tMinisterial Declaration on Water Security in the 21st Century, London, United Kingdom. 15th May, 2007. \r\n[20]\tLiu, R.W. (2013). \u201cTypes of Water Sources\u201d. A Seminar Paper Presented to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London. 6th Dec. 2013.\r\n[21]\tLo Storto, C. (2013). Are Public-Private Partnerships a Source of Greater Efficiency in Water \tSupply? Results of Non-Parametric Performance Analysis Relating to the Italian Industry. A Journal of Open Access to Water, 5(1): 2058-2079.\r\n[22]\tLowery, D. (1998). Consumer Sovereignty and Quasi-Market Failure. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(2): 137-172. \r\n[23]\tLucas, A.O. and Gilles, G.M. (2006). Short Text Book of Public Health Medicines for the Tropics. Mumbai, India: Bookpower. \r\n[24]\tMacias, M. (2002). Ownership Structure and Accountability: the Case of the Privatization of the Spanish Tobacco Monopoly. Accounting History Review, Taylor &#038; Francis Journals, 12(2): 315-345.\r\n[25]\tMaharaj, A. (2003). Sustainable Private Sector Participation in Water Supply and Sanitation? An Investigation of the South African Experience with International Comparative Studies. (Doctorial Thesis, University of Natal, Durban). \t\r\n[26]\tMarin, P. (2009). Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Water Utilities, A Review of Experience in Developing Countries. A Report of the World Bank Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility PPIAF. Washington DC.\r\n[27]\tMason, N. and Calow, R. (2012). Water Security: from Abstract Concept to Meaningful Metrics. \tAn Initial Overview of Options, Overseas Development Institute, London Working and Discussion Paper ODI Annual Report. \r\n[28]\tMays, L. W. (2001). Water Resource Engineering Arizona. New York, U.S.A.: John Willey and Sons. Inc.\r\n[29]\tMclntosh, A. (2003). Asian Water Suppliers: Reaching the Poor. Asian Development Bank and Water Association, Manila Philippines.\r\n[30]\tMebsi, M. (2000). Pure and Plentiful: the Development of Modern Water Works in United States, 1801-2000, 2\/4 Water Policy, 234-244.\r\n[31]\tMezgebo, G. K. and Ewnetu, Z. (2015). Households Willingness to Pay for Improved Water \tServices in Urban Area: A Case Study from Nebelet Town, Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 7(2): 12-17. \r\n[32]\tMFA (2010). A Guide to Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), the Hague\r\n[33]\tMitchell, R. and Carson, R. (1989). Using Surveys to Value Public Goods:- The Contingent Valuation Method. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.\r\n[34]\tMohammed. J.,(2016). An Analysis of Domestic Water Demand and Supply in Ilorin                                 \r\n[35]\tMetropolis,Kwara State(unpublished MSc Disertation. A.B.U,Zaria)\r\n[36]\tNash, J. R. (2007). Economic Efficiency versus Public Choice: The Case of Property Right in \tRoad Traffic Management. University of Chicago Law School.  A Working Paper No. 374 John M. Olin Programme in Law and Economics.\r\n[37]\tNational Population Commission NPC (2009). Annual Report Year Book NPC, Nigeria.\r\n[38]\tNdaw, M. F. (2016). Private Sector Provision of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Rural Areas and Towns. The Role of Public Sector Water and Sanitation Programme. World Bank Group (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/World Bank\/SKUK8724). \r\n[39]\tNew York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Rules and Regulation (1995). \tWater Supply Applications. New York: 6 NYCRR Part 601 Publisher.\r\n[40]\tNiskanen, W. A. (1971). Bureaucracy and Representation Government (11th Edn). Chicago, U.S.A.: Aldine Publisher.\r\n[41]\tNnaji, C.C., Eluwa, C., Nwoji, C. (2013). Dynamics of Domestic Water Supply and \tConsumption in Semi-Urban Nigerian City. Habitat Int. 40(1): 127-135.\r\n[42]\tPartnership in Water Service Provision in the Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. (Doctoral thesis) \tUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya. \r\n[43]\tUnited \tNation Research Institute for Social and Development, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.\r\n[44]\tSheka,G, Boniface.G, Atiman.K.W,(2020)Assessment of Water Vending and Willingnes to pay for improved water service in Kano State. International Journal of Research an Innovation. Volume iv, Issue 1.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Atiman Kasima Wilson, Dr. O.A Adewusi and Dr. S.H ZUMMO, &#8220;Economic Analysis of Household Water Consumption in Yola North Lga. Adamawa State \u2013Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.523-530 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/523-530.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/523-530.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/economic-analysis-of-household-water-consumption-in-yola-north-lga-adamawa-state-nigeria\/ target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Economic Analysis of Household Water Consumption in Yola North Lga. Adamawa State \u2013Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a38067e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a38067e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3816d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3816d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a38186a\" data-id=\"a38186a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3821a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3821a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a382339 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a382339\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a38250e\" data-id=\"a38250e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a382e93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a382e93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a382f8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a382f8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a383149\" data-id=\"a383149\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a383289 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a383289\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a38332f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a38332f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a383706\" data-id=\"a383706\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a38388b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a38388b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a383a02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a383a02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a383d35\" data-id=\"a383d35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a383e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a383e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Agent of Pacification: Prelude of the American Public Education in Capiz, Philippines, 1900-1905<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sarreal D. Soqui\u00f1o and Ferlee Fernando-Soqui\u00f1o &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 531-535<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a39f497 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a39f497\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a39f6e6\" data-id=\"a39f6e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a39f842 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a39f842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe Bureau of Education created by the 2nd Philippine Commission in 1901 was unquestionably viewed as a valuable public institution which strategically advanced American colonial interests in the Philippines. Its formation was based on the fundamental belief held by the McKinley-led U.S. government that a colonial public school system for the Filipino children could gradually dampen anti-occupation resistance. Thus, the American-sponsored Bureau of Education played its vital role as agent of Pacification obviously aimed at earning trust and support from the inhabitants of the province of Capiz beginning its establishment in 1901. This paper explored the role of the American public school system, directly carried out by the Bureau of Education, as an integral part of the pacification campaign specifically in the Visayan province of Capiz during the early years of American occupation between 1900 and 1905. This paper examined the two basic functions the Bureau of Education assumed as an agent of pacification; and underscored how it contributed to the capitulation of the entire province.         \r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 531-535\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sarreal D. Soqui\u00f1o  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFilamer Christian University, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ferlee Fernando-Soqui\u00f1o <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFilamer Christian University, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBlount, James H. 1913. The American Occupation of the Philippines: 1889-1912. New York and London: The Knickerbocker Press.\r\n[2]\tCamagay, Maria Luisa T. ed. 1999. Philippine American War. Philippine Social Science Review. Quezon City: College of Social Science and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, Diliman.\r\n[3]\tFee, Mary H. 2005. A Woman\u2019s Impressions of the Philippines. (ed. John Walter Meyer). Claremont, \tCalifornia: The Paige Press.\r\n[4]\tHurley, Vic. 2011. Jungle Patrol: The Story of the \tPhilippine Constabulary, 1901-1936. Salem, \tOregon: Cerberus Books.\r\nArchival Documents accessed at the National Library of the Philippines (NLP), Ermita, Manila\r\n[1]\tReport of the Philippine Commission, 1900-1903,\r\n[2]\tBureau of Insular Affairs, Washington: Government\r\n[3]\tOffice, 1904. 4th Annual Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, December 1903, Part I, Washington: Government Printing Office (1904). 6th Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1905, Part 4, Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906.\r\nArchival Document Published Electronically\r\n[1]\tReport of the US Philippine Commission to the Secretary Of War From December 1, 1900 to October 15, 1901 Part 2 Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/Reportphilippin04goog. Accessed: July 10, 2020.\r\nBook and Journal Published Electronically\r\n[1]\tOsias, Camilo. 1921. Barrio Life and Barrio Education. Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York: World Book Company. https:\/\/archives.org\/details\/barriolife00osiarich. Accessed: July 10, 2020.\r\n[2]\tMay, Glenn A. 1976. Social Engineering in the Philippines: The Aims and Execution of American Educational Policy, 1900-1913. The Philippine Studies 24,2: 135-183. http:\/\/www.philippinestudies.net Accessed: June 27, 2008.\r\nOnline Source:\r\n[1]\tPhilippine.info\/statues\/act74-education-act-of-1901.html Viewed November 18, 2014\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sarreal D. Soqui\u00f1o and Ferlee Fernando-Soqui\u00f1o , &#8220;Agent of Pacification: Prelude of the American Public Education in Capiz, Philippines, 1900-1905&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.531-535 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/531-535.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/531-535.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/agent-of-pacification-prelude-of-the-american-public-education-in-capiz-philippines-1900-1905\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Agent of Pacification: Prelude of the American Public Education in Capiz, Philippines, 1900-1905<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8268 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a3a8268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8345 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a8345\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3a84cc\" data-id=\"a3a84cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8601 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a8601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a86a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a86a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8806\" data-id=\"a3a8806\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8918 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a8918\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a89c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a89c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8b1f\" data-id=\"a3a8b1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8c30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a8c30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8cd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a8cd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8e23\" data-id=\"a3a8e23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8f39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a8f39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a8fd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a8fd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3a9122\" data-id=\"a3a9122\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a9226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a9226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a92c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a92c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3a945a\" data-id=\"a3a945a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a956e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a956e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a960b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a960b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3a9780\" data-id=\"a3a9780\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a9891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a9891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Bangladeshi Folk Songs: A \u2018Nation-Thing\u2019<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rumana Chowdhury- March 2022- Page No.: 536-540<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3a993c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3a993c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3aa687\" data-id=\"a3aa687\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3aa7df elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a3aa7df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThere is no denying the fact that folk music of Bangladesh plays a vital role in representing a diverse cultural hybridization. It is also very closely connected to the emotional phase of the people as it not only stirs emotions but also tells tales of common people. With the accompaniment of the musical instruments, it has a universal appeal. Besides, folk music of Bangladesh is one of the good examples of a \u2018Nation-Thing. A \u2018Nation-Thing\u2019 is something that belongs to only one particular group or community of people. It represents itself from every aspect of life, art and culture of a nation in front of other countries of the world nationally as well as internationally. Above all, it is connected to a community\u2019s way of life, their traditions and social practices, rituals and myths. In this article my intention is to explore how folk songs play a dynamic role in representing Bangladeshi art and culture in different ways.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 536-540\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6325\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6325<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rumana Chowdhury<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Premier University, Chattogram, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tArefin, Shamsul. Bangladesher Lokokobi O Lokoshahittyo (Dwitiya-Chaturtho    Khando), Balaka, 40, Momin Road, Chattogram, 2008.\r\n[2]\tChoudhury, Dr.Abul Hasan. Rabindranather Lalon. Shova Prokash, Banglabazar, Dhaka, 2013.\r\n[3]\tDas, Suman Kumar. Bauler Akhray Fakirer Deray. Prothoma Prokashona, Dhaka, 2019.  \r\n[4]\tDas, Suman Kumar, ed. Prosongo Shah Abdul Karim. Kalikolom Prokashona, Dhaka, 2013.\r\n[5]\t Dasgupta, Samir. Songs of Lalon. Shahitya Prakash, Dhaka, 2016.\r\n[6]\tFarina, Iris. The Souls Sings Folk. The Daily Star, February 24, 2018.\r\n[7]\tKhokon, Salek. VinnobJatir Lokojo Utshob. Ittadi Grantho Prokash, Dhaka, 2016.\r\n[8]\tMandal, Anupam Hira. Folklore Anushongo. Rabeya Books, Banglabazar, Dhaka, 2015. Manadal, Tapas, ed. Baul Charcha O Banglar Loksangskriti. Pustok Biponi, Kolkata, 2016.\r\n[9]\tShashtri, Kshitimohon Sen. Banglar Baul. Nabajug Prokashoni, Banglabazar, Dhaka, 1993.\r\n[10]\tSubas Uddin, Mohammad. Shah Abdul Karim O Tar Dhukkho Joyer Montrogeet. Utso Prokashona, Dhaka, 2010.\r\n[11]\tWahab, Dr. Abdul. Folksongs of Bangladesh: A Sociological Study, First Part: A Sociological Survey of Folksongs.Textbook Division, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 2007. \r\n[12]\thttp:\/\/en.banglapedia.org\r\n[13]\thttps:\/\/travel.jumia.com\/blog\/bd\/types-folk-songs-find-bangladesh-614.\r\n[14]\thttp:\/\/en.wikipedia.org>wiki>Music_of_Bangladesh.\r\n[15]\thttp:\/\/en.wikipedia.org>wiki>Bangladeshi_Folk_Literature\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rumana Chowdhury, &#8220;Bangladeshi Folk Songs: A \u2018Nation-Thing\u2019&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.536-540 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6325<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/536-540.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/bangladeshi-folk-songs-a-nation-thing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Bangladeshi Folk Songs: A \u2018Nation-Thing\u2019<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ab5b1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a3ab5b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ab689 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ab689\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ab7f4\" data-id=\"a3ab7f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ab914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ab914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ab9ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ab9ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3abf10\" data-id=\"a3abf10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac06a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ac06a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac11d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ac11d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac288\" data-id=\"a3ac288\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac397 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ac397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac43e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ac43e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac598\" data-id=\"a3ac598\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac6a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ac6a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac73f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ac73f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac890\" data-id=\"a3ac890\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ac99f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ac99f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3aca3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3aca3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3acb7b\" data-id=\"a3acb7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3acc8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3acc8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3acd26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3acd26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ace93\" data-id=\"a3ace93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3acfa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3acfa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Islamic Appraisal of the Causes, Effects and Solution of Substance Abuse Among Muslim Youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Ibrahim M. Yakub, And, Bara\u2019atu Abdullahi, Rabo Maikeffi- March 2022- Page No.: 541-548<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ad045 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ad045\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ad1c6\" data-id=\"a3ad1c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3c94e2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a3c94e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nYouths prefer an autonomous and independent life that is free from adult control, thereby engaging in various delinquent acts like substance abuse, rape, robbery, cultism, hooliganism and vandalism that are dangerous to the home, community, school and the nation at large. The effects of substance abuse among youths has been a stigma of moral decadence, violence, thuggery, assault, madness and murder. This research attempts to provide the Islamic appraisal of the concept of Substance abuse, types, causes, signs, symptoms, effects and solution of substance abuse particularly among the Muslim youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District of Nasarawa State. The research also tries to find out the level of involvement of Muslim youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District in substance abuse. The method of data collection was through the use of questionnaires which was distributed to target respondents within the study area which is Nasarawa West Senatorial District of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The result of the investigation shows that 50.36% of the Muslim youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District are involved in substance abuse in one way or the other. The result also shows the common drugs abused by the Muslim youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District includes Cigarette, Marijuana (wiwi), Blue, Lara, Farida, Detail, Tutolin with Codeine, Magadone, Tramol etc. This is considered as serious problem because the Muslim youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District are being prepared to become the future leaders of the State and the nation at large. Recommendations were such as prohibiting the sell as well as identifying the dealers of such substance around Nasarawa West Senatorial District and its environs with the aim of bringing them to face the wrath of the law.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 541-548\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ibrahim M. Yakub <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bara\u2019atu Abdullahi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rabo Maikeffi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdullah al-Mishad, (1996) Islamic Ruling on Substance abuse. Health Education through Religion. 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(1973) Survey Research Method, California: Wadswarth Publishing Company \r\n[8]\tBorhany, S.A, (2007) Use of Tobacco in Islam, Yemen: Yemen Times, 13th 08.\tIbn Taymiyyah, (2005) Fatawa Ibn Taymiyyah, Cairo: Dar al Wafah, vol. 4.  ____________,Al\r\n[9]\tSiyasah al-Shar&#8217;iyyah, (1998) Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Islamic Affairs. \r\n[10]\tEnakpoya E. \u201cPrevalence of Substance abuse among Nigerian Adolescents: Implication for Counselling\u201d (2009), The Counsellor, Vol. 26, No 2.\r\n[11]\tHaladu, A.A, (2003), \u201cOutreach Strategies for Curbing Substance abuse Among Out-of School Youth in Nigeria: A Challenge for community Based Organisation, in Garba, A (ed). Youth and Substance abuse in Nigeria: Strategies for Counselling, Management and Control. Kano: Matosa Press.\r\n[12]\tIbrahim, H. H, (1996) \u201cThe Contribution of Muslims to the Development of Plateau State\u201d B.A Long Essay submitted to the Department of Religious Studies, University of Jos. in Kenny, \u201cSubstance abuse- The Fact\u201d. www.patient. co.uk \t \r\n[13]\tImam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, (nd) Musnad, Cairo: Mua\u2019ssasatu al Qurtuba. \r\n[14]\tImam Bukhari, M. I. (1987) The Translation of the Meaning of Sahih alBukhari. Trans. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 9 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.               \r\n[15]\tImam Malik, Ibn Anas, (1981) Al-Muwatta, Edited by Muhammad Fuad Abd al Baqi. Istanbul: Cagri Yayinlari. \r\n[16]\tImam Muslim I. H, (1978) Sahih Muslim, Muhammad Ashraf (Trans) vol. III,Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.  \t\r\n[17]\tMustafa M. al-Hadid al-Tayr, (1996) Islamic Ruling on Substance abuse. Health Education through Religion. Ed\r\n[18]\tKobiowu, S.V. (2006),\u201cThe Social and Academic Implications of Substance abuse among Undergraduates: A case Study of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria\u201d, International Journal of Psychological Rehabilitation.\r\n[19]\tManbe, D.A. (2008), \u201cCrime and Substance abuse among Nigeria Youths: A Critical Examination in World Health Organisation\u201d, Expert committee on drug dependence, 28th Report.\r\n[20]\tMba, A.I (2008), \u201cCounselling Techniques for the Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts in Nigeria, the Counsellor.  \r\n[21]\tOdejide, A.O, (2009), \u201cResearch, Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol and Substance abuse in Nigeria: Problem and prospects\u201d, Paper Presented at the 10th Anniversary Lecture of CRISA. Jos, 5th October.\r\n[22]\tOladele, J.O. (1980), Guidance and Counselling: A Functional Approach, Lagos: John Lad Enterprises.\r\n[23]\tRadwan G. N et al, (2003). Impact of Religious Rulings (fatwa) on Substance abuse. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. Report from the Center for Democratic Research and Training Mumbaya House, \r\n[24]\tSalahuddeen Abdur Rab An Nabi, (2003) \u201cWhat does Islam say about Substance abuse\u201d Fatwa, www.islamonline.net, 27th May\r\n[25]\tSambo, S, (2008), Understanding Guidance and Counselling, Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited.\r\n[26]\tSheikh \u2018Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhaab, in Aal-ish-Sheikh, M. I, (2000) Tobacco and Substance, Karachi: Vision Publication\t \t \r\n[27]\tU.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (2006) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Substance abuse and Health. \r\n[28]\tWorld Health Organization (1996). Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. Islamic rulings on substance abuse. The right path to health; health education through religion. Alexandria.  \r\n[29]\tU.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (2006). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General-Executive Summary.  \r\n[30]\tUnited Nations Organisations on Drug Council (UNODC). (2005), \u201cWORLF Health Organisation Expert Committee on Dependence Producing Drugs. Fourteenth Report Urban Adolescents\u201d, Child Development. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ibrahim M. Yakub, And, Bara\u2019atu Abdullahi, Rabo Maikeffi, &#8220;Islamic Appraisal of the Causes, Effects and Solution of Substance Abuse Among Muslim Youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District, Nasarawa State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.541-548 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/541-548.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/541-548.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/islamic-appraisal-of-the-causes-effects-and-solution-of-substance-abuse-among-muslim-youths-in-nasarawa-west-senatorial-district-nasarawa-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Islamic Appraisal of the Causes, Effects and Solution of Substance Abuse Among Muslim Youths in Nasarawa West Senatorial District, Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ca3ad elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a3ca3ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ca482 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ca482\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ca603\" data-id=\"a3ca603\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ca725 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ca725\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ca7cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ca7cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ca929\" data-id=\"a3ca929\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3caa3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3caa3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3caadb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3caadb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cac26\" data-id=\"a3cac26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cad31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3cad31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cadd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cadd2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb061\" data-id=\"a3cb061\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb1e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3cb1e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb29d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cb29d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb3f8\" data-id=\"a3cb3f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3cb504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb5ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cb5ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb6ee\" data-id=\"a3cb6ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb7fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3cb7fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cb89a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cb89a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cba0b\" data-id=\"a3cba0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cbb20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3cbb20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding and spotting research gaps through a systematic literature review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Issah Baako, Hamza Alhassan and Prosper Gidisu- March 2022- Page No.: 549-554<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cbbc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cbbc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cc1a2\" data-id=\"a3cc1a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cc38e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a3cc38e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nVarious researchers have established the need for researchers to position their research problem in the research gap of the study area. This does not only indicate the relevance of the study but it demonstrates the significant contribution it would make in the field of study. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review on the concept of research gaps and provoke a discussion on the contemporary literature on types of research gaps. The paper discusses the various approaches for researchers to identify, align and position research problems, research design, and methodology in the research gaps to achieve relevance in their findings and study. A systematic review of the current literature on research gaps might assist beginning researchers in the justification of research problems. Given the acceptable tenet of developing a research agenda, design, and development on a research gap, many early career researchers especially (post)graduate students have difficulties in systematically identifying research gaps as a basis for conducting research work. The significance of this paper is two-fold. First, it provides a systematic review of literature on the identification of research gaps to undertake research that would challenge assumptions and underlying existing theories in a significant way. Second, it provides a theoretical discussion on the importance of developing research problems on research gaps to structure their study.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 549-554\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Issah Baako<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hamza Alhassan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Innovations in Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prosper Gidisu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tCarey, T., Yon, A., Beadles, C., &#038; Wines, R. (2015). Identifying and Prioritizing Research Gaps.\r\n[2]\tJacobs, R. L. (2011). Developing a research problem and purpose statement. In The handbook of scholarly writing and publishing (pp. 125-142). Jossey-Bass Inc..\r\n[3]\tJacquet, V., &#038; van der Does, R. (2020). The Consequences of Deliberative Minipublics: Systematic overview, conceptual gaps, and new directions. In Representation (Vol. 57, Issue 1, pp. 1\u201311). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00344893.2020.1778513\r\n[4]\tMiles, D. A. (2017). A taxonomy of research gaps: identifying and defining the seven research gaps. Journal of Research Methods and Strategies, 2017, 1\u201315. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/35505149\/RESEARCH_A_Taxonomy_of_Research_Gaps_Identifying_and_Defining_the_Seven_Research_Gaps\r\n[5]\tMoeini, S. (2014, September 14). Approaches to identify research gaps and generate research questions. Linkedin.\r\n[6]\tMuka, T., Glisic, M., Milic, J., Verhoog, S., Bohlius, J., Bramer, W., Chowdhury, R., &#038; Franco, O. H. (2020). A 24-step guide on how to design, conduct, and successfully publish a systematic review and meta-analysis in medical research. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-019-00576-5\r\n[7]\tM\u00fcller-Bloch, C., &#038; Kranz, J. (2015). A framework for rigorously identifying research gaps in qualitative literature reviews. 2015 International Conference on Information Systems: Exploring the Information Frontier, ICIS 2015, 1\u201319.\r\n[8]\tMunn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., &#038; Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x\r\n[9]\tNyanchoka, L., Tudur-Smith, C., Thu, V. N., Iversen, V., Tricco, A. C., &#038; Porcher, R. (2019). A scoping review describes methods used to identify, prioritize and display gaps in health research. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 109, 99\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.01.005\r\n[10]\tPatel, H. D., Iyoha, E., Pierorazio, P. M., Sozio, S. M., Johnson, M. H., Sharma, R., Bass, E. B., &#038; Allaf, M. E. (2016). A systematic review of research gaps in the evaluation and management of localized renal masses. HHS Public Access, 98, 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology2016.08.013\r\n[11]\tPaul, J., Merchant, A., Dwivedi, Y. K., &#038; Rose, G. (2021). Writing an impactful review article: What do we know and what do we need to know? Journal of Business Research, 133, 337\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JBUSRES.2021.05.005\r\n[12]\tPeters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., &#038; Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 141\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050\r\n[13]\tRayees, F. (2017). A Framework for Identifying Research Gap in Social Sciences: Evidence from the Past. The IUP Journal of Management Research, 16(4), 67\u201376. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/325285640\r\n[14]\tRobinson, K. A., Saldanha, I. J., &#038; McKoy, N. A. (2011a). Development of a framework to identify research gaps from systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(12), 1325\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.06.009\r\n[15]\tRobinson, K. A., Saldanha, I. J., &#038; McKoy, N. A. (2011b). Identification of research gaps from evidence-based guidelines: A pilot study in cystic fibrosis. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 27(3), 247\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0266462311000225\r\n[16]\tSandberg, J., &#038; Alvesson, M. (2011). Ways of constructing research questions: Gap-spotting or problematization? Organization, 18(1), 23\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1350508410372151\r\n[17]\tSnilstveit, B., Vojtkova, M., Bhavsar, A., Stevenson, J., &#038; Gaarder, M. (2016). Evidence &#038; Gap Maps: A tool for promoting evidence informed policy and strategic research agendas. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 79, 120\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.05.015\r\n[18]\tXiao, Y., &#038; Watson, M. (2019a). Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review. In Journal of Planning Education and Research (Vol. 39, Issue 1, pp. 93\u2013112). SAGE Publications Inc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0739456X17723971\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Issah Baako, Hamza Alhassan and Prosper Gidisu, &#8220;Understanding and spotting research gaps through a systematic literature review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.549-554 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/549-554.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-and-spotting-research-gaps-through-a-systematic-literature-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Understanding and spotting research gaps through a systematic literature review<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cd389 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a3cd389\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce217\" data-id=\"a3ce217\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce34c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ce34c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce3fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ce3fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce565\" data-id=\"a3ce565\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce67b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ce67b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce72a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ce72a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce882\" data-id=\"a3ce882\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ce996 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ce996\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cea36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cea36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3ceb8e\" data-id=\"a3ceb8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ceca8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3ceca8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3ced4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3ced4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cee99\" data-id=\"a3cee99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cefa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3cefa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cf04a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cf04a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cf1b2\" data-id=\"a3cf1b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cf2c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3cf2c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Enhancing Development Potential of Diaspora Communities, Experiences of Zimbabweans Living in Botswana <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kwazinkosi Sibanda, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu, George Shava, Eldon Zulu, Samantha Shonhiwa- March 2022- Page No.: 555-567<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3cf368 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3cf368\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3cf510\" data-id=\"a3cf510\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3cf668 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a3cf668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study examined the development potential of the Zimbabwean diaspora communities living in Botswana. The current study sought to fill a gap in the interrogation of the willingness and capacity of Zimbabweans living in Botswana to participate in development projects in Zimbabwe. The research was carried out in Botswana using mail and electronic questionnaires, in depth interviews and ethnographic data. Fifty mail survey respondents, 7 electronic survey respondents and 12 in depth study respondents were used in the current study. The mixed method approach used yielded data that could not have been obtained with one method only. Using the transnational capability framework, the research established the existence of both skilled and unskilled Diaspora in Botswana. The study observed that the Zimbabwean community in Botswana is actively involved in transnational activities. The study established that there is willingness to participate in the advancement of their families and communities in Zimbabwe. There are some challenges that hinder the full participation of the Diaspora community that were noted in the study. The shorter periods covered by permits affect the migrants\u2019 capacity to access loans from banks or engage in long term planning as they risk non-renewal of permits.  On the Zimbabwean side the economic and political uncertainty affect the commitment by some Zimbabweans in the diaspora to invest in Zimbabwe. The possibility of engagement between Zimbabweans in the diaspora is affected by lack of trust between the current government and the citizens in the Diaspora. The study recommended that the government of Zimbabwe should create a database of Zimbabweans living in Botswana to determine and tap the available skills base for capacity building. The Governments of Botswana and Zimbabwe are recommended to discuss extension of permits and granting of dual citizens to Zimbabwean applicants for the benefit of both countries. There is also need for the Zimbabwean Government to reduce duty on capital goods to allow the Diaspora community to bring productive capital for investment.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 555-567\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kwazinkosi Sibanda<\/strong><\/span>\r\nOkavango Research Institute, University of Botswana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, P O Box 939, Ascot, Bulawayo\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>George Shava<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eldon Zulu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samantha Shonhiwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAnkomah, P, Larson T, Robberson,V. and Rotich,J(2012) A creative approach to development: The case for active engagement of African Diaspora in Ghana. Journal of Black studies.  43(4):385-404\r\n[2]\tBloch, A. (2004) Survey Research with refugees: A methodological perspective. Policy Studies 25(2):139-151\r\n[3]\tBloch, A. (2008) Zimbabweans in Britain: Transnational activities and capabilities. Journal of ethnic and migration studies 34(2):287-305.\r\n[4]\tBloch, A. (2005) \u2018The Development Potential of Zimbabweans in the Diaspora\u2019, International   Organization for Migration Research Series No. 17. Geneva: IOM.\r\n[5]\tBloch, A. (2006) \u2018Emigration from Zimbabwe: Migrant Perspectives\u2019, Social Policy and Administration, 40(1): 67-8.\r\n[6]\tBulwaka, M (2009) Diaspora Diplomacy: A case of Uganda. A Dissertation submitted to the University of Malta for the Degree of Master in Contemporary Studies\r\n[7]\tButler, K.D. (2011) Defining Diaspora, Refining a Discourse. https:\/\/sites.middlebury.edu\/nydiasporaworkshop\/files\/2011\/04\/Defining-Diaspora.pdf \r\n[8]\tChikanda, A (2010) Emigration of medical doctors from Zimbabwe: Migrant Experiences, Transnational linkages and prospects for Diasporic engagement. PhD Thesis: University of Western Ontario.\r\n[9]\tChikanda, A and Dodson, B (2013) Bandaid transnationalism: remittance practices of emigrant Zimbabwean medical doctors,Migration and Development  2(1):57-73\r\n[10]\tCreswell, J.W., (2003) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks: Sage.\r\n[11]\tCrush, J.S. and Tevera, D.S. (Eds) (2010) Zimbabwe Exodus: Crisis Migration Survival. Cape Town: SAMP\r\n[12]\tCussons, A, C. (2015). Diaspora in Africa\u2019s development Agenda: Tracing the contours, African Research Review, An International Multi-disciplinary Journal of Ethiopia,  9(1): 1-14 online: http:\/\/dx.do.org\/10.4314\/afrrev.v9.1.1\r\n[13]\tDavies, R. (2007) Reconceptualising the Migration Development Nexus. Third World Quarterly 28(1):59-76\r\n[14]\tDavies, R (2012) African Diasporas, Development and the policies of context. Third World Quarterly, 33(1):91-108.\r\n[15]\tDe Haas, H. (2010) \u2018Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective\u2019, International Migration Review, 44: 227\u201364.\r\n[16]\tDillon, R. (2013) Remitting to Zimbabwe: Migrant Experiences and Remittance Strategies in Botswana. Research Paper Number 2, Africa Portal\r\n[17]\tDunn, K.M. (2005) \u2018A Paradigm of Transnationalism for Migration Studies\u2019, New Zealand Population Review, 31(2):15-31.\r\n[18]\tEversole,R. (2008): Development in motion: what to think about migration?, Development in Practice, 18(1):94-99\r\n[19]\tGaidzanwa, R. (1999) Voting with their feet: Migrant Zimbabwean nurses and Doctors in the era of structural adjustment, Uppsala: NordiskaAfrika institute.\r\n[20]\tGasper, D. and Truong T, D. (2010) Movements of the International and Transnational migration and the Capabilities approach, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-centred development, 11(2):339-357.\r\n[21]\tGomo, T (2015) Diaspora based development efforts can be a powerful resource, Development Foundation Zimbabwe, www.dfzim.com\/blog\/?p=405 (accessed 20 April, 2015)\r\n[22]\tGuarnizo, L.E. and Smith, M.P. (1998) \u2018The Locations of Transnationalism\u2019, In M.P. Smith and L. Guarnizo (Eds.) Transnationalism From Below: Special Issue of Comparative Urban and Community Research, pp. 3-34. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.\r\n[23]\tHennings, M. (2013) The migration development nexus: A case of Jordan since the 1950s. Unpublished Senior honours thesis. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.\r\n[24]\tHungwe, C. (2013) Surviving social exclusion: Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa.  Doctor of Literature and Philosophy thesis: University of South Africa.\r\n[25]\tKwinjeh, G. (2014)Weighty role of the Zim diaspora requires re-examination, Mail and Guardian Newspaper.Online http:\/\/mg.co.za\/article\/2014-09-19-weighty-role-of-the-diaspora-requires-re-examination(accessed 20 April 2015)\r\n[26]\tKhonje, W, H. (2015) Migration and Development: Perspectives from small states, London: Common wealth secretariat.\r\n[27]\tKuhlmann, J. (2010) Political activism of the Zimbabwean diaspora: opportunities for, and challenges to, transnational mobilisation, Working Paper Series number 5, Lepzig, Graduate Centre Humanities and Social Sciences.\r\n[28]\tMabhena, C. (2010) \u2018Visible Hectares, Vanishing Livelihoods\u2019: A case of the Fast Track Land Reform and Resettlement Programme in southern Matabeleland \u2013 Zimbabwe.Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Social Sciences (Development Studies), University of Fort Hare.\r\n[29]\tMandiyanike, D. (2014) Zimbabwe\u2019s return migrants before and after challenges, SAMP Policy brief Number 29, Southern African Migration Project.\r\n[30]\tMakina, D (2012) Determinants of return migration: Evidence from Zimbabweans living in South Africa, Development Southern Africa, 29: 365-378 (online) http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/0376835X.2012.706034\r\n[31]\tMaphosa, F., (2007) \u2018Remittances and development: the impact of migration to South Africa on rural livelihoods in southern Zimbabwe\u2019, Development Southern AfricaVol 24(1): 123-136.\r\n[32]\tMbiba, B. (2005) \u2018Zimbabwe\u2019s global citizens in \u2018\u2018Harare North\u2019\u2019: some observations\u2019, in Palmberg, M. and Primorac, R. (Eds) Skinning the Skunk: Facing Zimbabwean Futures. Uppsala: NordiskaAfrikainstitutet, 26-38.\r\n[33]\tMbiba, B. (2010) \u2018Burial at home? Dealing with death in the diaspora and Harare\u2019, in McGregor, J. And Primorac, R. (eds.) Zimbabwe\u2019s new diaspora: Displacement and the cultural politics of survival.Oxford: Beghahn Books\r\n[34]\tMbiba, B. (2012) Zimbabwe Diaspora politics in Britain: insight from the Cathedral moment 2009, Common wealth and Comparative politics, 50(2):226-252.\r\n[35]\tMcGregor, J (2011) Rethinking the boundaries of the nation. Histories of cross border mobility and Zimbabwe\u2019s new Diaspora. Critical African Studies Vol4 (6): 47-68.\r\n[36]\tMcGregor, J. and Pasura, D. (2010) Diaspora repositioning and the politics of re-engagement: Developmentalising Zimbabwe\u2019s diaspora, Round Table Vol.99 (4111): 686-703.\r\n[37]\tMcKenzie, D and Yang, D (2015) Evidence on policies to increase the development impacts of international Migration. World Bank Research Observer: Oxford University Press.\r\n[38]\tMerle, L. (2012) Salvadoran Migrants in Australia: An analysis of transnational families capability to care across borders. International Office for Migration, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Limited.\r\n[39]\tMohan, G. (2002) \u2018Diaspora and Development\u2019, in Robinson, J. (ed.) Development and displacement, Oxford: Oxford university Press, 77-140\r\n[40]\tMohan G. and Zack Williams, A, B. (2002) Globalisation from below: Conceptualising the role of the African Diaspora in Africa\u2019s Development. Review of African Political Economy Vol 29(92):211-236.\r\n[41]\tMunck, R. (Eds) (2009) Globalisation and Migration: New issues, New Politics, London: Routledge.\r\n[42]\tMudungwe, P. (2009) Engaging Zimbabweans in the Diaspora towards economic reconstruction. A paper presented at a symposium on Mapping issues for Diaspora participation and engaging in Zimbabwe\u2019s reconstruction. International Office of Migration.\r\n[43]\tMupakati, L. (2012) Reparation and Inequality through different Diaspora: The case of Zimbabwean Diaspora in Leeds, UK and Limpopo province in South Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield.\r\n[44]\tMuzondidja, J. (2011) The Zimbabwean Diaspora, Opportunities and challenges for engagement in Zimbabwe\u2019s political development and Economic Transformation.in Muriti,T and Mawadza A.S (eds) (2011) Zimbabwe in transition: A view from within. Auckland Park2092: Institute of Justice and Reconciliation, pp. 112- 133.\r\n[45]\tNcube, G, T. (2004) A History of North Western Zimbabwe, 1850-1960. Mond Books, Kadoma.Page, B. and Mercer, C. (n.d.) https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/336881479-Diaspora \r\n[46]\tPasura, D (2008). Fractured Diaspora: Strategies and Identities among Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom. PhD thesis. University of Warwick \r\n[47]\tPasura, D. (2010) Competing meanings of the diaspora: The case of Zimbabweans in Britain. Journal of Ethnic Migration Studies 36(9):1445-1461.Onlinehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/1369183X.2010.498670.\r\n[48]\tPerllerin, H and Mullings, B. (2013) The Diaspora option, Migration and the changing political economy of Development: Review of International Political EconomyVol 20(1):89-120\r\n[49]\tPlano Clark, V, L and Creswell, J (2011) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Lincoln: Sage Publications.\r\n[50]\tPlaza, S and Ratha, D (Eds) (2011) Diaspora for Development in Africa. Washington Dc: world Bank.\r\n[51]\tPortes, A., Guarnizo, L. E. and Landolt, P. (1999) \u2018The study of transnationalism: pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field\u2019, Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol 22(2): 217-237.\r\n[52]\tSen, A. (1999) Development as freedom. New York: Anchor.\r\n[53]\tSouthern African Migration Project (2012) Third wave mixed migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa. Migration Policy Series 59.\r\n[54]\tSAMP (2012) Unfriendly Neighbours: Contemporary Migration from Zimbabwe to Botswana. Migration Policy Series 61.\r\n[55]\tStatistics Botswana (2015) Work Permits holders no 2015\/3, fourth Quarter 2012: Statistics Botswana.\r\n[56]\tThomas, A. (1996) What is Development Management? Journal of International Development 8(1):95-110\r\n[57]\tUnited Nations Development Programme (2009) South-South Migration and Human Development: Reflections on African Experiences. Human Development Research Paper 2009\/07.\r\n[58]\tUnited Nations (2009) World population prospects: The 2008 Revision. Department of Economic and Social affirs, United Nations, Newyork\r\n[59]\tUnited Nations Development Programme (2010) The potential contribution of the Zimbabwe Diaspora to economic recovery, Working paper 11, UNDP\r\n[60]\tVertotvec, S. (1999) Conceiving and researching transnationalism.Ethnic and Racial StudiesVol 22(2):447-462.\r\n[61]\tWanba, J. (2015). Who benefits from return migration to developing countries? (Available online) \r\nhttp:\/\/doi1015185\/izawol.123\/jacklinewanbawol.iza.org\/articles\/who-benefits-from-return-migration-to-developing-countries,pdf.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kwazinkosi Sibanda, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu, George Shava, Eldon Zulu, Samantha Shonhiwa, &#8220;Enhancing Development Potential of Diaspora Communities, Experiences of Zimbabweans Living in Botswana &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.555-567 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/555-567.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/555-567.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" 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<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ef9c2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a3ef9c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f0647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3f0647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3f06e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3f06e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3f082e\" data-id=\"a3f082e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f0d4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3f0d4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3f0df7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3f0df7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3f0f74\" data-id=\"a3f0f74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f1085 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3f1085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between Parenting Styles and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Public and Private Schools in Lamu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pauline Mumina, Stephen Asatsa, PhD, Carolyne L.A Onyango &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 568-577<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3f111e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3f111e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3f12d9\" data-id=\"a3f12d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f143c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a3f143c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed at investigating the relationship between parenting styles and academic performance of secondary school students in public and private schools in Lamu County, Kenya. The study employed an embedded mixed-method study design by combining correlational survey and phenomenological research designs. The study was informed by Vygotsky\u2019s theory of cognitive development. The target population was 648 Form two students and 25 headteachers. A sample of 247 students was selected using simple random sampling and 8 head teachers were selected through convenience sampling. The study used questionnaires, interview schedule, and document analyses to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Pearson\u2019s product-moment correlation analysis while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that there is a non\u2013 significant weak negative relationship between authoritarian parenting style, authortitatve parenting style and academic performance of secondary school students. The study further established a negative significant relationship between permissive and uninvolved parenting styles and academic performance. The study recommended that Schools should organize forums for parents to enlighten them on parenting to address the gap existing in parenting. Such forums will enable parents to be warm, responsive, present, supportive and responsible to their children and in this process, embrace authoritative parenting which will enhance their children\u2019s academic performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 568-577\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pauline Mumina<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, the Catholic University of Eastern Africa<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Asatsa, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, the Catholic University of Eastern Africa<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Carolyne L.A Onyango<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, the Catholic University of Eastern Africa<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAkhtar N, Hanif R, Tariq N, Ata M. 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London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. \r\n[76]\tYasmeen, S. (2013). Role of Parenting Styles in Academic Performance of College Students. Pakistan Journal of Education, 30 (1). DOI: http:\/dx.doi.org\/10.30971\/pje.v30i1.93\r\n[77]\tYusuf, A. F. (2012). Influence of principals\u2019 leadership styles on students\u2019 academic achievement in secondary schools. Journal of Innovative Research in Management and Humanities, 3(1), 113 &#8211; 121.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pauline Mumina, Stephen Asatsa, PhD, Carolyne L.A Onyango, &#8220;Relationship between Parenting Styles and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Public and Private Schools in Lamu County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.568-577 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/568-577.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/568-577.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-parenting-styles-and-academic-performance-of-secondary-school-students-in-public-and-private-schools-in-lamu-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relationship between Parenting Styles and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Public and Private Schools in Lamu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f2404 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a3f2404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f3c63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3f3c63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3f3d36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3f3d36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3f3eb8\" data-id=\"a3f3eb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3f3fcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3f3fcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3f4077 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3f4077\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3f41c4\" data-id=\"a3f41c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4000a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4000a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a400146 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a400146\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4002b2\" data-id=\"a4002b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4003ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4003ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Study on the Scope of Textile Products Available in Online Platform<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chowdhury Mohammed Rubaiyat, Khan Ayub Nabi &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 578-580<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a40046d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a40046d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4005e5\" data-id=\"a4005e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a400702 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a400702\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Bangladesh has made significant landmark in the development of digitization process. Online platform has become an essential business tool worldwide. Thousands of organizations are operating online. Even the social networks are also promoting themselves to earn and to sell goods. No exception that the small entrepreneurs are taking the opportunity and involving themselves for marketing their products. They are selling their textile and apparel products through the digital platform. Textile products like men\u2019s and ladies dress fashion apparels such as T-shirts, polo shirts, Trousers, 5 pocket Denim trouser, Woven Shirts, Shorts, Ladies tank tops, kids wear, gloves etc. Beside the apparel items home textiles are also sold on the sites. It is a great initiative by the entrepreneurs but it should be kept in mind that they also have to consider the customers satisfaction of quality products. It was evident that the companies using the online platform are selling their products successfully and having an impact on countries economy. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 578-580\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chowdhury Mohammed Rubaiyat<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khan Ayub Nabi<\/strong>\r\nBGMEA University of Fashion and Technology(BUFT), Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\thttps:\/\/www.statista.com\/outlook\/dmo\/ecommerce\/bangladesh#users\r\n[2]\thttps:\/\/www.daraz.com.bd\/\r\n[3]\t https:\/\/thefinancialexpress.com.bd\/trade\/e-commerce-market-size-to-reach-30b-by-2023-1604405507\r\n[4]\tHorrocks A R and Anand S C, Handbook of Technical Textiles , Woodhead Publishing Limited,  2000,Page -3\r\n[5]\tGordon. S and . Hsieh. Y-L,  Cotton: Science and technology, Hsieh, Woodhead Publishing Limited ,2007,Page-302.\r\n[6]\tFiber Analysis: Qualitative-AATCC Technical Manual, Volume 85, 2010, TM 20A-2008, Page- 59-66.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chowdhury Mohammed Rubaiyat, Khan Ayub Nabi &#8220;Study on the Scope of Textile Products Available in Online Platform&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.578-580 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/578-580.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/578-580.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/study-on-the-scope-of-textile-products-available-in-online-platform\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Study on the Scope of Textile Products Available in Online Platform<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4014eb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4014eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4015bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4015bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a401731\" data-id=\"a401731\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4044be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4044be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4045a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4045a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4057b6\" data-id=\"a4057b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a405910 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a405910\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4059dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4059dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a405b3b\" data-id=\"a405b3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a405c5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a405c5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a405d02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a405d02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a405e6d\" data-id=\"a405e6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a405f79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a405f79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a406021 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a406021\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a40617a\" data-id=\"a40617a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41d1a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a41d1a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41d2ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41d2ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a41d469\" data-id=\"a41d469\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41d599 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a41d599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41d644 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41d644\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a41d7c1\" data-id=\"a41d7c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41d8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a41d8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Robberies on the Victims in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Prof. M.W. Jayasundara- March 2022- Page No.: 581-588<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41d983 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41d983\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a41daff\" data-id=\"a41daff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41dc2a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a41dc2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nAs a developing country, Sri Lanka faces many problems, and presently they show an increasing trend. Among them, social disparities, terrorism, traffic in illegal narcotics, and crime are predominant. Most researchers feel that crime has increased since the 1970s.  Criminologists believe that property crimes are increasing when a country develops. But, in Sri Lanka, robbery as a grave crime has decreased in the course of time though its clarification has changed from time to time. This study draws on the robbery rates prevalent in Sri Lanka during the period of 2003 to 2019, which records a considerable decrease in the number of robberies from 40.64 in 2003 to 13.46 in 2019. The research problem is primarily concerned with the impacts of robbery both as a property crime and a violent crime, and how far it has affected the normal life of the citizens of the country as it stands at 11% of the total number of grave crimes of the country.  \r\nTherefore, this study was aimed at finding the nature and the impacts of robbery on victims. Further, the study has taken into consideration the causes of robbery as well as the characteristics of perpetrators.  Forty-six victims of the robbery were selected to achieve the targets of the study from a convenient sample, adding 4-7 robbers from a police station chosen of selected eight districts. The data were collected by using a semi-structured interview schedule administered to the victims of robbery. The findings revealed that the main targets of 82.6% of robbers were to snatch gold necklaces, ornaments, and purses, mainly from the women who travelled lonely along the roads both in cities and suburbs. The rest of the robbers targeted gems, three-wheelers and mobile phones etc. Of the robbers, 67% were unknown to the victims, while 33% of robbers were known to the victims. As a result of the robbery, 56.5% have suffered from mental pain, 47.8% had physical injuries, and 10.9% of victims have undergone severe economic hardships owing to the loss of their valuables. The traumatic experience of the robbery victims has paved the way to change their regular behaviour patterns so as to prevent thems from revictimization. The study proposes that non-violent resistance of the victims and proper and speedy involvement of the police in target hardening of the robbers would minimize robberies in the country. \r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 581-588\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. M.W. Jayasundara<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Criminology and Criminal Justice\r\nUniversity of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdler, F., Mueller, G.O.W., Laufer, W.S. (1995) Criminology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.   \r\n[2]\tBarlow, H. D. (1978) Introduction to Criminology. Toronto: Little Brown and Company.\r\n[3]\tConklin, J.E. (1972) Robbery and the Criminal Justice System. Philadelphia: Lippincott. \r\n[4]\tCurran, D.J., Renzetti, C.M. (1994) Theories of Crime. USA: Allyn and Bacon\r\n[5]\tDavy, J. (1821) An Account of the Interior of Ceylon, Reprint 1969, Dehiwala: Tissara Prakasakayo.\r\n[6]\tD\u2019oyly, Sir John (1835) A Sketh of the Constitution of the Kandyan Kingdom, ed. Turner L.G.B. Reprint (1929) Dehiwala: Tissara Prakasakayo.  \r\n[7]\tPenal Code of Sri Lanka (1883) Colombo: Ceylon Government Press. \r\n[8]\tPieris, R. (1956) Sinhalese Social Organization. Colombo: Ceylon University Press.  \r\n[9]\tReports of the Inspector General of Police, Sri Lanka 2001-2019.  \r\n[10]\tRev. Wimalawansa B. (1959) \u201cSellipi Samajaya\u201d. Colombo: Anula Printers.\r\n[11]\tWales, A., Hemmens, C. (2011) Introduction to Criminology. USA: Sage Publication Inc.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. M.W. Jayasundara, &#8220;The Impact of Robberies on the Victims in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.581-588 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/581-588.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/581-588.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-robberies-on-the-victims-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Impact of Robberies on the Victims in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41eae1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a41eae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41f460 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41f460\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a41f5e6\" data-id=\"a41f5e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41f70b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a41f70b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41f7bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41f7bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a41f984\" data-id=\"a41f984\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41faa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a41faa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41fb48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41fb48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a41fc9b\" data-id=\"a41fc9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a41fda2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a41fda2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41fe48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41fe48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a41ff92\" data-id=\"a41ff92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42009a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a42009a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a420135 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a420135\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4202ad\" data-id=\"a4202ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4203cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4203cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Hindu-Buddhist Influence on the Myths of Rice Gods in Southeast Asia and Its Role in Modern Agriculture Development<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Yang Jing Qing, Maman Lesmana- March 2022- Page No.: 589-597<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a420471 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a420471\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4205f1\" data-id=\"a4205f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a42073c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a42073c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe myths of rice gods are popular folk myth in Southeast Asia that passed down to today since ancient times. This research contains a discussion of the myths of rice goddesses from three Southeast Asian countries &#8211; Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines to discover why and how Hinduism and Buddhism influenced mythical texts of rice gods in Southeast Asia by influencing local social environment. This research is a comparative research, researched with interdisciplinary theory, acculturation theory etc. The result of this research is that the myths of Sri gods circulating in Southeast Asia are indigenous folk tales. Its contents continued to be enriched after Hinduism and Buddhism entered Southeast Asia. This not only strengthens the cultural diversity of Southeast Asia, but also encourages the development of agricultural communities by integrating it as local agricultural wisdom. In the era of globalization, traditional agriculture is facing the impacts of industrialization and modernity, so that the natural environment is polluted. Southeast Asian agricultural wisdom with Hindu-Buddhist philosophies should be traced and promoted to inherit traditional rice cultivation methods. This can not only pass on and protect traditional agricultural culture, but can also promote harmony between nature and humanity, sustainable use of natural resources.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 589-597\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6326<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yang Jing Qing<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maman Lesmana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tA. Sharma. (1999). The Purusharthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism. The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2, 223-256.\r\n[2]\tB.K. Chaturvedi. (2004). Shiv Purana. Diamond Pocket Books, p. 124.\r\n[3]\tDancel, M. M. (1989). The Ifugao Wooden Idol. SPAFA Digest (1989-1990), 10 (1).\r\n[4]\tDurkheim, E. (1915). The elementary forms of religious life: A study in religious sociology. Macmillan.\r\n[5]\tDhavamony, M. (1995). Fenomenologi agama. Kanisius.\r\n[6]\tEmon Surya Tamanna. (1992). Paririmbon Sunda (Jawa Barat). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.\r\n[7]\tFrazer, J. G. (1990). The golden bough. Palgrave Macmillan, London.\r\n[8]\tJotisakulratana. (2012). Mothers of all peoples: Goddesses of Thailand from prehistory until the present. Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Integral Studies.\r\n[9]\tKroeber, A. L. (1947). Cultural and natural of native North America (No. 572 K91). Universidad de California.\r\n[10]\tLiebert, G. (1976). Iconographic dictionary of the Indian religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism (Studies in South Asian culture, 5) (In J. E. van L. Leeuw (Ed.). Studies in South Asian Culture. E.J. Brill.\r\n[11]\tMiharja, Deni. (2015). Sistem Kepercayaan Awal Masyarakat Sunda. Al-Adyan: Jurnal Studi Lintas Agama, 10(1), 19-36.\r\n[12]\tMalinowsi, B. (2014). Magic, science and religion and other essays. Read Books Ltd.\r\n[13]\tMae Kham Phang. (1988). The Life of the Farmer. Bangkok: Mae Kham Phang Publisher.\r\n[14]\tParmeshwaranand, S. (2001). Encyclopedia Dictionary of Puranas. Sarup &#038; Sons.\r\n[15]\tPiker, S. (1968). The relationship of belief systems to behavior in rural Thai society. Asian Survey, 384-399.\r\n[16]\tRedfield, R., Linton, R., &#038; Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropology, 149-152.\r\n[17]\tRaka. A. A. G. (1963). \u201cAsal Mula Padi (Tijeritera Rakyat dari Bali)\u201d dalam Kumpulan Tijeritera Rakjat Indonesia (hl. 15-19). Urusan Adat-istiadat dan Tjeritera Rakjat Dep. P. D dan     K. Djawatan Keboedajaan.\r\n[18]\tSathienkoset. (1963). The Khwan and Its Ceremonies. Bangkok: Kawna Publisher. (In Thai).\r\n[19]\tSutawan, N, M Swara, W, Windia dan V, Sudana. (1989). Laporan Akhir Pilot Proyek Pengembangan Sistem Irigasi yang Menggabungkan Beberapa Empelan Subak di Kabupaten    Tabanan dan Kabupaten Buleleng. Bali dan Universitas Udayana Denpasar.\r\n[20]\tSubroto, G. (2019). Pajak &#038; Pendanaan Peradaban Indonesia. Elex Media Komputindo.\r\n[21]\tSuwandi. (1963). \u201cAsal Mula Padi (Tjeritera Rakjat dari Banyumas)\u201d (hl. 5-8). Dalam Kumpulan Tjeritera Rakjat Indonesia.Urusan Adat-Istiadat dan Tjeritera Rakjat Dep. P. D. dan K. Djawatan Keboedajaan.\r\n[22]\tSuyami., &#038; Dwi Ratna Nurhajarini., &#038; Renggo Astuti. (1988). Kajian Nilai Budaya Naskah Kuna Cariyos Dewi Sri. Departmen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan RI Jakarta.\r\n[23]\tTambian, N. N. (1970). Floristic observations on Chlorophyta of Armenia. Flora Rastit Rastit Resur Arm SSR.\r\n[24]\tTabloid Desa. (2016). Ritual Adat di Setiap Aktivitas Pertanian.\r\n[25]\tWilliam A. Dyrness., &#038; Veli-Matti K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen., &#038; Juan Francisco Martinez (2008). Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church. Inter Varsity Press.\r\n[26]\tYendra I Wayan. (2009). Kanda Empat Dewa (Manusia Setengah. Dewa Sakti Mandraguna). Surabaya: Paramita.\r\n[27]\t\u6c34\u7a3b\u7814\u7a76\u6240. \uff081999\uff09. \u7a3b\u7c73\u4e0e\u6cf0\u56fd\u4eba. \u66fc\u8c37\uff1a \u519c\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5385.\r\n[28]\t\u65bd\u96ea\u7434 \uff08Shi Xueqin\uff09. (2002). \u7b80\u8bba\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0. \u5357\u6d0b\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76, 76-83.\r\n[29]\t\u6cfd\u7ef4\u5c14 (Xavier Romero). (2014). On the Role of Food Habits in the Context of the Identity and Cultural Heritage of South and Southeast Asia. \u4e2d\u5916\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u6587\u8bba, 179-194. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yang Jing Qing, Maman Lesmana, &#8220;Hindu-Buddhist Influence on the Myths of Rice Gods in Southeast Asia and Its Role in Modern Agriculture Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.589-597 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6326<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/589-597.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/hindu-buddhist-influence-on-the-myths-of-rice-gods-in-southeast-asia-and-its-role-in-modern-agriculture-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Hindu-Buddhist Influence on the Myths of Rice Gods in Southeast Asia and Its Role in Modern Agriculture Development<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a421664 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a421664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a42173d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a42173d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4218a6\" data-id=\"a4218a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4219c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4219c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a421a64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a421a64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a422f57\" data-id=\"a422f57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4230cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4230cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a42318c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a42318c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4232ff\" data-id=\"a4232ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a423417 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a423417\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4234c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4234c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a423623\" data-id=\"a423623\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a423735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a423735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a424058 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a424058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers Retirement in Private Higher Educational Institutions in Northern Philippines<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Samuel B. Damayon, Judith P. Daguio, Sherwin A. Marciano, Mary Grace M. Bulatao- March 2022- Page No.: 598-606<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4240f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4240f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a424da9\" data-id=\"a424da9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4261ba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4261ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIt is usually said that when one retires, this is the time when one would live a more comfortable and happy life. But for many retirees, this is not always the case. Thus, preparation for retirement is very important. This study aimed to determine (1) the level of readiness of teachers for retirement; (2) identify considerable socio-economic barriers to a good retirement and (3) determine as well as propose certain programs, projects, and activities that would promote a good retirement for teachers. This study focused on teacher-retirees in private higher educational institutions. A questionnaire was floated to ascertain the level of readiness of respondents \u2013retirees for retirement as well as the socio-economic barriers to a good or happy retirement. This research employed a quantitative and qualitative-descriptive method and used a combination of frequency counts, percentage as well as Mean and Standard Deviations in the analysis and interpretation of data. The respondents were 44 teacher-retirees from four private higher educational institutions in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. Results of the study showed that teacher-retirees are well prepared to a high extent for retirement, personally and by their employers. The study showed that the majority of the teacher-retirees are prepared personally to a high extent. However, despite such a level of preparation, it was found out that there are still considered socio-economic concerns that bar them from enjoying a good retirement. The main reasons for them not experiencing a good retirement were that their retirement pay was used to pay their debts, their retirement pensions are not sufficient for their and their family\u2019s needs, no savings after reinterment, and they do not have health insurance policies. The results of the study also showed that socio-economic preparation determines how retirees enjoy life in retirement. It was then a recommendation that private educational institutions should, as part of their management plan, establish socio-economic programs, projects, or activities for the welfare of their teacher-retirees.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 598-606\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6327<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel B. Damayon<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Teacher Education and Humanities, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Judith P. Daguio<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Teacher Education and Humanities, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sherwin A. Marciano<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Teacher Education and Humanities, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Grace M. Bulatao<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Teacher Education and Humanities, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdams, GA &#038; Beehr TA (1998). Turnover and Retirement: A comparison of their similarities and Differences. Personality Psychology. 51:643-65.\r\n[2]\tAdams, GA, Prescher J, Beehr TA, Lepisto, L (2002). Applying work-role attachment theory to Retirement Decision-making. International Journal of Aging Human Development. 54: 125-37.\r\n[3]\tBorji, H.S. (2016). Four Global Economic Issues of an Aging Population. Available at https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/articles\/investing\/011216\/4-global-economic-issues-aging-population.asp.  June 27, 2018.\r\n[4]\tDamayon, et al (2019). The Socio-Economic and Physical-Mental Health Conditions of an Ageing Population:  The Case of Nueva Vizcaya Retirees. Unpublished Research Paper. Saint Mary\u2019s University. Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. \r\n[5]\tDonaldson T, Earl JK, Muratore AM (2010). Extending he integrated model of retirement adjustment: incorporating mastery and retirement planning. J. Vocat. Behav. 77:279-89.\r\n[6]\tDorfman, Lorrainne (2020). Retirement and Family Relationships: An Opportunity in Later Life. Available at https:\/\/www.questia.com\/library\/journal\/1P3-219945401\/retirement-and-family-relationships-an-opportunity.\r\n[7]\tHershey D.A., Jacobs-Lawson, J.M., &#038; Austin, J.T. (2013). Effective financial planning for retirement. In M. Wang (Ed), The Oxford handbook of retirement (pp. 402-430). New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[8]\tFeldman, D.C. Beehr, T.A. (2011) A Three-phase model of Retirement Decision making. American Psychology, 66:191-203.\r\n[9]\tGobeski, KT, Beehr, TA (2008). How Retirees Work: Predictors of different Types of Bridge Employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 37:401-25.\r\n[10]\tJaworski, Dominika, Andrew Reed, Steve Vernon (2016). The Decision to retire: Research-Based Recommendations for Individuals and Employers. Stanford Center on Longevity.\r\n[11]\tKaskie, B, Imhof, S., Gavanaugh, J., Culp, K (2008). Civic engagement as a retirement role for aging Americans. Gerontologist, 48:368-77.\r\n[12]\tKim, JJ (2020). A Study on Influence of Economic Preparation for later Life after Retirement. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business. Vol 7, Issue 5, pp. 279-290.\r\n[13]\tKim, J, Moen, P (2001). Retirement Transitions, Gender, and Psychological Well-being: A Life Course Ecological Model. The Journal of Gerontology: Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57 (3), pp 212-22. \r\n[14]\tKim, S, Feldman, DC (2000). Working in Retirement: The antecedents of Bridge Employment and its Consequences for Quality of Life in Retirement. Academic Management Journal. 43:1195-210.\r\n[15]\tLaitner, J. and Sonnega, A (2013). Economic theories of retirement. In Mo Wang (Ed), The Oxford handbook of retirement New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\n[16]\tNimrod, G., Janke M, Kleiber D (2009). Expanding, reducing, concentrating, and diffusing activity pattern of recent retirees in the United States. Leis. Science. 31:37-52.\r\n[17]\tRathus, Spencer (2014). Psychology. Cengage Learning Asia Pacific Ltd.\r\n[18]\tRobertson, Guy (2017). Aging and Ageism: The Impact of Stereotypical Attitudes on Personal Health and well-being Outcomes and Possible Personal Compensation Strategies. Self and Society: An International Journal for Humanistic Psychology, vol. 45, Issue No. 2.\r\n[19]\tSchultz, KS, Wang, M (2011). Psychological Perspectives on the Changing Nature of Retirement. American Psychology. 66:170-79.\r\n[20]\tSingh, S (2006). Perceived Health among Women Retirees Psychology Studies. 51:166-70.\r\n[21]\tStanton, MW (2006). The High Concentration of U.S. Healthcare Expenditures Research in Action, Issue 19. AHRO Pub No. 06-0060. \r\n[22]\tSzinovacz, M. Martin, L., Davey, A. (2013). Recession and Expected Retirement Age: Another Look at Evidence. The Gerontologist, Vol 54, Issue No. 2, April.\r\n[23]\tTaylor-Carter, M.A., Cook, K &#038; Weinberg, C (1997). Planning and expectations of the retirement experience. Educational Gerontology, 23 (3), 273-288.\r\n[24]\tThe Retirement Problem: What will you do with all the time? (2014). Retrieved from http:\/\/knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu\/article\/the-retirement-problem-what-will-you-do-with-all-that-time\/ \r\n[25]\tWang, M., Adams, GA, Beerh, TA, Shultz, KS (2009). Career Issues at the End of One\u2019s career: Bridge Employment and Retirement. In Maintaining Focus, Energy, and Options Through the Life Span, ed. G Baugh, SE Sullivan, pp. 135-62. Charlotte, NC: Inf. Age Publ.\r\n[26]\tWang, M. Shultz K. (2010). Employee Retirement: A Review and Recommendations for Future Investigation. Financial Management. 36:172-206.\r\n[27]\tWang, M. Junqi Shi (2014). Psychological Research on Retirement. Annual Review of Psychology. 65:209-233.\r\n[28]\tWang, M. Zhan Y, Liu S., Shultz K, (2008). Antecedents of Bridge Employment: Longitudinal investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology. 93:818-30.\r\n[29]\tWang, M. Henkens, K, van Solinge, H. (2011). Retirement, Adjustments: A Review of theoretical and Empirical Advancement. American Psychology. 66: 204-13.\r\n[30]\tZhan, Y., Wang M., Liu, S. Schultz, K (2013). Bridge Employment and retirees\u2019 Health: Longitudinal Investigation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 14:374-89. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samuel B. Damayon, Judith P. Daguio, Sherwin A. Marciano, Mary Grace M. Bulatao, &#8220;Teachers Retirement in Private Higher Educational Institutions in Northern Philippines&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.598-606 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6327<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/598-606.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-retirement-in-private-higher-educational-institutions-in-northern-philippines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Teachers Retirement in Private Higher Educational Institutions in Northern Philippines<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a43de91 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a43de91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a43e879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a43e91a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a43e91a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a43ea6a\" data-id=\"a43ea6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a43eb71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a43eb71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a43ec29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a43ec29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a43ed75\" data-id=\"a43ed75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a43ee84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a43ee84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a43ef1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a43ef1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a43f06f\" data-id=\"a43f06f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a43f173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a43f173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a43f216 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a43f216\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a43f38a\" data-id=\"a43f38a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a43f496 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a43f496\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Language and Communication Behavior of Bugis Ethnic Traders to Prospective Buyers<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jamiluddin, Muhammad Nur Ali, Sudirman- March 2022- Page No.: 607-611<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a43f533 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a43f533\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a43f6ac\" data-id=\"a43f6ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a43f7ed elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a43f7ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nCommunication behavior of Bugis ethnic traders to prospective buyers in Manonda market Palu has its own characteristics. It has a variety of speech acts based on cultural values and habits that are still inherent to Bugis ethnic traders so that this communication behavior creates a special meaning that affects the prospective buyers. The aims of this research are (1) to find out and describe the language and communication behavior of ethnic Bugis traders to the prospective buyers, (2) to reveal the meaning of the message caused by the variation of speech acts in communication behavior to prospective buyers. The researcher used a descriptive-qualitative method by choosing 5 (five) Bugis ethnic traders as informants who trade in Manonda market through predetermined criteria. This research used purposive sampling. Instruments of data collection were participatory-observation, interviews, listening, and taking note.  The results of this research revealed that; (1) Language and communication behavior of Bugis ethnic traders to prospective buyers used verbal and nonverbal communication simultaneously. The traders dominantly used perlocutionary speech acts with expressive and commissive types of speech through accommodative and persuasive communication models.  To end communication, the traders used phatic speech acts. They applied a conative attitude structure. (2) The meaning of the message expressed by the traders was more affective. The traders often applied low context culture to the prospective buyers rather than high context culture.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 607-611\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6328<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jamiluddin <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Tadulako, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Nur Ali <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Tadulako, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sudirman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Tadulako, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tChaer, Abdul. 2014. Pengantar Semantic Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.\r\n[2]\tCreswell, John W. 2015. Research Design: Qualitative &#038; Quantitative Approaches. London: Sage Publication.\r\n[3]\tDevito, J.A. 1997. Komunikasi Antarmanusia. Eds.5. Jakarta: professional Books\r\n[4]\tD.O. Hebb. 2001. Psychology. Canada: Journal of Experimental of Psychology.\r\n[5]\tEndarswara, Suwardi. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kebudayaan.  Yokyakarta: Gajah mada University press.\r\n[6]\tFishman, J.A. 1972. Language and Social Cultural Change. Standford California: Standford University Press.\r\n[7]\tHall, Edward T. 1976. Beyong Culture. New York. Anchor Press.\r\n[8]\tHall, Edward T. dan William Foote Whyte. 1979. Intercultural Communication. NewYork: Harper &#038; Row.\r\n[9]\tHall, Edward T. 1959. The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday.          \r\n[10]\tHymes, Dell. 1972. Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life. Gumperz, John J. dan Dell Hymes (Ed) Directions of Sociolinguitics. New York: Holt, Rinerhti and Winston Inc.\r\n[11]\tIbrahim. 2005. Problematika Komunikasi Antarbudaya. Pontianak: Stain Pontianak Press.\r\n[12]\tIbrahim. 2013. Pilihan Bahasa dalam Interaksi Etnik di Badui. Artikel Diterbitkan pada Jurnal Bahasa dan Pustaka Negara. Brunei Darussalam: Ed. Mei- August, 2013\r\n[13]\tJamiluddin. 2019. Perilaku Komunikasi dalam Interaksi  Komunitas Pedagang (Studi Etnografi Komunikasi  Pedagang terhadap Calon Pembeli di Pasar Manonda Palu.  Disertasi, Palu, Pascasarjana Universitas Tadulako\r\n[14]\tKuswarno, Engkus. 2008. Etnografi Komunikasi: Suatu Pengantar dan Contoh Penelitiannya. Bandung: Widya Padjadjaran.\r\n[15]\tLampe, Ilyas dan Asriani B Haslinda. 2017. Stereotipe, Prasangka dan Dinamika Antaretnik. Palu:  Jurnal Penelitian Pers dan Komunikasi Pembangunan. Vol. 20 No.1\r\n[16]\tLittlejohn, Stephen &#038; Foss, Keren A. 2008. Teori Komunikasi. Diterjemahkan oleh M.Yusuf Hamdan dari Judul Asli \u2018Human Communication\u2019. Jakarta : Salemba Humanika.\r\n[17]\tMulyana, Deddy &#038; Rahmat, J. 2008. Komunikasi antar Budaya. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.\r\n[18]\tNababan, P.W.J. 1986. Sosiolinguistik dan Pengajaran Bahasa dalam PELLBA 2. Jakarta: Lembaga Bahasa Unika Atmajaya.\r\n[19]\tNovianti, E. 2017  The Pattern of Inter-Ethnic Communication of Sandaminang in bandung.  Journal of Communication Discussion. https:\/\/do.i.org\/1024198.jkt.vol.12.n2.7\r\n[20]\tSearle, J.R. 1969.  Speech Act. An Essay in the  Philosophy of Language. London:  Cambridge Univrsity Press.\r\n[21]\tSpradley, James P. 1980. Participant Observation. (terje). Edidi  Kedua. Yokyakarta: Tiara Wacana.\r\n[22]\tSuwito. 1983. Pengantar Awal Sosiolinguistik Teori dan Peraktik. Surakata: Henry Offset.\r\n[23]\tTitis Gandariani. 2017. Motivating Language Pedagang Jawa dalam Negosiasi (Studi Etnografi Komunikasi,Keterampilan Berkomunikasi untuk Memotivasi Calon Pembeli  dalam Negosiasi Perdagangan oleh Para Pedagang Etnis  Jawa di Tangerang Selatan. Disertasi, tidak diterbitkan. Bandung. Pascasarjana Universitas Padjajaran Bandung.\r\n[24]\tTubbs. L Stewart, Moss, Sylvia. 2008. Human Kommunication. Terjemahan oleh Deddy Mulyana. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya Offset.\r\n[25]\tWibisono, Bambang. 2007. Etnografi Komunikasi: Dalam Penelitian Perilaku Berbahasa. Jember: Universitas jember\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jamiluddin, Muhammad Nur Ali, Sudirman, &#8220;Language and Communication Behavior of Bugis Ethnic Traders to Prospective Buyers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.607-611 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6328<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a44f9d2\" data-id=\"a44f9d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44fae9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a44fae9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a44fb8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a44fb8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a44fcd9\" data-id=\"a44fcd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a44fdf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a44fdf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a44fe8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a44fe8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a44ffda\" data-id=\"a44ffda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4500ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4500ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a450189 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a450189\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4502d1\" data-id=\"a4502d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4503dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4503dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a450474 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a450474\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4505c1\" data-id=\"a4505c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4506c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4506c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a450769 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a450769\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4508d1\" data-id=\"a4508d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4509e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4509e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Building the Vietnam Fatherland Front according to Ho Chi Minh&#8217;s thought in the current period<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Dr. Hoang Thi Trang- March 2022- Page No.: 612-616<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a450a79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a450a79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a450f1a\" data-id=\"a450f1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a451086 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a451086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe Vietnam Fatherland Front is a part of the political system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the political base of the people&#8217;s government, the place where the will, aspiration, gathering the great unity bloc of the whole people, promoting the people&#8217;s mastery, a place of consultation, coordination and unification of actions of its members. The Vietnam Fatherland Front always strives to build a strong national unity bloc, implementing the teachings of Ho Chi Minh &#8211; Founder of the Front: The goal of the United National Front is to build a nation. Vietnam is peaceful, unified, independent, democratic and prosperous. In the current period, in the face of complicated world developments, the construction of the Vietnam Fatherland Front requires a new height, a new depth, and a new method suitable to socio-economic realities, of the country and world trends.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 612-616\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6329<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Hoang Thi Trang<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTan Trao University, Vietnam \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tCommunist Party of Vietnam (1995). The Complete Party Document, Volume 2, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[2]\tDo Quang Hung (2003), Ho Chi Minh&#8217;s thought on nation, religion and great solidarity in the Vietnamese revolution, People&#8217;s Army Publishing House, Hanoi.\r\n[3]\tMai Trang (2012). President Ho Chi Minh and the United National Front, http:\/\/www.xaydungdang.org.vn\/Home\/tutuonghochiminh\/2012\/5747\/Chu-tich-Ho-Chi-Minh-va-Mat-tran-dan -toc-thong-nhat.aspx\r\n[4]\tNguyen Bich Hanh, Nguyen Van Khoan (2001). Ho Chi Minh Thought on Great Solidarity and National Solidarity Front, Labor Publishing House, Hanoi.\r\n[5]\tNguyen Thi Lan (2012). The Vietnam Fatherland Front builds social consensus in the country&#8217;s renewal process, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[6]\tNguyen Tho Anh (2012). Performing the function of supervision and social criticism of the Vietnam Fatherland Front today, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[7]\tLy Viet Quang, Tran Thi Huyen (2021). Ho Chi Minh Thought on the United National Front, Journal of Political Theory, http:\/\/lyluanchinhtri.vn\/home\/index.php\/nguyen-cuu-ly-luan\/item\/3419-tu-tuong- ho-chi-minh-ve-mat-tran-dan-toc-thong-nhat.html\r\n[8]\tHo Chi Minh (2011). Complete volume, volume 5, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[9]\tHo Chi Minh (2011). Complete volume, volume 13, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[10]\tThang Van Phuc, Nguyen Minh Phuong (2007). Renovating the organization and operation of the Fatherland Front and socio-political organizations in our country today, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[11]\tTran Hau (2011). Vietnam National United Front, Past and Present, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[12]\tSong Thanh (2005). Ho Chi Minh Prominent thinker, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[13]\tThuong Huyen (2021). Viet Minh Front &#8211; symbol of great national unity, https:\/\/dangcongsan.vn\/xay-dung-dang\/mat-tran-viet-minh-bieu-tuong-cua-khoi-dai-doan- ket-toan-dan-toc-580849.html\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Dr. Hoang Thi Trang, &#8220;Building the Vietnam Fatherland Front according to Ho Chi Minh&#8217;s thought in the current period&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.612-616 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6329<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/612-616.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/building-the-vietnam-fatherland-front-according-to-ho-chi-minhs-thought-in-the-current-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Building the Vietnam Fatherland Front according to Ho Chi Minh&#8217;s thought in the current period<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a452208 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a452208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4522e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4522e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a452463\" data-id=\"a452463\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a452584 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a452584\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a452621 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a452621\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a452775\" data-id=\"a452775\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a45288a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a45288a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a45292b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a45292b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a452a7a\" data-id=\"a452a7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a452b81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a452b81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a452c25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a452c25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a452d69\" data-id=\"a452d69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a452eb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a452eb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a452f60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a452f60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4540c7\" data-id=\"a4540c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a454225 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a454225\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4550b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4550b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a455284\" data-id=\"a455284\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4553c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4553c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a455477 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a455477\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a455601\" data-id=\"a455601\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a45588e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a45588e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leadership Style of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Langgeng Gilang Pangestu, Hikmat Zakky Almubaroq &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 617-621<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a455958 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a455958\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a455afa\" data-id=\"a455afa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a455c2e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a455c2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Leadership is every action an individual or organization takes to coordinate and give direction to individuals or groups who are members of a particular container to achieve previously targeted goals. Every organization always has the highest leadership to guide the direction of the development of an organization. One such organization or agency is the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. The Ministry of Defense is the implementing elements of the government led by the Minister of Defense whose position is under and responsible to the President. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the leadership style of Prabowo Subianto as the Indonesian defence minister. The research method used in this research is qualitative, then the data sources are obtained from various sources, such as books, journals, newspapers, magazines, and news on the internet. The results of this study indicate that Prabowo Subianto is closer to the charismatic leadership style and task-oriented leadership style.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 617-621\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6330\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6330<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Langgeng Gilang Pangestu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Defense Management, Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hikmat Zakky Almubaroq<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Defense Management, Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tGalih, B. (2019, Oktober 23). Prabowo Ditunjuk Jadi Menteri Pertahanan. Retrieved from Kompas: https:\/\/nasional.kompas.com\/read\/2019\/10\/23\/08384611\/prabowo-ditunjuk-jadi-menteri-pertahanan\r\n[2]\tHerviani, V., &#038; Febriansyah, A. (2016). Jurnal Riset Akuntansi. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi \u2013 Vol VIII\/No.2, 24.\r\n[3]\tKementerian Pertahanan. (2015, November 23). Sejarah Kementerian Pertahanan. Retrieved from Kementerian Pertahanan: https:\/\/www.kemhan.go.id\/sejarah\r\n[4]\tKementerian Pertahanan. (2017, April 2). SEJARAH SINGKAT KEMENTERIAN PERTAHANAN RI. Retrieved from Kementerian Pertahanan: https:\/\/www.kemhan.go.id\/ppid\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2017\/04\/SEJARAH-SINGKAT-KEMHAN.pdf\r\n[5]\tKementerian Pertahanan. (2019, November). Menteri Pertahanan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from Kementerian Pertahanan: https:\/\/www.kemhan.go.id\/menhan\r\n[6]\tKementerian Pertahanan RI. (2015). Kementerian Pertahanan. Retrieved from Tugas dan Fungsi: https:\/\/www.kemhan.go.id\/tugas-dan-fungsi\r\n[7]\tMattayang, B. (2019). TIPE DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN: SUATU TINJAUAN TEORITIS. JEMMA.\r\n[8]\tNorhasanah. (2021). KEPEMIMPINAN DAN KETERAMPILAN KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM ORGANISASI PADA PENDIDIKAN. Seminar Nasional Magister Manajemen Pendidikan UNISKA MAB.\r\n[9]\tNugrahani, F. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dalam Bidang. Solo: Cakra Books.\r\n[10]\tSahadi, Taufiq, O. H., &#038; Wardani, A. K. (2020). Karakter Kepemimpinan Ideal Dalam Organisasi. Jurnal MODERAT.\r\n[11]\tShaleh, M. (2018). Kepemimpinan dan Organisasi. Palopo: Lembaga Penerbit Kampus IAIN Palopo.\r\n[12]\tYudiaatmaja, F. (2013). KEPEMIMPINAN: KONSEP, TEORI DAN KARAKTERNYA. Media Komunikasi FIS Vol 12.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Langgeng Gilang Pangestu, Hikmat Zakky Almubaroq, &#8220;Leadership Style of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.617-621 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6330<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/617-621.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/leadership-style-of-the-minister-of-defense-of-the-republic-of-indonesia-prabowo-subianto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Leadership Style of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a45a7b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a45a7b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a45a8b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a45a8b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a45aa4d\" data-id=\"a45aa4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a45ab81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a45ab81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a45ac2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a45ac2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a45b23d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a45b3d1\" data-id=\"a45b3d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a45d36a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a45d36a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a470426 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a470426\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a470662\" data-id=\"a470662\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4707ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4707ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a470894 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a470894\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a470a06\" data-id=\"a470a06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a470b47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a470b47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a470bff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a470bff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a470d96\" data-id=\"a470d96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a470ec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a470ec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The role of Tertiary Education Trust Fund Tetfund in the teaching and learning of English in Federal Colleges of Education in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Onoja, Joseph Ajogwu  &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 622-627<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a470f71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a470f71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4710fa\" data-id=\"a4710fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a471235 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a471235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the face of global technological advancement, Tetfund has placed the teaching and learning of English at the most strategic position of empowering the teacher with required enhancement in form of funds and grants as special intervention to actualize the teaching objectives of the English with the current wave of learner-centered, participatory and practical approaches to pedagogy. In a world where teachers of English are fast becoming faulty models for the actual classroom experience, ineffective teaching methods are applied. More so, the special interventions of language laboratories which would have formed the basis for actual practical teaching and learning of language studies are either underutilized or not maintained. This research attempts to identify the role of Tetfund intervention with the provision of language laboratories and its effectiveness on the teaching and learning methods. Federal Colleges of Education from six geo-political zones were randomly selected for this research. It further recommends an improvement in funding, supervision and monitoring of the use of these practical models provided. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 622-627\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onoja, Joseph Ajogwu  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English language, Federal College of Education, Okene, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAghali, P.O. (2010). Perception of Primary School teachers on the National Teachers\u2019 Institute (NTI) re-training programme in Kogi State. International Journal of Education Research 2(4), 27-33. \r\n[2]\tBamgbose, A. et al (2005). New Englishes: A West African Perspective. Mosuro Publishers and Booksellers.\r\n[3]\tBanjo, L.A. &#038;Bisong, J.O. (1985). Developing English. Ibadan Spectrum.\r\n[4]\tBarson, J. &#038;Debski, R. (1996). Calling Back CALL. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. \r\n[5]\tCrystal, D. (2002). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \r\n[6]\tDairo, D. (2000). The incongruity and irregularities between words and pronunciation. Ilorin: Owo Printing Press. \r\n[7]\tFederal Government of Nigeria (2004). National Policy on Education. Lagos: NERDC Press. \r\n[8]\tIdugogie, V.N. (2007). The retrogressive effects of corruption on teacher education in Nigeria. Journal of teacher perspective (2) 219-223.\r\n[9]\tJerkings, J. (2003). World English. A resource Book for Students London: Routledge. \r\n[10]\tJones, D. (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 18th Ed. London: Cambridge University Press. \r\n[11]\tJowitt, D. (1991). Nigerian English Usage: An introduction Ikeja: London (Nig) Plc. \r\n[12]\tMadhavi, I. (2010). Use of language laboratory in English Language Learning and teaching.Viskhaptnam: Institute of Management GITAM University. \r\n[13]\tRandall, D. (2006). The impact of technology on language teaching. Utah: English Language Institute, University of Utah. Retrived from Internet TESL Journal, xii (ii) Nov. 2006 http:\/\/www.iteslj.org.\r\n[14]\tSchrum, L. (2000). The functioning use of English Language Laboratory. Ilorin: Win Printing Press. \r\n[15]\tUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2006). \u2018Prospects of language programme, improving the quality of teaching and learning, providing access to current\/up-to-date material in different mode\u2019. Proceeding of Africa Development. Retrieved Oct. 16, 2012.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onoja, Joseph Ajogwu  &#8220;The role of Tertiary Education Trust Fund Tetfund in the teaching and learning of English in Federal Colleges of Education in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.622-627 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/622-627.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/622-627.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-tertiary-education-trust-fund-tetfund-in-the-teaching-and-learning-of-english-in-federal-colleges-of-education-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The role of Tertiary Education Trust Fund Tetfund in the teaching and learning of English in Federal Colleges of Education in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4722f0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4722f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4723db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4723db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a47256b\" data-id=\"a47256b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4726a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4726a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a47274c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a47274c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4728d4\" data-id=\"a4728d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a472a08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a472a08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a472ab3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a472ab3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a472c0b\" data-id=\"a472c0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a472d16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a472d16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a472dc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a472dc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a472f19\" data-id=\"a472f19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a473034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a473034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4730d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4730d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a473225\" data-id=\"a473225\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47332f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a47332f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4733d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4733d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a473515\" data-id=\"a473515\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a47361e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a47361e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4736b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4736b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a473820\" data-id=\"a473820\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a473944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a473944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Buru Island Community Prohibition Expressions<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Risman Iye, Muhammad Syamsuddin Sofi, Naiana Benu, I Made Suta Paramarta, Taufik- March 2022- Page No.: 628-630<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4739f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4739f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a473b6b\" data-id=\"a473b6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a473c8e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a473c8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nAbstinence is an example of a people&#8217;s culture that is still practiced today. The goal of this study is to discover the many types of abstinence found on Buru Island, particularly in Waimiting Village, as well as to investigate the social function of abstinence and to quantify the benefits of abstinence on the lives of the inhabitants of Waimiting Village, Buru Regency. Researchers utilize this strategy to directly participate in the implementation of culture in order to collect data and learn about or see existing traditions, such as abstinence culture. Observation, interview, and documentation were the three components of the data collection technique. The researcher analyzes the information gathered after it has been acquired. The term &#8220;analysis&#8221; refers to the process of decoding data so that meaning and conclusions may be formed from it. The findings of the study reveal that abstinence has an implicit and explicit meaning among the Buru community, particularly in Waimiting Village. The cause and effect of abstention are two elements of the statement. The Buru community&#8217;s manifestation of prohibition encompasses religious, educational, traditional, and health aspects in addition to meaning and structure.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 628-630\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6331\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6331<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Risman Iye <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLiterature Faculty, Iqra Buru University. Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Syamsuddin Sofi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLiterature Faculty, Iqra Buru University. Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Naiana Benu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Cultural Sciences, Udayana University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Made Suta Paramarta<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Cultural Sciences, Udayana University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Taufik<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLiterature Faculty, Iqra Buru University. Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAfandi, A. (2018). Kepercayaan Animisme-Dinamisme Serta Adaptasi Kebudayaan Hindu-Budha Dengan Kebudayaan Asli Di Pulau Lombok-Ntb. Historis | FKIP UMMat, 1(1), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31764\/historis.v1i1.202\r\n[2]\tAminu, N. (2021). IMPELEMENTATION OF KEMUHAMADIYAH EDUCATION IN FORMING STUDENT\u2019S CHARACTERS:(Penerapan Pendidikan Kemuhamadiyah Al Islam dalam Pembentukan Karakter Siswa). Uniqbu Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 69-74.\r\n[3]\tAnton, &#038; Mawarti. (2015). Ungkapan Tradisional dalam Upacara Adat Perkawinan Masyarakat Bajo di Pulau Balu Kabupaten Muna Barat. Jurnal Humanika, 3(4), 81\u201392.\r\n[4]\tIye, R., Susiati, S., &#038; Karim, K. (2020). Citra Perempuan dalam Iklan Sabun Shinzui. Sang Pencerah: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Buton, 6(1), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35326\/pencerah.v6i1.529\r\n[5]\tIye, R. (2022). The Symbolic Meaning of Wedding Offerings in Buru Island. Sang Pencerah: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Buton, 8(1), 202-209.\r\n[6]\tNurlatu, J., &#038; Bugis, R. K. (2020). Penggunaan Dieksis Sopan Santun Mahasiswa Universitas Iqra Buru. 3(November), 154\u2013164.\r\n[7]\tSugiyono. (2011). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&#038;D. Alfabeta.\r\n[8]\tSuharsimi Arikunto. (1990). Manajemen Penelitian. Rineka Cipta.\r\n[9]\tSusiati, Iye, R. (2018). Kajian Geografi Bahasa dan Dialek di Sulawesi Tenggara: Analisis Dialektometri. Gramatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan Dan Kesastraan, 6(2), 137\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31813\/gramatika\/6.2.2018.154.137&#8211;151\r\n[10]\tSusiati, S., Masniati, A., Iye, R., &#038; Buton, L. H. (2020). Kearifan Lokal Dalam Perilaku Sosial Remaja Di Desa Waimiting Kabupaten Buru. Sang Pencerah: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Buton, 7(1), 8\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35326\/pencerah.v7i1.747\r\n[11]\tUmanailo, M. C. B. (2021). Politeness of Language Use amongst Millennial Generation in Namlea City.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Risman Iye, Muhammad Syamsuddin Sofi, Naiana Benu, I Made Suta Paramarta, Taufik, &#8220;Buru Island Community Prohibition Expressions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.628-630 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6331<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/628-630.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/buru-island-community-prohibition-expressions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Buru Island Community Prohibition Expressions<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48ce15 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a48ce15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-id=\"a48d8f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48da4e\" data-id=\"a48da4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48db61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48db61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48dc0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48dc0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48dd62\" data-id=\"a48dd62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48de6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48de6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48df20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48df20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48e07e\" data-id=\"a48e07e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48e1c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48e1c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48e287 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48e287\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48e40e\" data-id=\"a48e40e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48e533 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48e533\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Environmental Pollution in Sub-Sahara Africa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akinbode Damilola Olatunde &#038; Ogunleye, Edward Oladipo- March 2022- Page No.: 631-642<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48e5d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48e5d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48e76e\" data-id=\"a48e76e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48e8b9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a48e8b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the determinants of environmental pollution in Sub-Sahara Africa. Specifically the study analyze the effect of some economic variables (Energy Consumption, Gross Domestic Product, Population Size, Trade Openness, Domestic Investment, Foreign Direct Investment) on the level of environmental pollution measured in terms of carbon- dioxide emission, Nitrous-oxide emission and methane emission. This study focused on 35 Sub-Saharan African countries, covering a period of 18 years spanning from 2000 to 2017. Data were sourced from World banks\u2019 development indicator database. This study made use of panel corrected standard error (PCSE) estimator. Result showed that energy consumption exerts significant positive effect on carbon-dioxide emission (22.40624, p < 0.05) and Nitrous oxide emission (12.60901, p< 0.05); gross domestic product exerts significant positive effect on Methane emission (0.03616, p < 0.05); trade openness exerts significant positive effect on  Nitrous-oxide emission (16.58554, p < 0.05), and Methane emission (17.3302, p < 0.05), but its effect on carbon-dioxide emission is negative and significant (-10.9857, p < 0.05); also population size exerts significant positive effect on carbon-dioxide emission (173.7638, p < 0.05); Nitrous-oxide emission (265.0668, p < 0.05), and methane emission (417.5629, p < 0.05). This study thus concluded that environmental pollution in Sub-Sahara Africa is significantly determined by energy consumption, population size, trade openness and gross domestic product among other variables examined in the study. Hence Sub-Sahara African countries should objectively embrace technological diffusion by encouraging mobilization of finance, investment and innovation in low-carbon production processes. Also Environmental regulatory frameworks in SSA should advocate for bold pollution-beating commitments from the industrial sector to regulate pollution associated with production processes\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 631-642\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6332\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6332<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinbode Damilola Olatunde <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogunleye, Edward Oladipo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdeen, M. O. (2011). Energy and environment: Applications and sustainable development. British Journal of Environment &#038; Climate Change, 1(4), 118-158\r\n[2]\tAduebe, C.J. (2013). An empirical test of Environmental Kuznets Curve in Nigeria. (Master\u2019s thesis). University of  Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state. \r\n[3]\tAnand, S.V (2013). Global Environmental Issues. Open Access Scientific Reports, 2(2), 1-9, retrieved from http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4172\/scientificreports.632\r\n[4]\tAnselin, L. (2013). Spatial econometrics: methods and models. Springer Science &#038; Business Media. Vol. 4.\r\n[5]\tAnthony, O.O. and Achike, A.I. (2013). Effects of economic growth, trade openness, deforestation and agricultural trade on African environmental quality (1960-2008): A 2SLS approach. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference of the African Association of Agricultural Economists, September 22-25, 2013, Hammamet, Tunisia. \r\n[6]\tAsma, J. (2015). Is Trade Liberalization, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption Good for the Environment? Time Series Evidence from Pakistan. Romanian Journal of Fiscal Policy, 6(2), 1-13\r\n[7]\tBai, J., (2003). Inferential theory for factor models of large dimensions. Econometrica, 71: 135 173.\r\n[8]\tBakare, T., Oladejo, S. O., Olatunji, I.S., and Onuoha, J (2014). Hazards of environmental pollution: a global environmental challenges and way forward. Global Advanced Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology, 3(1), 001-005\r\n[9]\tBaltagi, B.H., Egger, P., and Pfaffermayr, M. (2013). A generalized spatial panel data model with random effects. Econometric Reviews, 32(5\u20136): 650\u2013685. \r\n[10]\tBeck, N., and Katz, J.N (1995). What to do and not to do with time series cross sectional data. America political science review, 89(3), 634-647\r\n[11]\tBernard, J. and Mandal, S.K. (2016). The impact of trade openness on environmental quality: an empirical analysis of emerging and developing economies. Proceedings of the 3 International Conference on Environmental and Economic Impact on Sustainable Development.\r\n[12]\tBivand, R., and Piras, G. (2015). Comparing implementations of estimation methods for spatial econometrics. Journal of Statistical Software, 63(18).\r\n[13]\tBozkurt, C. and Akan, Y. (2014). Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption: The Turkish case. International journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 484-494\r\n[14]\tBozkurt, I. (2010). Energy resources and their effects on environment. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 6(5), 327-334\r\n[15]\tCao, X. (2003), Climate change and energy development: Implications for developing countries. Resources Policy, 29, 61\u201367\r\n[16]\tCoakley, J., Fuertes, A.-M., and Smith, R.P. (2006). 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Energy Procedia, 14, 805-811\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akinbode Damilola Olatunde &#038; Ogunleye, Edward Oladipo, &#8220;Determinants of Environmental Pollution in Sub-Sahara Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.631-642 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6332\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49d858\" data-id=\"a49d858\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49d972 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49d972\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49da14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49da14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49db61\" data-id=\"a49db61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49dc65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49dc65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49dd1d elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-a49e022 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49e022\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49e1a7\" data-id=\"a49e1a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49e2b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49e2b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Roles of Teachers in Technology-Driven Classroom Using ISTE Standards for Educators<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jennylyn M. Balaoro, Mary Grace G. Aquino, Jonnie F. Salvidar, Grace Anne P. Prado, &#038; Jun Michael Amemita &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 643-651<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49e35d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49e35d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49e4e7\" data-id=\"a49e4e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49e62c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a49e62c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, the roles of educators in the technology-driven classroom were examined and interpreted based on the framework of International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) standards for educators. Further, these roles of educators include being a facilitator, learner, collaborator, leader, citizen, analyst, and designer. These roles of educators in the technology-driven classroom must be certain this time of the COVID-19 crisis given that the educational system is now diverted into a more technologically advanced setting. Moreover, this study also examined differences among the respondents\u2019 roles based on their sex, age, the status of employment, and length of service. To be able to gather necessary data, a descriptive method using a quantitative approach was employed in this study. The validated questionnaire was the research instrument used to collect data from twenty (20) selected faculty members of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Quezon City. This study found out that the respondents resolutely incorporate all of the ISTE standards for educators as their roles in technology-driven classrooms. Further, teachers as learners, citizens, and facilitators are the top perceived roles of the respondents among others. The results also determined that the roles of teachers using ISTE standards had no significant difference among the respondents\u2019 sex, age, the status of employment, and length of service. A set of recommendations for future research and practice were provided based on the findings of this study<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 643-651\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jennylyn M. Balaoro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPUPQC Supreme Student Council\r\nPUPQC Future Business Teachers\u2019 Organizations &#038; Polytechnic University of the Philippines &#8211; Quezon City Branch\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Grace G. Aquino<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPUPQC Future Business Teachers\u2019 Organizations &#038; Polytechnic University of the Philippines &#8211; Quezon City Branch\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonnie F. Salvidar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPUPQC Future Business Teachers\u2019 Organizations &#038; Polytechnic University of the Philippines &#8211; Quezon City Branch\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Grace Anne P. Prado<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPUPQC Future Business Teachers\u2019 Organizations &#038; Polytechnic University of the Philippines &#8211; Quezon City Branch\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jun Michael Amemita<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPUPQC Future Business Teachers\u2019 Organizations &#038; Polytechnic University of the Philippines &#8211; Quezon City Branch\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdmiraal, W., Jong, L., &#038; Meirink, J. (2019). 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Retrieved February 12, 2021, from https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/243584351\/collaboration\r\n[10]\tDarling-Hammond, L. (2012). Creating a comprehensive system for evaluating and supporting effective   teaching. Stanford, CA. Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education.\r\n[11]\tDeBoer, J., Kimani, S., &#038; Radhakrishnan, D. (2018). Teachers as guides: The role of teachers in the &#8230; Retrieved February 13, 2021, from https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&#038;context=aseeil-insectionconference\r\n[12]\tDepartment of Education. (2017). DO 42, S. 2017 \u2013 National adoption and implementation of the Philippine professional standards for teachers. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https:\/\/www.deped.gov.ph\/2017\/08\/11\/do-42-s-2017-national-adoption-and-implementation-of-the-philippine-professional-standards-for-teachers\/\r\n[13]\tDonovan, J., Dowdy, L., &#038; Hollandsworth, R. (2011). Digital citizenship in K-12: It takes a village. 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The Impact of the Leadership Standard in International Quality Models on Improving University Performance through the Intermediate Role of the Strategy Standard. http:\/\/dstore.alazhar.edu.ps\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/342\/IJEAIS180903.pdf?sequence=1&#038;isAllowed=y.\r\n[18]\tGebhardt, M., Heine, J., &#038; Mora-Ruano, J. (2019). Does teacher Collaboration improve student Achievement? Analysis of the GERMAN pisa 2012 Sample. Retrieved February 12, 2021, from https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2019.00085\/full\r\n[19]\tGepila, E., Jr. (2019). Assessing Teachers Using Philippine Standards for Teachers (Master&#8217;s thesis, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines, 2019). Universal Journal of Educational Research. doi:10.13189\/ujer.2020.080302\r\n[20]\tHattie, J. (2015). WHAT WORKS BEST IN EDUCATION: THE POLITICS OF COLLABORATIVE EXPERTISE. Retrieved 2021, from https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/content\/dam\/corporate\/global\/pearson-dot-com\/files\/hattie\/150526_ExpertiseWEB_V1.pdf\r\n[21]\tHeick, T. (2020). The definition of digital citizenship: The future of learning. Retrieved February 09, 2021, from http:\/\/www.teachthought.com\/technology\/the-definition-of-digital-citzenship\/\r\n[22]\tKali, Y., McKenney, S., &#038; Sagy, O. (2015). Teachers as designers of technology-enhanced learning. Retrieved February 13, 2021, from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11251-014-9343-4\r\n[23]\tKini, T., &#038; Podolsky, A. (2016). Does teaching experience increase teacher effectiveness? A review of the research. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https:\/\/learningpolicyinstitute.org\/product\/brief-does-teaching-experience-increase-teacher-effectiveness-review-research\r\n[24]\tLucke, B. (2020). How Vosaic SUPPORTS ISTE Standards. Retrieved February 09, 2021, from https:\/\/vosaic.com\/blog\/iste-standards\r\n[25]\tMadrigal, D., &#038; Roberto, J. (2019). Teacher Quality in the Light of the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/332103677_Teacher_Quality_in_the_Light_of_the_Philippine_Professional_Standards_for_Teachers\r\n[26]\tMeijer, P., Meirink, J., Imants, J., &#038; Verloop, N. (2010). Teacher learning and collaboration in innovative teams. Retrieved February 13, 2021, from https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0305764X.2010.481256\r\n[27]\tOECD. (2018). Teachers as designers of learning environments: The importance of innovative pedagogies. Retrieved February 13, 2021, from https:\/\/learningportal.iiep.unesco.org\/en\/library\/teachers-as-designers-of-learning-environments-the-importance-of-innovative-pedagogies\r\n[28]\tOECD. (2020). Teacher Employment. Retrieved 2021, from https:\/\/gpseducation.oecd.org\/revieweducationpolicies\/#!node=41733&#038;filter=all\r\n[29]\tPellegrino, J. (2010). Perspectives on the integration of technology and assessment. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ907019.pdf\r\n[30]\tRatteree, B. (2015). Changing employment relationships in the teaching profession. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/sector\/activities\/sectoral-meetings\/WCMS_364838\/lang&#8211;en\/index.htm\r\n[31]\tRibble, M., &#038; Teresa, M. (2012). Educational leadership in an Online World: Connecting students to TECHNOLOGY responsibly, safely, and ethically. Retrieved February 09, 2021, from https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1011379\r\n[32]\tRiegel, C. (2019). Developing the Teacher Preparation Technology Inventory (TPTI) to Evaluate Teacher Educator Preparation. Retrieved March 2, 2021, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/334986325_Developing_the_Teacher_Preparation_Technology_Inventory_TPTI_to_Evaluate_Teacher_Educator_Preparation\r\n[33]\tSchaef, S. (2016). What is the difference between competencies and standards? Retrieved January 23, 2021, from https:\/\/www.redesignu.org\/what-difference-between-competencies-and-standards\r\n[34]\tSchleicher, A. (2012). Preparing Teachers and Developing School Leaders for the 21st Century. Retrieved February 13, 2021, from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED533757.pdf\r\n[35]\tSchoology, (2018). Understanding the ISTE standards for teachers. Retrieved February 13, 2021, from https:\/\/www.schoology.com\/blog\/understanding-iste-standards-teachers\r\n[36]\tSmith, R. (2017). ISTE releases new standards for educators to maximize learning for all students using technology. Retrieved March 02, 2021, from https:\/\/www.iste.org\/explore\/Press-Releases\/ISTE-Releases-New-Standards-for-Educators-to-Maximize-Learning-for-All-Students-Using-Technology?articleid=1014\r\n[37]\tSnyder, S. (2016). Teachers&#8217; perceptions of digital citizenship development in Middle School Students Using Social Media and Global Collaborative Projects. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https:\/\/scholarworks.waldenu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3607&#038;context=dissertations\r\n[38]\tThompson, P. (2013). The digital natives as learners: Technology use patterns and approaches to learning. Retrieved February 15, 2021, from https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0360131513000225\r\n[39]\tTrust, T. (2017). 2017 ISTE Standards for Educators: From Teaching with Technology to Using Technology to Empower Learners. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 34(1), 1-3. doi:10.1080\/21532974.2017.1398980\r\n[40]\tWahlstrom, K. L., &#038; York-Barr, J. (2011). LEADERSHIP Support and structures make the difference for educators and students. https:\/\/learningforward.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/08\/walhstrom324.pdf.\r\n[41]\tZook, C. (2017). What are ISTE standards? (and why do they matter?). Retrieved February 09, 2021, from https:\/\/www.aeseducation.com\/blog\/what-are-iste-standards\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jennylyn M. Balaoro, Mary Grace G. Aquino, Jonnie F. Salvidar, Grace Anne P. Prado, &#038; Jun Michael Amemita, &#8220;The Roles of Teachers in Technology-Driven Classroom Using ISTE Standards for Educators&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.643-651 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/643-651.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/643-651.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-roles-of-teachers-in-technology-driven-classroom-using-iste-standards-for-educators\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Roles of Teachers in Technology-Driven Classroom Using ISTE Standards for Educators<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a20cd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4a20cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a21c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a21c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a2390\" data-id=\"a4a2390\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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data-id=\"a4a2d59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a2e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a2e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a2f42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a2f42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a30a2\" data-id=\"a4a30a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a31d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a31d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a3279 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a3279\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a33ee\" data-id=\"a4a33ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a350d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a350d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a35b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a35b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a3766\" data-id=\"a4a3766\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a388f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a388f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Commerce Impact on Consumers\u2019 Purchase Intention among Generation-Z Consumers in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>A.K.D.N. Dilshani, S.M.N. Praveeni, W.D.M. Wanigasekara &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 652-659<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a3943 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a3943\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a3aed\" data-id=\"a4a3aed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a3c38 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4a3c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The rapid development of web 2.0, as well as the growing use of social media networks by individuals and businesses, has resulted in a remarkable shift from e-commerce to social commerce. It is very much noticeable that  Generation Z is the most active Generation, in the usage of social media platforms in a high-intensity manner. Accordingly, the present study investigates the impact of social commerce on consumers\u2019 purchase intention specially referring to Generation Z consumers in Sri Lanka.  The motivation behind this study is due to the paucity of studies in such discipline in the Sri Lankan context. The present study is associated with four independent variables as social commerce constructs, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk. The nature of the present study is quantitative. The researchers follows the purposive sampling technique and survey strategy, under that questionnaire is used to collect data from the 360 respondents who are using social media to purchase products among the Generation of Z in Sri Lanka. Data was analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques. Based on the results of the multiple regression analysis, social commerce constructs, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use have significant and positive impacts while perceived risk has a significant and negative impact on purchase intention among Generation Z consumers in Sri Lanka. Thus, it was determined that social commerce has an impact on Generation Z consumers\u2019 purchase intention in Sri Lanka. As a result, marketers can carefully plan and execute their marketing programs and policies by focusing on Generation Z consumers to grab the maximum benefits from social commerce.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 652-659\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 March 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6333\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6333<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A.K.D.N. Dilshani <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Business StudiessWayamba University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S.M.N. Praveeni<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Business StudiessWayamba University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>W.D.M. Wanigasekara<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Business StudiessWayamba University of Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAlmousa, M. (2011). Perceived Risk in Apparel Online Shopping: A Multi Dimensional Perspective. Canadian Social Science, 23-31.\r\n[2]\tAPIDM. (2020). Sri Lanka- Digital Outlook. Asia Pacific Institute of Digital Marketing (APIDM). \r\n[3]\tArifani, V., &#038; Haryanto, H. (2018). 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Retrieved from Retail new trends website: https:\/\/www.retaildive.com\/news\/study-80-of-gen-z-purchases-influenced-bysocial-media\/447249\/ \r\n[28]\tSamarasinghe , S., &#038; Maddumarala , M. (2019). Factors Affecting Social Commerce Web Sites Usage: An Integrated View. International Journal of Computer and Information Technology, 131-141.\r\n[29]\tSin, S. S., Nor, K. M., &#038; AI-Agaga, A. M. (2012). Factors Affecting Malaysian Young Consumers&#8217; Online Purchase Intention in Social Media Websites. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 326-333. \r\n[30]\tTunsakul, K. (2020). Gen-Z consumers&#8217; Online Shopping Motives, Attitude, and Shopping Intention. Human Behaviour ,Development and Society.\r\n[31]\tTurban, E., Whiteside, J., King, D., &#038; Outland, J. (2017). Introduction to Electronic Commerce and Social Commerce- Fourth Edition. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.\r\n[32]\tViens, A. (2019, 10 02). who&#8217;s using social media the most. Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/10\/social-media-use-by-generation\/ \r\n[33]\tWickramasinghe, D. (2020, 03 20). Academic bats for social commerce over ecommerce as most Lankans loiter on social media. Retrieved from www.dailmirror.lk: http:\/\/www.dailymirror.lk\/business-news\/Academic-bats-forsocial-commerce-over-e-commerce-as-most-Lankans-loiter-on-social-media\/273185366\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">A.K.D.N. Dilshani, S.M.N. Praveeni, W.D.M. Wanigasekara &#8220;Social Commerce Impact on Consumers\u2019 Purchase Intention among Generation-Z Consumers in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.652-659 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6333<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/652-659.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-commerce-impact-on-consumers-purchase-intention-among-generation-z-consumers-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Social Commerce Impact on Consumers\u2019 Purchase Intention among Generation-Z Consumers in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4b7d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4a4b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4fd6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a4fd6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a5162\" data-id=\"a4a5162\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a529a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a529a\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d1fdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d2161 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d2161\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d2439\" data-id=\"a4d2439\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d2678 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d2678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d27fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d27fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d2ada\" data-id=\"a4d2ada\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d2d15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d2d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d2e71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d2e71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d3129\" data-id=\"a4d3129\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d3364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d3364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d34bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d34bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d37a9\" data-id=\"a4d37a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d39db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d39db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Socrates Ebo, Yimini Shadrack George- March 2022- Page No.: 660-664<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d3b50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d3b50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d3e5f\" data-id=\"a4d3e5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d40c7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4d40c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThere is no gainsaying that the Niger Delta region has been a theatre of conflicts since the discovery of petroleum resources in commercial quantities in the area. It has been an unbroken chain of layers of conflicts. What took place in the region at the discovery of oil was akin to the scramble for Africa by European powers. Like in the scramble for Africa, the emphasis was on the control of resources. The control of resources has always been at the center of imperialism and its attendant conflicts. Ontologically, resources are scarce and will always be scarce. It is an existential fact that the scarcity of resources always induces conflicts. However, needs are infinite. Oil is a universally daily needed natural resource. As important as it is, it is not evenly globally distributed. The abundance of oil deposits in the Niger Delta ipso facto makes it a center of multinational economic interest. Naturally, the hawks, economic predators of all shades and hues did swoop in on the region. In the multinational quest for the control of the petroleum resources in the Niger Delta region, different theories of ownership were advanced.  The refusal to be bystanders in the control of the oil resources domiciled in their region and the pains caused by the environmental degradation occasioned by oil exploration and exploitation led to series of confrontations that have culminated in a protracted unrest in the Niger Delta region. The introduction of the amnesty program to the region proved to be a game changer. This work critiques the impacts of the presidential amnesty program in the region.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 660-664\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Socrates Ebo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Continuing Education, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yimini Shadrack George<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhilosophy Unit, Directorate of General Studies, University of Africa Toru-Orua, Bayelsa, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tJegede, O &#038;Idiaru, W (2020). Nigeria: Legal Framework And Requirements For Oil And Gas Investment In Nigeria. https:\/\/www.mondaq.com\/nigeria\/oil-gas-electricity\/998566\/legal framework-and-requirements-for-oil-and-gas-investment-in-nigeria \r\n[2]\tAjibola, I. O. (2015). Nigeria\u2019s Amnesty Program: The Role of Empowerment in Achieving Peace and Development in Post-Conflict Niger Delta.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244015589996 \r\n[3]\tCusick, M &#038; Sisk, A. (2018). Millions Own Gas And Oil Under Their Land. Here&#8217;s Why Only Some Strike It Rich. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/03\/15\/592890524\/millions-own-gas-and oil-under-their-land-heres-why-only-some-strike-it-rich \r\n[4]\tGentle, N. (2015). Federal Oil and Gas Royalty and Revenue Reform.  https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/green\/reports\/2015\/06\/19\/115580\/federal-oil-and-gas royalty-and-revenue-reform\/ \r\n[5]\t Kaniye S. A &#038;Ebeku. (2002). Oil and the Niger Delta People: The Injustice of the Land Use Act. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43239024 \r\n[6]\tOgbogbo, C. B. (2005). Towards understanding the Niger Delta question: A review of Osadolor\u2019s the Niger Delta question: Background to constitutional reform.  https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41857133 \r\n[7]\tEdevbie, D. (2000). The Politics of 13 Percent Derivation Principle.  http:\/\/www.waado.org\/environment\/fedgovt_nigerdelta\/RevenueAllocation\/13PercentAllocation. htm \r\n[8]\tUche, C &#038;Uche, O. (2004). Oil and the Politics of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria.  https:\/\/www.ascleiden.nl\/pdf\/workingpaper54.pdf \r\n[9]\tAigbogu, F. (1995). It took five tries to hang Saro-Wiwa.  https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/it-took-five-tries-to-hang-saro-wiwa-1581703.html \r\n[10]\tAdebayo, T. (2016, November 4). Premium Times. \u201cWhy we renewed attacks on oil facilities\u201d \r\n[11]\tAjibola; A. O. (2015). Nigeria\u2019s Amnesty Program: The Role of Empowerment in Achieving Peace and Development in Post-Conflict Niger Delta. DOI:  10.1177\/215824401558999 \r\n[12]\tKuku, K. (2012). Remaking the Niger Delta: Challenges and opportunities. Surrey, UK:  Mandingo Publishing8 \r\n[13]\tOgbogbo, C. (2005). The Niger Delta peoples and the resource control conflict, 1960- 1995: An assessment of conflict handling styles. Perspectives on Peace and Conflict in Africa:  Essays in Honor of General (Dr.) Abdulsalami A. Abubakar, 169-180. \r\n[14]\tClowes, W. (2020, Feb. 2). Bloomberg. \u201cEx-Nigerian Militant Boyloaf Says Oil Amnesty Is Price of Peace\u201d. https:\/\/www.bnnbloomberg.ca\/ex-nigerian-militant-boyloaf-says-oil-amnesty is-price-of-peace-1.1383661\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Socrates Ebo, Yimini Shadrack George, &#8220;A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.660-664 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/660-664.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/660-664.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-critical-analysis-of-the-impact-of-the-presidential-amnesty-programme-on-the-unrest-in-the-niger-delta-region\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ea771 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4ea771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4eb6ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4eb813 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4eb813\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ebacc\" data-id=\"a4ebacc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ebd19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ebd19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ebe84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ebe84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ec137\" data-id=\"a4ec137\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ec35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ec35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ec4ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ec4ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a507831\" data-id=\"a507831\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a507ac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a507ac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a507c34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a507c34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a507f2a\" data-id=\"a507f2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a508183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a508183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Current policy to support and develop small and medium-sized enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Phan Thi Thuy Trang- March 2022- Page No.: 665-668<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5082e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5082e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5085f8\" data-id=\"a5085f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a508862 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a508862\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nDuring more than 35 years of renovation, Vietnam has always been steadfast and consistent in its development of a socialist-oriented market economy with many forms of ownership, different economic sectors, forms of business organization and distribution form. Implementing the viewpoints and guidelines of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Government of Vietnam has adopted many policies for the synchronous development of all economic sectors, creating favorable conditions for all economic sectors to operate equally before the law, long-term mutual development, cooperation and fair competition. At the 23rd session of the People&#8217;s Council of Ho Chi Minh City, term IX, group discussions and discussions in the hall were held on the socio-economic situation in 2020 and tasks and solutions in 2021. Delegates of the People&#8217;s Council of Ho Chi Minh City basically agreed with the Report on the socio-cultural development situation in 2020 and the tasks and solutions for 2021 of the People&#8217;s Committee of the city. Ho Chi Minh City, in which, identifies the theme &#8220;The year of building urban government and improving the investment environment&#8221; (People&#8217;s Committee 2021).\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 665-668\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6334\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6334<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Phan Thi Thuy Trang<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLy Tu Trong College, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tGovernment of Vietnam (2021). Resolution No. 126\/NQ-CP, Decision No. 23\/2021\/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister, Vietnam\r\n[2]\tHo Chi Minh City People&#8217;s Committee (2021). Conference to review the activities of the Investment Working Group and collect comments on the plan to improve the city&#8217;s investment environment in 2021, internal circulation, Vietnam.\r\n[3]\tHo Chi Minh City Department of Planning and Investment (2021). Socio-economic report for the first 5 months of 2021, internal circulation, Vietnam.\r\n[4]\tMinistry of Planning and Investment (2017). Vietnam Small and Medium Enterprises White Paper 2017, Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[5]\tMinistry of Planning and Investment (2019). Vietnam Enterprise White Paper 2019, Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[6]\tMinistry of Planning and Investment (2020). Report on Vietnam&#8217;s economic situation in 2020, internal circulation, Vietnam.\r\n[7]\tNguyen Truong Son (2014). Developing Small and Medium Enterprises in Vietnam today, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[8]\tNinh Thi Minh Tam, Le Ngu Binh (2017). Business efficiency of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam today, National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[9]\tZhou Qinghai (2020). Developing small and medium enterprises in Vietnam today, Vietnam Journal of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Phan Thi Thuy Trang, &#8220;Current policy to support and develop small and medium-sized enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.665-668 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6334\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/665-668.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/current-policy-to-support-and-develop-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises-in-ho-chi-minh-city-vietnam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Current policy to support and develop small and medium-sized enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a521fca elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a521fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a522155 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a522155\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52b16a\" data-id=\"a52b16a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52b43f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52b43f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52b5b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52b5b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52b897\" data-id=\"a52b897\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52baef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52baef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52bc48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52bc48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52bf12\" data-id=\"a52bf12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52c155 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52c155\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52c2c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52c2c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52c561\" data-id=\"a52c561\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52c7a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52c7a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52c900 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52c900\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52cbb7\" data-id=\"a52cbb7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52cdec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52cdec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52cf39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52cf39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52d1c7\" data-id=\"a52d1c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52d413 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52d413\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52d55d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52d55d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52d815\" data-id=\"a52d815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53e135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53e135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Making Virtual Library Visible in the Information Age<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ogbonnaya, Esther Abosede PhD &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 669-676<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53e294 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53e294\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53e494\" data-id=\"a53e494\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53e5f2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a53e5f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPurpose: This paper examined making virtual library visible in the information age and the features of the information age. It also highlighted the change in the role of library and library service providers as regards the visible presence of clientele in the library building. The introduction of information technology into information retrieval systems and radical referencing in the information age has broken down boundaries between information sources and users globally. This has necessitated the need for a visible virtual library to meet the information needs of the present-day library patrons located in different geographical locations around the globe. Crucial issues were considered in making virtual library visible in this paper. \r\nDesign\/Methodology &#038; Approach: The methodology adopted was a contextual analysis that involved the review of materials ranging from publications, textbooks, and the relevant internet sources. \r\nImplication: Turning blind eyes to the imperative of making virtual libraries visible by the Library and Library Information System (LIS) professionals would render their functions ineffective and irrelevant in the present-day digital age. \r\nOriginality\/Value: This paper concludes that making a virtual library visible in the information age is a necessity that would enable the library to meet the information needs of patrons in real-time using the present-day cutting-edge technology.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 669-676\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6335\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6335<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogbonnaya, Esther Abosede PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational Open University of Nigeria, Mushin Centre, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdulsalami, L. T., Okezie, O. I., and Agbo, A. D.  (2013). The role of the library in the promotion of knowledge societies in Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 4(1):58\u201370.\r\n[2]\tAdmin\u2019s blog (2013). Takeaways from the Pew Research Study on Libraries. The Scoop. American Libraries       Posted January 27, 2013. Accessed August 28, 2021. \r\nhttp:\/\/www.americanlibrariesmagazine.org\/blog\/takeaways-pew-research-study-libraries \r\n[3]\tAlfred, H. et al (2005). Information Age: People Information and Technology: An Exhibition at the National Museum of America.  photo2.si.edu\/infoage\/infoage.html. Accessed August 20, 2021.\r\n[4]\tBorgman, C.L. (2003) The Invisible Library; Paradox of the Global Information Infrastructure Library Trends, 51, 652-674. Accessed August 28, 2021 \r\nhttps:\/\/www.ideals.illinois.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/2142\/8487\/librarytrendsv51i4j opt.pdf \r\n[5]\tCalder, M. (2013). MOOCs and the Library: Engaging with Evolving Pedagogy. Paper presented at: IFLA World Library and Information Congress, 17 &#8211; 23 August 2013, Singapore. Accessed August 20, 2021. http:\/\/library.ifla.org\/160\/1\/098-calter-en.pdf \r\n[6]\tCandela, L, Castelli, D,and Pagano, P. (2011). History, Evolution and Impact of Digital Libraries. https:\/\/tefkos.comminfo.rutgers.edu Accessed September 10, 2021.\r\n[7]\tColegrove, P,T., (2013).  Editorial board Thoughts: Libraray as a Market  Space? Information Technology and Libraries (Online) 32 (1), 2, 2013. https:\/\/scholar.goggle.com Accessed September 5, 2021.\r\n[8]\tDe Mers,J. (2014). The Top 7 SEO Trends Dominating 2014.  Accessed June 30, 2021.\r\nhttp:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jaysondemers\/2014\/04\/30\/the-top-7-seo-trends-dominating-2014\/\r\n[9]\tDempsey, L. (2009). Always On: Libraries In A World of Permanent Connectivity. First Monday, Vol.14, No. 1-5 January 2009.  Accessed June 23, 2021. http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/article\/view\/2291\/2070 \r\n[10]\tEncarta Dictionary, (2007).  Definition of Library.  Accessed  June 19, 2021.\r\n[11]\tErnst and Young, (2012) University of the Future: A Thousand Year Old Industry on the Cusp of Change.  Accessed June  20, 2021.  http:\/\/www.ey.com\/AU\/en\/Industries\/Government&#8212;Public- Sector\/UOF_University-of-the-future.\r\n[12]\tGartner, (2012). Gartner Newsroom. Accessed June 27, 2021. http:\/\/www.gartner.com\/newsroom\/id\/1844115\r\n[13]\tGeorge, M. Eberhart, (2010).  The Librarian\u2019s Book of Lists. BAM! BOOKS-A-MILLION. https:\/\/m.booksamillion.com Accessed September 10, 2021.\r\n[14]\tGeorge, M. Eberhart, (2010) The Librarian\u2019s Book of Lists. ( Chicago: ALA, 2010). https:\/\/libguides.ala.org Accessed September 10, 2021.\r\n[15]\tGibbons, J. (2012). Tina Thomas\u2019 marketing philosophy: focus Information Today March \/April 2012. Accessed June 28, 2021. http:\/\/www.infotoday.com\/mls\/mar12\/Gibbons-Tina-Thomas- Marketing-Philosophy-Focus.shtml\r\n[16]\tGil, P. (2014). The 10 Best Search Engines of 2014; Search Tools For The Every Person- Internet for Beginners. Accessed May 16, 2021. http:\/\/netforbeginners.about.com\/od\/navigatingthenet\/tp\/top_10_search_engines_for_beginners. htm\r\n[17]\tHidalgo, J. (2012). The Future of Higher Education: Reshaping Universities Through 3D Printing. Posted October 19, 2012. Engadget. Accessed June 29, 2021. http:\/\/www.engadget.com\/2012\/10\/19\/reshaping-universities-through-3d-printing\/\r\n[18]\tHolly, M. Riccio, (2001) The Virtual Library- Past Present and Future. https:\/\/www.llrx.com login   Accessed January 18, 2021.\r\n[19]\tIFLA Blogs, (2013). Wikimedians in Residence \u2013 Australia IFLA Public Libraries Section Blog Posted 22nd February 2013. Accessed February 28, 2021. http:\/\/blogs.ifla.org\/public- libraries\/2013\/02\/22\/wikimedians-in-residence-australia\/  \r\n[20]\tJudy P., (Ed) (2002). Definition of Library. Concise Oxford English Dictionary 10th Edition, Oxford University Press Inc. New York. Accessed January 31, 2021.\r\n[21]\tKaliya, Perumal and Bahskarn, (2010). Role of Public Libraries on Women Empowerment. IOSR Journal https:\/\/www.iosrjournals.org Accessed December 10, 2020.\r\n[22]\tKniffel, L. (2011). Reading for Life: Oprah Winfrey; The Television Talk-Show and Host  Championed Libraries and Reading. American Libraries May-June, 2011. Posted May 25th 2011. Accessed April 30, 2021.  http:\/\/www.americanlibrariesmagazine.org\/article\/reading-life-oprah- \r\n[23]\tKotler, P., (2005). According to Kotler: The World&#8217;s Foremost Authority on Marketing Answers Your Questions. New York: Amacom Books Inc. https:\/\/www.amazon.com  Accessed May 17, 2021.\r\n[24]\tLEGO Group, (2013). The LEGO Group: Annual Report. Billund, Denmark: LEGO Group. Accessed April 28,2021.  http:\/\/aboutus.LEGO.com\/en-us\/LEGO-group\/annual-report\r\n[25]\tLEGO, (2014). Brand: Information About LEGO as a Toy Brand; LEGO Play On.  Accessed April 28, 2021.  https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/LEGOtoybrand\/brand\r\n[26]\tLEGO Group, (2014). The LEGO Group: A Short Presentation. Billund, Denmark: LEGO Group. Accessed April 28, 2021. p.3. http:\/\/aboutus.LEGO.com\/en-us\/news-room\/media-assets- library\/documents \r\n[27]\tLeheman, L. L., (2011). The Importance of Library Today and into Tomorrow. Accessed September 19, 2021.   http:\/\/www.sensingachitecture.com \r\n[28]\tNMC Horizon Report, (2014). The NMC Horizon Report: 2014 Higher Education Edition. Austin, Texas: New Media Consortium. Accessed April 26, 2021. http:\/\/cdn.nmc.org\/media\/2014-nmc- horizon-report-he-EN-SC.pdf \r\n[29]\tOnwubiko, E. C. N. and Uzoigwe, C. U. (2004). Library: The Home of Knowledge. Enugu: HRV Publishers 2004.Accessed May 12, 2021.\r\n[30]\tRainie, L., (2013a). Reinventing of Libraries \u2013 the keys to the Future in 7 questions. Presented to Massachusetts Library System, June 2013. Accessed April 27, 2021. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2013\/06\/13\/the-reinvention-of-libraries\/\r\n[31]\tRainie, L., (2013b). The New Library Patron.  Presented at the Internet Librarian, October 2013.  Accessed April 27, 2021. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2013\/10\/29\/the-new-library-patron\/\r\n[32]\tRobert, Harris (2005). Truth of the Information Age. Accessed June 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.virtualsalt.com\/rhetoric.htm \r\n[33]\tStanford&#8217;s Key to Information Literacy (2007). Accessed June 19, 2021.  http:\/\/skil.stanford.edu  \r\n[34]\tSpenner, P., (2014). Marketing Trends You Probably Haven\u2019t Heard. Forbes, January 13th, 2014. Accessed May 28, 2021.  http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/patrickspenner\/2014\/01\/13\/2014- marketing-trends-you-probably-haven\u2019t-heard\/\r\n[35]\tSIVA, (2019). Solution, Incentive\/Information, Value, Access:  Boundless- New Marketing Mix. Accessed June 23, 2021.  https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/marketing\/an-overview-of-marketing\/introduction-to-  \r\n[36]\tUniversity Leadership Council, (2011). Redefining the academic library: managing the migration to digital library services. Washington, D.C.: The Advisory Board. Accessed August 28, 2021. http:\/\/www.uab.edu\/library\/images\/documents\/redefining-the-academic-library.pdf\r\n[37]\tTrish,A.,and Anthea, L., (2013), How to Flip A Classroom And Land On Your Feet. A Presentation at University of Queensland. Teaching and Educational Development Institute Workshop- December 2013.  Accessed August 28, 2021. http:\/\/www.uq.edu.au\/tediteach\/flipped-classroom\/olt-transforming\/ https:\/\/itali.uq.edu.au \r\n[38]\tWright, F., (2013). What do Librarians need to know about MOOCs? D-Lib Magazine, 19, No.3\/4 ( March\/April). doi:10.1045\/march2013-wright. Accessed August 28, 2021. http:\/\/dlib.org\/dlib\/march13\/wright\/03wright.html\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogbonnaya, Esther Abosede PhD, &#8220;Making Virtual Library Visible in the Information AgeMaking Virtual Library Visible in the Information Age&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.669-676 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6335<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/669-676.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/making-virtual-library-visible-in-the-information-age\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Making Virtual Library Visible in the Information AgeMaking Virtual Library Visible in the Information Age<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53f458 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a53f458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"a53fb7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53fcc7\" data-id=\"a53fcc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53fdd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53fdd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53fe72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53fe72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53ffc2\" data-id=\"a53ffc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5400c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5400c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a540165 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a540165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5402ac\" data-id=\"a5402ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5403c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5403c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54045b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54045b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5405d8\" data-id=\"a5405d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a540714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a540714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5407b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5407b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a54091c\" data-id=\"a54091c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a540a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a540a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Does the Mechanism of Corporate Governance mater? Evidence from Nigerian Listed Firms<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ologunwa, Oluyemi. Philip (Ph.D) and Ayilara Mobolaji Akeem- March 2022- Page No.: 677-683<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a559cc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a559cc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a559f7f\" data-id=\"a559f7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55a12f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a55a12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe mechanism of corporate governance and  the type of information about corporate decisions are on one side and on the other side, the performances of  the firm and the information that the corporation should make public, constitute major issues of discussion in the corporate governance debate. Specifically, this paper examined the importance of corporate governance mechanisms in the issue of making corporate financial report more transparent to stakeholders, and the extent to which the oversight bodies set to oversee the firms. This  paper employed quantitative research method using multiple regression tests with panel data analysis spanning 2008 to 2019. Despite that the role of a firm chairman &#038; CEO in one person is discouraged by the SEC and CBN codes, this finding differs, especially in the short run as the combining role of   leadership structure (LDS) has a significant relationship with firm performance. Using ROA as a measure of performance, the effect of board size is significant at the short run. This is an indication that initial increase in the number of persons on the board of Nigerian firms raises returns on asset (ROA), however, beyond a certain point; increases in board size will adversely affect ROA.  This paper concludes that, the performance of listed firms in Nigeria between 2008 and 2019 was determined by the mechanisms of corporate governance. The paper recommends that separating the roles of CEO and the Chairman of the board is value enhancing, that firm interest should be above self-interest as board responsibilities increases\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 677-683\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6336\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6336<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ologunwa, Oluyemi. Philip (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, School of Management Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayilara Mobolaji Akeem<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management and Accounting, Lead City University Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdams, R &#038; Mehran, H (2008) Corporate performance, board structure, and their determinants in the banking industry, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report, no.330, \r\n[2]\tAdenikinju, O. (2005) Managerial Characteristics, Corporate Governance and Corporate Performance: The Case of Nigerian Quoted Companies. Draft Final Report Submitted to the AERC (Nov).\r\n[3]\tBabatunde, M. A &#038; Olaniran, O (2009) The effects of internal and external mechanism on governance and performance of corporate firms in Nigeria, Corporate Ownership &#038; Control, 7(2): 330\u2013340.\r\n[4]\tBhagat, S &#038; Black, B (2001) Non-Correlation between Board Independence and Long-Term Firm Performance, Journal of Corporation Law, 27(2): 231-273. \r\n[5]\tBlack, B. 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A (2012) Board characteristics and firm performance: Case of Saudi Arabia&#8217;, International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 2(2): 168\u2014200.\r\n[11]\tGillan, S.L. (2001) Has Pay for Performance Gone Awry? Views from Corporate Governance Forum. In Chew, D.H &#038; S.L. Gillian (Ed.) Corporate Governance at the Crossroads, McGraw-Hil\r\n[12]\tGompers, P, Ishii, J &#038; Metrick, A (2003) Corporate governance and equity prices, The QuarterlyJournal of Economics, 118(1): 107-56.\r\n[13]\tGriffin, D, Guedhami, O, Kwok, C.C, Ei,K &#038; Shao, E (2014) National Culture, Corporate Governance Practices, and Finn Performance, pp.1-46,\r\n[14]\tHaider N., Khan J. &#038; Igbal K (2015) Impact of corporate governance on firm per financial performance in Islamic financial institution. International letters of social and Humanistic sciences 51(2) 106-110\r\n[15]\tHaniffa, R &#038; Hudaib, M (2006) Corporate governance structure and performance of Malaysian Listed companies, Journal of Business Finance &#038; Accounting, 33(7-8):1034-1062.\r\n[16]\tHart, O (1995) Corporate governance: some theory and implications, The economic journal, 105(430): 678-689.\r\n[17]\tHeenetigala, K &#038; Armstrong, A (2011) The impact of corporate governance on firm performance  in an unstable economic and political environment: Evidence from Sri Lanka, in 2012 Financial Markets &#038; Corporate Governance Conference, 12th-13th April 2012, Melbourne, Australia\r\n[18]\tImam, M. O &#038; Malik, M (2007) Firm performance and corporate governance through ownership structure: Evidence from Bangladesh stock market&#8217;, International Review of Business Research Papers, 3(4): 88-110. \r\n[19]\tJensen, M. C &#038; Meckling, W. H (1976) Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure, Journal of financial economics, 3(4): 305-360.\r\n[20]\tKajola, S. O (2008) Corporate governance and firm performance: The case of Nigerian listed firms, European journal of economics, finance and administrative sciences, 14:16-28.\r\n[21]\tKhaled, M.O (2014) Corporate governance and Firm Performance in United Arab Emirate, College of Business, Victoria University of Melbourne Australia. Pp. 156-164 \r\n[22]\tKiel, G.C &#038; Nicholson, G.J (2003) Board composition and corporate performance: How the Australian experience informs contrasting theories of corporate governance, Corporate Governance:\r\n[23]\tKlapper, L.F &#038; Love, I (2004) Corporate governance, investor protection, and performance in emerging markets, Journal of corporate Finance, 10(5): 703-728.\r\n[24]\tLai O. &#038; Bello S. (2012) The concept and practice of corporate governance in Nigeria: The need for public relations and effective corporate communication. International Journal  of communication, 4(1):120-137\r\n[25]\tLatif, B, Shahid, M.N, Haq, MZU, Waqas, H.M &#038; Arshad, A (2013), Impact of corporate governance on firm performance: Evidence from sugar mills of Pakistan&#8217;, European Journal of Business and Management, 5 (1):51-59.\r\n[26]\tNcube, M. (2006)  Corporate Governance, Firm valuation and Performance. ADB (Nov.). \r\n[27]\tOkpara, J.O (2011), Corporate governance in a developing economy: barriers, issues, and implications for firms, Corporate Governance, 11(2): 184-199.\r\n[28]\tPeasnell, K. V. (2000) Detecting earnings in Management using cross sectional abnormal accruals model. Journal of Accounting and Business research 30(4): 313-326\r\n[29]\tRahman, R. A &#038; Haniffa, R. M (2005) The effect of role duality on corporate performance in Malaysia, Corporate Ownership and Control, 2(2): 40-47.\r\n[30]\tShleifer, A., Vishny, R. (1997) A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance,  52(2): 737\u2013783.\r\n[31]\tSengur, E.D (2011) Do corporate governance index companies outperform others? Evidence from Turkey International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(14): 254-260.\r\n[32]\tTrabelsi, M. A (2010) Governance and performance of Tunisian banks, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3):189-98.\r\n[33]\tUjunwa, A (2012) Board characteristics and the financial performance of Nigerian quoted firms, Corporate Governance, 12(5):656-674.\r\n[34]\tYusuff, WFW &#038; Alhaji, I.A (2012) Corporate governance and firm performance of listed companies in Malaysia, Trends and Development in Management Studies,  l(1) 4346.\r\n[35]\tZikmund, W. G (2010)  Business research methods, 8th edn, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.\r\n[36]\tZubaidah, A. Z., Nurmala, K. M., &#038; Kamaruzaman, J. (2009) Board corporate performance and corporate performance in Malaysia. International Journal of Economic Finance, 150-164\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ologunwa, Oluyemi. Philip (Ph.D) and Ayilara Mobolaji Akeem, &#8220;Does the Mechanism of Corporate Governance mater? Evidence from Nigerian Listed Firms&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.677-683 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6336<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/677-683.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/does-the-mechanism-of-corporate-governance-mater-evidence-from-nigerian-listed-firms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Does the Mechanism of Corporate Governance mater? Evidence from Nigerian Listed Firms<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55b187 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a55b187\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55b60e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55b60e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55b780\" data-id=\"a55b780\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55b89f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55b89f\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55bbc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55bc6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55bc6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55bdb3\" data-id=\"a55bdb3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55bec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55bec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55bf60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55bf60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55c0ae\" data-id=\"a55c0ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55c1b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55c1b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55c250 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55c250\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55c398\" data-id=\"a55c398\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a568618 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a568618\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a568721 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a568721\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5688ed\" data-id=\"a5688ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a568a28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a568a28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Stock Market Performance and Manufacturing Growth in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Awe, Isaac Tope &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 684-691<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a568ad7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a568ad7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a568c6b\" data-id=\"a568c6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a568da4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a568da4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined nexus between stock market performance and manufacturing growth in Nigeria using data spanning between 1985 and 2020. Vector Autoregression (VAR) model was employed to examine the complex interaction between the variables. The result of stationarity test through Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip Peron (PP) affirmed the use of VAR. the study concluded that stock market performance has significant influence on manufacturing growth. Hence, government should make concerted effort by making appropriate monetary policy that will promote stock market performance that will leads to capacity growth of manufacturing sub-sector.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 684-691\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6337<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Awe, Isaac Tope<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, School of Social and Management Science, Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere \u2013 Ekiti, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAwe, I .T. (2018). Total Factor Productivity and Manufactured Export in Nigeria. 44th International Academic Conference, Vienna\r\n[2]\tDonatas Pilinkus (2009). Stock Market and Macroeconomic Variables: Evidences from Lithuania. Economics &#038; Management, 14.\r\n[3]\tEze, O. M; Emeka, A and Ogbonna, B (2019). Stock Market Liquidity and Manufacturing Sector Performance: Evidence from Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 24(4). 13 \u2013 24.\r\n[4]\tGujarati, D.N. and Sangeetha (2007) Basic Econometrics, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company 4th Edition.\r\n[5]\tIfeoluwa, I. O., &#038; Motilewa, B. D. (2015). Stock market liquidity and economic growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and International Business Management, 3(6), 1-13. \r\n[6]\tKwode, E.I. (2015). Capital market and the performance of the manufacturing industries in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(13), 12-21.\r\n[7]\tNazir, M.S., Nawaz, M.M. and Gilani, U.J. (2010). Relationship between Economic Growth and Stock Market Development, African Journal of Business Management, 3473-3479. \r\n[8]\tObadan, M.I. (1998), Presidential Address presented on the \u201cCapital Market and Nigeria\u2019s Economic Development\u201d at one day seminar organized by Nigeria Economic Society at the Institute of International Affairs, Lagos. \r\n[9]\tOgunsakin Sanya &#038; Awe, I. T. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of Stock Market Performance in Nigeria. Business and Economic Research, 10(4), 139 \u2013 158\r\n[10]\tPesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., &#038; Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289\u2013326.\r\n[11]\tRobert D. G. (2008). Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Market Returns for Four Emerging Economies: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. International Business &#038; Economics Research Journal, 7(3)\r\n[12]\tUbesie, M.C &#038; Ude, M.E (2019) Responsiveness of Capital Market on the Output of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. International Finance and Banking, 6 (1) 17-26\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Awe, Isaac Tope, &#8220;Stock Market Performance and Manufacturing Growth in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.684-691 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6337<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/684-691.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/stock-market-performance-and-manufacturing-growth-in-nigeria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Stock Market Performance and Manufacturing Growth in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a569b98 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a569b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a569c66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a569c66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a569de1\" data-id=\"a569de1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a569f25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a569f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a569fcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a569fcf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56a129\" data-id=\"a56a129\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56a245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56a245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56a2ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56a2ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56a43d\" data-id=\"a56a43d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56a548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56a548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56a5e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56a5e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56a734\" data-id=\"a56a734\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56a9a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56a9a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56aa84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56aa84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56abf2\" data-id=\"a56abf2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56ad08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56ad08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56ada7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56ada7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56aef5\" data-id=\"a56aef5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56affb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56affb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56b099 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56b099\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56b224\" data-id=\"a56b224\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56b355 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56b355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Attitudes and Subjective Views of Caregivers of Persons Living with Schizophrenia in Harare<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Takesure Kahwemba &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 692-700<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56b3fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56b3fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56b587\" data-id=\"a56b587\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56b6c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a56b6c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Schizophrenia is one of the most serious \u2013 and often one of the most disabling- types of mental illness. It is believed that about 1 % of the world\u2019s adult population suffers from it. As a result of its severity, mental health institutions are a frequent stop for many schizophrenic patients. It is chronic, complex and challenging psychiatric disorder that needs close monitoring. There are diverse cultural beliefs, etiologies, interventions are based on caregiver perceptions based on cultural beliefs. Most relapses are triggered by caregiver negligence due to lack of knowledge. Because of the severe disabling effect on the ill person, schizophrenia renders the victim totally dependent on the caregiver. And this study looks at the perceptions and attitudes of caregivers, who are the main players of the upkeep of these patients. The study looks at emotional burden of the caregiver, and the possible ways of empowering them. The researcher used \u00e0 qualitative research methodology to explore the emotional caregivers\u2019 perceptions and appraisals of schizophrenia.  It was noted that caregivers of schizophrenia are emotionally wounded, and often poorly informed about the illness.  The research recommends the bi-focal intervention approach, which recommends the inclusion of the caregiver in the treatment plan. The study also recommends government assistance to the caregivers and or family of schizophrenic persons<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 692-700\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6338<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Takesure Kahwemba<\/strong>\r\nIntern Counseling Psychologist, Harare, P O Box 29 Harare, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tBrady, 1996. Bradley G, Perlesz A, Nguyen A, Singh B, Riess C (1996) Multiple-family group treatment for England and Vietnamese-speaking families living with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2006,)\r\n[2].\tLandon, J., Pike, B., Diesfeld, K., &#038; Shepherd, D. (2016). The experiences of parents providing support to adult children with schizophrenia. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(4), 385-399.\r\n[3].\tAwad G, Voruganti L (2008).  The Burden of Schizophrenia on Caregivers. Pharmacoeconomics\r\n[4].\tJorgensen, D., Parsons, M., Jacobs, S., &#038; Arksey, H. (2010). The New Zealand informal caregivers and their unmet needs. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 123(1317), 9-16.\r\n[5].\tB\u00e8ze, T. (2002). Ballard, George. Memoirs of Several Ladies of Great Britain. Edited by Ruth Perry. Women&#8217;s Writing and the Circulation of Ideas: Manuscript Publication in England, 1550-1800, 223.\r\n[6].\tThompson, M., Kahn, K. B., McMahon, J., &#038; O\u2019Neil, M. (2016). Mental illness, race, and policing. In The Politics of Policing: Between Force and Legitimacy. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.\r\n[7].\tMuchinako, G. A., Mabvurira, V., &#038; Chinyenze, P. (2013). Mental illness and the Shona people of Zimbabwe, some key issues. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(3), 160-172.\r\n[8].\tWei, H. T., Chen, M. H., Huang, P. C., &#038; Bai, Y. M. (2012). The association between online gaming, social phobia, and depression: an internet survey. BMC psychiatry, 12(1), 1-7.\r\n[9].\tSariah, A. (2012). Factors influencing relapse among patients with schizophrenia in Muhimbili national hospital: the perspectives of patients and their caregivers (Doctoral dissertation, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences).\r\n[10].\tDean Jr, J. W., &#038; Bowen, D. E. (1994). Management theory and total quality: improving research and practice through theory development. Academy of management review, 19(3), 392-418.\r\n[11].\tBoydell, K. M., Volpe, T., Gladstone, B. M., Stasiulis, E., &#038; Addington, J. (2013). Youth at ultra high risk for psychosis: using the revised network episode model to examine pathways to mental health care. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(2), 170-186.\r\n[12].\tAddington, J., Young, J., &#038; Addington, D. (2003). Social outcome in early psychosis. Psychological medicine, 33(6), 1119-1124.\r\n[13].\tLandon, J., Pike, B., Diesfeld, K., &#038; Shepherd, D. (2016). The experiences of parents providing support to adult children with schizophrenia. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(4), 385-399.\r\n[14].\tMikkelsen, M., J\u00f8rgensen, M., &#038; Krebs, F. C. (2010). The teraton challenge. A review of fixation and transformation of carbon dioxide. Energy &#038; Environmental Science, 3(1), 43-81.\r\n[15].\tMartens L, Addington J (2008) The psychological well-being of family members of individuals with schizophrenia.  \r\n[16].\tHesse, K., &#038; Klingberg, S. (2014). Examining the cognitive model of caregiving\u2013a structural equation modelling approach. Psychiatry research, 217(3), 171-176.\r\n[17].\tWaltz, J. A., Schweitzer, J. B., Gold, J. M., Kurup, P. K., Ross, T. J., Jo Salmeron, B., &#8230; &#038; Stein, E. A. (2009). Patients with schizophrenia have a reduced neural response to both unpredictable and predictable primary reinforcers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(6), 1567-1577.\r\n[18].\tChen, F. P., &#038; Greenberg, J. S. (2004). A positive aspect of caregiving: The influence of social support on caregiving gains for family members of relatives with schizophrenia. Community mental health journal, 40(5), 423-435.\r\n[19].\tBoydell, K. M., Volpe, T., Gladstone, B. M., Stasiulis, E., &#038; Addington, J. (2013). Youth at ultra high risk for psychosis: using the revised network episode model to examine pathways to mental health care. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(2), 170-186.\r\n[20].\tHuang, X. Y., Sun, F. K., Yen, W. J., &#038; Fu, C. M. (2008). The coping experiences of carers who live with someone who has schizophrenia. Journal of clinical nursing, 17(6), 817-826.\r\n[21].\tLarson, E. B., Shadlen, M. F., Wang, L., McCormick, W. C., Bowen, J. D., Teri, L., &#038; Kukull, W. A. (2004). Survival after initial diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Annals of internal medicine, 140(7), 501-509.\r\n[22].\tLandon, J., Pike, B., Diesfeld, K., &#038; Shepherd, D. (2016). The experiences of parents providing support to adult children with schizophrenia. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(4), 385-399.\r\n[23].\tCopeland, D. A., &#038; Heilemann, M. V. (2011). Choosing \u201cthe best of the hells\u201d: Mothers face housing dilemmas for their adult children with mental illness and a history of violence. Qualitative health research, 21(4), 520-533.\r\n[24].\tDworkin, R. (1990). A bill of rights for Britain (p. 9).\r\n[25].\tOlshevski, Jody, and Anne Katz. Stress reduction for caregivers. Routledge, 2013.\r\n[26].\tYamamoto, N., &#038; Wallhagen, M. I. (1997). The continuation of family caregiving in Japan. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 164-176.\r\n[27].\tPhilp, I., McKee, K. J., Meldrum, P., Ballinger, B. R., Gilhooly, M. L. M., Gordon, D. S., &#8230; &#038; Whittick, J. E. (1995). Community care for demented and non-demented elderly people: a comparison study of financial burden, service use, and unmet needs in family supporters. Bmj, 310(6993), 1503-1506.\r\n[28].\tMurray, J., Schneider, J., Banerjee, S., &#038; Mann, A. (1999). EUROCARE: a cross\u2010national study of co\u2010resident spouse carers for people with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease: II\u2014a qualitative analysis of the experience of caregiving. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 14(8), 662-667.\r\n[29].\tMagliano, L., Fiorillo, A., De Rosa, C., Malangone, C., Maj, M., &#038; National Mental Health Project Working Group. (2005). Family burden in long-term diseases: a comparative study in schizophrenia vs. physical disorders. Social science &#038; medicine, 61(2), 313-322.\r\n[30].\tTully, C. T., &#038; Sehm, S. D. (1994). Eldercare: The social service system&#8217;s missing link?. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 21(3-4), 117-132\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Takesure Kahwemba &#8220;Attitudes and Subjective Views of Caregivers of Persons Living with Schizophrenia in Harare&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.692-700 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6338<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/attitudes-and-subjective-views-of-caregivers-of-persons-living-with-schizophrenia-in-harare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Attitudes and Subjective Views of Caregivers of Persons Living with Schizophrenia in Harare<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56c49e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a56c49e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56c567 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56c567\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56c6e1\" data-id=\"a56c6e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56c7ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56c7ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56c8a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56c8a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56e02f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a570fc9\" data-id=\"a570fc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57116b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57116b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57122e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57122e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5713bb\" data-id=\"a5713bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5714e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5714e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57158c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57158c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a581b02\" data-id=\"a581b02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a581c75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a581c75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a581d3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a581d3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a581ed6\" data-id=\"a581ed6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a581ff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a581ff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Corporate Human Capital on Financial Performance of Quoted Nigerian Agricultural Firms\u2019 (2007 \u2013 2020)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude*, Chisom Njideka Ezeaku, Chimarume Blessing Ubah and Dr Felicia Akujinma Anyanwu- March 2022- Page No.: 701-706<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5820a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5820a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58226b\" data-id=\"a58226b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5823d3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5823d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the effect of corporate human capital on financial performance of quoted Nigerian Agricultural firms. The agricultural sector in Nigeria are faced with a lot of challenges (use of crude equipment\u2019s in farming, improper information, agri-marketing, etc.) which hinder productivity. Specifically, the effect of human capital efficiency, capital employed efficiency and structural capital efficiency on return on assets was ascertained. Secondary data for a period 2007 to 2020 were sourced from the annual reports of all the firms quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). The Panel Ordinary Least Square (POLS) and the Granger Causality test were the technique employed in estimating the models. The result of the analysis revealed that human capital efficiency and structural capital efficiency have significant effect on return on assets; Agricultural firms should improve their human capacity development (workforce be up to date on ever changing technology) to enhance productivity. This is based on the significant effect of human capital efficiency on return on assets. More investment on human and their growth in the agricultural sector is recommended as it is a significant key for the success\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 701-706\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6339\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6339<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chisom Njideka Ezeaku<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chimarume Blessing Ubah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Felicia Akujinma Anyanwu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAli, H. &#038; Chaudhr, I. S. (2017). Effect of human capital on organization performance: An analysis from service sector of Punjab, Pakistan. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 6(3), 475-481.\r\n[2]\tAmber, D. (2016). Business 306: Strategic human resources management study.com\/academy\/lesson\/human-capital-theory-characteristics-investment.html.\r\n[3]\tAmin, S. (2018). Does the entrepreneurial human capital is important for organizational performance? Business and Economics Journal, 9(2), 1-5.\r\n[4]\tAnyanwu, F. A., Ezu, G. K., Osadume, R. C. &#038; Ananwude, A. C. (2017). Oil and gas industries financing and financial performance in Nigeria: The case of intelligent capital led model. International Journal of Commerce and Management Research, 3(12), 63-73.\r\n[5]\tArmstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of management techniques: A comprehensive guide to achieving managerial excellence and improved decision making. Kogan Page Publishers, London.\r\n[6]\tChemmanur, T. J., Kong, L., Krishnan, K. &#038; Yu, Q. (2018). Human capital, top management quality, and firm performance. Retrieved from: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2411231.\r\n[7]\tCifuentes, I. O. &#038; Mart\u00ednez-Le\u00f3n, I. (2015). Human capital and creation of reputation and financial performance. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(2), 209-218.\r\n[8]\tFarrukha, W. &#038; Joiyaa, J. Q. (2018). Impact of intellectual capital on firm performance. Global journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(14), 1-14.\r\n[9]\tIsychou, D., Chountalas, P., Magoutas, A. &#038; Fafaliou, I. (2015). Human capital and performance appraisal in the public sector: An empirical investigation from employees\u2019 and senior managers\u2019 perspective. Retrieved from https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/72405\/.\r\n[10]\tKhayinga, C. M. &#038; Muathe, S. (2018). Human capital development and organizational performance: review and critique of literature and a research agenda. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 6(2), 144-153.\r\n[11]\tMarimuthu, M., Arokiasamy, L. &#038; Ismail, M. (2009). Human capital development and its impact on firm performance: Evidence from developmental economics. The Journal of International Social Research, 2(8), 265-272.\r\n[12]\tOdhon\u2019g, E. A. &#038; Omolo, J. (2015). Effect of human capital investment on organizational performance of pharmaceutical companies in Kenya. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(6), 1-29.\r\n[13]\tPamela, A. C. J., Umoh, G. I. &#038; Worlu, G. (2017). Human resource planning and organizational performance in oil and gas firms in Portharcourt. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 3(9), 110-129.\r\n[14]\tPerera, A. &#038; Thrikawala, S. (2012). Impact of human capital investment on firm financial performances: an empirical study of companies in Sri Lanka. IPEDR, 54(3), 11-16.\r\n[15]\tRahim, A., Atan, R. &#038; Kamaluddin, R. (2017). Human capital efficiency and firm performance: an empirical study on Malaysian technology industry. SHS Web of Conferences.\r\n[16]\tStiles, P. &#038; Kulvisaechana, S. (2015). Human capital and performance: A literature review. Retrieved from ssrn.com.\r\n[17]\tTumwine, S., Nasiima, S. &#038; Kamukama, N. (2014). Human capital elements and their influence on performance: Evidence from Uganda\u2019s manufacturing firms. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: D Accounting and Auditing, 14(2), 19-28.\r\n[18]\tUkenna, S., Ijeoma, N., Anionwu, C. &#038; Olise, M. C. (2010). Effect of investment in human capital development on organisational performance: Empirical examination of the perception of small business owners in Nigeria. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 26, 94-107.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude, Chisom Njideka Ezeaku, Chimarume Blessing Ubah and Dr Felicia Akujinma Anyanwu, &#8220;Effect of Corporate Human Capital on Financial Performance of Quoted Nigerian Agricultural Firms\u2019 (2007 \u2013 2020)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.701-706 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6339<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/701-706.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-corporate-human-capital-on-financial-performance-of-quoted-nigerian-agricultural-firms-2007-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Corporate Human Capital on Financial Performance of Quoted Nigerian Agricultural Firms\u2019 (2007 \u2013 2020)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a585ee2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a585ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a585fb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a585fb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a586157\" data-id=\"a586157\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58628b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58628b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a586337 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a586337\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a586497\" data-id=\"a586497\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5865a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5865a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a586644 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a586644\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5867b9\" data-id=\"a5867b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5868fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5868fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5869a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5869a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a586af8\" data-id=\"a586af8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a586c1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a586c1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a586cbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a586cbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a586e06\" data-id=\"a586e06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a586f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a586f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a586fa9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a586fa9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5870f2\" data-id=\"a5870f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5871f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5871f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a587298 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a587298\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a587402\" data-id=\"a587402\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58750c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58750c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implications for Preparedness for Disasters in Developing Countries for Health Education: A Literature Review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Inichinbia, Victoria E., Asogwa, Emmanuel U. (Ph.D.) &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 707-713<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5875a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5875a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58773e\" data-id=\"a58773e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a587894 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a587894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of small to large scale disasters in different parts of the world, affecting more people than ever, claiming thousands of lives, displacing millions of people, and destroying billions of dollar-worth of property globally. Studies have noted that disasters can happen anywhere, but about eighty-five per cent of those exposed to disasters reside in developing countries. These observations and reports have made it expedient for communities and nations to start building capacities and developing strategies and programs to respond to disasters or emergencies with their own resources, both human and material, without relying solely on aid international community. Despite increasing rates of disasters globally, most developing countries lag behind in preparedness to handle emergencies like disasters effectively, efficiently and appropriately. This is attributed to a number of factors, one of which is low disaster literacy level among the public. Hence, the need for health education to raise level of awareness and knowledge of disasters and improve attitudes and skills of individuals, communities, authorities and organizations in disaster prevention and reduction. A popular saying in disaster management is that \u201cwe cannot stop natural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge to save lives and property\u201d. This statement emphasizes great role health education in disaster preparedness. The study intended to review from studies preparedness for disasters in developing countries: implications of health education. The study utilized conventional subject-search method, and a supplementary search method of citation\/unstructured searching technique to review twenty-nine papers. The results showed that the resilience and capacity for disaster preparedness of any countries depends largely on the level and qualities of disaster awareness and education of the people, and the study also confirmed and added more information to already done research work the vital roles health education plays in all phases of preparedness for disasters. The study concluded that effectiveness and efficiency of disaster preparedness activities of nations are predicated on the level of disaster literacy and health education base of the people <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 707-713\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6340<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Inichinbia, Victoria E.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asogwa, Emmanuel U. (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAchalu, E.I. (2008). Communication Skills in Health education and public health. Methods and resources. Choba, Port Harcourt: Pam Unique Publishing Company Limited.\r\n[2]\tAitsi-Selmi, A., Egawa, S., Sasiki, H., Wannous, C., &#038; Murray, V. (2015). The Sendi framework for disaster risk reduction: reviewing the global commitment to people\u2019s resilience, health and wellbeing. International Journal of Disaster Reduction, 6, 164-176.\r\n[3]\tAnnelise, F. (2017). The Importance of Being Prepared Before a Disaster Strikes. https:\/\/medium.com.\r\n[4]\tAppronti, P.T., Osuma, S., Otsuki, K., &#038; Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G. (2015). Education for disaster risk reduction [D.R.R]: linking theory with practice in Ghana\u2019s basic tools. Sustainability, 7, 9160-9186.\r\n[5]\tAsogwa, E.U. &#038; Izuogu, V.N. (2019). Emergencies in Nigeria: a need for disaster preparedness. Nigerian Journal Empirical Studies in Psychology and Education [NJESPE] 21(1), 21-38\r\n[6]\tCentre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster [CRED] (2008). Disaster management and risk reduction: strategy and coordination. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.\r\n[7]\tCRED and United Nations (2009). Disaster management and risk reduction: Strategy and coordination. International Federation of Red Cross and Red-Crescent Societies.\r\n[8]\tChen, C.Y., &#038; Lee, W.C. (2012). Damages to school infrastructure and development of disaster prevention education strategy are Typhon Morakot in Taiwan. Disaster Prevention Management, 21, 54 1-555.\r\n[9]\tDave, W.F. (2010). When it comes to mapping developing countries, disaster preparedness is better than disaster response. AGI Geo Community 10: Opportunities in a Changing World \u2018Innovate-Connect-Succeed\u2019.\r\n[10]\tDavis, I., Hosseini, M. &#038; lzadkhah, Y.O. (2003). Public awareness and the development of a safety culture: key elements in disaster risk reduction. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (SEE-4), Tehran, Iran.\r\n[11]\tEfthymis, L., Michael, S., Alexia, G., Pangiotis, P., Vassiliki, A., Kate, V. et a! (2014). Disaster data centre-an innovative disaster educational tool for disaster reduction through education in schools.\r\n[12]\tFederal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] (2019). Emergency Supply List http:\/\/www.ready.gov.\r\n[13]\tHaddow, G. D., Jane, A.B., &#038; Coppola, D.P. (2017). Introduction to Emergency Management. (6th ed.) Boston: Elseview\r\n[14]\tInternational Federation of Red Cross and Red-Crescent Societies (2017). About Disaster Management. http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/en\/what-we-do\/disaster-management\/about-disaster management.\r\n[15]\tJam, R.K. &#038; Rao, S.S. (2008). Industrial safety health and environment management system. New Delhi: Khanna Publishers\r\n[16]\tMatija, Z. (2018). Natural Disaster and less Developed Countries. Research center of the Slovenian Academy. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net.\r\n[17]\tMichael, C. (2018). Get Prepared: Checklists for home and business preparedness. International Federation of Red Cross. http:\/\/www.ifrc.org.\r\n[18]\tNational Research Council of the National Academy (2006). Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions. Washington, D.C., USA: The National Academic Press.\r\n[19]\tNational Emergency Management Agency [NEMA](20 18). The national disaster management framework: policy, plans and statements. https:\/\/www.prevention web net.\r\n[20]\tPascapurnama, D.N. (2018). Integrated health education in disaster risk reduction: lesson learned from disease outbreak following natural disasters in Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 29, 94-1 02\r\n[21]\tPan-American Health Organization [PAHO](2017). Strategic Plan 2013-2018 http\/\/bt.\/lv\/\/dqXaxa.\r\n[22]\tRadjak, A., &#038; Redmond, A.D (2014). Development of evidence-based technical guidance and education\/Training programs for the advancement of health and disaster risk management capabilities. Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 8(4)\r\n[23]\tTorani S. (2019). The Importance of Education on Disasters and Emergencies: A review article. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 24(8), 262-274.\r\n[24]\tTeutsch, K. (2010). Effective disaster management strategies in the 21st century.\r\n[25]\thttps:\/\/www.govtech.com\/cm\/em\/dIsaster\/Effective-Disaster-Management-Strategies. Html\r\n[26]\tUnited Nations Development Programme [UNDPJ (2016). Crisis Prevention and Recovery- Disaster Preparedness. http:\/\/www.undp.org\/cpr.\r\n[27]\tUnited Nation-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction [UN-ISDR] (2014). Progress and challenges in disaster risk reduction: a condition towards the development of policy indicators for the post-2015 framework on disaster risk reduction.\r\n[28]\tUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction [UNDRR] (2014). Knowledge Portal: Spaced-based information for disaster management and emergency response. http:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/#.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Inichinbia, Victoria E., Asogwa, Emmanuel U. (Ph.D.) , &#8220;Implications for Preparedness for Disasters in Developing Countries for Health Education: A Literature Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.707-713 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6340<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/707-713.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implications-for-preparedness-for-disasters-in-developing-countries-for-health-education-a-literature-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implications for Preparedness for Disasters in Developing Countries for Health Education: A Literature Review<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58a758 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a58a758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58b15f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58b210 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58b210\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58b36a\" data-id=\"a58b36a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58b776 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58b776\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58b836 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58b836\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58b99e\" data-id=\"a58b99e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58bab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58bab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58bb56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58bb56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58bcc4\" data-id=\"a58bcc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58be0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58be0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Reading Motivation and its Impact on Reading Proficiency of Engineering Students in Pandemic Covid 19<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sri Endah Kusmartini &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 714-721<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58beb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58beb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58c03d\" data-id=\"a58c03d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c174 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a58c174\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The unreadiness of the academic community in facing Covid 19 pandemic affects the process of teaching and learning in some ways. In this current research, the researcher wanted to explore the reading motivation and its impact on the reading proficiency of engineering students in pandemic Covid 19. The data regarding the Reading Motivation were collected by using the Adult Motivation for Reading Scale by Schutte and Malouff. The data regarding reading proficiency were collected through reading tests. The data were analyzed by using Pearson Product Moment Coefficient Correlation, Linear Regression, and Compare Means. The result showed that the correlation between Reading Motivation and Reading Proficiency of the students was 0.606; the effect was 0.368 and the contribution was 36.8%. The reading motivation of the students affected the reading proficiency of the students significantly. There were significant mean differences in reading motivation on the basis of gender, residence, parents\u2019 occupation, and age.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 714-721\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6341\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6341<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sri Endah Kusmartini<\/strong>\r\nState Polytechnic of Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tBates, C., D&#8217;Agostino, J. V,  Gambrell, L., &#038;  Xu, M. (2016). Reading Recovery: Exploring the Effects on First-Graders&#8217; Reading Motivation and Achievement. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) 21(1):47-59\r\n[2].\tCline, F., Johnstone, C., &#038; King, T. (2006). Focus Group Reaction to Three Definition of Reading (as Originally Developed in Support NARAP Goal 1). Minneapolis, M.N.: National Accessible Reading Assessment Project.\r\n[3].\tConradi, K., Jang, B. G., &#038; McKenna, M. C. (2014). Motivation Terminology in Reading Research: A Conceptual Review. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 26, 127\u2013164. \r\n[4].\tCromley, J. (2009). Reading Achievement and Science Proficiency: International Comparisons from the Programme on International Student Assessment. Reading Psychology, 30, 89- 118. \r\n[5].\tGambrell, L. B. (2011). Motivation in the School Reading Curriculum. Journal of Reading Education, 37(1), 5-14.\r\n[6].\tGuthrie, J. T., Wigfield, A., Barbosa, P., Perencevich, K. C., Taboada, A., Davis, M. H., Scafiddi, N. T., &#038; Tonks, S. (2004). Increasing Reading Comprehension and Engagement through Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(3), 402\u2013423. \r\n[7].\tGuthrie, J. T., Wigfield, A., Humenick, N. M., Perencevich, K. C., Taboada, A., Barbosa, P. (2006). Influences of Stimulating Tasks of Reading Motivation and Comprehension. Journal of Educational Research, 99(4), 232-245\r\n[8].\tHarmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Malaysia: Pearson Education Limited.\r\n[9].\tKnight, F.K. (2004). 2004 Annual Report. National Endowment for the Arts Office of Communications. Research Division Report. Washington, D.C. \r\n[10].\tMcGeown, S.P., Norgate, R., &#038; Warhust, A. (2012). Exploring Intrinsic Reading Motivation among very Good and Poor Readers. Educational Research, 54, 309 \u2013 322.\r\n[11].\tMohamed, A. R., Ismail, S. A. M. M, and Low, H. M. (2020). English Reading Proficiency of Engineering Undergraduates in Malaysia: Implications on Professional Training and Career Development. Social Education Research 1(2) 87- 95.\r\n[12].\tPeterson, D., &#038; Taylor, B. (2012). Using Higher Order Questioning to Accelerate Students\u2019 Growth in Reading. The Reading Teacher, 65(5), 304. \r\n[13].\tRyan, R. M., &#038; Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being. Am. Psychol. 55, 68\u201378.\r\n[14].\tSchaffner, E., Schiefele, U., and Ulferts, H. (2013). Reading amount as a Mediator of the Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reading Motivation on Reading Comprehension. Read. Res. Q. 48, 369\u2013385. \r\n[15].\tSchutte, N. S., &#038; Malouff, J. M. (2007). Dimensions of Reading Motivation: Development of an Adult Reading Motivation Scale. Reading Psychology, 28, 469-489. \r\n[16].\tSimpson, J.A., and Weiner, E.S.C. (1998) The Oxford English Dictionary Vol. 3. Oxford University Press\r\n[17].\tUnited Nations. (2020). Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. United Nations.\r\n[18].\tUnrau, N., and Schlackman, J. (2006). Motivation and its Relationship with Reading Achievement in an Urban Middle School. J. Educ. Res. 100, 81\u2013101. \r\n[19].\tVarghese, T. (2020). Beyond the pandemic: When digital divide meets new normal. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thejakartapost.com\/academia\/2020\/10\/19\/beyond-the-pandemic-when-digital-divide-meets-new-normal.html.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sri Endah Kusmartini &#8220;Reading Motivation and its Impact on Reading Proficiency of Engineering Students in Pandemic Covid 19&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.714-721 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6341<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/714-721.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/reading-motivation-and-its-impact-on-reading-proficiency-of-engineering-students-in-pandemic-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Reading Motivation and its Impact on Reading Proficiency of Engineering Students in Pandemic Covid 19<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58edd8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a58edd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58eeb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58eeb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58f04f\" data-id=\"a58f04f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58f180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58f180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58f225 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58f225\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58f379\" data-id=\"a58f379\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58f492 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58f492\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58f535 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58f535\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58f678\" data-id=\"a58f678\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58f787 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58f787\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58f839 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58f839\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58f99d\" data-id=\"a58f99d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58faa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58faa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58fb4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58fb4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58fcb9\" data-id=\"a58fcb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58fdc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58fdc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58fe61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58fe61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58ffa8\" data-id=\"a58ffa8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5900b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5900b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a590152 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a590152\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5902b8\" data-id=\"a5902b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5903c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5903c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Performance on the Relationship between the Beliefs about Language Learning and English Language Attitude<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joel C. Tahimic &#038; Celso L. Tagadiad- March 2022- Page No.: 722-732<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a590467 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a590467\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5905f2\" data-id=\"a5905f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a590772 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a590772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study was conducted to determine the mediating effect of cognitive performance on the relationship between the beliefs about language learning and English language attitude among 400 college students at three universities in Davao del Norte, and two universities in Davao del Sur, all private, were selected where the research used a quantitative and descriptive correlation with three sets of research questionnaires answered by the respondents. The research revealed a mediating effect of cognitive performance on the relationship between the beliefs about language learning and English language attitude. Additionally, a relationship was revealed between the beliefs about language learning and cognitive performance and English language attitude. It implies that the students&#8217; cognitive performance mediates their English language learning among college students. Furthermore, the study hopes to contribute to the knowledge that students&#8217; cognitive performance mediates the overall learning of the English language. This research hopes to make new knowledge and identify the factors in attitudes towards learning the English language and could help educators in the teaching-learning process of the language more effectively in developing new interventions.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 722-732\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6342<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joel C. Tahimic <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines\r\nUniversity of Mindanao Professional Schools\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Celso L. Tagadiad<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines\r\nUniversity of Mindanao Professional Schools\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAddisu, Sewbihon Getie. &#8220;Factors Affecting the Attitudes of Students Towards Learning English as a Foreign Language.&#8221; Cogent Education 7.1 (2020) ProQuest. 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Web. 12 Nov. 2021.\r\n[31]\tHussain, Muhammad Athar. &#8220;Language Anxiety and Attitude of Secondary School Students Towards Learning English.&#8221; Pakistan Journal of Education 35.1 (2018) ProQuest. Web. 9 Nov. 2021.\r\n[32]\tIndumathi, T., and N. Ramakrishnan. \u201cDevelopment and validation of a tool on cognitive performance of high school students\u201d. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, vol. 5, no. 8(SE), (2017), pp. 100-5. 10 Nov. 2021\r\n[33]\tKarwan, Talaat Rashid, and Salahaddin Jabbar Diman. &#8220;Analyzing Student\u2019s Attitude Towards Foreign Language Learning.&#8221; International Journal of Social Sciences &#038; Educational Studies 3.4 (2017): 185-96. ProQuest. 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Web. 10 Nov. 2021.\r\n[52]\tT\u00f3dor, Erika-M\u00e1ria and Zsuzsanna D\u00e9gi. &#8220;Language Attitudes, Language Learning Experiences and Individual Strategies What Does School Offer and What Does It Lack?&#8221; Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, vol.8, no.2, (2017), pp.123-137. Sciendo. Web. 24 Nov. 2021.\r\n[53]\tUribe, Diego Martinez, et al. \u201cAttitudes of Mexican American students towards learning English as a second language in a structured immersion program.\u201d Porta Linguarum, 20, 205-221(2013). Researchgate. Web.10 Nov. 2021.\r\n[54]\tUtami, Eka Ayu Rizki, et al. \u201cThe language attitude of Islamic boarding school students toward English.\u201d Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) Vol. 14, No. 2, (2020) pp. 168~175. Eric.ed.gov. Web. 10 Nov. 2021.\r\n[55]\tWang, Linyan, and Xuan Wu. &#8220;Influence of affective factors on learning ability in second language acquisition.&#8221; Revista Argentina de Cl\u00ednica Psicol\u00f3gica 29.2 (2020): 1232. ProQuest. Web. 12 Nov. 2021.\r\n[56]\tWei-Chieh Fang, et al. &#8220;Effects of Reciprocal Peer Feedback on EFL Learners\u2019 Communication Strategy use and Oral Communication Performance.&#8221; Smart Learning Environments 5.1 (2018): 1-16. ProQuest. Web. 11 Nov. 2021.\r\n[57]\tZhang, Guoying, et al. &#8220;Working Students and their Academic Performance \u2013 A Decision Tree Analysis.&#8221; Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice 19.7 (2019): 123-36. ProQuest. Web. 12 Nov. 2021.\r\n[58]\tZuo, Xin, et al. \u201cHow Much Do Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Factors Actually Impact College Student Attitudes towards English Language Learning? A Quantitative and Qualitative Study.\u201d Information. (2019). Mdpi. Web. 10 Nov. 2021.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joel C. Tahimic &#038; Celso L. Tagadiad, &#8220;The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Performance on the Relationship between the Beliefs about Language Learning and English Language Attitude&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.722-732 March 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6342<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/722-732.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-mediating-effect-of-cognitive-performance-on-the-relationship-between-the-beliefs-about-language-learning-and-english-language-attitude\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Performance on the Relationship between the Beliefs about Language Learning and English Language Attitude<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a594c76 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a594c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a594d58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a594d58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a594ee6\" data-id=\"a594ee6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a595007 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a595007\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5950a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5950a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5951fa\" data-id=\"a5951fa\" 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elementor-element-a5954fa\" data-id=\"a5954fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a595603 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a595603\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5956aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5956aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5957f0\" data-id=\"a5957f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a595900 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a595900\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59599c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59599c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a595aec\" data-id=\"a595aec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a595bf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a595bf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a595c97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a595c97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a595ddf\" data-id=\"a595ddf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a595ef8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a595ef8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a595f92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a595f92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a596102\" data-id=\"a596102\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a596213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a596213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Emerging Regional Competition in the Horn of Africa and its Implication on Kenya \u2013 Somalia Territorial Threats<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Peter Muthaura Kirera , Dr. Xavier Francis Ichani- March 2022- Page No.: 733-739<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5962af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5962af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59641f\" data-id=\"a59641f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a596555 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a596555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nEmerging regional competition, in the Horn of Africa, between Kenya and Somalia directly affects diplomatic reciprocity of these two neighboring states. The red flag is raised by constant antagonism and regional partisan upsurges that tend to escalate into active armed confrontations. This study sought to establish key and emerging areas of regional competition between Kenya and Somalia and its influence on Kenya-Somalia territorial threats. The study adopted liberal and rational choice theories to underpin the theoretical discourse. This study utilized descriptive survey design. Foreign policy expert were purposively sampled for interviews. Thus interviews were the primary method of data collection. Previous published literature formed the sources of secondary data used to corroborate the findings. The study was conducted in Nairobi City County since it houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Assembly of Kenya and Somalia embassy where approximated 55 participants and key informants in foreign policy formulation and analysis. The study\u2019s data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicated that emerging regional competition over power, resources, territories and war on terror has adverse effect on the territorial dispute between Somalia and Kenya. The discovery of blue-economy resource and emergency of new regional actors are responsible for the enhanced regional completion between the two countries. Moreover, the threats presented by this enhanced regional competition complicate the implementation of Kenya\u2019s five-decade foreign policy of good neighborliness that has contributed largely to the peaceful co-existence between Kenya and its neighbors. \r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 733-739\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Muthaura Kirera <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKenyatta University, Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Xavier Francis Ichani<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKenyatta University, Department of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAnderson, D. M., &#038; McKnight, J. (2015). Kenya at war: Al-Shabaab and its enemies in Eastern Africa. African Affairs, 114(454), 1-27.\r\n[2]\tCastagno, A. (1964). The Somali- Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 2(2), 165-188.\r\n[3]\tChan, K. C. (2018). The ICJ&#8217;s Judgement in Somalia v. Kenya and Its Implications for the Law of the Sea. Utrecht J. Int&#8217;l &#038; Eur. L., 34, 195. https:\/\/heinonline.org\/hol-cgi-bin\/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals\/merko34&#038;section=17\r\n[4]\tChau, D. C. (2010). At the Crossroads of Cultures? A Historic and Strategic Examination of Kenya-Somalia Relations. Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 1(1), 67-83. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/21520841003689035\r\n[5]\tHowell, J. (1968). An Analysis of Kenyan Foreign Policy. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 6(1), 29-48.\r\n[6]\tHyndman, J. (1997). Border Crossings. Antipode, 29(2), 149-176.\r\n[7]\tLaitin, D D. 1976, \u201cSomali Territorial Claims in International Perspective,\u201d Africa Today, Vol. 23, No. 2\r\n[8]\tLien, Z., Okafor-Yarwood, I., Glaser, S., &#038; Kadagi, N. (2020). Joint management of shared resources as an alternative approach for addressing maritime boundary disputes: the Kenya-Somalia maritime boundary dispute. http:\/\/41.89.141.8\/kmfri\/handle\/123456789\/1514\r\n[9]\tLuengo-Cabrera, J., &#038; Pauwels, A. (2016). Countering Violent Extremism: The Horn of Africa. EN. European Union Institute for Security Studies.\r\n[10]\tMazrui, A A. 1977, Africa&#8217;s International Relations: The Diplomacy of Dependency and Change, London: Heinemann.\r\n[11]\tMburu, N. (2005). Bandits on the Border: The Last Frontier in the Search for Somali Unity. Trenton: Red Sea Press\r\n[12]\tMutambo, A. (2021, January 27). Somalia threatens to leave IGAD over Kenya dispute. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theeastafrican.co.ke\/tea\/news\/east-africa\/somalia-kenya-dispute-3271226\r\n[13]\tNzwili, F. (2013, November 14). Long at home in Kenya, Somali refugees feel pressure to leave. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/World\/Africa\/2013\/1114\/Long-at-home-in-Kenya-Somali-refugees-feel-pressure-to-leave\r\n[14]\tOlorundami, F. (2018). The Kenya\/Somalia maritime boundary delimitation dispute. In Ethiopian yearbook of international Law 2017 (pp. 173-185). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-90887-8_7\r\n[15]\tOnguny, P. (2020). Why the Kenya-Somalia Maritime Dispute Is Far from Over, Regardless of the International Court of Justice Ruling. Africa Policy Journal, 41-51.https:\/\/apj.hkspublications.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/Binder1.pdf#page=40\r\n[16]\tPamba, E. J. (2019). The Kenya-Somalia Maritime Boundary Dispute Threatens Kenya&#8217;s Regional Transport and Logistics Hub Ambitions. https:\/\/www.africaportal.org\/publications\/kenya-somalia-maritime-boundary-dispute-threatens-kenyas-regional-transport-and-logistics-hub-ambitions\/\r\n[17]\tRingquist, J. (2011). Bandit Or Patriot: The Kenyan Shifta War 1963\u20131968. Baltic Security &#038;Defence Review, 13(1), 100\u2013121.\r\n[18]\tRothwell, D. (2016). The International Law of the Sea. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.\r\n[19]\tSocial Research and Development Institute. (2013). Somaliland Statehood, Recognition and the Ongoing Dialogue with Somalia. Retrieved from https:\/\/ke.boell.org\/sites\/default\/files\/somaliland_statehood_recognition_and_the_ongoing_dialogue_with_somalia.pdf\r\n[20]\tThompson, V. B. \u2018Conflict in the Horn of Africa: Kenya-Somalia Relations Since the Ogaden War, 1978-1986\u2019, paper presented at the African Studies Association conference, Chicago, 28-31 October 1988.\r\n[21]\tWhite, B. \u201cAnalyzing Foreign Policy: Problems and Approaches\u201d in Clarke, M and White, B Eds) Understanding Foreign Policy. The Foreign Policy Systems Approach, Aldershot, Hants, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1989)\r\n[22]\tYoung, C. (2012). The postcolonial state in Africa: Fifty years of independence, 1960\u20132010. University of Wisconsin Pres\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Peter Muthaura Kirera , Dr. Xavier Francis Ichani, &#8220;Emerging Regional Competition in the Horn of Africa and its Implication on Kenya \u2013 Somalia Territorial Threats&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.733-739 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/733-739.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/733-739.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/emerging-regional-competition-in-the-horn-of-africa-and-its-implication-on-kenya-somalia-territorial-threats\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Emerging Regional Competition in the Horn of Africa and its Implication on Kenya \u2013 Somalia Territorial Threats<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59e567 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59e7d3\" data-id=\"a59e7d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59e8f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59e8f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59e9a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59e9a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59eb03\" data-id=\"a59eb03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59ec12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59ec12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59ecb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59ecb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59ee0d\" data-id=\"a59ee0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59ef1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59ef1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59efb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59efb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59f100\" data-id=\"a59f100\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59f20a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59f20a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59f2ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59f2ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59f3f0\" data-id=\"a59f3f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59f4f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59f4f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59f591 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59f591\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59f6dc\" data-id=\"a59f6dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59f7df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59f7df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59f878 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59f878\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59f9e0\" data-id=\"a59f9e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59faf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59faf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Adopting Quality Assurance Standard to Enhance High Operational standards in State Universities, the Zimbabwean Context<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Philomina Pawandiwa, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu, George Shava, Judith Charumbira, Ethel Mathonsi &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 740-754<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a59fb8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a59fb8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59fd20\" data-id=\"a59fd20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59fe6d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a59fe6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study sought to determine the Implications of Quality Assurance Standards of the Zimbabwe Council of Higher Education (ZIMCHE) on Zimbabwean State Universities. For decades Zimbabwe had prided itself of having one of the highest literacy rates and churning out high quality human capital regionally and internationally. Lately sentiments have been expressed suggesting that the quality of education in Zimbabwean State Universities has been declining due to the economic meltdown of the past decade which incapacitated the supervisory body (ZIMCHE). In executing this study nine (9) State university Vice Chancellors, nine (9) senior officials from the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, twenty-one (21) Faculty Deans, fifteen (15) ZIMCHE board members and six (6) Student Representative Bodies [Zimbabwe National Students Union] (ZINASU) and the Student Solidarity Trust] were sampled. The major findings from this research were that ZIMCHE was very relevant and its standards are generally effective despite the fact that the body has had to grapple with funding and human capital constraints among others.  The study therefore notes that ZIMCHE and its quality assurance standards play a pivotal role in the enhancement of quality in university education. The researchers recommended the restructuring of the ZIMCHE board to accommodate other members from industrial and professional bodies in a bid to enhance independence, the undertaking of income generating projects by universities to supplement their budgetary requirements, increased budget allocations to the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education and the development of better problem solving methods to ensure that students were not prejudiced by ZIMCHE`s action on universities. While the current study and others studies have focused on the quality of teaching and learning, it is strongly recommended that future research explores the quality of research.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 740-754\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Philomina Pawandiwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, P O Box 939, Ascot, Bulawayo\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, P O Box 939, Ascot, Bulawayo\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>George Shava<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, P O Box 939, Ascot, Bulawayo\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Judith Charumbira<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, P O Box 939, Ascot, Bulawayo\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ethel Mathonsi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, P O Box 939, Ascot, Bulawayo\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAnderson, J. (1992). Managing Statistics. London: The Falmer Press.\r\n[2]\tAmerican Library Association (2006). Guidelines for university library services to undergraduate students. Chicago: ALA.\r\n[3]\tAshman, J. (1995). Disaster planning for library and information services. London: ASLIB. \r\n[4]\tBarentt, R (1992). Improving Higher Education:  Total Quality Care.  Buckingham.\r\n[5]\tBean, P. (1992), An overview of crime in libraries and information services. In Channey, M. and MacDougal, A.F. (eds.). Security and crime prevention in libraries. Aldershot: Gower. \r\n[6]\tBudd, J.M. (1998). The academic library: Its context, its purpose, and its operations. Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited \r\n[7]\tBloom, D., Canning, C. and Chan, K. (2006). \u201cHigher Education and Economic Development in Africa.\u201d Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series No.102. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.\r\n[8]\tCommission for Higher Education South Africa Handbook August 2008.\r\n[9]\tCoolican, L. (1992).  Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Approaches. Los Angeles, Sage Publications.\r\n[10]\tChurchill, Y. C. (2002). Quality assurance in education: internal, interface, and future. Quality Assurance in Education, 5(1), 202 -213.\r\n[11]\tClap, V.W., and Jordan, R.T. (1985). Qualitative criteria for adequacy of academic libraries collections. College and Research Libraries 26:380 \r\n[12]\tCreswell, J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research method: Choosing among five approaches. 2nd. ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[13]\tDeming, W. E. (1986). Out of the Crisis. Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press.\r\n[14]\tDill, D. D. (2000). Designing Academic Audit:  Lessons learned in Europe and Asia, Quality in the Higher Education.\r\n[15]\tDzvimbo, K. (2000). 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(2009) \u201cLinked Data as a Foundation for the Deployment of Semantic Applications in Higher Education,\u201d In: SWEL&#8217;09: Anthologies and Social Semantic Web for Intelligent Educational Systems, AIED&#8217;09 Conference, Brighton, UK.\r\n[52]\tThe Herald online 31 May 2011, let\u2019s not sacrifice the nation\u2019s educational future. \r\n[53]\tThe Tanzania University Act (2005).\r\n[54]\tUNESCO Report 2010\r\n[55]\tWeber, E. (1999). \u201cChallenges Facing Higher Education at the Millennium,\u201d American Council on Education and Oryx Press Series on Higher Education, http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027.42\/58009\r\n[56]\tWilger, A. (1997). Quality Assurance in Higher Education: A Literature Review.  Stanford University: National Centre for Postsecondary Improvement\r\n[57]\tWoodhouse, D (1999). Quality and Quality Assurance, Quality and Internationalisation in Higher Education\r\n[58]\tOwlia, M. S. and Aspinwall, E. M. (1996).  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Greenwich, CN: JAI Press ZIMCHE Act of Parliament (Chapter 25:27)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Philomina Pawandiwa, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu, George Shava, Judith Charumbira, Ethel Mathonsi, &#8220;Adopting Quality Assurance Standard to Enhance High Operational standards in State Universities, the Zimbabwean Context&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.740-754 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/740-754.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/740-754.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/adopting-quality-assurance-standard-to-enhance-high-operational-standards-in-state-universities-the-zimbabwean-context\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Adopting Quality Assurance Standard to Enhance High Operational standards in State Universities, the Zimbabwean Context<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a6559 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5a6559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a6cfd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a6cfd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a6e4a\" data-id=\"a5a6e4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a6f52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a6f52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a6ff8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a6ff8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a713b\" data-id=\"a5a713b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a7245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a72de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a72de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7527\" data-id=\"a5a7527\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a766c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a766c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7748 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a7748\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a78b3\" data-id=\"a5a78b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a79ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a79ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7a6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a7a6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7bdb\" data-id=\"a5a7bdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7cea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a7cea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Informed Decision for Planning the Public Health Infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh \u2013 Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ms. Preeti B. Upadhyay, Mr. Abhishak Singh, Dr. Alok Choudhary &#8211; March 2022- Page No.: 755-760<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7d8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a7d8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a7efe\" data-id=\"a5a7efe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a81aa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5a81aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn Madhya Pradesh, the conventional method of supply and demand calculation for a comprehensive primary health care facility in rural areas is population census-based. The study is breaking the conventional method and using population and distance to the nearest public health facility for demand calculation. Location-allocation model of Arc GIS 10 was used for analyses. Currently, about 10, 209 Sub Health Centres are located in rural Madhya Pradesh in 313 developmental blocks. This study highlights the use of Geographic Information System technology for planning comprehensive health centres to optimize access to the rural population. Although the location-allocation methodology has been available for decades, it has been used sparsely by public health professionals. This paper makes an important contribution to the method for planning in resource-limited settings\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 755-760\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 April 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ms. Preeti B. Upadhyay<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAtal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis Bhopal, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Abhishak Singh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMadhya Pradesh Council for Science and Technology Bhopal, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Alok Choudhary<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMadhya Pradesh Council for Science and Technology Bhopal, India\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tArvind Sharma (2014). Patient Satisfaction About Hospital Services: A Study from The Outpatient Department of Tertiary Care Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India\r\n[2]\tBenjamin Dehe and David Bamford. (2015). Development, test and comparison of two Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) model: A case of healthcare infrastructure location. Expert systems with applications 42 (2015) 6717-6727\r\n[3]\tDehe B and Bamford D (2015). Development, test and comparison of two Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) models: A case of healthcare infrastructure location. Expert Systems with Applications. Volume 42, Issue 19, 1: 6717-6727\r\n[4]\tDehe, B., Bamford, D., Bamford, J., &#038; Moxham, C. (2011). An Application of a MCDA Model for Future Healthcare Site Selection. In host publication The University of Manchester \r\n[5]\tDoH (2010). Accountability in the UK Healthcare System: An Overview. Healthcare Policy Vol. 10 Special Issue, 2014\r\n[6]\tDey P K, Hariharan S &#038; Despi\u0107 O (2008). Managing healthcare performance in analytical framework. Benchmarking An International Journal 15(4). DOI:10.1108\/14635770810887249\r\n[7]\tGIS Based Analysis on Environmental Sensitive Areas and Identification of The Potential Disaster Hazardous Locations in Southern Sri Lanka International Journal of Civil &#038; Environmental Engineering IJCEE Vol: 9 No: 9\r\n[8]\tGIS Based Analysis on Environmental Sensitive Areas and Identification of The Potential Disaster Hazardous Locations in Southern Sri Lanka International Journal of Civil &#038; Environmental Engineering IJCEE Vol: 9 No\r\n[9]\tGrigoroudis E, Orfanoudaki E &#038; Zopounidis C (2012). Strategic performance measurement in a healthcare organisation: A multiple criteria approach based on balanced scorecard. Omega 40(1):104-119\r\n[10]\tHealth Facility Mapping in Gujarat, \u2018Suggesting locations for new health facilities \u2013 A GIS based approach\u2019 Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, 2013\r\n[11]\tLuis Rosero-Bixby (2004). Spatial Access to Health Care in Costa Rica and its Equity: A GIS-Based Study. Social Science Medicine 58(7):1271-84. DOI:10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00322-8\r\n[12]\tMiot J , Wagner M, Khoury H, Rindress D &#038; Goetghebeur M (2012). Field testing of a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework for coverage of a screening test for cervical cancer in South Africa. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation. Volume 10 (1):2 \r\n[13]\tPrahlad Rai Sodani (2010) Measuring Patient Satisfaction: A Case Study to Improve Quality of Care at Public Health Facilities \r\n[14]\tPopulation projections for India and States 2001-2026 &#8211; Report of the technical group on population projections constituted by the National Commission on Population\r\n[15]\tRob Baltussen and Louis Niessen (2006) Priority setting of health interventions: the need for multi-criteria decision analysis. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 4:14\r\n[16]\tRural Health Statistics 2014-15 &#8211; Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Statistics Division\r\n[17]\tRob Baltussen &#038; Louis Niessen (2006).  Priority setting of health interventions: the need for multi-criteria decision analysis. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation. Volume 4, Number: 14 \r\n[18]\tSite Location Determination Using Geographic Information Systems: The Process and A Case Study, Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) SAIS 2016 proceedings.\r\n[19]\tYoungkong S,  Baltussen R, Tantivess S,  Mohara A &#038; Teerawattananon Y.  (2012) Multicriteria Decision Analysis for Including Health Interventions in the Universal Health Coverage Benefit Package in Thailand. Value in Health. Volume 15 (6):961-970\r\n[20]\tWeb Page: http:\/\/www.jsk.gov.in\/content\/innerpage\/district-level-health-facility-gis-maps.php\r\n[21]\tWeb Page: https:\/\/gismp.nic.in\/GeomaticsDivision\/ict.jsp\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ms. Preeti B. Upadhyay, Mr. Abhishak Singh, Dr. Alok Choudhary, &#8220;Informed Decision for Planning the Public Health Infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh \u2013 Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-3, pp.755-760 March 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/755-760.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-3\/755-760.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/informed-decision-for-planning-the-public-health-infrastructure-in-madhya-pradesh-multiple-criteria-decision-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Informed Decision for Planning the Public Health Infrastructure in Madhya Pradesh \u2013 Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9007 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5a9007\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a90d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a90d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9251\" data-id=\"a5a9251\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a937c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a937c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a941e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a941e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a956f\" data-id=\"a5a956f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a9677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9726 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a9726\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9872\" data-id=\"a5a9872\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a997d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a997d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9a17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a9a17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9b65\" data-id=\"a5a9b65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9c6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a9c6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9d0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a9d0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9e55\" data-id=\"a5a9e55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9f5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a9f5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a9ff6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a9ff6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5aa13c\" data-id=\"a5aa13c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5aa244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5aa244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Effect of Eco-Design on the Performance of Nigerian Bottling Company Ademulegun, Funmilayo; Adebambo Hameed Olusegun; Alabi Kayode 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